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Anjum B, Soorneedi N, Swathi J, Imran M, Gaddikeri K, Nallapu A. A Determination of Salivary and Serum Glucose Levels in Patients With Type II Diabetes Mellitus. Cureus 2024; 16:e54395. [PMID: 38505447 PMCID: PMC10949902 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.54395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this work was to determine and compare serum and salivary glucose levels in patients with type II diabetes mellitus (DM). MATERIAL AND METHODS This study had an overall sample size of 100, which consisted of male and female volunteers aged 30-67 years. Both in-depth interviews and physical tests were conducted. Blood and saliva were collected from the participants while fasting, which were analyzed to determine the levels of salivary alpha-amylase (α-amylase). Both the subjects and the controls were instructed to test their blood glucose levels while fasting and it was suggested that HbA1c values will be used for diagnosing diabetes following the guidelines of the American Diabetes Association, Centers for Disease Control, and World Health Organization. RESULTS The average age of the control group (Category A) was noted as 47.52±6.28 years, and that of the study group (Category B) was 49.17±7.25 years. In Category A, female (n=23) were 46%, and 54% were male (n=27); and 40% of the people in Category B were female (n=20), and 60% were male (n=30). The majority of patients (54%) in Category B displayed an average level of DM control (n=27), followed by poor control (24%. n=12), well-controlled (20%, n=10), and uncontrolled DM (2%, n=1). Category A had an average salivary α-amylase concentration of 3.1±0.88 U/L, whereas that of Category B was 12.06±2.36 U/L. Thus, the mean salivary α-amylase level of Category B was found to be much higher than that of Category A, and this difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). CONCLUSION The determination of α-amylase levels in the saliva of individuals suspected of having type II DM has been suggested as a potential diagnostic method. Screenings conducted at healthcare institutions and community health fairs, as well as epidemiological studies, might benefit from this method. We believe that normal clinical practice should include the use of saliva in a broad variety of diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Anjum
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Panineeya Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Hyderabad, IND
| | - Neeharika Soorneedi
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Malla Reddy Institute of Dental Sciences, Hyderabad, IND
| | - J Swathi
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Hyderabad, IND
| | - Mohammed Imran
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sri Sai College of Dental Surgery and Hospital, Hyderabad, IND
| | - Kavitha Gaddikeri
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Employees' State Insurance Corporation Dental College and Hospital, Gulbarga, IND
| | - Anoop Nallapu
- Department of Healthcare Administration and Service Management, Conestoga College, Brantford Campus, Brantford, CAN
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Manjushree R, Anandakrishna L, Prasad KS K, Shetty AK. Evaluation of Salivary Components and Dental Plaque in Relation to Dental Caries Status in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022; 15:S121-S125. [PMID: 35645528 PMCID: PMC9108845 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Methods Results Conclusion Clinical significance How to cite this article
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Affiliation(s)
- R Manjushree
- Department of Pedododntics and Preventive Dentistry, Bangalore Institute of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Manjushree R, Department of Pedododntics and Preventive Dentistry, Bangalore Institute of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, Phone: +91 8971481039, e-mail:
| | - Latha Anandakrishna
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Keerthi Prasad KS
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Bangalore Institute of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashmitha K Shetty
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Grisi DC, Vieira IV, de Almeida Lima AK, de Oliveira Mattos MC, Damé-Teixeira N, Salles LP, de Oliveira LA, Stefani C, do Carmo Machado Guimarães M. The Complex Interrelationship between Diabetes Mellitus, Oral Diseases and General Health. Curr Diabetes Rev 2022; 18:e220321192408. [PMID: 34225632 DOI: 10.2174/1573399817666210322153210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is emerging evidence that several oral diseases and conditions can be associated with DM. Dental caries, hyposalivation, fungal diseases and endodontics lesions may represent potential oral complications that can be aggravated by chronic hyperglycemia. Individuals with DM have a low perception of oral diseases which can lead to clinically important oral and systemic complications. This review aims to provide data on the most common oral signs and symptoms related to DM and to explore the mechanisms that might explain associations between DM and oral diseases in order to clarify the risks posed by poor oral health in DM. Since the linkage between oral diseases and DM is part of multifactorial aspects related to chronic hyperglycemic status and several common conditions affecting the whole body, both require rigorous self-control from patients and attention from medical and dental professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Corrêa Grisi
- Department of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Nailê Damé-Teixeira
- Department of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - Loise Pedrosa Salles
- Department of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | | | - Cristine Stefani
- Department of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasília-DF, Brazil
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State of Evidence on Oral Health Problems in Diabetic Patients: A Critical Review of the Literature. J Clin Med 2021; 10:5383. [PMID: 34830663 PMCID: PMC8618619 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10225383&set/a 912874875+940716348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global health problem, having recognized that in the next 20 years the number of diabetic patients in the world will increase to 642 million. DM exerts enormous repercussions on general health diabetic (especially derived from vascular, cardiac, renal, ocular, or neurological affectation). It entails in addition a high number of deaths directly related to the disease, as well as a high health care cost, estimated at $673 billion annually. Oral cavity is found among all the organs and systems affected in the course of DM. Important pathologies are developed with higher prevalence, such as periodontitis (PD), alterations in salivary flow, fungal infections, oral cancer, and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD). It has been proven that PD hinders the metabolic control of DM and that the presence of PD increases the possibility for developing diabetes. Despite the relevance of these oral pathologies, the knowledge of primary care physicians and diabetes specialists about the importance of oral health in diabetics, as well as the knowledge of dentists about the importance of DM for oral health of patients is scarce or non-existent. It is accepted that the correct management of diabetic patients requires interdisciplinary teams, including dentists. In this critical review, the existing knowledge and evidence-degree on the preventive, clinical, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic aspects of oral diseases that occur with a significant frequency in the diabetic population are developed in extension.
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5
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State of Evidence on Oral Health Problems in Diabetic Patients: A Critical Review of the Literature. J Clin Med 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jcm10225383
expr 893869204 + 932072443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global health problem, having recognized that in the next 20 years the number of diabetic patients in the world will increase to 642 million. DM exerts enormous repercussions on general health diabetic (especially derived from vascular, cardiac, renal, ocular, or neurological affectation). It entails in addition a high number of deaths directly related to the disease, as well as a high health care cost, estimated at $673 billion annually. Oral cavity is found among all the organs and systems affected in the course of DM. Important pathologies are developed with higher prevalence, such as periodontitis (PD), alterations in salivary flow, fungal infections, oral cancer, and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD). It has been proven that PD hinders the metabolic control of DM and that the presence of PD increases the possibility for developing diabetes. Despite the relevance of these oral pathologies, the knowledge of primary care physicians and diabetes specialists about the importance of oral health in diabetics, as well as the knowledge of dentists about the importance of DM for oral health of patients is scarce or non-existent. It is accepted that the correct management of diabetic patients requires interdisciplinary teams, including dentists. In this critical review, the existing knowledge and evidence-degree on the preventive, clinical, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic aspects of oral diseases that occur with a significant frequency in the diabetic population are developed in extension.
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González-Moles MÁ, Ramos-García P. State of Evidence on Oral Health Problems in Diabetic Patients: A Critical Review of the Literature. J Clin Med 2021; 10:5383. [PMID: 34830663 PMCID: PMC8618619 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10225383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global health problem, having recognized that in the next 20 years the number of diabetic patients in the world will increase to 642 million. DM exerts enormous repercussions on general health diabetic (especially derived from vascular, cardiac, renal, ocular, or neurological affectation). It entails in addition a high number of deaths directly related to the disease, as well as a high health care cost, estimated at $673 billion annually. Oral cavity is found among all the organs and systems affected in the course of DM. Important pathologies are developed with higher prevalence, such as periodontitis (PD), alterations in salivary flow, fungal infections, oral cancer, and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD). It has been proven that PD hinders the metabolic control of DM and that the presence of PD increases the possibility for developing diabetes. Despite the relevance of these oral pathologies, the knowledge of primary care physicians and diabetes specialists about the importance of oral health in diabetics, as well as the knowledge of dentists about the importance of DM for oral health of patients is scarce or non-existent. It is accepted that the correct management of diabetic patients requires interdisciplinary teams, including dentists. In this critical review, the existing knowledge and evidence-degree on the preventive, clinical, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic aspects of oral diseases that occur with a significant frequency in the diabetic population are developed in extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel González-Moles
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Pablo Ramos-García
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
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7
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Optimization of Salivary Electrochemical Analysis and its Collection Protocol in Type II Diabetes. Indian J Clin Biochem 2021; 37:311-318. [DOI: 10.1007/s12291-021-00996-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pérez-Ros P, Navarro-Flores E, Julián-Rochina I, Martínez-Arnau FM, Cauli O. Changes in Salivary Amylase and Glucose in Diabetes: A Scoping Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11030453. [PMID: 33800850 PMCID: PMC8001770 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11030453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common long-term disease which can be related with salivary amylase levels. DM has recently been associated with salivary amylase diagnostics that could further impair diagnoses in the diabetic population, as well as being an interesting alternative to traditional methods of determine glucose levels. The main advantage of this method is related to the fact that it is a fast diagnostic method. The DM population experiences changes to their metabolism which affects their salivary parameters, making this an alternative procedure for diagnosis and follow-up of the illness due to the non-invasive nature of salivary analyzes. The objective of this review is to summarize the evidence regarding the changes in salivary amylase and glucose levels, and their relationship with blood markers of glycemic control used in clinical settings such as blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin. The differences in salivary amylase levels depending on the method of saliva collection under fasting or non-fasting conditions. The changes in salivary amylase depends on the type of diabetes, the type of insulin treatment or the quality of glycemic control. CONCLUSIONS Salivary amylase concentration is increased in diabetic patients in most of the studies and salivary glucose concentration in all studies in both fasting and non-fasting (post-prandial) conditions. Salivary amylase and glucose concentration represent potential non-invasive biomarkers to evaluate glycemic control and clinical management of diabetic patients, although it is necessary to evaluate the influence of potential modulating factors such as age, duration diseases, sex and the effects of pharmacological treatments in these outcomes which remained to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Pérez-Ros
- Frailty and Cognitive Impairment Research Group (FROG), University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (P.P.-R.); (E.N.-F.); (I.J.-R.); (F.M.M.-A.)
