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Kim B, Im HI. Behavioral characterization of early nicotine withdrawal in the mouse: a potential model of acute dependence. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2024; 20:1. [PMID: 38218838 PMCID: PMC10788015 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-024-00227-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical and preclinical research have demonstrated that short-term exposure to nicotine during the initial experimentation stage can lead to early manifestation of withdrawal-like signs, indicating the state of "acute dependence". As drug withdrawal is a major factor driving the progression toward regular drug intake, characterizing and understanding the features of early nicotine withdrawal may be important for the prevention and treatment of drug addiction. In this study, we corroborate the previous studies by showing that withdrawal-like signs can be precipitated after short-term nicotine exposure in mice, providing a potential animal model of acute dependence on nicotine. RESULTS To model nicotine exposure from light tobacco use during the initial experimentation stage, mice were treated with 0.5 mg/kg (-)-nicotine ditartrate once daily for 3 days. On the following day, the behavioral tests were conducted after implementing spontaneous or mecamylamine-precipitated withdrawal. In the open field test, precipitated nicotine withdrawal reduced locomotor activity and time spent in the center zone. In the elevated plus maze test, the mecamylamine challenge increased the time spent in the closed arm and reduced the number of entries irrespective of nicotine experience. In the examination of the somatic aspect, precipitated nicotine withdrawal enhanced the number of somatic signs. Finally, nicotine withdrawal did not affect cognitive functioning or social behavior in the passive avoidance, spatial object recognition, or social interaction test. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our data demonstrate that early nicotine withdrawal-like signs could be precipitated by the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine in mice, and that early withdrawal from nicotine primarily causes physical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baeksun Kim
- Center for Brain Function, Brain Science Institute (BSI), Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Heh-In Im
- Center for Brain Function, Brain Science Institute (BSI), Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Li Y, Eans SO, Ganno-Sherwood M, Eliasof A, Houghten RA, McLaughlin JP. Identification and Pharmacological Characterization of a Low-Liability Antinociceptive Bifunctional MOR/DOR Cyclic Peptide. Molecules 2023; 28:7548. [PMID: 38005269 PMCID: PMC10674865 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide-based opioid ligands are important candidates for the development of novel, safer, and more effective analgesics to treat pain. To develop peptide-based safer analgesics, we synthesized a mixture-based cyclic pentapeptide library containing a total of 24,624 pentapeptides and screened the mixture-based library samples using a 55 °C warm water tail-withdrawal assay. Using this phenotypic screening approach, we deconvoluted the mixture-based samples to identify a novel cyclic peptide Tyr-[D-Lys-Dap(Ant)-Thr-Gly] (CycloAnt), which produced dose- and time-dependent antinociception with an ED50 (and 95% confidence interval) of 0.70 (0.52-0.97) mg/kg i.p. mediated by the mu-opioid receptor (MOR). Additionally, higher doses (≥3 mg/kg, i.p.) of CycloAnt antagonized delta-opioid receptors (DOR) for at least 3 h. Pharmacological characterization of CycloAnt showed the cyclic peptide did not reduce breathing rate in mice at doses up to 15 times the analgesic ED50 value, and produced dramatically less hyperlocomotion than the MOR agonist, morphine. While chronic administration of CycloAnt resulted in antinociceptive tolerance, it was without opioid-induced hyperalgesia and with significantly reduced signs of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal, which suggested reduced physical dependence compared to morphine. Collectively, the results suggest this dual MOR/DOR multifunctional ligand is an excellent lead for the development of peptide-based safer analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangmei Li
- College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
| | - Shainnel O. Eans
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Michelle Ganno-Sherwood
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA; (M.G.-S.); (R.A.H.)
| | - Abbe Eliasof
- College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
| | - Richard A. Houghten
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA; (M.G.-S.); (R.A.H.)
| | - Jay P. McLaughlin
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
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3
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Varga B, Streicher JM, Majumdar S. Strategies towards safer opioid analgesics-A review of old and upcoming targets. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:975-993. [PMID: 34826881 PMCID: PMC9133275 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids continue to be of use for the treatment of pain. Most clinically used analgesics target the μ opioid receptor whose activation results in adverse effects like respiratory depression, addiction and abuse liability. Various approaches have been used by the field to separate receptor-mediated analgesic actions from adverse effects. These include biased agonism, opioids targeting multiple receptors, allosteric modulators, heteromers and splice variants of the μ receptor. This review will focus on the current status of the field and some upcoming targets of interest that may lead to a safer next generation of analgesics. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Advances in Opioid Pharmacology at the Time of the Opioid Epidemic. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v180.7/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balazs Varga
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - John M. Streicher
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Susruta Majumdar
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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Fujita W. Aiming at Ideal Therapeutics-MOPr/DOPr or MOPr-DOPr Heteromertargeting Ligand. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:2843-2851. [PMID: 32324516 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200423095231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The recent alarming reports related to "opioid crisis" necessitate the development of safer and effective analgesics without unwanted side effects. Thus, there needs to be an alternative target or strategy for the development of drugs for the treatment of opioid use/abuse. As one of the novel targets, in these two decades, ligands targeting opioid receptor "heteromerization" including mu-opioid receptor (MOPr)-delta opioid receptor (DOPr) heteromer have been proposed and the pharmacological advancement of reduced side effects has been broadly accepted and well recognized. In this review, some of the ligands targeting both MOPr and DOPr or MOPr-DOPr heteromers are introduced especially focusing on their pharmacological effects in vivo. CONCLUSION It has been found that most of those ligands possess potent antinociceptive activity (as much as or higher than that of morphine) with reduced side effects such as tolerance. In addition, some of them are also able to reduce or prevent physiological withdrawal symptoms observed under chronic opioid use. Importantly, there are an increasing number of evidence that show changes in heteromer expression in various pathological animal models and these strongly argue for targeting heteromers for the development of the next generation of pain medication in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakako Fujita
- Department of Frontier Life Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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5
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Henry S, Anand JP, Brinkel AC, McMillan DM, Twarozynski JJ, Loo CE, Traynor JR, Mosberg HI. SAR Matrices Enable Discovery of Mixed Efficacy μ-Opioid Receptor Agonist Peptidomimetics with Simplified Structures through an Aromatic-Amine Pharmacophore. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:216-233. [PMID: 33346631 PMCID: PMC9923772 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously described the development of potent μ-opioid receptor (MOR)-agonist/δ-opioid receptor (DOR)-antagonist peptidomimetic ligands as an approach toward effective analgesics with reduced side effects. In this series, a tetrahydroquinoline (THQ) or substituted phenyl is employed to link two key pharmacophore elements, a dimethyltyrosine amino acid and typically an aromatic pendant. Using new and previously reported analogues, we constructed a structure-activity relationship (SAR) matrix that probes the utility of previously reported amine pendants. This matrix reveals that the MOR-agonist/DOR-antagonist properties of these ligands do not change when a tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) pendant is used, despite removal of substituents on the core phenyl ring. Based on this observation, we retained the THIQ pendant and replaced the phenyl core with simpler aliphatic chain structures. These simpler analogues proved to be potent MOR-agonists with high variability in their effects at the DOR and the κ-opioid receptor (KOR). These data show that the amine of the THIQ pendant may be a novel pharmacophore element that favors high MOR-efficacy, whereas the aromatic ring of the THIQ pendant may produce high MOR-potency. Combined, the two pharmacophores within the THIQ pendant may be a structurally efficient means of converting opioid peptides and peptidomimetics into potent and efficacious MOR-agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Henry
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jessica P. Anand
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School and Edward F Domino Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ashley C. Brinkel
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Douglas M. McMillan
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jack. J. Twarozynski
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Christian E. Loo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - John R. Traynor
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, and Edward F Domino Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Henry I. Mosberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Edward F Domino Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Behavioral effects of benzylideneoxymorphone (BOM), a low efficacy µ opioid receptor agonist and a δ opioid receptor antagonist. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:3591-3602. [PMID: 32820390 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05638-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Opioids remain the drugs of choice for treating moderate to severe pain, although adverse effects often limit use. Drugs acting concomitantly as agonists at μ opioid receptors and antagonists at δ opioid receptors produce antinociceptive effects with a reduced profile of adverse effects; one such drug, benzylideneoxymorphone (BOM), might further limit adverse effects because it appears to have lower pharmacological efficacy than other μ opioid receptor agonists. OBJECTIVES The current study compared the acute behavioral effects of BOM with the effects of other μ opioid receptor agonists. METHODS Discriminative stimulus and rate-decreasing effects were studied in 1 group of 7 rats discriminating 3.2 mg/kg morphine while responding under a fixed-ratio 10 schedule of food presentation. Antinociceptive effects were determined in a second group of 8 rats using a warm water tail withdrawal procedure. Reinforcing effects were evaluated in a third group of 12 rats with a history of remifentanil self-administration. RESULTS BOM produced morphine-lever responding and both discriminative stimulus and rate-decreasing effects were antagonized by naltrexone. BOM did not markedly increase tail-withdrawal latencies from water maintained at 50 °C and did not substantially attenuate the antinociceptive effects of morphine. BOM was not self-administered and did not change remifentanil self-administration. CONCLUSIONS Some effects of BOM (e.g., discriminative stimulus effects) appear to be mediated by μ opioid receptors; however, BOM is not self-administered by rats, suggesting that it might have limited abuse liability and a reduced profile of adverse effects compared with currently prescribed opioids.
