1
|
Ramkumar N, Richardson C, O'Brien M, Butt FA, Park J, Chao AT, Bagnat M, Poss K, Di Talia S. Phased ERK-responsiveness and developmental robustness regulate teleost skin morphogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.13.593750. [PMID: 38798380 PMCID: PMC11118522 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.13.593750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Elongation of the vertebrate embryonic axis necessitates rapid expansion of the epidermis to accommodate the growth of underlying tissues. Here, we generated a toolkit to visualize and quantify signaling in entire cell populations of periderm, the outermost layer of the epidermis, in live developing zebrafish. We find that oriented cell divisions facilitate growth of the early periderm during axial elongation rather than cell addition from the basal layer. Activity levels of ERK, a downstream effector of MAPK pathway, gauged by a live biosensor, predicts cell cycle entry, and optogenetic ERK activation controls proliferation dynamics. As development proceeds, rates of peridermal cell proliferation decrease, ERK activity becomes more pulsatile and functionally transitions to promote hypertrophic cell growth. Targeted genetic blockade of cell division generates animals with oversized periderm cells, yet, unexpectedly, development to adulthood is not impaired. Our findings reveal stage-dependent differential responsiveness to ERK signaling and marked developmental robustness in growing teleost skin.
Collapse
|
2
|
Tension at intercellular junctions is necessary for accurate orientation of cell division in the epithelium plane. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2201600119. [PMID: 36454762 PMCID: PMC7614093 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2201600119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The direction in which a cell divides is set by the orientation of its mitotic spindle and is important for determining cell fate, controlling tissue shape, and maintaining tissue architecture. Divisions parallel to the epithelial plane sustain tissue expansion. By contrast, divisions perpendicular to the plane promote tissue stratification and lead to the loss of epithelial cells from the tissue-an event that has been suggested to promote metastasis. Much is known about the molecular machinery involved in orienting the spindle, but less is known about the contribution of mechanical factors, such as tissue tension, in ensuring spindle orientation in the plane of the epithelium. This is important as epithelia are continuously subjected to mechanical stresses. To explore this further, we subjected suspended epithelial monolayers devoid of extracellular matrix to varying levels of tissue tension to study the orientation of cell divisions relative to the tissue plane. This analysis revealed that lowering tissue tension by compressing epithelial monolayers or by inhibiting myosin contractility increased the frequency of out-of-plane divisions. Reciprocally, increasing tissue tension by elevating cell contractility or by tissue stretching restored accurate in-plane cell divisions. Moreover, a characterization of the geometry of cells within these epithelia suggested that spindles can sense tissue tension through its impact on tension at subcellular surfaces, independently of their shape. Overall, these data suggest that accurate spindle orientation in the plane of the epithelium relies on a threshold level of tension at intercellular junctions.
Collapse
|
3
|
Soffer A, Mahly A, Padmanabhan K, Cohen J, Adir O, Loushi E, Fuchs Y, Williams SE, Luxenburg C. Apoptosis and tissue thinning contribute to symmetric cell division in the developing mouse epidermis in a nonautonomous way. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001756. [PMID: 35969606 PMCID: PMC9410552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic spindle orientation (SO) is a conserved mechanism that governs cell fate and tissue morphogenesis. In the developing epidermis, a balance between self-renewing symmetric divisions and differentiative asymmetric divisions is necessary for normal development. While the cellular machinery that executes SO is well characterized, the extrinsic cues that guide it are poorly understood. Here, we identified the basal cell adhesion molecule (BCAM), a β1 integrin coreceptor, as a novel regulator of epidermal morphogenesis. In utero RNAi-mediated depletion of Bcam in the mouse embryo did not hinder β1 integrin distribution or cell adhesion and polarity. However, Bcam depletion promoted apoptosis, thinning of the epidermis, and symmetric cell division, and the defects were reversed by concomitant overexpression of the apoptosis inhibitor Xiap. Moreover, in mosaic epidermis, depletion of Bcam or Xiap induced symmetric divisions in neighboring wild-type cells. These results identify apoptosis and epidermal architecture as extrinsic cues that guide SO in the developing epidermis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arad Soffer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Adnan Mahly
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Krishnanand Padmanabhan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jonathan Cohen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Orit Adir
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eidan Loushi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yaron Fuchs
- Department of Biology, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Scott E. Williams
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Chen Luxenburg