- Nursing Department, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Emmanuel Navarro-Flores
- Frailty and Cognitive Impairment Research Group (FROG), University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (P.P.-R.); (E.N.-F.); (I.J.-R.); (F.M.M.-A.)
- Nursing Department, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ivan Julián-Rochina
- Frailty and Cognitive Impairment Research Group (FROG), University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (P.P.-R.); (E.N.-F.); (I.J.-R.); (F.M.M.-A.)
- Nursing Department, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Miguel Martínez-Arnau
- Frailty and Cognitive Impairment Research Group (FROG), University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (P.P.-R.); (E.N.-F.); (I.J.-R.); (F.M.M.-A.)
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Omar Cauli
- Frailty and Cognitive Impairment Research Group (FROG), University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (P.P.-R.); (E.N.-F.); (I.J.-R.); (F.M.M.-A.)
- Nursing Department, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Martins RARC, Costa FWG, Silva SM, Silva PGDB, Carvalho FSR, Fonteles CSR, Ribeiro TR. Salivary immunoglobulins (A, G, and M) in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients: A PROSPERO-registered systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 122:105025. [PMID: 33341591 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.105025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the difference in the salivary levels of immunoglobulins between patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) and healthy controls. DESIGN This systematic review was registered on the PROSPERO (CRD42020159198) database. All references were cross-checked and the risk of bias assessment was conducted using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to appraise the quality of evidence. The standardized mean difference and Cohen's d as the effect size were used in the meta-analysis. I-square statistics was used to estimate heterogeneity. Analysis was performed using the RevMan® software (p < 0.05) with a 95 % confidence interval. RESULTS Of the total 92 articles, 9 were selected for this study. The meta-analysis included 333 DM1 patients and 325 healthy controls. DM1 patients showed a significant reduction in salivary flow (p = 0.0008; Cohen's d= -0.19, CI 95 %= -0.33, -0.05), although not significant enough to modify the IgA concentration (p = 0.120; Cohen's d = 0.58, CI 95 %= -0.15, 1.32). However, DM1 increased IgA concentration by reducing salivary flow (Cohen's d = 0.84; CI 95 % = 0.36, 1.32), with a strong estimate of effect (p = 0.0006). Regarding IgG, no significant change was noted with DM1 in the patient's saliva (p = 0.420). Furthermore, there was no significant variation in the salivary IgM levels (p = 0.300). CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that the salivary levels of the evaluated immunoglobulins do not seem to be altered in DM1 patients when compared to that in healthy controls. However, the increase in IgA salivary concentration was dependent on total protein estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Asfor Rocha Carvalho Martins
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Monsenhor Furtado, s/n, Rodolfo Teófilo, CEP: 60430-160, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Fábio Wildson Gurgel Costa
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Monsenhor Furtado, s/n, Rodolfo Teófilo, CEP: 60430-160, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Sara Maria Silva
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Monsenhor Furtado, s/n, Rodolfo Teófilo, CEP: 60430-160, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | | | - Francisco Samuel Rodrigues Carvalho
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Ceará CampusSobral, Rua Conselheiro José Júlio, S/N, Centro, CEP: 62010-820, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Cristiane Sá Roriz Fonteles
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Monsenhor Furtado, s/n, Rodolfo Teófilo, CEP: 60430-160, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Thyciana Rodrigues Ribeiro
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Monsenhor Furtado, s/n, Rodolfo Teófilo, CEP: 60430-160, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
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Gupta V, Kaur A. Salivary glucose levels in diabetes mellitus patients: A case-control study. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2020; 24:187. [PMID: 32508478 PMCID: PMC7269279 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_15_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the present study was undertaken to correlate the glucose levels in saliva and blood of diabetic and healthy nondiabetic individuals and to determine the efficacy of saliva as a diagnostic tool. Setting and Design: This was a case–control study. Materials and Methods: Forty-five patients previously diagnosed with diabetes mellitus and 45 healthy controls were included in the study. The patients and controls were asked to come to the clinic in the morning, after 8–10 h fasting. At that time, 5 ml of venous blood and unstimulated saliva was collected from both the groups, and 2 h after meal, again, venous blood and unstimulated saliva were collected. The saliva and sera from blood samples were subjected to glucose estimation. Saliva was collected in sterilized vials, and blood was collected in test tubes. Glucose estimation was done by oxidase–peroxidase method. Statistical Analysis: Pearson's correlation coefficient, Student's t-test and paired t-test were used for statistical analysis. Results: Correlation coefficient values show that there is a significant positive correlation between fasting blood and fasting salivary glucose levels and postprandial blood and postprandial salivary glucose levels. Conclusion: Salivary glucose level estimation can be used as a potential indicator in screening, diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, it is an easy and noninvasive method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Gupta
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Maharaja Ganga Singh Dental College and Research Centre, Sriganganagar, Rajasthan, India
| | - Amanpreet Kaur
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Maharaja Ganga Singh Dental College and Research Centre, Sriganganagar, Rajasthan, India
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Saliva diagnostic utility in patients with type 2 diabetes: Future standard method. J Med Biochem 2020; 39:140-148. [PMID: 33033445 DOI: 10.2478/jomb-2019-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of the present study was to assess saliva reliability in diagnosis and monitoring type 2 diabetes instead of blood. Methods Blood and unstimulated whole saliva were collected from 300 type 2 diabetic subjects and 300 healthy controls in fasting. Then, the salivary flow rate was calculated. All parameters including glucose, urea, amylase, total protein, albumin, C-reactive protein (CRP), immunoglobulin A (IgA), potassium, calcium and chloride were assessed in the supernatant, using an autoanalyzer. Oral exam was conducted by a single examiner on full mouth excluding third molars. Statistical analysis was performed by the SPSS 20.0 version. Results Saliva screening showed that glucose, urea, amylase, total protein, potassium, calcium and chloride were significantly higher in patients compared to controls (p < 0.05). Whereas, the IgA level and salivary flow rate were significantly reduced in patients (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found in albumin and CRP levels (p > 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between salivary and plasma glucose levels (r = 0.887, and r = 0.900, p < 0.001), as well as, salivary and blood urea (r = 0.586, and r = 0.688, p < 0.001) in patients and controls, respectively. Conclusions From this study, saliva could be suggested as a useful diagnostic tool for type 2 diabetes.