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7
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Akgün E, Lunzer MM, Tian D, Ansonoff M, Pintar J, Bruce D, Hawkinson JE, Wilcox GL, Portoghese PS. FBNTI, a DOR-Selective Antagonist That Allosterically Activates MOR within a MOR-DOR Heteromer. Biochemistry 2020; 60:1413-1419. [PMID: 32930576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This report describes the unique pharmacological profile of FBNTI, a potent DOR antagonist that acts as a MOR agonist via an allosteric mechanism. Binding of FBNTI to opioid receptors expressed in HEK 293 cells revealed a 190-fold greater affinity for DOR (Ki = 0.84 nM) over MOR (Ki = 160 nM). In mice, intrathecal FBNTI produced potent antinociception (ED50 = 46.9 pmol/mouse), which was antagonized by selective MOR antagonists (CTOP, β-FNA). Autoantagonism of the MOR agonism by FBNTI was observed above the ED75 dose, suggesting antagonism of activated MOR. That FBNTI is devoid of agonism in DOR knockout mice is consistent with allosteric activation of the MOR protomer via FBNTI bound to within a MOR-DOR heteromer. This proposed mechanism is supported by calcium mobilization assays, which indicate that FBNTI selectively activates the MOR-DOR heteromer and functionally antagonizes the MOR protomer at >ED75. The unprecedented mode of MOR activation by FBNTI may be responsible for the lack of tolerance after intrathecal (i.t.) administration. FBNTI was highly effective upon topical administration to the ipsolateral hind paw in the Hargreaves assay (EC50 = 0.17 ± 0.08 μM) and without significant contralateral activity, suggesting a lack of systemic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyup Akgün
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mary M Lunzer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Defeng Tian
- University of Minnesota Institute for Therapeutics Discovery & Development (ITDD), 717 Delaware Street SE Room 519E, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Michael Ansonoff
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - John Pintar
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Daniel Bruce
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jon E Hawkinson
- University of Minnesota Institute for Therapeutics Discovery & Development (ITDD), 717 Delaware Street SE Room 519E, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - George L Wilcox
- Departments of Neuroscience, Pharmacology and Dermatology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Philip S Portoghese
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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8
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Henry S, Anand JP, Twarozynski JJ, Brinkel AC, Pogozheva ID, Sears BF, Jutkiewicz EM, Traynor JR, Mosberg HI. Aromatic-Amine Pendants Produce Highly Potent and Efficacious Mixed Efficacy μ-Opioid Receptor (MOR)/δ-Opioid Receptor (DOR) Peptidomimetics with Enhanced Metabolic Stability. J Med Chem 2020; 63:1671-1683. [PMID: 31986033 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported a novel SAR campaign that converted a metabolically unstable series of μ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist/δ-opioid receptor (DOR) antagonist bicyclic core peptidomimetics with promising analgesic activity and reduced abuse liabilities into a more stable series of benzylic core analogues. Herein, we expanded the SAR of that campaign and determined that the incorporation of amines into the benzylic pendant produces enhanced MOR-efficacy in this series, whereas the reincorporation of an aromatic ring into the pendant enhanced MOR-potency. Two compounds, which contain a piperidine (14) or an isoindoline (17) pendant, retained the desired opioid profile in vitro, possessed metabolic half-lives of greater than 1 h in mouse liver microsomes (MLMs), and were active antinociceptive agents in the acetic acid stretch assay (AASA) at subcutaneous doses of 1 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Henry
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy , University of Michigan , 428 Church Street , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Jessica P Anand
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States.,Edward F. Domino Research Center , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Jack J Twarozynski
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States.,Edward F. Domino Research Center , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Ashley C Brinkel
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States.,Edward F. Domino Research Center , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Irina D Pogozheva
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy , University of Michigan , 428 Church Street , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Bryan F Sears
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States.,Edward F. Domino Research Center , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Emily M Jutkiewicz
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States.,Edward F. Domino Research Center , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - John R Traynor
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy , University of Michigan , 428 Church Street , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Medical School , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States.,Edward F. Domino Research Center , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Henry I Mosberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy , University of Michigan , 428 Church Street , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States.,Edward F. Domino Research Center , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
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9
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Kokubu S, Eddinger KA, Nguyen TMD, Huerta-Esquivel LL, Yamaguchi S, Schiller PW, Yaksh TL. Characterization of the antinociceptive effects of intrathecal DALDA peptides following bolus intrathecal delivery. Scand J Pain 2019; 19:193-206. [PMID: 30367811 DOI: 10.1515/sjpain-2018-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background and aims We systematically characterized the potency and side effect profile of a series of small opioid peptides with high affinity for the mu opioid receptor. Methods Male Sprague Dawley rats were prepared with intrathecal (IT) catheters, assessed with hind paw thermal escape and evaluated for side effects including Straub tail, truncal rigidity, and pinnae and corneal reflexes. In these studies, DMT-DALDA (dDAL) (H-Dmt-D-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH2 MW=981), dDALc (H-Dmt-Cit-Phe-Lys-NH2 MW=868), dDALcn (H-Dmt-D-Cit-Phe-Nle-NH2 MW=739), TAPP (H-Tyr-D-Ala-Phe-Phe-NH2 MW=659), dDAL-TICP ([Dmt1]DALDA-(CH2)2-NH-TICP[psi]; MW=1519), and dDAL-TIPP (H-Dmt-D-Arg-Phe-Lys(Nε-TIPP)-NH2 were examined. In separate studies, the effects of approximately equiactive doses of IT DMT DALDA (10 pmol), morphine (30 nmol) and fentanyl (1 nmol) were examined on formalin-induced flinching at different pretreatment intervals (15 min - 24 h). Results (1) All agents resulted in a dose-dependent reversible effect upon motor function (Straub Tail>Truncal rigidity). (2) The ordering of analgesic activity (%MPE) at the highest dose lacking reliable motor signs after bolus delivery was: DMT-DALDA (80%±6/3 pmol); dDALc (75%±8/1 pmol); dDALcn (84%±10/300 pmol); TAPP (56%±12/10 nmol); dDAL-TICP (52%±27/300 pmol). (3) All analgesic effects were reversed by systemic (IP) naloxone (1 mg/kg). Naltrindole (3 mg/kg, IP) had no significant effect upon the maximum usable peptide dose. (4) Tolerance and cross-tolerance development after 5 daily boluses of DMT-DALDA (3 pmol) and morphine (30 nmol) revealed that both agents displayed a progressive decline over 5 days. (5) Cross-tolerance assessed at day 5 revealed a reduction in response to morphine in DMT-DALDA treated animal but not DMT-DALDA in the morphine treated animal, indicating an asymmetric cross-tolerance. (6) IT DMT-DALDA, morphine and fentanyl resulted in significant reductions in phase 1 and phase 2 flinching. With a 15 min pretreatment all drugs resulted in comparable reductions in flinching. However, at 6 h, the reduction in flinching after DMT-DALDA and morphine were comparably reduced while fentanyl was not different from vehicle. All effects on flinching were lost by 24 h. Conclusions These results emphasize the potent mu agonist properties of the DALDA peptidic structure series, their persistence similar to morphine and their propensity to produce tolerance. The asymmetric cross-tolerance between equiactive doses may reflect the relative intrinsic activity of morphine and DMT-DALDA. Implications These results suggest that the DALDA peptides with their potency and duration of action after intrathecal delivery suggest their potential utility for their further development as a spinal therapeutic to manage pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Kokubu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kelly A Eddinger
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Thi M-D Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lena Libertad Huerta-Esquivel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Université de Strasbourg, Alsacia, France.,Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - Shigeki Yamaguchi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Peter W Schiller
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tony L Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA, Phone: +(619) 543-3597, Fax: +(619) 543-6070
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10
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Hot topics in opioid pharmacology: mixed and biased opioids. Br J Anaesth 2019; 122:e136-e145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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11
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Henry SP, Fernandez TJ, Anand JP, Griggs NW, Traynor JR, Mosberg HI. Structural Simplification of a Tetrahydroquinoline-Core Peptidomimetic μ-Opioid Receptor (MOR) Agonist/δ-Opioid Receptor (DOR) Antagonist Produces Improved Metabolic Stability. J Med Chem 2019; 62:4142-4157. [PMID: 30924650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported a series of μ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist/δ-opioid receptor (DOR) antagonist ligands to serve as potential nonaddictive opioid analgesics. These ligands have been shown to be active in vivo, do not manifest withdrawal syndromes or reward behavior in conditioned-place preference assays in mice, and do not produce dependence. Although these attributes are promising, these analogues exhibit poor metabolic stability in mouse liver microsomes, likely due to the central tetrahydroquinoline scaffold in this series. As such, a structure-activity relationship (SAR) campaign was pursued to improve their metabolic stability. This resulted in a shift from our original bicyclic tetrahydroquinoline core to a monocyclic benzylic-core system. By eliminating one of the rings in this scaffold and exploring the SAR of this new core, two promising analogues were discovered. These analogues (5l and 5m) had potency and efficacy values at MOR better or comparable to morphine, retained their DOR-antagonist properties, and showed a 10-fold improvement in metabolic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Henry
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy , University of Michigan , 428 Church Street , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | | | | | | | - John R Traynor
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy , University of Michigan , 428 Church Street , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Henry I Mosberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy , University of Michigan , 428 Church Street , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
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12
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Dietis N, Niwa H, Tose R, McDonald J, Ruggieri V, Filaferro M, Vitale G, Micheli L, Ghelardini C, Salvadori S, Calo G, Guerrini R, Rowbotham DJ, Lambert DG. In vitro and in vivo characterization of the bifunctional μ and δ opioid receptor ligand UFP-505. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:2881-2896. [PMID: 29524334 PMCID: PMC6016625 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Targeting more than one opioid receptor type simultaneously may have analgesic advantages in reducing side-effects. We have evaluated the mixed μ opioid receptor agonist/ δ opioid receptor antagonist UFP-505 in vitro and in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We measured receptor density and function in single μ, δ and μ /δ receptor double expression systems. GTPγ35 S binding, cAMP formation and arrestin recruitment were measured. Antinociceptive activity was measured in vivo using tail withdrawal and paw pressure tests following acute and chronic treatment. In some experiments, we collected tissues to measure receptor densities. KEY RESULTS UFP-505 bound to μ receptors with full agonist activity and to δ receptors as a low efficacy partial agonist At μ, but not δ receptors, UFP-505 binding recruited arrestin. Unlike morphine, UFP-505 treatment internalized μ receptors and there was some evidence for internalization of δ receptors. Similar data were obtained in a μ /δ receptor double expression system. In rats, acute UFP-505 or morphine, injected intrathecally, was antinociceptive. In tissues harvested from these experiments, μ and δ receptor density was decreased after UFP-505 but not morphine treatment, in agreement with in vitro data. Both morphine and UFP-505 induced significant tolerance. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS In this study, UFP-505 behaved as a full agonist at μ receptors with variable activity at δ receptors. This bifunctional compound was antinociceptive in rats after intrathecal administration. In this model, dual targeting provided no advantages in terms of tolerance liability. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Emerging Areas of Opioid Pharmacology. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dietis