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Y, Kitahata H, Kosumi H, Watanabe M, Fujimura Y, Takashima S, Osada SI, Hirose T, Nishie W, Nagayama M, Shimizu H, Natsuga K. Collagen XVII deficiency alters epidermal patterning. J Transl Med 2022; 102:581-588. [PMID: 35145203 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-022-00738-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrates exhibit patterned epidermis, exemplified by scales/interscales in mice tails and grooves/ridges on the human skin surface (microtopography). Although the role of spatiotemporal regulation of stem cells (SCs) has been implicated in this process, the mechanism underlying the development of such epidermal patterns is poorly understood. Here, we show that collagen XVII (COL17), a niche for epidermal SCs, helps stabilize epidermal patterns. Gene knockout and rescue experiments revealed that COL17 maintains the width of the murine tail scale epidermis independently of epidermal cell polarity. Skin regeneration after wounding was associated with slender scale epidermis, which was alleviated by overexpression of human COL17. COL17-negative skin in human junctional epidermolysis bullosa showed a distinct epidermal pattern from COL17-positive skin that resulted from revertant mosaicism. These results demonstrate that COL17 contributes to defining mouse tail scale shapes and human skin microtopography. Our study sheds light on the role of the SC niche in tissue pattern formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kitahata
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Kosumi
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mika Watanabe
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Yu Fujimura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shota Takashima
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Osada
- Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonori Hirose
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Wataru Nishie
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaharu Nagayama
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimizu
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ken Natsuga
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Moreci RS, Lechler T. KIF18B is a cell type-specific regulator of spindle orientation in the epidermis. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:ar29. [PMID: 34432485 PMCID: PMC8693959 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-06-0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper spindle orientation is required for asymmetric cell division and the establishment of complex tissue architecture. In the developing epidermis, spindle orientation requires a conserved cortical protein complex of LGN/NuMA/dynein-dynactin. However, how microtubule dynamics are regulated to interact with this machinery and properly position the mitotic spindle is not fully understood. Furthermore, our understanding of the processes that link spindle orientation during asymmetric cell division to cell fate specification in distinct tissue contexts remains incomplete. We report a role for the microtubule catastrophe factor KIF18B in regulating microtubule dynamics to promote spindle orientation in keratinocytes. During mitosis, KIF18B accumulates at the cell cortex, colocalizing with the conserved spindle orientation machinery. In vivo we find that KIF18B is required for oriented cell divisions within the hair placode, the first stage of hair follicle morphogenesis, but is not essential in the interfollicular epidermis. Disrupting spindle orientation in the placode, using mutations in either KIF18B or NuMA, results in aberrant cell fate marker expression of hair follicle progenitor cells. These data functionally link spindle orientation to cell fate decisions during hair follicle morphogenesis. Taken together, our data demonstrate a role for regulated microtubule dynamics in spindle orientation in epidermal cells. This work also highlights the importance of spindle orientation during asymmetric cell division to dictate cell fate specification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S Moreci
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Terry Lechler
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
High proliferation and delamination during skin epidermal stratification. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3227. [PMID: 34050161 PMCID: PMC8163813 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23386-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of complex stratified epithelial barriers in mammals is initiated from single-layered epithelia. How stratification is initiated and fueled are still open questions. Previous studies on skin epidermal stratification suggested a central role for perpendicular/asymmetric cell division orientation of the basal keratinocyte progenitors. Here, we use centrosomes, that organize the mitotic spindle, to test whether cell division orientation and stratification are linked. Genetically ablating centrosomes from the developing epidermis leads to the activation of the p53-, 53BP1- and USP28-dependent mitotic surveillance pathway causing a thinner epidermis and hair follicle arrest. The centrosome/p53-double mutant keratinocyte progenitors significantly alter their division orientation in the later stages without majorly affecting epidermal differentiation. Together with time-lapse imaging and tissue growth dynamics measurements, the data suggest that the first and major phase of epidermal development is boosted by high proliferation rates in both basal and suprabasally-committed keratinocytes as well as cell delamination, whereas the second phase maybe uncoupled from the division orientation of the basal progenitors. The data provide insights for tissue homeostasis and hyperproliferative diseases that may recapitulate developmental programs. How the developing skin epidermis is transformed from a simple single-layered epithelium to a complex and stratified barrier is still an open question. Here, the authors provide a model based on high proliferation and delamination of the keratinocyte progenitors that support the stratification process.