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Kheirmand Parizi M, Akbari H, Malek-Mohamadi M, Kheirmand Parizi M, Kakoei S. Association of salivary levels of immunoglobulin-a and amylase with oral-dental manifestations in patients with controlled and non-controlled type 2 diabetes. BMC Oral Health 2019; 19:175. [PMID: 31387562 PMCID: PMC6685263 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-019-0868-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oral health is related to general health and one of the most prevalent chronic diseases is diabetes mellitus. Diabetes can have adverse effects on oral health and vice versa. Saliva analysis can be used as a non-invasive method to obtain information about diseases status like diabetes. The aim of present study was to evaluate the salivary immunoglobulin-A (s-IgA) and salivary amylase levels and their associations with oral-dental manifestations in patients with controlled and non-controlled type 2 diabetes. Methods This case-control study was carried out on 90 subjects who referred to the Diabetes Center of Shahid Bahonar Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Participants were divided into three groups: 1) uncontrolled diabetic patients (n = 30); 2) controlled diabetic patients (n = 30); and 3) healthy individuals (n = 30). Unstimulated salivary levels of I-A and amylase were measured. All participants underwent a dental and periodontal examination to explore the oral and dental manifestations. T-test, chi-square and ANOVA tests were used for data analysis in SPSS 18. Results Significant higher level of s-IgA was found in uncontrolled diabetic patients compared to controlled diabetic (P ≤ 0.0001) and the control group (P = 0.004). Moreover, the mean levels of s-amylase in uncontrolled patients was significantly higher compared to controlled diabetic (P = 0.01) and the control group (P ≤ 0.0001). Uncontrolled diabetic patients with oral candidiasis, erythematous candidiasis, abscesses, or xerostomia had higher s-IgA levels compared to the controlled diabetic participants. Moreover, uncontrolled diabetic patients with oral candidiasis or erythematous candidiasis showed a significant higher levels of s-amylase compared to controlled diabetic patients. Also, significant positive correlations were found between s-IgA and DMFT and s-IgA and PDI (r = 0.444, P = 0.014 and r = 0.386, P = 0.035, respectively). Conclusion In conclusion, higher s-amylase and s-IgA concentrations may reflect oral-dental manifestations in T2DM. Moreover, the current findings suggest that s-amylase and s-IgA may serve as a complementary and alternative fluid in screening for diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Kheirmand Parizi
- Dentist, Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamed Akbari
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahsa Malek-Mohamadi
- Community Oral Health Department, School of dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shahla Kakoei
- Oral and Dental Diseases Research Center, Dental School, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. .,Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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Verhulst MJL, Loos BG, Gerdes VEA, Teeuw WJ. Evaluating All Potential Oral Complications of Diabetes Mellitus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:56. [PMID: 30962800 PMCID: PMC6439528 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with several microvascular and macrovascular complications, such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular diseases. The pathogenesis of these complications is complex, and involves metabolic and hemodynamic disturbances, including hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and immune dysfunction. These disturbances initiate several damaging processes, such as increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, inflammation, and ischemia. These processes mainly exert their damaging effect on endothelial and nerve cells, hence the susceptibility of densely vascularized and innervated sites, such as the eyes, kidneys, and nerves. Since the oral cavity is also highly vascularized and innervated, oral complications can be expected as well. The relationship between DM and oral diseases has received considerable attention in the past few decades. However, most studies only focus on periodontitis, and still approach DM from the limited perspective of elevated blood glucose levels only. In this review, we will assess other potential oral complications as well, including: dental caries, dry mouth, oral mucosal lesions, oral cancer, taste disturbances, temporomandibular disorders, burning mouth syndrome, apical periodontitis, and peri-implant diseases. Each oral complication will be briefly introduced, followed by an assessment of the literature studying epidemiological associations with DM. We will also elaborate on pathogenic mechanisms that might explain associations between DM and oral complications. To do so, we aim to expand our perspective of DM by not only considering elevated blood glucose levels, but also including literature about the other important pathogenic mechanisms, such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and immune dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn J. L. Verhulst
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Martijn J. L. Verhulst
| | - Bruno G. Loos
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Victor E. A. Gerdes
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Spaarne Gasthuis, Hoofddorp, Netherlands
| | - Wijnand J. Teeuw
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Feron G. Unstimulated saliva: Background noise in taste molecules. J Texture Stud 2018; 50:6-18. [PMID: 30246386 DOI: 10.1111/jtxs.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Saliva is a highly complex bodily fluid composed of many proteins, peptides, small organic molecules, and ions. Saliva is produced and secreted by the major and minor salivary glands to protect the mouth and to participate in digestion. Generally, a distinction is made between unstimulated saliva that is a result of autonomic stimulation and stimulated saliva that is produced during chewing and taste stimulation. The link between saliva and sensory perception can thus be regarded in two ways: the role of unstimulated saliva as a background taste and the mechanistic role of stimulated saliva during eating. Indeed, unstimulated saliva (and its components) is continuously bathing our oral cavity and as such stimulates our taste receptors, thus playing a role in taste sensitivity. However, the role of unstimulated salivary components in mediating taste has been studied only in very few substances. To explore this question, this review attempts to compare data from the literature on unstimulated salivary composition with those on taste sensitivity. The main conclusion centres around the concept that the gustatory self-adaptation phenomenon may be relevant for only a few salivary compounds. Further studies at the level of the salivary Von Ebner glands and salivary pellicle are necessary before arriving at definitive conclusions on this subject. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Unstimulated saliva contains taste substances that can influence sensory perception through taste adaptation. However, large inter-individual variability exists in unstimulated salivary composition both qualitatively and quantitatively. These differences may explain the variability in taste perception and thus the food choices and behaviors of an individual. Thus, in the context of providing personalized food and nutrition to the consumer, variability of unstimulated saliva should be considered for specific formulation of food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Feron
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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15
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Salivary glucose levels and oral candidal carriage in Type 2 diabetics. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2018; 8:158-164. [PMID: 30191100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To assess the correlation between salivary glucose and blood glucose levels in diabetics and non diabetics and to study the association between salivary glucose levels and oral candidal carriage in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Material and method The study sample was divided into two groups, control and study group. The study group was again divided into two separate groups controlled diabetics and uncontrolled diabetics. Blood and saliva samples (for fasting and postprandial) were taken from each individual. Results The salivary glucose levels, highly correlated with blood glucose levels in both diabetic as well as non diabetics subjects. Salivary candidal carriage was more in oral cavity of Type 2 diabetic subjects than control subjects. Conclusion Saliva has the potential to be used as a noninvasive tool to monitor glycemic status of diabetic patients.
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Carramolino-Cuéllar E, Lauritano D, Silvestre FJ, Carinci F, Lucchese A, Silvestre-Rangil J. Salivary flow and xerostomia in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Oral Pathol Med 2018; 47:526-530. [PMID: 29604122 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saliva is secreted by the major and minor salivary glands. There are a number of physiological factors that can reduce this secretion such as age, sex, body weight, number of teeth present in the mouth or time of day. This decrease may also be caused by the use of certain drugs, radiotherapy for head and neck cancer, chronic rheumatic diseases such as Sjögren's syndrome and other systemic disorders such as diabetes mellitus (DM). Objective of this study was to investigate the effect of type 2 DM on salivary secretion and its relation to the sensation of xerostomia. METHODS Forty-seven patients with type 2 DM and 46 healthy individuals, aged 40-80, participated in the study. Samples of saliva were collected, at rest and after stimulation, at baseline and after the administration of a meal. A questionnaire of 10 items was used to define the patients' sensations of xerostomia. For statistical analysis, the Mann-Whitney test was used to assess the difference in salivary flow between the two groups and the relationship between the response to each of the questions and salivary flow levels. The degree of the patients' sensation of xerostomia was analysed by the Fisher test. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS There was a significant decrease in total saliva levels at rest in patients with type 2 DM compared to the control group. The study group also experienced higher levels of dryness at night and on waking as well as a greater sensation of lingual burning compared to the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Carramolino-Cuéllar
- Department of Stomatology, Stomatology & Oral Surgery, Dr Peset University Hospital, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Dorina Lauritano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Neuroscience Center of Milan, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Francisco-Javier Silvestre
- Department of Stomatology, Stomatology & Oral Surgery, Dr Peset University Hospital, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francesco Carinci
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberta Lucchese
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Javier Silvestre-Rangil
- Department of Stomatology, Stomatology & Oral Surgery, Dr Peset University Hospital, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinson Yeung
- Dental Core Trainee, University Dental Hospital Cardiff/Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff CF14 4XY
| | - Joht Chandan
- Academic Foundation Doctor, City Hospital, Dudley Road, Birmingham B18 7QH, UK
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Lin C, Pratt B, Honikel M, Jenish A, Ramesh B, Alkhan A, La Belle JT. Toward the Development of a Glucose Dehydrogenase-Based Saliva Glucose Sensor Without the Need for Sample Preparation. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2018; 12. [PMID: 28627257 PMCID: PMC5761970 DOI: 10.1177/1932296817712526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strict glycemic control is known to be a vital key in the management of diabetes mellitus (DM). However, traditional methods face limitations in their efficacy due to the pain and invasiveness of needle pricking which often discourages DM patients from performing the required number of tests per day. Saliva glucose (SG) sensing has long been considered a noninvasive alternative to blood glucose monitoring for diabetes management, however the sample preparation and sensor detection limit have been deemed as challenges to overcome. Herein, we describe a preliminary clinical validation of a disposable SG sensor without any requirement for sample preparation. METHODS The sensor utilizes glucose dehydrogenase flavine-adenine dinucleotide (GDH-FAD) in conjunction with disposable screen printed electrodes to measure glucose levels in saliva collected directly from 9 healthy subjects. Cyclic voltammetry and amperometric-time (Amp-it) assays were used to develop calibration curves and test subjects. Sensor calibration was performed using simulated saliva at 6.5 pH and 37ºC. RESULTS The lower limit of detection was determined to be 0.11 mg/dL. A lag time of 15 minutes with a positive correlation between SG and BG levels was found, which agrees with literature results. The detected SG ranges from 2.38 to 3.40 mg/dL over a BG range of 90 to 143 mg/dL. CONCLUSION This is the first reported use of measuring SG with GDH-FAD without prior sample preparation. Upon optimization, the sensor has the potential to serve as a supplement to blood glucose monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Lin