- Department of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of Leicester, Division of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Management, Leicester Royal InfirmaryLeicesterUK
| | - H Niwa
- Department of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of Leicester, Division of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Management, Leicester Royal InfirmaryLeicesterUK
| | - R Tose
- Department of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of Leicester, Division of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Management, Leicester Royal InfirmaryLeicesterUK
| | - J McDonald
- Department of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of Leicester, Division of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Management, Leicester Royal InfirmaryLeicesterUK
| | - V Ruggieri
- Department of Oncology Haematology and Respiratory DiseasesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - M Filaferro
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neuro‐SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - G Vitale
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - L Micheli
- Department of Preclinical and Clinical PharmacologyUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - C Ghelardini
- Department of Preclinical and Clinical PharmacologyUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - S Salvadori
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of PharmacologyUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
| | - G Calo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of PharmacologyUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
| | - R Guerrini
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
| | - D J Rowbotham
- Department of Health SciencesUniversity of Leicester, Division of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Management, Leicester Royal InfirmaryLeicesterUK
| | - D G Lambert
- Department of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of Leicester, Division of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Management, Leicester Royal InfirmaryLeicesterUK
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Dothel G, Barbaro MR, Raschi E, Barbara G, De Ponti F. Advancements in drug development for diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2018; 27:251-263. [PMID: 29451407 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2018.1442434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) is a common disorder characterized by a complex pathophysiology hampering optimal targeted drug development. Recent advances in our understanding of key underlying mechanisms prompted novel therapeutics including novel pharmacological approaches. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the latest advancements in the pipeline of IBS-D drugs focusing on new pharmacological targets, efficacy and safety of medicinal products considering the recent harmonization of regulatory requirements by the FDA and the EMA. EXPERT OPINION The new 5-HT3 receptor antagonist ramosetron appears a promising therapeutic approach devoid of significant adverse events, although it is presently unavailable in Western countries, most likely because of the precautionary approach taken by regulatory agencies with this drug class. New pharmacological concepts on full agonists/antagonists, mixed-receptor activity and novel drug targets may streamline the present drug pipeline along with the adherence on new regulatory guidelines on outcome measures. Eluxadoline can be taken as an example of this paradigm shift. It has now been granted marketing authorization for IBS-D on both sides of the Atlantic, but it is still considered as a second-line agent by the NICE. There is still much work to be done to fully cover clinical needs of patients with IBS-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Dothel
- a Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | | | - Emanuel Raschi
- a Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Giovanni Barbara
- a Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Fabrizio De Ponti
- a Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
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14
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Abstract
Opioid receptors are the sites of action for morphine and most other clinically used opioid drugs. Abundant evidence now demonstrates that different opioid receptor types can physically associate to form heteromers. Owing to their constituent monomers' involvement in analgesia, mu/delta opioid receptor (M/DOR) heteromers have been a particular focus of attention. Understandings of the physiological relevance and indisputable proof of M/DOR formation in vivo are still evolving. This aspect of the field has been slow to progress in large part by the limitations of most available experimental models; recently however, promising progress is being made. As a result, the long-repeated promise of opioid receptor heteromers as selective therapeutic targets is now being realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Cahill
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Edmund Ong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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15
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Abstract
The opioid receptor system plays a major role in the regulation of mood, reward, and pain. The opioid receptors therefore make attractive targets for the treatment of many different conditions, including pain, depression, and addiction. However, stimulation or blockade of any one opioid receptor type often leads to on-target adverse effects that limit the clinical utility of a selective opioid agonist or antagonist. Literature precedent suggests that the opioid receptors do not act in isolation and that interactions among the opioid receptors and between the opioid receptors and other proteins may produce clinically useful targets. Multifunctional ligands have the potential to elicit desired outcomes with reduced adverse effects by allowing for the activation of specific receptor conformations and/or signaling pathways promoted as a result of receptor oligomerization or crosstalk. In this chapter, we describe several classes of multifunctional ligands that interact with at least one opioid receptor. These ligands have been designed for biochemical exploration and the treatment of a wide variety of conditions, including multiple kinds of pain, depression, anxiety, addiction, and gastrointestinal disorders. The structures, pharmacological utility, and therapeutic drawbacks of these classes of ligands are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica P Anand
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School and the Edward F. Domino Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Deanna Montgomery
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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16
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Lamberts JT, Rosenthal LD, Jutkiewicz EM, Traynor JR. Role of the guanine nucleotide binding protein, Gα o, in the development of morphine tolerance and dependence. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:71-82. [PMID: 28971229 PMCID: PMC5819733 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4742-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The use of morphine and other opioids for chronic pain is limited by the development of analgesic tolerance and physical dependence. Morphine produces its effects by activating the μ opioid receptor, which couples to Gαi/o-containing heterotrimeric G proteins. Evidence suggests that the antinociceptive effects of morphine are mediated by Gαo. However, the role of Gαo in the development of morphine tolerance and dependence is unknown. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study is to evaluate the contribution of Gαo to the development of morphine tolerance and dependence in mice. METHODS 129S6 mice lacking one copy of the Gαo gene (Gαo +/-) were administered morphine acutely or chronically. Mice were examined for tolerance to the antinociceptive action of morphine using the 52 °C hot plate as the nociceptive stimulus and for dependence by evaluating the severity of naltrexone-precipitated withdrawal. Wild-type littermates of the Gαo +/- mice were used as controls. Changes in μ receptor number and function were determined in midbrain and hindbrain homogenates using radioligand binding and μ agonist-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding, respectively. RESULTS Following either acute or chronic morphine treatment, all mice developed antinociceptive tolerance and physical dependence, regardless of genotype. With chronic morphine treatment, Gαo +/- mice developed tolerance faster and displayed more severe naltrexone-precipitated withdrawal in some behaviors than did wild-type littermates. Morphine tolerance was not associated with changes in μ receptor number or function in brain homogenates from either wild-type or Gαo +/- mice. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the guanine nucleotide binding protein Gαo offers some protection against the development of morphine tolerance and dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Lamberts
- Department of Pharmacology and Edward F. Domino Research Center, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., 1301 MSRB III, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5632, USA
- College of Pharmacy, Ferris State University, Big Rapids, MI, 49307, USA
| | - Lisa D Rosenthal
- Department of Pharmacology and Edward F. Domino Research Center, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., 1301 MSRB III, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5632, USA
| | - Emily M Jutkiewicz
- Department of Pharmacology and Edward F. Domino Research Center, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., 1301 MSRB III, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5632, USA
| | - John R Traynor
- Department of Pharmacology and Edward F. Domino Research Center, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., 1301 MSRB III, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5632, USA.
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17
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1-(2,4-Dibromophenyl)-3,6,6-trimethyl-1,5,6,7-tetrahydro-4H-indazol-4-one: A Novel Opioid Receptor Agonist with Less Accompanying Gastrointestinal Dysfunction than Morphine. Anesthesiology 2017; 126:952-966. [PMID: 28212204 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000001568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The authors investigated the pharmacology and signaling pathways of the opioid receptors modulated by compound 1, 1-(2,4-dibromophenyl)-3,6,6-trimethyl-1,5,6,7-tetrahydro-4H-indazol-4-one. METHODS In vitro studies of compound 1 were assessed by using a radioligand-binding assay (n = 3), a cyclic adenosine monophosphate assay (n = 3), a β-arrestin assay (n = 3), an internalization assay (n = 3), and an immunohistochemistry (n = 8). In vivo studies of compound 1 were characterized using a tail-flick test (n = 5 to 6), tail-clip test (n = 7), von Frey hair test (n = 5), and charcoal meal test (n = 5). RESULTS Compound 1 elicited robust effects in μ-opioid (mean ± SD; binding affinity: 15 ± 2 nM; cyclic adenosine monophosphate assay: 24 ± 6 nM), δ-opioid (82 ± 7 nM; 1.9 ± 0.1 μM), and κ-opioid (76 ± 9 nM; 1.4 ± 0.5 μM) receptor-expressing cells. Compound 1 acts as a full agonist of β-arrestin-2 recruitment in μ-opioid (1.1 ± 0.3 μM) and δ-opioid (9.7 ± 1.9 μM) receptor-expressing cells. Compound 1 caused less gastrointestinal dysfunction (charcoal meal test: morphine: 82 ± 5%; compound 1: 42 ± 5%) as well as better antinociception in mechanical pain hypersensitivity (tail-clip test: morphine: 10 ± 3 s; compound 1: 19 ± 1 s) and in cancer-induced pain (von Frey hair test: morphine: 0.1 ± 0.1 g; compound 1: 0.3 ± 0.1 g) than morphine at equi-antinociceptive doses. CONCLUSIONS Compound 1 produced antinociception with less gastrointestinal dysfunction than morphine.