Collapse
|
7
|
Matsumura H, Liu N, Nanba D, Ichinose S, Takada A, Kurata S, Morinaga H, Mohri Y, De Arcangelis A, Ohno S, Nishimura EK. Distinct types of stem cell divisions determine organ regeneration and aging in hair follicles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 1:190-204. [PMID: 37118636 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-021-00033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Hair follicles, mammalian mini-organs that grow hair, miniaturize during aging, leading to hair thinning and loss. Here we report that hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) lose their regenerative capabilities during aging owing to the adoption of an atypical cell division program. Cell fate tracing and cell division axis analyses revealed that while HFSCs in young mice undergo typical symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions to regenerate hair follicles, upon aging or stress, they adopt an atypical 'stress-responsive' type of asymmetric cell division. This type of division is accompanied by the destabilization of hemidesmosomal protein COL17A1 and cell polarity protein aPKCλ and generates terminally differentiating epidermal cells instead of regenerating the hair follicle niche. With the repetition of these atypical divisions, HFSCs detach from the basal membrane causing their exhaustion, elimination and organ aging. The experimentally induced stabilization of COL17A1 rescued organ homeostasis through aPKCλ stabilization. These results demonstrate that distinct stem cell division programs may govern tissue and organ aging.
Collapse
|
8
|
Ferrari AJ, Drapkin R, Gogna R. Cell Fitness: More Than Push-Ups. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E518. [PMID: 33430180 PMCID: PMC7825606 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell competition (CC) is a feature that allows tumor cells to outcompete and eliminate adjacent cells that are deemed less fit. Studies of CC, first described in Drosophila melanogaster, reveal a diversity of underlying mechanisms. In this review, we will discuss three recent studies that expand our understanding of the molecular features governing CC. In particular, we will focus on a molecular fitness fingerprint, oncogenic pathways, and the importance of cell junction stability. A fitness fingerprint, mediated by flower (hFWE) protein isoforms, dictates that cells expressing the flower-win isoforms will outcompete adjacent flower-loss-expressing cells. The impact of the flower protein isoforms is seen in cancer progression and may have diagnostic potential. The yes-associated protein (YAP) and TAZ transcription factors, central mediators of the oncogenic Hippo pathway, elevate peritumoral fitness thereby protecting against tumor progression and provide a suppressive barrier. Similarly, COL17A1 is a key component in hemidesmosome stability, and its expression in epidermal stem cells contributes to fitness competition and aging characteristics. The contributions of these pathways to disease development and progression will help define how CC is hijacked to favor cancer growth. Understanding these features will also help frame the diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities that may place CC in the crosshairs of cancer therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam James Ferrari
- Penn Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ronny Drapkin
- Penn Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Basser Center for BRCA, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rajan Gogna
- Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Watanabe M, Kosumi H, Osada SI, Takashima S, Wang Y, Nishie W, Oikawa T, Hirose T, Shimizu H, Natsuga K. Type XVII collagen interacts with the aPKC-PAR complex and maintains epidermal cell polarity. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:62-67. [PMID: 32970880 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type XVII collagen (COL17) is a transmembrane protein expressed in the basal epidermis. COL17 serves as a niche for epidermal stem cells, and although its reduction has been implicated in altering cell polarity and ageing of the epidermis, it is unknown how COL17 affects epidermal cell polarity. Here, we uncovered COL17 as a binding partner of the aPKC-PAR complex, which is a key regulating factor of cell polarity. Immunoprecipitation-immunoblot assay and protein-protein binding assay revealed that COL17 interacts with aPKC and PAR3. COL17 deficiency or epidermis-specific aPKCλ deletion destabilized PAR3 distribution in the epidermis, while aPKCζ knockout did not. Asymmetrical cell division was pronounced in COL17-null neonatal paw epidermis. These results show that COL17 is pivotal for maintaining epidermal cell polarity. Our study highlights the previously unrecognized role of COL17 in the basal keratinocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mika Watanabe
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Kosumi
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Osada
- Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shota Takashima
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yunan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Wataru Nishie
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Oikawa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomonori Hirose
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimizu
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ken Natsuga