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Breanna Pratt
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Mackenzie Honikel
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Alaina Jenish
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Bhavna Ramesh
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Amnah Alkhan
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jeffrey T. La Belle
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
- Jeffrey T. La Belle, PhD, Arizona State University, 550 E Orange St, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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Soni A, Jha SK. Smartphone based non-invasive salivary glucose biosensor. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 996:54-63. [PMID: 29137708 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The present work deals with the development of a non-invasive optical glucose biosensor using saliva samples and a smartphone. The sensor was fabricated with a simple methodology by immobilization of Glucose oxidase enzyme along with a pH responsive dye on a filter paper based strip. The strip changes color upon reaction with glucose present in saliva and the color changes were detected using a smartphone camera through RGB profiling. This standalone biosensor showed good sensitivity and low interference while operating within 20 s response time. We used various means for improvements such as the use of slope method instead of differential response; use of a responsive pH indicator and made numerous tweaks in the smartphone app. Calibration with spiked saliva samples with slopes for (R + G + B) pixels revealed an exponentially increasing calibration curve with a linear detection range of 50-540 mg/dL, sensitivity of 0.0012 pixels sec-1/mg dL-1 and LOD of 24.6 mg/dL. The biosensor was clinically validated on both healthy and diabetic subjects divided into several categories based on sex, age, diabetic status etc. and correlation between blood and salivary glucose has been established for better standardization of the sensor. Correlation of 0.44 was obtained between blood and salivary glucose in healthy individuals whereas it was 0.64 and 0.94 in case of prediabetic and diabetic patients respectively. The developed biosensor has the potential to be used for mass diagnosis of diabetes especially in such areas where people remain prohibited from routine analysis due to high healthcare cost. Apart from that, a smartphone would be the only device the user needs for this measurement, along with a disposable low cost test strip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Soni
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India; Department of Biomedical Engineering, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Jha
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India; Department of Biomedical Engineering, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
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20
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Badia-Boungou F, Sane F, Alidjinou EK, Ternois M, Opoko PA, Haddad J, Stukens C, Lefevre C, Gueorguieva I, Hamze M, Ismail M, Weill J, Monabéka HG, Bouenizabila E, Moukassa D, Abena AA, Hober D. Marker of coxsackievirus-B4 infection in saliva of patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2017; 33. [PMID: 28719027 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coxsackieviruses B (CV-B) are enteroviruses that have been reported to play a role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Enteroviral RNA was detected in the gut mucosa of patients. The mucosal immunity is an interconnected network; therefore, the response to enteroviruses possibly present in the gastrointestinal mucosa can be reflected by specific antibodies in the saliva. In the present study, the anti-CV-B neutralizing activity of saliva samples from patients with type 1 diabetes was investigated. METHODS Saliva samples were collected from patients and controls of 3 countries, and plasma was obtained from some of them. The anti-CV-B activity of clinical samples was determined by neutralization of the cytopathic effect induced by challenging viruses in vitro and expressed as titre value. RESULTS Overall prevalence and levels of anti-CV-B4 activity of saliva were higher in patients (n = 181) than in controls (n = 135; P = .0002; titre values ≥ 16: odds ratio = 4.22 95% CI: 1.90-9.38 P = .0002). It has been shown that IgA1 played a role in this activity. There was no correlation between the saliva and the plasma anti-CV-B4 neutralizing activity. The neutralizing activity of saliva against CV-B1, CV-B2, CV-B3, and CV-B5 existed rarely, if at all. Increased levels of anti-CV-B4 activity were observed all along a 4 year follow-up period in patients but not in matched controls (P = .01). CONCLUSION There is an anti-CV-B4 activity in saliva of patients with type 1 diabetes that may be a useful marker to study the role of CV-B in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Badia-Boungou
- Univ. Lille, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, Lille, France
- Hôpital Général de Loandjili, Pointe Noire, Republic of Congo
| | - F Sane
- Univ. Lille, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, Lille, France
| | - E K Alidjinou
- Univ. Lille, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, Lille, France
| | - M Ternois
- Univ. Lille, Faculté d'odontologie et de chirurgie dentaire, Lille, France
| | - P A Opoko
- Hôpital Général de Loandjili, Pointe Noire, Republic of Congo
| | - J Haddad
- Lebanese University Faculty of Public Health, Health and Environment Microbiology Laboratory, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - C Stukens
- CHU Hôpital Jeanne de Flandres, Lille, France
| | - C Lefevre
- CHU Hôpital Jeanne de Flandres, Lille, France
| | | | - M Hamze
- Lebanese University Faculty of Public Health, Health and Environment Microbiology Laboratory, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - M Ismail
- Lebanese University Faculty of Public Health, Health and Environment Microbiology Laboratory, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - J Weill
- CHU Hôpital Jeanne de Flandres, Lille, France
| | - H G Monabéka
- Université Marien Ngouabi, Faculté des sciences et de la santé, Brazzaville, République du Congo
- CHU de Brazzaville, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | | | - D Moukassa
- Hôpital Général de Loandjili, Pointe Noire, Republic of Congo
- Université Marien Ngouabi, Faculté des sciences et de la santé, Brazzaville, République du Congo
| | - A A Abena
- Université Marien Ngouabi, Faculté des sciences et de la santé, Brazzaville, République du Congo
| | - D Hober
- Univ. Lille, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, Lille, France
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Chorzewski M, Orywal K, Sierpinska T, Golebiewska M. Salivary protective factors in patients suffering from decompensated type 2 diabetes. Adv Med Sci 2017; 62:211-215. [PMID: 28505540 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Defining the level of protective factors in saliva of patients suffering from decompensated type 2 diabetes. MATERIAL AND METHODS 50 Patients with diagnosis of decompensated type 2 diabetes, including 32 women and 18 men at the age of 57.9±9.2 years. The control group consisted of 50 people among whom there were 38 women and 12 men whose average age was estimated at 51.2±9.9 years. RESULTS It was stated the increased concentration of total protein by 60% and decreased concentration of IgA by 70%, of lysozyme by 27% and of lactoferrin by 40% in resting saliva of patients with type 2 diabetes if compared to the control group. These outcomes were really statistically meaningful. The evaluation of dependences between the analyzed protective factors and the indicator of oral cavity condition proved the positive correlation between the concentration of total protein and the number of DMFT (i.e. the rate of caries intensity). The remaining coefficients of correlation being evaluated proved to be negative and statistically meaningless. CONCLUSION The obtained outcomes prove a high influence of proteins included in saliva on the prevalence and development of caries at patients with decompensated type 2 diabetes.
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Stimulated and Unstimulated Saliva Glucose Levels in Children Suffer Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/amh.64373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Evaluation of Parotid Salivary Glucose Level for Clinical Diagnosis and Monitoring Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:2569707. [PMID: 28251153 PMCID: PMC5306981 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2569707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background. To investigate the relationships among blood glucose, mixed saliva glucose, and parotid glucose in type 2 diabetes patients and to evaluate the diagnostic and monitoring value of salivary gland glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes (type 2DM). Material and Methods. Thirty patients with type 2DM and 30 healthy age- and sex-matched individuals were included in this study. Glucose levels in unstimulated mixed saliva and in unstimulated parotid saliva were measured by the glucose oxidase peroxidase method. Results. The blood glucose and parotid salivary glucose levels in type 2DM patients were significantly higher than those in the controls (P < 0.05). The blood glucose, parotid salivary glucose, and mixed salivary glucose were 7.46 ± 1.44 mmol/L, 0.18 ± 0.19 mmol/L, and 3.17 × 10−2 ± 2.84 × 10−2 mmol/L, respectively, in the type 2DM group; the corresponding glucose levels in the control group were 5.56 ± 0.71 mmol/L, 7.70 × 10−2 ± 6.02 × 10−2 mmol/L, and 3.47 × 10−2 ± 2.79 × 10−2 mmol/L. The parotid salivary and blood glucose levels in type 2DM patients were strongly correlated; the linear regression equation for blood glucose and parotid salivary glucose was Y = 6.267X + 6.360, with r = 0.810. However, mixed salivary glucose levels were not significantly different in the type 2 diabetes group compared with the control group. Conclusion. Our results suggest that parotid salivary glucose has potential as a biomarker to monitor type 2DM and as a painless, noninvasive method for the management of type 2DM.
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Abstract
The T1R2 (taste type 1 receptor, member 2)/T1R3 (taste type 1 receptor, member 3) sweet taste receptor is expressed in taste buds on the tongue, where it allows the detection of energy-rich carbohydrates of food. This single receptor responds to all compounds perceived as sweet by humans, including natural sugars and natural and artificial sweeteners. Importantly, the T1R2/T1R3 sweet taste receptor is also expressed in extra-oral tissues, including the stomach, pancreas, gut, liver, and brain. Although its physiological role remains to be established in numerous organs, T1R2/T1R3 is suspected to be involved in the regulation of metabolic processes, such as sugar sensing, glucose homeostasis, and satiety hormone release. In this review, the physiological role of the sweet taste receptor in taste perception and metabolic regulation is discussed by focusing on dysfunctions leading to diabetes. Current knowledge of T1R2/T1R3 inhibitors making this receptor a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes is also summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Neiers
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, INRA, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne - Franche-Comté, Dijon, 21000, France
| | - Marie-Chantal Canivenc-Lavier
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, INRA, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne - Franche-Comté, Dijon, 21000, France
| | - Loïc Briand
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, INRA, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne - Franche-Comté, Dijon, 21000, France.