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18
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Gendron L, Cahill CM, von Zastrow M, Schiller PW, Pineyro G. Molecular Pharmacology of δ-Opioid Receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 68:631-700. [PMID: 27343248 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.008979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioids are among the most effective analgesics available and are the first choice in the treatment of acute severe pain. However, partial efficacy, a tendency to produce tolerance, and a host of ill-tolerated side effects make clinically available opioids less effective in the management of chronic pain syndromes. Given that most therapeutic opioids produce their actions via µ-opioid receptors (MOPrs), other targets are constantly being explored, among which δ-opioid receptors (DOPrs) are being increasingly considered as promising alternatives. This review addresses DOPrs from the perspective of cellular and molecular determinants of their pharmacological diversity. Thus, DOPr ligands are examined in terms of structural and functional variety, DOPrs' capacity to engage a multiplicity of canonical and noncanonical G protein-dependent responses is surveyed, and evidence supporting ligand-specific signaling and regulation is analyzed. Pharmacological DOPr subtypes are examined in light of the ability of DOPr to organize into multimeric arrays and to adopt multiple active conformations as well as differences in ligand kinetics. Current knowledge on DOPr targeting to the membrane is examined as a means of understanding how these receptors are especially active in chronic pain management. Insight into cellular and molecular mechanisms of pharmacological diversity should guide the rational design of more effective, longer-lasting, and better-tolerated opioid analgesics for chronic pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Gendron
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre d'excellence en neurosciences de l'Univeristé de Sherbrooke, and Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Québec Pain Research Network, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care and Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (C.M.C.); Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (C.M.C.); Departments of Psychiatry and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California (M.v.Z.); Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.W.S.); and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal and Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.P.)
| | - Catherine M Cahill
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre d'excellence en neurosciences de l'Univeristé de Sherbrooke, and Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Québec Pain Research Network, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care and Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (C.M.C.); Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (C.M.C.); Departments of Psychiatry and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California (M.v.Z.); Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.W.S.); and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal and Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.P.)
| | - Mark von Zastrow
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre d'excellence en neurosciences de l'Univeristé de Sherbrooke, and Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Québec Pain Research Network, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care and Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (C.M.C.); Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (C.M.C.); Departments of Psychiatry and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California (M.v.Z.); Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.W.S.); and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal and Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.P.)
| | - Peter W Schiller
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre d'excellence en neurosciences de l'Univeristé de Sherbrooke, and Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Québec Pain Research Network, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care and Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (C.M.C.); Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (C.M.C.); Departments of Psychiatry and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California (M.v.Z.); Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.W.S.); and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal and Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.P.)
| | - Graciela Pineyro
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre d'excellence en neurosciences de l'Univeristé de Sherbrooke, and Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Québec Pain Research Network, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada (L.G.); Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care and Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (C.M.C.); Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (C.M.C.); Departments of Psychiatry and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California (M.v.Z.); Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.W.S.); and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal and Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.P.)
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19
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Healy JR, Bezawada P, Griggs NW, Devereaux AL, Matsumoto RR, Traynor JR, Coop A, Cunningham CW. Benzylideneoxymorphone: A new lead for development of bifunctional mu/delta opioid receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 27:666-669. [PMID: 28011222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Opioid analgesic tolerance remains a considerable drawback to chronic pain management. The finding that concomitant administration of delta opioid receptor (DOR) antagonists attenuates the development of tolerance to mu opioid receptor (MOR) agonists has led to interest in producing bifunctional MOR agonist/DOR antagonist ligands. Herein, we present 7-benzylideneoxymorphone (6, UMB 246) displaying MOR partial agonist/DOR antagonist activity, representing a new lead for designing bifunctional MOR/DOR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Healy
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, 2036 Health Sciences North, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, 1170 Main Bldg., 132 S. 10th St., Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Padmavani Bezawada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Nicholas W Griggs
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1220A MSRB, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Andrea L Devereaux
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Concordia University Wisconsin School of Pharmacy, 12800 N. Lake Shore Drive, Mequon, WI 53097, USA
| | - Rae R Matsumoto
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, 2036 Health Sciences North, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Touro University California College of Pharmacy, 1310 Club Drive, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
| | - John R Traynor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1220A MSRB, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Andrew Coop
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Christopher W Cunningham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Concordia University Wisconsin School of Pharmacy, 12800 N. Lake Shore Drive, Mequon, WI 53097, USA.
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20
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Grinnell SG, Ansonoff M, Marrone GF, Lu Z, Narayan A, Xu J, Rossi G, Majumdar S, Pan YX, Bassoni DL, Pintar J, Pasternak GW. Mediation of buprenorphine analgesia by a combination of traditional and truncated mu opioid receptor splice variants. Synapse 2016; 70:395-407. [PMID: 27223691 PMCID: PMC4980214 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Buprenorphine has long been classified as a mu analgesic, although its high affinity for other opioid receptor classes and the orphanin FQ/nociceptin ORL1 receptor may contribute to its other actions. The current studies confirmed a mu mechanism for buprenorphine analgesia, implicating several subsets of mu receptor splice variants. Buprenorphine analgesia depended on the expression of both exon 1-associated traditional full length 7 transmembrane (7TM) and exon 11-associated truncated 6 transmembrane (6TM) MOR-1 variants. In genetic models, disruption of delta, kappa1 or ORL1 receptors had no impact on buprenorphine analgesia, while loss of the traditional 7TM MOR-1 variants in an exon 1 knockout (KO) mouse markedly lowered buprenorphine analgesia. Loss of the truncated 6TM variants in an exon 11 KO mouse totally eliminated buprenorphine analgesia. In distinction to analgesia, the inhibition of gastrointestinal transit and stimulation of locomotor activity were independent of truncated 6TM variants. Restoring expression of a 6TM variant with a lentivirus rescued buprenorphine analgesia in an exon 11 KO mouse that still expressed the 7TM variants. Despite a potent and robust stimulation of (35) S-GTPγS binding in MOR-1 expressing CHO cells, buprenorphine failed to recruit β-arrestin-2 binding at doses as high as 10 µM. Buprenorphine was an antagonist in DOR-1 expressing cells and an inverse agonist in KOR-1 cells. Buprenorphine analgesia is complex and requires multiple mu receptor splice variant classes but other actions may involve alternative receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Grinnell
- Department of Neurology and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Neuroscience Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York
| | - Michael Ansonoff
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Gina F Marrone
- Department of Neurology and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Neuroscience Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York
| | - Zhigang Lu
- Department of Neurology and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ankita Narayan
- Department of Neurology and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Neuroscience Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Neurology and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Grace Rossi
- Department of Psychology, Long Island University, Post Campus, Brookville, New York
| | - Susruta Majumdar
- Department of Neurology and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ying-Xian Pan
- Department of Neurology and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | - John Pintar
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Gavril W Pasternak
- Department of Neurology and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Neuroscience Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York
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21
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Váradi A, Marrone GF, Palmer TC, Narayan A, Szabó MR, Le Rouzic V, Grinnell SG, Subrath JJ, Warner E, Kalra S, Hunkele A, Pagirsky J, Eans SO, Medina JM, Xu J, Pan YX, Borics A, Pasternak GW, McLaughlin JP, Majumdar S. Mitragynine/Corynantheidine Pseudoindoxyls As Opioid Analgesics with Mu Agonism and Delta Antagonism, Which Do Not Recruit β-Arrestin-2. J Med Chem 2016; 59:8381-97. [PMID: 27556704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural products found in Mitragyna speciosa, commonly known as kratom, represent diverse scaffolds (indole, indolenine, and spiro pseudoindoxyl) with opioid activity, providing opportunities to better understand opioid pharmacology. Herein, we report the pharmacology and SAR studies both in vitro and in vivo of mitragynine pseudoindoxyl (3), an oxidative rearrangement product of the corynanthe alkaloid mitragynine. 3 and its corresponding corynantheidine analogs show promise as potent analgesics with a mechanism of action that includes mu opioid receptor agonism/delta opioid receptor antagonism. In vitro, 3 and its analogs were potent agonists in [(35)S]GTPγS assays at the mu opioid receptor but failed to recruit β-arrestin-2, which is associated with opioid side effects. Additionally, 3 developed analgesic tolerance more slowly than morphine, showed limited physical dependence, respiratory depression, constipation, and displayed no reward or aversion in CPP/CPA assays, suggesting that analogs might represent a promising new generation of novel pain relievers.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Váradi
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program and Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Gina F Marrone
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program and Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Travis C Palmer
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program and Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Ankita Narayan
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program and Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Márton R Szabó
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Szeged, H-6726 Hungary
| | - Valerie Le Rouzic
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program and Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Steven G Grinnell
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program and Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Joan J Subrath
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program and Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Evelyn Warner
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program and Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Sanjay Kalra
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program and Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Amanda Hunkele
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program and Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Jeremy Pagirsky
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program and Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Shainnel O Eans
- Department of Pharmacodyanamics, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 032610, United States
| | - Jessica M Medina
- Department of Pharmacodyanamics, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 032610, United States
| | - Jin Xu
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program and Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Ying-Xian Pan
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program and Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Attila Borics
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Szeged, H-6726 Hungary
| | - Gavril W Pasternak
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program and Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Jay P McLaughlin
- Department of Pharmacodyanamics, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 032610, United States
| | - Susruta Majumdar
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program and Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York 10065, United States
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22
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Brejchova J, Vosahlikova M, Roubalova L, Parenti M, Mauri M, Chernyavskiy O, Svoboda P. Plasma membrane cholesterol level and agonist-induced internalization of δ-opioid receptors; colocalization study with intracellular membrane markers of Rab family. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2016; 48:375-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s10863-016-9667-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Komatsu T, Katsuyama S, Nagase H, Mizoguchi H, Sakurada C, Tsuzuki M, Sakurada S, Sakurada T. Intrathecal morphine-3-glucuronide-induced nociceptive behavior via Delta-2 opioid receptors in the spinal cord. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 140:68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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24
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Bender AM, Griggs NW, Anand JP, Traynor JR, Jutkiewicz EM, Mosberg HI. Asymmetric synthesis and in vitro and in vivo activity of tetrahydroquinolines featuring a diverse set of polar substitutions at the 6 position as mixed-efficacy μ opioid receptor/δ opioid receptor ligands. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1428-35. [PMID: 25938166 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported a small series of mixed-efficacy μ opioid receptor (MOR) agonist/δ opioid receptor (DOR) antagonist peptidomimetics featuring a tetrahydroquinoline scaffold and showed the promise of this series as effective analgesics after intraperitoneal administration in mice. We report here an expanded structure-activity relationship study of the pendant region of these compounds and focus in particular on the incorporation of heteroatoms into this side chain. These analogues provide new insight into the binding requirements for this scaffold at MOR, DOR, and the κ opioid receptor (KOR), and several of them (10j, 10k, 10m, and 10n) significantly improve upon the overall MOR agonist/DOR antagonist profile of our previous compounds. In vivo data for 10j, 10k, 10m, and 10n are also reported and show the antinociceptive potency and duration of action of compounds 10j and 10m to be comparable to those of morphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M. Bender
- Interdepartmental Program in Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Nicholas W. Griggs
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jessica P. Anand
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - John R. Traynor
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Emily M. Jutkiewicz
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Henry I. Mosberg
- Interdepartmental Program in Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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25
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Pescatore R, Marrone GF, Sedberry S, Vinton D, Finkelstein N, Katlowitz YE, Pasternak GW, Wilson KR, Majumdar S. Synthesis and pharmacology of halogenated δ-opioid-selective [d-Ala(2)]deltorphin II peptide analogues. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:905-10. [PMID: 25844930 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Deltorphins are naturally occurring peptides produced by the skin of the giant monkey frog (Phyllomedusa bicolor). They are δ-opioid receptor-selective agonists. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of a peptide, Tyr-d-Ala-(pI)Phe-Glu-Ile-Ile-Gly-NH2 3 (GATE3-8), based on the [d-Ala(2)]deltorphin II template, which is δ-selective in in vitro radioligand binding assays over the μ- and κ-opioid receptors. It is a full agonist in [(35)S]GTPγS functional assays and analgesic when administered supraspinally to mice. Analgesia of 3 (GATE3-8) is blocked by the selective δ receptor antagonist naltrindole, indicating that the analgesic action of 3 is mediated by the δ-opioid receptor. We have established a radioligand in which (125)I is incorporated into 3 (GATE3-8). The radioligand has a KD of 0.1 nM in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing the δ receptor. Additionally, a series of peptides based on 3 (GATE3-8) was synthesized by incorporating various halogens in the para position on the aromatic ring of Phe(3). The peptides were characterized for binding affinity at the μ-, δ-, and κ-opioid receptors, which showed a linear correlation between binding affinity and the size of the halogen substituent. These peptides may be interesting tools for probing δ-opioid receptor pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Pescatore
- Department of Chemistry, Wingate University, PO Box 159, Wingate, North Carolina 28174, United States
| | - Gina F. Marrone
- Department
of Neuroscience, Weil Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Department
of Neurology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Seth Sedberry
- Department of Chemistry, Wingate University, PO Box 159, Wingate, North Carolina 28174, United States
| | - Daniel Vinton
- Department of Chemistry, Wingate University, PO Box 159, Wingate, North Carolina 28174, United States
| | - Netanel Finkelstein
- Department
of Neurology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Yitzchak E. Katlowitz
- Department
of Neurology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Gavril W. Pasternak
- Department
of Neuroscience, Weil Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Department
of Neurology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Krista R. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Wingate University, PO Box 159, Wingate, North Carolina 28174, United States
| | - Susruta Majumdar
- Department
of Neurology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
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26
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Beaudry H, Gendron L, Morón JA. Implication of delta opioid receptor subtype 2 but not delta opioid receptor subtype 1 in the development of morphine analgesic tolerance in a rat model of chronic inflammatory pain. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 41:901--7. [PMID: 25639561 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Opioids are well known for their robust analgesic effects. Chronic activation of mu opioid receptors (MOPs) is, however, accompanied by various unwanted effects such as analgesic tolerance. Among other mechanisms, interactions between MOPs and delta opioid receptors (DOPs) are thought to play an important role in morphine-induced behavioral adaptations. Interestingly, certain conditions such as inflammation enhance the function of the DOP through a MOP-dependent mechanism. Here, we investigated the role of DOPs during the development of morphine tolerance in an animal model of chronic inflammatory pain. Using behavioral approaches, we first established that repeated systemic morphine treatment induced morphine analgesic tolerance in rats coping with chronic inflammatory pain. We then observed that blockade of DOPs with subcutaneous naltrindole (NTI), a selective DOP antagonist, significantly attenuated the development of morphine tolerance in a dose-dependent manner. We confirmed that this effect was DOP mediated by showing that an acute injection of NTI had no effect on morphine-induced analgesia in naive animals. Previous pharmacological characterizations revealed the existence of DOP subtype 1 and DOP subtype 2. As opposed to NTI, 7-benzylidenenaltrexone and naltriben were reported to be selective DOP subtype 1 and DOP subtype 2 antagonists, respectively. Interestingly, naltriben but not 7-benzylidenenaltrexone was able to attenuate the development of morphine analgesic tolerance in inflamed rats. Altogether, our results suggest that targeting of DOP subtype 2 with antagonists provides a valuable strategy to attenuate the analgesic tolerance that develops after repeated morphine administration in the setting of chronic inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Beaudry
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, P&S Box 46, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada
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27
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Stabilization of morphine tolerance with long-term dosing: association with selective upregulation of mu-opioid receptor splice variant mRNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 112:279-84. [PMID: 25535370 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1419183112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic morphine administration is associated with the development of tolerance, both clinically and in animal models. Many assume that tolerance is a continually progressive response to chronic opioid dosing. However, clinicians have long appreciated the ability to manage cancer pain in patients for months on stable opioid doses, implying that extended dosing may eventually result in a steady state in which the degree of tolerance remains constant despite the continued administration of a fixed morphine dose. Preclinical animal studies have used short-term paradigms, typically a week or less, whereas the clinical experience is based upon months of treatment. Chronic administration of different fixed morphine doses produced a progressive increase in the ED50 that peaked at 3 wk in mice, consistent with prior results at shorter times. Continued morphine dosing beyond 3 wk revealed stabilization of the level of tolerance for up to 6 wk with no further increase in the ED50. The degree of tolerance at all time points was dependent upon the dose of morphine. The mRNA levels for the various mu opioid receptor splice variants were assessed to determine whether stabilization of morphine tolerance was associated with changes in their levels. After 6 wk of treatment, mRNA levels of the variants increased as much as 300-fold for selected variants in specific brain regions. These findings reconcile preclinical and clinical observations regarding the development of morphine tolerance.
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28
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Guidolin D, Agnati LF, Marcoli M, Borroto-Escuela DO, Fuxe K. G-protein-coupled receptor type A heteromers as an emerging therapeutic target. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 19:265-83. [PMID: 25381716 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.981155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The discovery of receptor-receptor interactions (RRIs) in the early 1980s provided evidence that G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) operate not only as monomers but also as heteromers, in which integration of the incoming signals takes place already at the plasma membrane level through allosteric RRIs. These integrative mechanisms give sophisticated dynamics to the structure and function of these receptor assemblies in terms of modulation of recognition, G-protein signaling and selectivity and switching to β-arrestin signaling. AREAS COVERED The present review briefly describes the concept of direct RRI and the available data on the mechanisms of oligomer formation. Further, pharmacological data concerning the best characterized heteromers involving type A GPCRs will be analyzed to evaluate their profile as possible targets for the treatment of various diseases, in particular of impacting diseases of the CNS. EXPERT OPINION GPCR heteromers have the potential to open a completely new field for pharmacology with likely a major impact in molecular medicine. Novel pharmacological strategies for the treatment of several pathologies have already been proposed. However, several challenges still exist to accurately characterize the role of the identified heteroreceptor complexes in pathology and to develop heteromer-specific ligands capable of efficiently exploiting their pharmacological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Guidolin
- University of Padova, Department of Molecular Medicine , via Gabelli 65, 35121 Padova , Italy +39 049 8272316 ; +39 049 8272319 ;
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29
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Cheng MF, Ou LC, Chen SC, Chang WT, Law PY, Loh HH, Chao YS, Shih C, Yeh SH, Ueng SH. Discovery, structure–activity relationship studies, and anti-nociceptive effects of 1-phenyl-3,6,6-trimethyl-1,5,6,7-tetrahydro-4H-indazol-4-one as novel opioid receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:4694-703. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Le Naour M, Lunzer MM, Powers MD, Kalyuzhny AE, Benneyworth MA, Thomas MJ, Portoghese PS. Putative kappa opioid heteromers as targets for developing analgesics free of adverse effects. J Med Chem 2014; 57:6383-92. [PMID: 24978316 PMCID: PMC4136663 DOI: 10.1021/jm500159d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is now generally recognized that upon activation by an agonist, β-arrestin associates with G protein-coupled receptors and acts as a scaffold in creating a diverse signaling network that could lead to adverse effects. As an approach to reducing side effects associated with κ opioid agonists, a series of β-naltrexamides 3-10 was synthesized in an effort to selectively target putative κ opioid heteromers without recruiting β-arrestin upon activation. The most potent derivative 3 (INTA) strongly activated KOR-DOR and KOR-MOR heteromers in HEK293 cells. In vivo studies revealed 3 to produce potent antinociception, which, when taken together with antagonism data, was consistent with the activation of both heteromers. 3 was devoid of tolerance, dependence, and showed no aversive effect in the conditioned place preference assay. As immunofluorescence studies indicated no recruitment of β-arrestin2 to membranes in coexpressed KOR-DOR cells, this study suggests that targeting of specific putative heteromers has the potential to identify leads for analgesics devoid of adverse effects.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics/adverse effects