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Salivary function impairment in type 2 Diabetes patients associated with concentration and genetic polymorphisms of chromogranin A. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 20:2083-2095. [PMID: 26750135 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-015-1705-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on salivary function impairments according to glycemic control status and subsequently compare the concentration of chromogranin A (CHGA) with its genetic profile. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-six patients with controlled T2DM, 36 with poorly controlled T2DM, and 38 nondiabetic subjects underwent salivary flow rate measurements by means of unstimulated labial (ULS), unstimulated whole (UWS), and stimulated whole saliva (SWS) collections. CHGA concentrations were determined in saliva and plasma with ELISA, and two CHGA polymorphisms (T-415C and Glu264Asp) were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS T2DM patients presented significantly lower ULS and UWS flow rates regardless of glycemic control status compared to controls (P = 0.002 and P = 0.027, respectively). The SWS flow rate in the poorly controlled T2DM was the lowest among the groups (P = 0.026). Significantly higher plasma and salivary CHGA levels were found in T2DM groups (P = 0.019 and P < 0.001, respectively). CHGA gene variants (T-415C and Glu264Asp) revealed significant differences between diabetics and control subjects when associated with lower salivary flow and higher salivary CHGA production (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS T2DM causes abnormalities in the function of salivary glands. However, poorly controlled T2DM has the most influence on SWS flow rates. Our findings indicate an association between plasma and salivary CHGA levels and T2DM patients. Furthermore, the results suggest that CGHA polymorphisms might be associated with salivary gland hypofunction and higher salivary CHGA production in T2DM patients. Nevertheless, further epidemiological studies are required to elucidate this clinical implication. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Salivary impairments and high levels of CHGA are associated with T2DM patients. In addition, CGHA polymorphisms might be associated with salivary gland hypofunction and higher salivary CHGA production in T2DM patients. This could be a significant insight to establish a role for salivary CHGA as a potential clinical biomarker to T2DM.
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López-Pintor RM, Casañas E, González-Serrano J, Serrano J, Ramírez L, de Arriba L, Hernández G. Xerostomia, Hyposalivation, and Salivary Flow in Diabetes Patients. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:4372852. [PMID: 27478847 PMCID: PMC4958434 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4372852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of xerostomia and hyposalivation is frequent among diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. It is not clear if the presence of xerostomia and hyposalivation is greater in DM than non-DM patients. The aims of this systematic review are (1) to compare the prevalence rates of xerostomia, (2) to evaluate the salivary flow rate, and (3) to compare the prevalence rates of hyposalivation in DM versus non-DM population. This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA group guidelines by performing systematic literature searches in biomedical databases from 1970 until January 18th, 2016. All studies showed higher prevalence of xerostomia in DM patients in relation to non-DM population, 12.5%-53.5% versus 0-30%. Studies that analyzed the quantity of saliva in DM population in relation to non-DM patients reported higher flow rates in non-DM than in DM patients. The variation flow rate among different studies in each group (DM/CG) is very large. Only one existing study showed higher hyposalivation prevalence in DM than non-DM patients (45% versus 2.5%). In addition, quality assessment showed the low quality of the existing studies. We recommend new studies that use more precise and current definitions concerning the determination and diagnosis of DM patients and salivary flow collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa María López-Pintor
- Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, School of Dentistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- *Rosa María López-Pintor:
| | - Elisabeth Casañas
- Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, School of Dentistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José González-Serrano
- Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, School of Dentistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Serrano
- Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, School of Dentistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Ramírez
- Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, School of Dentistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorenzo de Arriba
- Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, School of Dentistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Hernández
- Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, School of Dentistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Kakoei S, Hosseini B, Haghdoost AA, Sanjari M, Gholamhosseinian A, Afshar VFN. Evaluation of Salivary Secretory Immunoglobulin A Levels in Diabetic Patients and Association with Oral and Dental Manifestations. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2015; 15:e507-11. [PMID: 26629378 DOI: 10.18295/squmj.2015.15.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oral and dental manifestations in diabetic patients can arise due to numerous factors, including elevated salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) levels. This study aimed to evaluate s-IgA concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to investigate the association between s-IgA levels and oral and dental manifestations of T2DM. METHODS This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out between October 2011 and September 2012 in Kerman, Iran, and included 260 subjects (128 patients with T2DM and 132 healthy controls). Unstimulated salivary samples were collected from all subjects and s-IgA levels were determined using the immunoturbidimetric method. The oral cavities and teeth of T2DM patients were evaluated for oral and dental manifestations. RESULTS Both diabetic and control subjects with higher concentrations of s-IgA had significantly higher numbers of decayed, missing or filled teeth (DMFT) and periodontal index (PDI) scores (P <0.050). s-IgA levels were significantly higher in subjects with oral candidiasis (P <0.050). Among diabetic patients, significantly higher s-IgA levels were concomitant with xerostomia and denture stomatitis (P ≤0.050). There were no significant differences between s-IgA concentrations and other oral or dental manifestations in either group. CONCLUSION Individuals with a greater number of DMFT, a higher PDI score and oral candidiasis had significantly higher s-IgA levels. s-IgA levels were not significantly higher among diabetic patients in comparison to the control group. However, significantly higher s-IgA levels occurred with xerostomia and denture stomatitis in diabetic patients. In addition, s-IgA was significantly higher in patients with uncontrolled diabetes compared to those with controlled diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahla Kakoei
- Departments of Oral Medicine, Institute of Basic & Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran ; Oral & Dental Diseases Research, Institute of Basic & Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Bahareh Hosseini
- Departments of Oral Medicine, Institute of Basic & Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran ; Endontology Research, Institute of Basic & Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali-Akbar Haghdoost
- Modeling in Health Research, Institute of Basic & Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mojgan Sanjari
- Endocrinology & Metabolism Diseases Research, Institute of Basic & Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ahmad Gholamhosseinian
- Biochemistry and Centers for, Institute of Basic & Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Vahid F N Afshar
- Oral & Dental Diseases Research, Institute of Basic & Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Arora KS, Binjoo N, Reddy GVR, Kaur P, Modgil R, Negi LS. Determination of normal range for fasting salivary glucose in Type 1 diabetics. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2015; 5:377-82. [PMID: 26539389 PMCID: PMC4606601 DOI: 10.4103/2231-0762.165923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The most commonly employed investigative procedure for monitoring glucose levels is blood investigation, which is invasive and gives discomfort to the patient. The purpose of the study was to validate a noninvasive, easy, and reliable method for predicting glucose levels in Type 1 diabetics and to validate a regression equation for converting the known values of salivary glucose to blood glucose. Materials and Methods: 200 volunteers consisting of 100 Type 1 diabetics and 100 healthy controls were included, and their fasting blood and salivary glucose levels were assessed, using a semi-auto analyzer. Results: On analysis of the data, statistically significant positive results were obtained (P < 0.05) when the blood and salivary glucose levels were considered among the study group participants, control group participants, and both study and control group participants. A cut-off value for salivary glucose (11.60 mg%) was defined, above which a person may be considered as diabetic. Also, the regression equation was obtained which could be used for the conversion of known value of salivary glucose to blood glucose and vice versa. Conclusion: The present study successfully demonstrated the role of saliva as a noninvasive and reliable marker for the prediction of glucose levels in Type 1 diabetics who show elevated blood glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karandeep Singh Arora
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Daswani Dental College and Research Centre, Kota, Rajasthan, India
| | - Nagesh Binjoo
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Dr. BR Ambedkar Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - G V Ramachandra Reddy
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Rajasthan Dental College and Hospital, Jaipur, India
| | - Prabhpreet Kaur
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, BRS Dental College and General Hospital, Panchkula, Haryana, India
| | - Richa Modgil
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Daswani Dental College and Research Centre, Kota, Rajasthan, India
| | - Lalit Singh Negi
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Surendra Dental College and Research Institute, Sriganganagar, Rajasthan, India