- Analgesics/chemistry
- Analgesics/pharmacology
- Animals
- Arrestins/metabolism
- Avoidance Learning/drug effects
- Calcium/metabolism
- Drug Tolerance
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Indoles/adverse effects
- Indoles/chemistry
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Mice
- Naltrexone/adverse effects
- Naltrexone/analogs & derivatives
- Naltrexone/chemistry
- Naltrexone/pharmacology
- Protein Multimerization
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Stereoisomerism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Substance-Related Disorders/etiology
- beta-Arrestins
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Le Naour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota , WDH 8-114, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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31
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Gendron L, Mittal N, Beaudry H, Walwyn W. Recent advances on the δ opioid receptor: from trafficking to function. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:403-19. [PMID: 24665909 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Within the opioid family of receptors, δ (DOPrs) and μ opioid receptors (MOPrs) are typical GPCRs that activate canonical second-messenger signalling cascades to influence diverse cellular functions in neuronal and non-neuronal cell types. These receptors activate well-known pathways to influence ion channel function and pathways such as the map kinase cascade, AC and PI3K. In addition new information regarding opioid receptor-interacting proteins, downstream signalling pathways and resultant functional effects has recently come to light. In this review, we will examine these novel findings focusing on the DOPr and, in doing so, will contrast and compare DOPrs with MOPrs in terms of differences and similarities in function, signalling pathways, distribution and interactions. We will also discuss and clarify issues that have recently surfaced regarding the expression and function of DOPrs in different cell types and analgesia. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Gendron
- Département de physiologie et biophysique, Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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32
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Komatsu T, Katsuyama S, Mizoguchi H, Sakurada C, Tsuzuki M, Sakurada S, Sakurada T. Spinal ERK2 activation through δ2-opioid receptors contributes to nociceptive behavior induced by intrathecal injection of leucine-enkephalin. Peptides 2014; 54:131-9. [PMID: 24480726 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Intrathecal (i.t.) injection of leucine-enkephalin (Leu-ENK), co-administered with peptidase inhibitors, phosphoramidon (an endopeptidase 24.11 inhibitor), and bestatin (a general aminopeptidase inhibitor), produced behaviors consisting of the biting and/or licking of the hindpaw and the tail along with hindlimb scratching directed toward the flank, which peaked at 10-15 min after an injection. This characteristic behavior was not observed in mice treated with i.t. Leu-ENK alone. We also investigated the effect of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in spinal processing of nociception induced by i.t. co-administration of Leu-ENK with phospharamidon and bestatin. Western blot analysis of phospho-ERK (pERK) showed a significant increase of pERK2 in the lumbar spinal cord in response to i.t. Leu-ENK co-injected with peptidase inhibitors. The MAP kinase-ERK inhibitor, U0126 dose-dependently attenuated the nociceptive behavior and spinal ERK activation to i.t. Leu-ENK co-injected with peptidase inhibitors. Furthermore, the nociceptive behavior and spinal ERK activation evoked by i.t. Leu-ENK in combination with peptidase inhibitors were inhibited by co-administration of the non-selective δ-opioid receptor antagonist, naltrindole, the selective δ2-opioid receptor antagonist, naltriben, the non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, MK-801 or the non-selective nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L-NAME, the selective nNOS inhibitor, N(ω)-propyl-L-arginine or the selective iNOS inhibitor, W1400, but not by the selective δ1-receptor antagonist, BNTX (7-benzylidenenaltrexone). These results suggest that spontaneous nociceptive behaviors produced by i.t. co-administration of Leu-ENK with peptidase inhibitors may be induced by an activation of the glutamate-NO-ERK pathway through the δ2-opioid receptor in the dorsal spinal cord.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arginine/analogs & derivatives
- Arginine/pharmacology
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Butadienes/pharmacology
- Enkephalin, Leucine/administration & dosage
- Enkephalin, Leucine/pharmacology
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Glycopeptides/pharmacology
- Injections, Spinal
- Leucine/analogs & derivatives
- Leucine/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester/pharmacology
- Naltrexone/analogs & derivatives
- Naltrexone/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nitriles/pharmacology
- Nociception/drug effects
- Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Komatsu
- Department of Pharmacology, Daiichi College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Soh Katsuyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Mizoguchi
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Chikai Sakurada
- Department of Biochemistry, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, 10281 Komuro, Ina-Machi, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama 362-0806, Japan
| | - Minoru Tsuzuki
- Department of Biochemistry, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, 10281 Komuro, Ina-Machi, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama 362-0806, Japan
| | - Shinobu Sakurada
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Sakurada
- Department of Pharmacology, Daiichi College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan.
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33
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Lee CWS, Ho IK. Pharmacological Profiles of Oligomerized μ-Opioid Receptors. Cells 2013; 2:689-714. [PMID: 24709876 PMCID: PMC3972655 DOI: 10.3390/cells2040689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioids are widely prescribed pain relievers with multiple side effects and potential complications. They produce analgesia via G-protein-protein coupled receptors: μ-, δ-, κ-opioid and opioid receptor-like 1 receptors. Bivalent ligands targeted to the oligomerized opioid receptors might be the key to developing analgesics without undesired side effects and obtaining effective treatment for opioid addicts. In this review we will update the biological effects of μ-opioids on homo- or hetero-oligomerized μ-opioid receptor and discuss potential mechanisms through which bivalent ligands exert beneficial effects, including adenylate cyclase regulation and receptor-mediated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Wei-Sheng Lee
- Center for Drug Abuse and Addiction, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan.
| | - Ing-Kang Ho
- Center for Drug Abuse and Addiction, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan.
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34
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Abstract
Opiates are among the oldest medications available to manage a number of medical problems. Although pain is the current focus, early use initially focused upon the treatment of dysentery. Opium contains high concentrations of both morphine and codeine, along with thebaine, which is used in the synthesis of a number of semisynthetic opioid analgesics. Thus, it is not surprising that new agents were initially based upon the morphine scaffold. The concept of multiple opioid receptors was first suggested almost 50 years ago (Martin, 1967), opening the possibility of new classes of drugs, but the morphine-like agents have remained the mainstay in the medical management of pain. Termed mu, our understanding of these morphine-like agents and their receptors has undergone an evolution in thinking over the past 35 years. Early pharmacological studies identified three major classes of receptors, helped by the discovery of endogenous opioid peptides and receptor subtypes-primarily through the synthesis of novel agents. These chemical biologic approaches were then eclipsed by the molecular biology revolution, which now reveals a complexity of the morphine-like agents and their receptors that had not been previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavril W Pasternak
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10065.
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35
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Yekkirala AS, Kalyuzhny AE, Portoghese PS. An immunocytochemical-derived correlate for evaluating the bridging of heteromeric mu-delta opioid protomers by bivalent ligands. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:1412-6. [PMID: 23675763 DOI: 10.1021/cb400113d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bivalent ligands that contain two pharmacophores linked by a spacer are promising tools to investigate the pharmacology of opioid receptor heteromers. Evidence for occupation of neighboring protomers by two phamacophores of a single bivalent ligand (bridging) has relied mainly on pharmacological data. In the present study, we have employed an immunocytochemical correlate to support in vivo biological studies that are consistent with bridging. We show that a bivalent mu agonist/delta antagonist (MDAN-21) that is devoid of tolerance due to possible bridging of mu and delta protomers prevents endocytosis of the heteromeric receptors in HEK-293 cells. Conversely, a bivalent ligand (MDAN-16) with a short spacer or monovalent mu agonist give rise to robust internalization. The data suggest that the immobilization of proximal mu and delta protomers is due to bridging by MDAN-21. The finding that MDAN-21 and its shorter spacer homologue MDAN-16 possess equivalent activity in HEK-293 cells, but produce dramatically divergent internalization of mu-delta heteromer, is relevant to the role of internalization and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay S. Yekkirala
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, ‡Department of Pharmacology, and §Department of Neuroscience,
Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis,
Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Alexander E Kalyuzhny
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, ‡Department of Pharmacology, and §Department of Neuroscience,
Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis,
Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Philip S. Portoghese
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, ‡Department of Pharmacology, and §Department of Neuroscience,
Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis,
Minnesota 55455, United States
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36
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On the g-protein-coupled receptor heteromers and their allosteric receptor-receptor interactions in the central nervous system: focus on their role in pain modulation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:563716. [PMID: 23956775 PMCID: PMC3730365 DOI: 10.1155/2013/563716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The modulatory role of allosteric receptor-receptor interactions in the pain pathways of the Central Nervous System and the peripheral nociceptors has become of increasing interest. As integrators of nociceptive and antinociceptive wiring and volume transmission signals, with a major role for the opioid receptor heteromers, they likely have an important role in the pain circuits and may be involved in acupuncture. The delta opioid receptor (DOR) exerts an antagonistic allosteric influence on the mu opioid receptor (MOR) function in a MOR-DOR heteromer. This heteromer contributes to morphine-induced tolerance and dependence, since it becomes abundant and develops a reduced G-protein-coupling with reduced signaling mainly operating via β-arrestin2 upon chronic morphine treatment. A DOR antagonist causes a return of the Gi/o binding and coupling to the heteromer and the biological actions of morphine. The gender- and ovarian steroid-dependent recruitment of spinal cord MOR/kappa opioid receptor (KOR) heterodimers enhances antinociceptive functions and if impaired could contribute to chronic pain states in women. MOR1D heterodimerizes with gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) in the spinal cord, mediating morphine induced itch. Other mechanism for the antinociceptive actions of acupuncture along meridians may be that it enhances the cross-desensitization of the TRPA1 (chemical nociceptor)-TRPV1 (capsaicin receptor) heteromeric channel complexes within the nociceptor terminals located along these meridians. Selective ionotropic cannabinoids may also produce cross-desensitization of the TRPA1-TRPV1 heteromeric nociceptor channels by being negative allosteric modulators of these channels leading to antinociception and antihyperalgesia.