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Shirzaiy M, Heidari F, Dalirsani Z, Dehghan J. Estimation of salivary sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus and urea in type II diabetic patients. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2015; 9:332-336. [PMID: 25470630 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2013.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PROBLEM Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disease due to insufficiency production of insulin that is associated with altered quantity and quality in salivary secretion. Alteration in saliva can reflect the changes in patients' blood. The collection of saliva is easy therefore; the assessment of saliva is suitable for screening tests of large population. The study aimed at evaluate some elements in diabetic patients' saliva. METHODS A total of 25 diabetic patients and age-sex matched control group enrolled into the study. Absorbance spectrophotometer technique was used for assessment of some salivary elements. RESULTS The assessment of saliva showed that diabetics had unstimulated salivary flow rate of 0.18 ± 0.14 mL/min compared to 0.30 ± 0.12 mL/min for healthy individuals (P<0.01). Secretion of potassium and urea to saliva was significantly higher in diabetics compared to healthy group (P<0.05). In contrast calcium, sodium and phosphorus concentration was not significantly different in two groups. The level of salivary urea, potassium and phosphorus was significantly elevated in diabetic males compared to healthy males and the level of salivary calcium in diabetic females was significantly reduced compared to healthy females (P<0.05). There was not any significant difference in salivary sodium of healthy and diabetic persons according to gender (P>0.05). CONCLUSION The finding showed that there were some alterations in salivary elements in diabetic patients even in well-controlled subjects compared to healthy group. Moreover, some salivary elements concentrations were various in diabetic and healthy subjects regarding to the sex. Assessment of salivary composition could be beneficial in oral health evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Shirzaiy
- Assistant Professor of Oral Medicine, Department of Oral Medicine, Zahedan Dental School, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Heidari
- Assistant Professor of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Zahedan Medical School, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Zohreh Dalirsani
- Assistant Professor of Oral Medicine, Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases Research Center, Mashhad Faculty of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Javid Dehghan
- Assistant Professor of Community Medicine, Department of Health, Zahedan Medical School, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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Singh-Hüsgen P, Meissner T, Bizhang M, Henrich B, Raab WHM. Investigation of the oral status and microorganisms in children with phenylketonuria and type 1 diabetes. Clin Oral Investig 2015; 20:841-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-015-1564-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Gupta A, Singh SK, Padmavathi BN, Rajan SY, Mamatha GP, Kumar S, Roy S, Sareen M. Evaluation of Correlation of Blood Glucose and Salivary Glucose Level in Known Diabetic Patients. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:ZC106-9. [PMID: 26155553 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/12398.5994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus is a chronic heterogenous disease in which there is dysregulation of carbohydrates, protein and lipid metabolism; leading to elevated blood glucose levels. The present study was conducted to evaluate the correlation between blood glucose and salivary glucose levels in known diabetic patients and control group and also to evaluate salivary glucose level as a diagnostic tool in diabetic patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total number of 250 patients were studied, out of which 212 formed the study group and 38 formed the control group. RESULT Among 250 patients, correlation was evaluated between blood glucose and salivary glucose values which on analysis revealed Pearson correlation of 0.073. The p-value was 0.247, which was statistically non significant. CONCLUSION Salivary glucose values cannot be considered as a diagnostic tool for diabetic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Gupta
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Sri Aurobindo College of Dentistry , Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Siddharth Kumar Singh
- Reader, Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Sri Aurobindo College of Dentistry , Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - B N Padmavathi
- Professor, Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Darshan Dental College & Hospital , Loyara, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - S Y Rajan
- Professor and Head, Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Darshan Dental College & Hospital , Loyara, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - G P Mamatha
- Professor, Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, CODS , Davangere, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Sri Aurobindo College of Dentistry , Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sayak Roy
- Consultant, Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Dafodyl Dental Clinic , Kolkata, India
| | - Mohit Sareen
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Rajasthan Dental College and Hospital , Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a noncommunicable disease with a rising prevalence worldwide and in developing countries. The most commonly used diagnostic biofluid for detection of glucose levels is blood, but sample collection is an invasive and painful procedure. Thus, there arises a need for a noninvasive and painless technique to detect glucose levels. The objectives of the present study were to estimate the glucose levels of saliva, to assess if any significant correlation existed between the serum and salivary glucose levels, and to correlate salivary glucose levels with regard to duration of diabetes, age, and gender. In the present study, serum and salivary glucose levels of 200 subjects (100 diabetic subjects and 100 nondiabetic subjects) were estimated by glucose oxidase method. Glycosylated hemoglobin levels were also measured in randomly selected 40 diabetic subjects. The findings of present study revealed a significant correlation between salivary and serum glucose levels in both diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. No significant relationship was observed between salivary glucose levels and gender or age in both diabetics and nondiabetics and between salivary glucose levels and duration of diabetes in diabetics. On the basis of the findings, it was concluded that salivary glucose levels could serve as a potentially noninvasive adjunct to monitor glycemic control in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Gupta
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Luxmi Bai Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Simarpreet Virk Sandhu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Genesis Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Ferozepur, Punjab, India
| | - Himanta Bansal
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Baba Jaswant Singh Dental College Hospital and Research Institute, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Deepti Sharma
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Christian Dental College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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Balan P, Babu SG, Sucheta KN, Shetty SR, Rangare AL, Castelino RL, Fazil AK. Can saliva offer an advantage in monitoring of diabetes mellitus? - A case control study. J Clin Exp Dent 2014; 6:e335-8. [PMID: 25593652 PMCID: PMC4282897 DOI: 10.4317/jced.51386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Diabetes Mellitus is emerging as a major health problem over these years. Present method of blood glucose monitoring by venepuncture is invasive leading to reduced patient compliance and thereby ineffective judicious monitoring. The need of the hour is to direct research in the direction of establishing painless and more acceptable blood glucose analysis method.The objective of the study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the concentrations of salivary glucose and blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.
Study Design: This study assessed glucose levels using the glucose oxidase method in blood and unstimulated saliva in 90 subjects who were divided into 3 equal groups of controlled type 2 diabetes, uncontrolled type 2 diabetes and those without diabetes. Statistical analysis was carried out using one way ANOVA, Post hoc Tukeys tests and Pearson’s correlation coefficient test.
Results: Salivary glucose levels were significantly higher in patients with diabetes than controls. There was a significant positive correlation between salivary and plasma glucose levels in patients with diabetes.
Conclusions: Glucose concentration in saliva is higher in diabetics but hyperglycemia does not influence salivary glucose levels. Further clarification is required to claim the diagnostic potentials of saliva in diabetes.
Key words:Salivary glucose, type 2 diabetes mellitus, blood glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethi Balan
- MDS, Senior lecturer. Department of Oral medicine and Radiology. Sree Anjaneya institute of dental sciences. Nitte University, Mangalore
| | - Subhas G Babu
- MDS. Department of Oral medicine and Radiology. AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences. Nitte University, Mangalore
| | - Kumari N Sucheta
- MD Biochemistry. K.S. Hegde Medical Academy. Nitte University, Mangalore
| | - Shishir R Shetty
- MDS. Department of Oral medicine and Radiology. AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences. Nitte University, Mangalore
| | - Anusha L Rangare
- MDS. Department of Oral medicine and Radiology. Century International Institute of dental Sciences & Research Center. KUHS University, Kasargode
| | - Renita L Castelino
- MDS. Department of Oral medicine and Radiology. AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences. Nitte University, Mangalore
| | - Areekat K Fazil
- MDS. Department of Oral medicine and Radiology. AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences. Nitte University, Mangalore
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Makaram P, Owens D, Aceros J. Trends in Nanomaterial-Based Non-Invasive Diabetes Sensing Technologies. Diagnostics (Basel) 2014; 4:27-46. [PMID: 26852676 PMCID: PMC4665544 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics4020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood glucose monitoring is considered the gold standard for diabetes diagnostics and self-monitoring. However, the underlying process is invasive and highly uncomfortable for patients. Furthermore, the process must be completed several times a day to successfully manage the disease, which greatly contributes to the massive need for non-invasive monitoring options. Human serums, such as saliva, sweat, breath, urine and tears, contain traces of glucose and are easily accessible. Therefore, they allow minimal to non-invasive glucose monitoring, making them attractive alternatives to blood measurements. Numerous developments regarding noninvasive glucose detection techniques have taken place over the years, but recently, they have gained recognition as viable alternatives, due to the advent of nanotechnology-based sensors. Such sensors are optimal for testing the amount of glucose in serums other than blood thanks to their enhanced sensitivity and selectivity ranges, in addition to their size and compatibility with electronic circuitry. These nanotechnology approaches are rapidly evolving, and new techniques are constantly emerging. Hence, this manuscript aims to review current and future nanomaterial-based technologies utilizing saliva, sweat, breath and tears as a diagnostic medium for diabetes monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dawn Owens
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32246, USA.
| | - Juan Aceros
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32246, USA.