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37
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Milan-Lobo L, Enquist J, van Rijn RM, Whistler JL. Anti-analgesic effect of the mu/delta opioid receptor heteromer revealed by ligand-biased antagonism. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58362. [PMID: 23554887 PMCID: PMC3598907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Delta (DOR) and mu opioid receptors (MOR) can complex as heteromers, conferring functional properties in agonist binding, signaling and trafficking that can differ markedly from their homomeric counterparts. Because of these differences, DOR/MOR heteromers may be a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of pain. However, there are currently no ligands selective for DOR/MOR heteromers, and, consequently, their role in nociception remains unknown. In this study, we used a pharmacological opioid cocktail that selectively activates and stabilizes the DOR/MOR heteromer at the cell surface by blocking its endocytosis to assess its role in antinociception. We found that mice treated chronically with this drug cocktail showed a significant right shift in the ED50 for opioid-mediated analgesia, while mice treated with a drug that promotes degradation of the heteromer did not. Furthermore, promoting degradation of the DOR/MOR heteromer after the right shift in the ED50 had occurred, or blocking signal transduction from the stabilized DOR/MOR heteromer, shifted the ED50 for analgesia back to the left. Taken together, these data suggest an anti-analgesic role for the DOR/MOR heteromer in pain. In conclusion, antagonists selective for DOR/MOR heteromer could provide an avenue for alleviating reduced analgesic response during chronic pain treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Pain/drug therapy
- Pain/genetics
- Pain/metabolism
- Pain/pathology
- Pain Management
- Protein Multimerization
- Protein Stability/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Milan-Lobo
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California San Francisco, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Johan Enquist
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California San Francisco, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Richard M. van Rijn
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California San Francisco, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Whistler
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California San Francisco, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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38
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Chen HJ, Xie WY, Hu F, Zhang Y, Wang J, Wang Y. Disruption of δ-opioid receptor phosphorylation at threonine 161 attenuates morphine tolerance in rats with CFA-induced inflammatory hypersensitivity. Neurosci Bull 2012; 28:182-92. [PMID: 22466129 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-012-1216-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our previous study identified Threonine 161 (Thr-161), located in the second intracellular loop of the δ-opioid receptor (DOR), as the only consensus phosphorylation site for cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5). The aim of this study was to assess the function of DOR phosphorylation by Cdk5 in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammatory pain and morphine tolerance. METHODS Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons of rats with CFA-induced inflammatory pain were acutely dissociated and the biotinylation method was used to explore the membrane localization of phosphorylated DOR at Thr-161 (pThr-161-DOR), and paw withdrawal latency was measured after intrathecal delivery of drugs or Tat-peptide, using a radiant heat stimulator in rats with CFA-induced inflammatory pain. RESULTS Both the total amount and the surface localization of pThr-161-DOR were significantly enhanced in the ipsilateral DRG following CFA injection. Intrathecal delivery of the engineered Tat fusion-interefering peptide corresponding to the second intracellular loop of DOR (Tat-DOR-2L) increased inflammatory hypersensitivity, and inhibited DOR- but not µ-opioid receptor-mediated spinal analgesia in CFA-treated rats. However, intrathecal delivery of Tat-DOR-2L postponed morphine antinociceptive tolerance in rats with CFA-induced inflammatory pain. CONCLUSION Phosphorylation of DOR at Thr-161 by Cdk5 attenuates hypersensitivity and potentiates morphine tolerance in rats with CFA-induced inflammatory pain, while disruption of the phosphorylation of DOR at Thr-161 attenuates morphine tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jing Chen
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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39
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Szentirmay AK, Király KP, Lenkey N, Lackó E, Al-Khrasani M, Friedmann T, Timár J, Gyarmati S, Tóth G, Fürst S, Riba P. Spinal interaction between the highly selective μ agonist DAMGO and several δ opioid receptor ligands in naive and morphine-tolerant mice. Brain Res Bull 2012; 90:66-71. [PMID: 22995282 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of opioid receptor dimers their possible roles in opioid actions were intensively investigated. Here we suggest a mechanism that may involve the μ-δ opioid heterodimers. The exact role of δ opioid receptors in antinociception and in the development of opioid tolerance is still unclear. While receptor up-regulation can be observed during the development of opioid tolerance no μ receptor down-regulation could be detected within five days. In our present work we investigated how the selective δ opioid receptor agonists and antagonists influence the antinociceptive effect of the selective μ receptor agonist DAMGO in naïve and morphine-tolerant mice. We treated male NMRI mice with 200 μmol/kg subcutaneous (s.c.) morphine twice daily for three days. On the fourth day we measured the antinociceptive effect of DAMGO alone and combined with delta ligands: DPDPE, deltorphin II (agonists), TIPP and TICPψ (antagonists), respectively, administered intrathecally (i.t.) in mouse tail-flick test. In naive control mice none of the δ ligands caused significant changes in the antinociceptive action of DAMGO. The treatment with s.c. morphine resulted in approximately four-fold tolerance to i.t. DAMGO, i.e. the ED₅₀ value of DAMGO was four times as high as in naive mice. 500 and 1000 pmol/mouse of the δ₁ selective agonist DPDPE enhanced the tolerance to DAMGO while 1000 pmol/mouse of the δ₂ selective agonist deltorphin II did not influence the degree of tolerance. However, both δ antagonists TIPP and TICPψ potentiated the antinociceptive effect of i.t. DAMGO, thus they restored the potency of DAMGO to the control level. The inhibitory action of DPDPE against the antinociceptive effect of DAMGO could be antagonized by TIPP and TICPψ. We hypothesize that during the development of morphine tolerance the formation of μδ heterodimers may contribute to the spinal opioid tolerance. δ ligands may affect the dimer formation differently. Those, like DPDPE may facilitate the dimer formation hence inhibit the antinociceptive effect of DAMGO by causing virtual μ receptor down-regulation. Ligands that do not affect the dimer formation do not influence antinociception either but ligands with the presumed capability of disconnecting the dimers may decrease the spinal tolerance to DAMGO.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Szentirmay
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Tér 4, P.O. Box 370, H-1445 Budapest, Hungary
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40
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Harvey JH, Long DH, England PM, Whistler JL. Tuned-Affinity Bivalent Ligands for the Characterization of Opioid Receptor Heteromers. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:640-644. [PMID: 23585918 DOI: 10.1021/ml300083p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioid receptors, including the mu and delta opioid receptors (MOR and DOR) are important targets for the treatment of pain. Although there is mounting evidence that these receptors form heteromers, the functional role of the MOR/DOR heteromer remains unresolved. We have designed and synthesized bivalent ligands as tools to elucidate the functional role of the MOR/DOR heteromer. Our ligands (L2 and L4) are comprised of a compound with low affinity at the DOR tethered to a compound with high affinity at the MOR, with the goal of producing ligands with "tuned affinity" at MOR/DOR heteromers compared to DOR homomers. Here we show that both L2 and L4 demonstrate enhanced affinity at MOR/DOR heteromers compared to DOR homomers, thereby providing unique pharmacological tools to dissect the role of the MOR/DOR heteromer in pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica H. Harvey
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, 5858 Horton Street, Suite 200,
Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- University of California, San Francisco, Genentech Hall, 600 16th Street, San
Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Darcie H. Long
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, 5858 Horton Street, Suite 200,
Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Pamela M. England
- University of California, San Francisco, Genentech Hall, 600 16th Street, San
Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Whistler
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, 5858 Horton Street, Suite 200,
Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- University of California, San Francisco, Genentech Hall, 600 16th Street, San
Francisco, California 94158, United States
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41
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Mundra JJ, Terskiy A, Howells RD. Naltrindole inhibits human multiple myeloma cell proliferation in vitro and in a murine xenograft model in vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 342:273-87. [PMID: 22537770 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.194159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated previously that immune cell activation and proliferation were sensitive to the effects of naltrindole, a nonpeptidic δ-opioid receptor-selective antagonist; therefore, we hypothesized that human multiple myeloma (MM) would be a valuable model for studying potential antineoplastic properties of naltrindole. [(3)H]naltrindole exhibited saturable, low-affinity binding to intact human MM cells; however, the pharmacological profile of the binding site differed considerably from the properties of δ-, κ-, and μ-opioid receptors, and opioid receptor mRNA was not detected in MM cells by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Naltrindole inhibited the proliferation of cultured human U266 MM cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner with an EC(50) of 16 μM. The naltrindole-induced inhibition of U266 cell proliferation was not blocked by a 10-fold molar excess of naltrexone, a nonselective opioid antagonist. Additive inhibition of MM cell proliferation was observed when using a combination of naltrindole with the histone deacetylase inhibitor sodium valproate, the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, the glucocorticoid receptor agonist dexamethasone, and the HMG CoA reductase inhibitor simvastatin. Treatment of U266 cells with naltrindole significantly decreased the level of the active, phosphorylated form of the kinases, extracellular signal-regulated kinase and Akt, which may be related to its antiproliferative activity. The antiproliferative activity of naltrindole toward MM cells was maintained in cocultures of MM and bone marrow-derived stromal cells, mimicking the bone marrow microenvironment. In vivo, naltrindole significantly decreased tumor cell volumes in human MM cell xenografts in severe combined immunodeficient mice. We hypothesize that naltrindole inhibits the proliferation of MM cells through a nonopioid receptor-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Joshi Mundra
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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42
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Dietis N, McDonald J, Molinari S, Calo G, Guerrini R, Rowbotham DJ, Lambert DG. Pharmacological characterization of the bifunctional opioid ligand H-Dmt-Tic-Gly-NH-Bzl (UFP-505). Br J Anaesth 2011; 108:262-70. [PMID: 22194444 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aer377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While producing good-quality analgesia, µ-opioid (MOP) receptor activation produces a number of side-effects including tolerance. Simultaneous blockade of δ-opioid (DOP) receptors has been shown to reduce tolerance to morphine. Here, we characterize a prototype bifunctional opioid H-Dmt-Tic-Gly-NH-Bzl (UFP-505). METHODS We measured receptor binding affinity in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing recombinant human MOP, DOP, k-opioid (KOP), nociceptin/orphanin (NOP) receptors. For activation, we measured the binding of GTPγ(35)S to membranes from CHO(hMOP), CHO(hDOP), rat cerebrocortex, and rat spinal cord. In addition, we assessed 'end organ' responses in the guinea pig ileum and mouse vas deferens. RESULTS UFP-505 bound to CHO(hMOP) and CHO(hDOP) with (binding affinity) pK(i) values of 7.79 and 9.82, respectively. There was a weak interaction at KOP and NOP (pK(i) 6.29 and 5.86). At CHO(hMOP), UFP-505 stimulated GTPγ(35)S binding with potency (pEC(50)) of 6.37 and in CHO(hDOP) reversed the effects of a DOP agonist with affinity (pK(b)) of 9.81 (in agreement with pK(i) at DOP). UFP-505 also stimulated GTPγ(35)S binding in rat cerebrocortex and spinal cord with pEC(50) values of 6.11-6.53. In the guinea pig ileum (MOP-rich preparation), UFP-505 inhibited contractility with pEC(50) of 7.50 and in the vas deferens (DOP-rich preparation) reversed the effects of a DOP agonist with an affinity (pA(2)) of 9.15. CONCLUSIONS We have shown in a range of preparations and assays that UFP-505 behaves as a potent MOP agonist and DOP antagonist; a MOP/DOP bifunctional opioid. Further studies in dual expression systems and whole animals with this prototype are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dietis
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK.
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43
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Purington LC, Sobczyk-Kojiro K, Pogozheva ID, Traynor JR, Mosberg HI. Development and in vitro characterization of a novel bifunctional μ-agonist/δ-antagonist opioid tetrapeptide. ACS Chem Biol 2011; 6:1375-81. [PMID: 21958158 DOI: 10.1021/cb200263q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of tolerance to and dependence on opioid analgesics greatly reduces their long-term usefulness. Previous studies have demonstrated that co-administration of a μ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist and δ-opioid receptor (DOR) antagonist can decrease MOR agonist-induced tolerance and dependence development after chronic exposure. Clinically, a single ligand displaying multiple efficacies (e.g., MOR agonism concurrently with DOR antagonism) would be of increased value over two drugs administered simultaneously. Guided by modeling of receptor-ligand complexes we have developed a series of potent non-selective opioid tetrapeptides that have differing efficacy at MOR and DOR. In particular, our lead peptide (KSK-103) binds with equal affinity to MOR and DOR but acts as a MOR agonist with similar efficacy but greater potency than morphine and a DOR antagonist in cellular assays measuring both G protein stimulation and adenylyl cyclase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C. Purington
- Medical School and College of Pharmacy, Departments of †Pharmacology and ‡Medicinal Chemistry, and §Substance Abuse Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Katarzyna Sobczyk-Kojiro
- Medical School and College of Pharmacy, Departments of †Pharmacology and ‡Medicinal Chemistry, and §Substance Abuse Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Irina D. Pogozheva
- Medical School and College of Pharmacy, Departments of †Pharmacology and ‡Medicinal Chemistry, and §Substance Abuse Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - John R. Traynor
- Medical School and College of Pharmacy, Departments of †Pharmacology and ‡Medicinal Chemistry, and §Substance Abuse Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Henry I. Mosberg
- Medical School and College of Pharmacy, Departments of †Pharmacology and ‡Medicinal Chemistry, and §Substance Abuse Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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44
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Dietis N, Rowbotham D, Lambert D. Controlling cancer pain: Is morphine the best we can do? TRENDS IN ANAESTHESIA AND CRITICAL CARE 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tacc.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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45
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Liu WX, Wang R. Endomorphins: potential roles and therapeutic indications in the development of opioid peptide analgesic drugs. Med Res Rev 2011; 32:536-80. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
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46
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Berger AC, Whistler JL. How to design an opioid drug that causes reduced tolerance and dependence. Ann Neurol 2010; 67:559-69. [PMID: 20437553 DOI: 10.1002/ana.22002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mu opioid receptor (MOR) agonists such as morphine are extremely effective treatments for acute pain. In the setting of chronic pain, however, their long-term utility is limited by the development of tolerance and physical dependence. Drug companies have tried to overcome these problems by simply "dialing up" signal transduction at the receptor, designing more potent and efficacious agonists and more long-lasting formulations. Neither of these strategies has proven to be successful, however, because the net amount of signal transduction, particularly over extended periods of drug use, is a product of much more than the pharmacokinetic properties of potency, efficacy, half-life, and bioavailability, the mainstays of traditional pharmaceutical screening. Both the quantity and quality of signal transduction are influenced by many regulated processes, including receptor desensitization, trafficking, and oligomerization. Importantly, the efficiency with which an agonist first stimulates signal transduction is not necessarily related to the efficiency with which it stimulates these other processes. Here we describe recent findings that suggest MOR agonists with diminished propensity to cause tolerance and dependence can be identified by screening drugs for the ability to induce MOR desensitization, endocytosis, and recycling. We also discuss preliminary evidence that heteromers of the delta opioid receptor and the MOR are pronociceptive, and that drugs that spare such heteromers may also induce reduced tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Chang Berger
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, Emeryville, CA, USA
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47
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Yekkirala AS, Kalyuzhny AE, Portoghese PS. Standard opioid agonists activate heteromeric opioid receptors: evidence for morphine and [d-Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Glyol(5)]enkephalin as selective μ-δ agonists. ACS Chem Neurosci 2010; 1:146-54. [PMID: 22816017 DOI: 10.1021/cn9000236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in the opioid field has relied heavily on the use of standard agonist ligands such as morphine, [d-Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Glyol(5)]enkephalin (DAMGO), U69593, bremazocine, [d-Pen(2)d-Pen(5)]enkephalin (DPDPE), and deltorphin-II as tools for investigating the three major types of opioid receptors, MOP (μ), KOP (κ), and DOP (δ), that mediate antinociception. The functional selectivity of these ligands has been based on the assumption that opioid receptors exist as homomers. As numerous studies in cultured cells have suggested that opioid receptors can associate both as homomers and heteromers, we have investigated the selectivity of these standard ligands using intracellular calcium release and [(35)S]GTPγS assays in HEK-293 cells that contain singly and coexpressed opioid receptors. The present study reveals that morphine and DAMGO, traditionally classified as μ selective agonists, selectively activate μ-δ heteromeric opioid receptors with greater efficacy than homomeric opioid receptors. Moreover, standard ligands that have been widely employed as κ- and δ-selective agonists display little or no differences in the activation of homomeric and heteromeric opioid receptors. The far-reaching implications of these results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Philip S. Portoghese
- Department of Pharmacology
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy
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48
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Balboni G, Salvadori S, Trapella C, Knapp BI, Bidlack JM, Lazarus LH, Peng X, Neumeyer JL. Evolution of the Bifunctional Lead μ Agonist / δ Antagonist Containing the Dmt-Tic Opioid Pharmacophore. ACS Chem Neurosci 2010; 1:155-164. [PMID: 20352071 DOI: 10.1021/cn900025j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on a renewed importance recently attributed to bi- or multifunctional opioids, we report the synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of some analogues derived from our lead μ agonist / δ antagonist, H-Dmt-Tic-Gly-NH-Bzl. Our previous studies focused on the importance of the C-teminal benzyl function in the induction of such bifunctional activity. The introduction of some substituents in the para position of the phenyl ring (-Cl, -CH(3), partially -NO(2), inactive -NH(2)) was found to give a more potent μ agonist / antagonist effect associated with a relatively unmodified δ antagonist activity (pA(2) = 8.28-9.02). Increasing the steric hindrance of the benzyl group (using diphenylmethyl and tetrahydroisoquinoline functionalities) substantially maintained the μ agonist and δ antagonist activities of the lead compound. Finally and quite unexpectedly D-Tic2, considered as a wrong opioid message now; inserted into the reference compound in lieu of L-Tic, provided a μ agonist / δ agonist better than our reference ligand (H-Dmt-Tic-Gly-NH-Ph) and was endowed with the same pharmacological profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Balboni
- Department of Toxicology, University of Cagliari, I-09124, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Severo Salvadori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biotechnology Center, University of Ferrara, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Claudio Trapella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biotechnology Center, University of Ferrara, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Brian I. Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Jean M. Bidlack
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Lawrence H. Lazarus
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North 6 Carolina 27709
| | - Xuemei Peng
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478
| | - John L. Neumeyer
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478
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49
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Purington LC, Pogozheva ID, Traynor JR, Mosberg HI. Pentapeptides displaying mu opioid receptor agonist and delta opioid receptor partial agonist/antagonist properties. J Med Chem 2009; 52:7724-31. [PMID: 19788201 DOI: 10.1021/jm9007483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic use of mu-opioid agonists has been shown to cause neurochemical adaptations resulting in tolerance and dependence. While the analgesic effects of these drugs are mediated by mu-opioid receptors (MOR), several studies have shown that antagonism or knockdown of delta-opioid receptors (DOR) can lessen or prevent development of tolerance and dependence. On the basis of computational modeling of putative active and inactive conformations of MOR and DOR, we have synthesized a series of pentapeptides with the goal of developing a MOR agonist/DOR antagonist peptide with similar affinity at both receptors as a tool to probe functional opioid receptor interaction(s). The eight resulting naphthylalanine-substituted cyclic pentapeptides displayed variable mixed-efficacy profiles. The most promising peptide (9; Tyr-c(S-CH(2)-S)[D-Cys-Phe-2-Nal-Cys]NH(2)) displayed a MOR agonist and DOR partial agonist/antagonist profile and bound with equipotent affinity (K(i) approximately 0.5 nM) to both receptors, but also showed kappa opioid receptor (KOR) agonist activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Purington
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5632, USA
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Disruption of Cdk5-associated phosphorylation of residue threonine-161 of the delta-opioid receptor: impaired receptor function and attenuated morphine antinociceptive tolerance. J Neurosci 2009; 29:3551-64. [PMID: 19295160 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0415-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphine is the most commonly used and most effective analgesic in the clinic. However, its use is limited by the tolerance. Evidence indicates that the delta-opioid receptor (DOR) is essential for morphine antinociceptive tolerance; however, their underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we show that cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5), activated in morphine antinociceptive tolerance, directly phosphorylates DOR at Thr-161 in DRG neurons. Cdk5 was found to phosphorylate Thr-161 in the second loop of DOR, but not the corresponding residue in the mu-opioid receptor (MOR). Phosphorylation at Thr-161 is required for normal cell surface expression of DOR, and the formation of DOR-MOR heterodimers. Our studies indicated that inhibition of Cdk5 activity or overexpression of a DOR mutant lacking the Cdk5 phosphorylation site displayed relatively low cell surface expression and relatively low abilities to form heterodimers of DOR and MOR; intrathecal delivery of a construct expressing the T161A mutant of DOR attenuated morphine antinociceptive tolerance in rats, suggesting that Thr-161 phosphorylation of DOR contributed to Cdk5-mediated morphine antinociceptive tolerance. Furthermore, an engineered Tat fusion-interfering peptide corresponding to the second intracellular loop of DOR (Tat-DOR-2L), reduced the cell surface expression of DOR, disrupted the formation of DOR-MOR heterodimers, and significantly attenuated the development of morphine antinociceptive tolerance after intrathecal injection. The present study indicates that Cdk5-mediated phosphorylation of DOR at Thr-161 plays a crucial role in the development of morphine tolerance and suggests the possibility of targeting DOR phosphorylation at Thr-161 to attenuate morphine antinociceptive tolerance during pain management.
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