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Kallapur B, Ramalingam K, Bastian, Mujib A, Sarkar A, Sethuraman S. Quantitative estimation of sodium, potassium and total protein in saliva of diabetic smokers and nonsmokers: A novel study. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2013; 4:341-5. [PMID: 24082729 PMCID: PMC3783777 DOI: 10.4103/0976-9668.117006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: The aim of the study was to evaluate the difference in sodium, potassium, total protein in whole saliva in diabetic smokers, diabetic nonsmokers and healthy controls. Materials and Methods: Nonstimulated saliva samples were collected from a group of diabetic smokers, diabetic nonsmokers, and controls. Supernatant after centrifugation was used to determine the levels of sodium, potassium, and total protein by using semiautomatic analyzer. Results: There exists a statistical difference in the levels of potassium and total protein between diabetic smokers, nondiabetic smokers, and controls. Difference in the levels of sodium is only significant with nondiabetic smokers and controls. Conclusion: Diabetes mellitus is known to alter the composition of saliva. The purpose of this study was to estimate and compare the levels of salivary potassium, sodium, and total protein in smoker diabetic patients and nondiabetic smokers and controls, and to explore potential of salivary electrolytes [Na+, K+] and total proteins as markers. The estimated values of salivary constituents add to the data already recorded in Indian population. However, further studies using large samples are required to evaluate the findings in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basavaraj Kallapur
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Biology, Al-jabal Al-gharbi University, Gharian, Libya
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Cetik S, Zhang Y, Hupkens E, Jurysta C, Malaisse WJ, Sener A. A tentative model for (D)-glucose turnover in human saliva. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:1265-70. [PMID: 24011301 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study is to propose a tentative model for d-glucose turnover in human saliva. The whole saliva and the saliva from parotid and submandibular/sublingual glands were collected by use of the Salivette™. RESULTS The saliva glucose concentration was measured by the hexokinase method, saliva bacteria glycolysis by use of d-[5-(3)H] glucose, and the saliva ATP content by the luciferase method. The concentration of glucose amounted to 43.9±6.3 (n=29), 197.5±17.3 (n=29), 104.0±12.4 (n=27) μM in whole saliva, parotid saliva and submandibular/sublingual saliva, respectively. The rate of d-glucose utilization by oral bacteria at a physiological concentration of d-glucose in saliva (50μM) was estimated at 0.047±0.003 (n=11) nmol/min per 10(6) bacteria. Unstimulated salivary d-glucose turnover rate, as calculated from the amount of glucose secreted in saliva which comes from parotid and submandibular and sublingual glands represented 214.6±19.1%/min. In order for salivary d-glucose production to match bacterial utilization of the hexose, the total number of oral bacteria was estimated at about 2.0×10(9) bacteria, in fair agreement with previously published data. CONCLUSION This study thus provides support for a tentative model for d-glucose turnover in human saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Cetik
- Laboratory of Experimental Hormonology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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Feng XH, Zhou LH, Wang D, Yuan X. GLP-1 expression in von Ebner's gland of diabetic rats. Peptides 2012; 38:137-41. [PMID: 22986021 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
GLP-1, a peptidergic endocrine hormone, which associate with appetite control, glucose homeostasis and satiety. It might play an important role in the gustatory system. We tried to investigate the expression of GLP-1 in von Ebner's gland of diabetic and control rats, and the ultrastructure changes on von Ebner's gland of diabetes rats. GLP-1 expression in von Ebner's gland was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The number of GLP-1 positive cells in diabetic rat von Ebner's gland was significantly higher than that in normal controls. Electron micrographs showed that a series of pathologic changes in von Ebner's gland of diabetes rats. The results suggest that GLP-1 have some effects within the gustatory systems, and elevated von Ebner's gland GLP-1 expression may be one cause of diabetic taste impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-hong Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China.
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Tremblay M, Brisson D, Gaudet D. Association between salivary pH and metabolic syndrome in women: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health 2012; 12:40. [PMID: 22958748 PMCID: PMC3490750 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6831-12-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The salivary flow rate is an important determinant of salivary pH. It is influenced by several metabolic syndrome (MetS) components as well as the menopausal status. The cluster of cardiometabolic risk factors that characterizes the MetS could be exacerbated following menopause. The objective of this study was therefore to document the association between salivary pH and MetS expression in women according to the menopausal status. Methods In this cross-sectional study, unstimulated saliva collection was performed on 198 Caucasian women of French-Canadian origin of which 55 were premenopausal women (PMW) and 143 menopausal women (MW). Student’s t test, ANOVA and correlation analyses were used to assess the association between salivary pH and MetS components. Results The salivary pH level was significantly correlated with several MetS covariates, namely triglycerides (TG), apolipoprotein B (apo B) and plasma glucose concentrations as well as waist circumference and the number of MetS components present in the whole sample and PMW only. Mean pH levels decreased as the number of MetS components increased (p = 0.004). The correlations between salivary pH and variables associated with MetS components tended to be stronger in PMW. The proportion of the variance (R2) of salivary pH explained by MetS-related variables in PMW, MW and the whole sample was 23.6% (p = 0.041), 18.1% and 17.0% (p < 0.001) respectively. Conclusions The increasing prevalence of obesity calls for the development of new technologies to more easily monitor health status without increasing the burden of healthcare costs. As such, the salivary pH could be an inexpensive screening tool. These exploratory data suggest that salivary pH may be a significant correlate of the expression of MetS components. However, other studies with different populations are needed to confirm these findings before our observations lead to practical use in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Tremblay
- Université de Montréal, Department of Medicine, ECOGENE-21 Clinical Research Center; Chicoutimi Hospital, 305 St-Vallier Street, Chicoutimi (Québec), Saguenay, Canada
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Abikshyeet P, Ramesh V, Oza N. Glucose estimation in the salivary secretion of diabetes mellitus patients. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2012; 5:149-54. [PMID: 22923999 PMCID: PMC3422906 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s32112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Saliva is one of the most abundant secretions in the human body and its collection is easy and noninvasive. The aim of this study was to find a medium that can be used to diagnose and monitor diabetes. In this, saliva could play a major role. To substantiate the role of saliva as a diagnostic tool, we compared saliva samples with blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)) in healthy and diabetic subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Included in the study were 106 patients, newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 15 healthy control subjects. The patients and control subjects were asked to come to the clinic in the morning, after an 8-hour fast. At that time, 5 mL of venous blood was collected, 2 mL of which was collected in an ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-containing blood collection tube and sent for HbA(1c) estimation. Unstimulated saliva was collected from both groups as well. The saliva and sera from the blood samples were subjected to glucose estimation. RESULTS The correlation coefficient between serum glucose and salivary glucose in the control group was calculated and the r value was found to be 0.5216, which was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The correlation coefficient between serum glucose and salivary glucose in the patient group was also calculated and the r value was found to be 0.7686, which was highly significant (P < 0.01). Finally, the correlation coefficient between HbA(1c) level and salivary glucose in the patient group was calculated and the r value was found to be 0.5662, which was also highly significant (P < 0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Panda Abikshyeet
- Department of Oral Pathology, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
| | - Venkatapathy Ramesh
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Mahatma Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Puducherry, India
| | - Nirima Oza
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Mahatma Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Puducherry, India
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Branco-de-Almeida LS, Alves CMC, Lopes FF, Pereira ADFV, Guerra RNM, Pereira ALA. Salivary IgA and periodontal treatment needs in diabetic patients. Braz Oral Res 2011; 25:550-5. [DOI: 10.1590/s1806-83242011000600013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Shankaraia P, Reddy Y. α-amylase Expressions in Indian Type-2 Diabetic Patients. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2011.280.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Sashikumar R, Kannan R. Salivary glucose levels and oral candidal carriage in type II diabetics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 109:706-11. [PMID: 20416536 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to detect salivary glucose levels in diabetic and nondiabetic subjects, to study the relationship between salivary glucose levels and salivary candidal carriage, and to determine if salivary glucose levels could be used as a noninvasive tool to monitor glycemic control in diabetics. STUDY DESIGN A total of 150 adults, 100 with type 2 diabetes and 50 without diabetes (control subjects), aged 40-60 years, participated in the study. Diabetic status was determined by estimation of random nonfasting plasma glucose levels and glycosylated hemoglobin levels. Both unstimulated and stimulated saliva were collected and investigated for glucose levels and colony-forming units (CFU) of Candida. Salivary glucose levels were measured using the glucose-oxidase method. RESULTS Salivary glucose levels were significantly higher in diabetics than nondiabetics. There was a significant positive correlation between salivary and plasma glucose levels. Candidal CFUs were significantly higher in diabetic subjects and showed a significant positive correlation with salivary (unstimulated and stimulated) glucose levels. CONCLUSIONS These results show that salivary glucose concentration is a potentially useful noninvasive tool to monitor glycemic control in diabetic patients. Increased salivary glucose is associated with increased prevalence of oral Candida in these subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Sashikumar
- Sri Ramachandra Dental College, Sri Ramachandra University and Hospital, Chennai, India.
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Cabras T, Pisano E, Mastinu A, Denotti G, Pusceddu PP, Inzitari R, Fanali C, Nemolato S, Castagnola M, Messana I. Alterations of the salivary secretory peptidome profile in children affected by type 1 diabetes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 9:2099-108. [PMID: 20585025 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m110.001057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The acidic soluble fraction of whole saliva of type 1 diabetic children was analyzed by reversed phase (RP)(1)-HPLC-ESI-MS and compared with that of sex- and age-matched control subjects. Salivary acidic proline-rich phosphoproteins (aPRP), histatins, α-defensins, salivary cystatins, statherin, proline-rich peptide P-B (P-B), beta-thymosins, S100A8 and S100A9*(S100A9* corresponds to S100A9 vairant lacking the first four amino acids), as well some naturally occurring peptides derived from salivary acidic proline-rich phosphoproteins, histatins, statherin, and P-B peptide, were detected and quantified on the basis of the extracted ion current peak area. The level of phosphorylation of salivary acidic proline-rich phosphoproteins, histatin-1 (Hst-1), statherin and S100A9* and the percentage of truncated forms of salivary acidic proline-rich phosphoproteins was also determined in the two groups. The study revealed that statherin, proline-rich peptide P-B, P-C peptide, and histatins, were significantly less concentrated in saliva of diabetic subjects than in controls, while concentration of α-defensins 1, 2 and 4 and S100A9* was higher. The low concentration of P-C peptide was paralleled by high levels of some of its fragments. On the whole, the study highlighted the severe impairment of the repertoire of peptides involved in the safeguard of the oral cavity in children who have diabetes, as well as an higher concentration of the proinflammatory mediator S100A9* with respect to healthy children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Cabras
- Dipartimento di Scienze Applicate ai Biosistemi, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Vasconcelos ACU, Soares MSM, Almeida PC, Soares TC. Comparative study of the concentration of salivary and blood glucose in type 2 diabetic patients. J Oral Sci 2010; 52:293-8. [PMID: 20587956 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.52.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to comparatively evaluate the concentrations of blood and salivary glucose as well as salivary flow and xerostomia in type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic patients. The mean salivary glucose level in diabetic patients was 14.03 +/-16.76 mg/dl and 6.35 +/- 6.02 mg/dl (P = 0.036) in the control group. The mean capillary blood glucose level in diabetic patients was 213 +/- 88 mg/dl, while that in non-diabetic patients was 99 +/- 14 mg/dl (P = 0.000). The mean value for resting salivary flow was 0.21 +/- 0.16 ml/min in diabetic patients and 0.33 +/- 0.20 ml/min in the control group (P = 0.002). The stimulated salivary flow was lower in the group of diabetic patients, with a mean of 0.63 +/- 0.43 ml/min, whereas the control group showed a mean of 1.20 +/- 0.70 ml/min (P = 0.000). Of the diabetic patients, 45% exhibited hyposalivation, in contrast to 2.5% of the non-diabetic patients (P = 0.000). Xerostomia was reported in 12.5% of diabetic patients and 5% of non-diabetic patients (P = 0.23). We can conclude that salivary glucose concentration was significantly higher in the experimental group and that there was no correlation between salivary and blood glucose concentrations in diabetic patients. The total salivary flow was significantly reduced in diabetic patients and there was no significant difference as to the presence of xerostomia in both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina U Vasconcelos
- Post-graduate Program of Dental College, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Piras M, Hand AR, Mednieks MI, Piludu M. Amylase and cyclic amp receptor protein expression in human diabetic parotid glands. J Oral Pathol Med 2010; 39:715-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2010.00898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mednieks MI, Szczepanski A, Clark B, Hand AR. Protein expression in salivary glands of rats with streptozotocin diabetes. Int J Exp Pathol 2009; 90:412-22. [PMID: 19659899 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2009.00662.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a widespread disease with high morbidity and health care costs. An experimental animal model was employed, using morphological and biochemical methods, to investigate the effects of DM on the expression and compartmentation of salivary gland proteins. The distribution of proline-rich proteins (PRP), submandibular mucin (Muc10) and the regulatory (RI and RII) subunits of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase type I and type II was determined in the parotid and submandibular (SMG) glands of rats treated with streptozotocin. Quantitative immunocytochemistry of secretory granules in diabetic glands revealed decreases of 30% for PRP in both the parotid and SMG, and a 40% decrease in Muc10 in the SMG. Immunogold labelling showed that RII decreased in nuclei and the cytoplasm in diabetic acinar cells while labelling of secretory granules was similar in control and diabetic parotid. Electrophoresis and Western blotting of tissue extracts of two secretory proteins showed that the response to DM and insulin treatment was gland specific: PRP showed little change in the SMG, but decreased in the parotid in DM and was partially restored after insulin treatment. Photoaffinity labelling showed only RI present in the SMG and mainly RII in the parotid. The results of this and previous studies demonstrating highly specific changes in salivary protein expression indicate that the oral environment is significantly altered by DM, and that oral tissues and their function can be compromised. These findings may provide a basis for future studies to develop tests using saliva for diabetic status or progression in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija I Mednieks
- Department of Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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Salivary glucose concentration and excretion in normal and diabetic subjects. J Biomed Biotechnol 2009; 2009:430426. [PMID: 19503844 PMCID: PMC2686806 DOI: 10.1155/2009/430426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present report aims mainly at a reevaluation of salivary glucose concentration and excretion in unstimulated and mechanically stimulated saliva in both normal and diabetic subjects. In normal subjects, a decrease in saliva glucose concentration, an increase in salivary flow, but an unchanged glucose excretion rate were recorded when comparing stimulated saliva to unstimulated saliva. In diabetic patients, an increase in salivary flow with unchanged salivary glucose concentration and glucose excretion rate were observed under the same experimental conditions. Salivary glucose concentration and excretion were much higher in diabetic patients than in control subjects, whether in unstimulated or stimulated saliva. No significant correlation between glycemia and either glucose concentration or glucose excretion rate was found in the diabetic patients, whether in unstimulated or stimulated saliva. In the latter patients, as compared to control subjects, the relative magnitude of the increase in saliva glucose concentration was comparable, however, to that of blood glucose concentration. The relationship between these two variables was also documented in normal subjects and diabetic patients undergoing an oral glucose tolerance test.
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Sabino-Silva R, Freitas HS, Lamers ML, Okamoto MM, Santos MF, Machado UF. Na+-glucose cotransporter SGLT1 protein in salivary glands: potential involvement in the diabetes-induced decrease in salivary flow. J Membr Biol 2009; 228:63-9. [PMID: 19238474 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-009-9159-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oral health complications in diabetes include decreased salivary secretion. The SLC5A1 gene encodes the Na(+)-glucose cotransporter SGLT1 protein, which not only transports glucose, but also acts as a water channel. Since SLC5A1 expression is altered in kidneys of diabetic subjects, we hypothesize that it could also be altered in salivary glands, contributing to diabetic dysfunction. The present study shows a diabetes-induced decrease (p < 0.001) in salivary secretion, which was accompanied by enhanced (p < 0.05) SGLT1 mRNA expression in parotid (50%) and submandibular (30%) glands. Immunohistochemical analysis of parotid gland of diabetic rats revealed that SGLT1 protein expression increased in the luminal membrane of ductal cells, which can stimulate water reabsorption from primary saliva. Furthermore, SGLT1 protein was reduced in myoepithelial cells of the parotid from diabetic animals, and that, by reducing cellular contractile activity, might also be related to reduced salivary flux. Six-day insulin-treated diabetic rats reversed all alterations. In conclusion, diabetes increases SLC5A1 gene expression in salivary glands, increasing the SGLT1 protein content in the luminal membrane of ductal cells, which, by increasing water reabsorption, might explain the diabetes-induced decrease in salivary secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sabino-Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Lalla E, Park DB, Papapanou PN, Lamster IB. Oral disease burden in northern Manhattan patients with diabetes mellitus. Am J Public Health 2008; 98:S91-4. [PMID: 18687631 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.98.supplement_1.s91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We explored the association between diabetes mellitus and oral disease in a low-socioeconomic-status urban population. METHODS Dental records of 150 adults with diabetes and 150 nondiabetic controls from the dental clinic at Columbia University in Northern Manhattan matched by age and gender were studied. RESULTS There was a 50% increase in alveolar bone loss in diabetic patients compared with nondiabetic controls. Diabetes, increasing age, male gender, and use of tobacco products had a statistically significant effect on bone loss. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide evidence that diabetes is an added risk for oral disease in this low-income, underserved population of Northern Manhattan. Oral disease prevention and treatment programs may need to be part of the standards of continuing care for patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanthia Lalla
- Division of Periodontics, Section of Oral and Diagnostic Sciences, Columbia University School of Dental and Oral Surgery, 630 W 168th St, PH7E-110, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Soell M, Hassan M, Miliauskaite A, Haïkel Y, Selimovic D. The oral cavity of elderly patients in diabetes. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2007; 33 Suppl 1:S10-8. [PMID: 17702095 DOI: 10.1016/s1262-3636(07)80053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a common and growing global health problem leading to several complications. Among these periodontal diseases are considered as the sixth complication of diabetes mellitus. This article reviews the relationship between diabetes and oral health, particularly focusing on periodontal diseases, dental caries and xerostomia. There is a bidirectional interrelationship between diabetes and periodontal diseases. Periodontitis is more prevalent and severe in patients with diabetes than in normal population. Therapy of periodontal infection contributes to a positive glycaemic control management and enables reduction of the burden of complications of diabetes mellitus. Diabetics have an increased predisposition to the manifestation of oral diseases like candidiasis which is associated with poor glycaemic control and therapeutic dentures. This predisposition also contributes to xerostomia, which may be due to increased glucose levels in oral fluids or immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Soell
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Faculty Strasbourg, Inserm U 595, Strasbourg, France
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