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rangel-Huerta E, Guzman A, Maldonado E. The dynamics of epidermal stratification during post-larval development in zebrafish. Dev Dyn 2020; 250:175-190. [PMID: 32877571 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidermis, as a defensive barrier, is a consistent trait throughout animal evolution. During post-larval development, the zebrafish epidermis thickens by stratification or addition of new cell layers. Epidermal basal stem cells, expressing the transcription factor p63, are known to be involved in this process. Zebrafish post-larval epidermal stratification is a tractable system to study how stem cells participate in organ growth. METHODS We used immunohistochemistry, in combination with EdU cell proliferation detection, to study zebrafish epidermal stratification. For this procedure, we selected a window of post-larval stages (5-8 mm of standard length or SL, which normalizes age by size). Simultaneously, we used markers for asymmetric cell division and the Notch signaling pathway. RESULTS We found that epidermal stratification is the consequence of several events, including changes in cell shape, active cell proliferation and asymmetrical cell divisions. We identified a subset of highly proliferative epidermal cells with reduced levels of p63, which differed from the basal stem cells with high levels of p63. Additionally, we described different mechanisms that participate in the stratification process, including the phosphorylation of p63, asymmetric cell division regulated by the Par3 and LGN proteins, and expression of Notch genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Rangel-Huerta
- EvoDevo Research Group, Unidad de Sistemas Arrecifales, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico.,Posgrado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico
| | - Aida Guzman
- EvoDevo Research Group, Unidad de Sistemas Arrecifales, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico.,Estudio Técnico Especializado en Histopatología, Escuela Nacional Preparatoria, ENP, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ernesto Maldonado
- EvoDevo Research Group, Unidad de Sistemas Arrecifales, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wavreil FDM, Yajima M. Diversity of activator of G-protein signaling (AGS)-family proteins and their impact on asymmetric cell division across taxa. Dev Biol 2020; 465:89-99. [PMID: 32687894 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric cell division (ACD) is a cellular process that forms two different cell types through a cell division and is thus critical for the development of all multicellular organisms. Not all but many of the ACD processes are mediated by proper orientation of the mitotic spindle, which segregates the fate determinants asymmetrically into daughter cells. In many cell types, the evolutionarily conserved protein complex of Gαi/AGS-family protein/NuMA-like protein appears to play critical roles in orienting the spindle and/or generating the polarized cortical forces to regulate ACD. Studies in various organisms reveal that this conserved protein complex is slightly modified in each phylum or even within species. In particular, AGS-family proteins appear to be modified with a variable number of motifs in their functional domains across taxa. This apparently creates different molecular interactions and mechanisms of ACD in each developmental program, ultimately contributing to developmental diversity across species. In this review, we discuss how a conserved ACD machinery has been modified in each phylum over the course of evolution with a major focus on the molecular evolution of AGS-family proteins and its impact on ACD regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florence D M Wavreil
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02906, USA
| | - Mamiko Yajima
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02906, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cytokinesis in Eukaryotic Cells: The Furrow Complexity at a Glance. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020271. [PMID: 31979090 PMCID: PMC7072619 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The duplication cycle is the fascinating process that, starting from a cell, results in the formation of two daughter cells and it is essential for life. Cytokinesis is the final step of the cell cycle, it is a very complex phase, and is a concert of forces, remodeling, trafficking, and cell signaling. All of the steps of cell division must be properly coordinated with each other to faithfully segregate the genetic material and this task is fundamental for generating viable cells. Given the importance of this process, molecular pathways and proteins that are involved in cytokinesis are conserved from yeast to humans. In this review, we describe symmetric and asymmetric cell division in animal cell and in a model organism, budding yeast. In addition, we illustrate the surveillance mechanisms that ensure a proper cell division and discuss the connections with normal cell proliferation and organs development and with the occurrence of human diseases.
Collapse
|
13
|
Kiyomitsu T. The cortical force-generating machinery: how cortical spindle-pulling forces are generated. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 60:1-8. [PMID: 30954860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cortical force-generating machinery pulls on dynamic plus-ends of astral microtubules to control spindle position and orientation, which underlie division type specification and cellular patterning in many eukaryotic cells. A prior work identified cytoplasmic dynein, a minus-end directed microtubule motor, as a key conserved unit of the cortical force-generating machinery. Here, I summarize recent structural, biophysical, and cell-biological studies that advance our understanding of how dynein is activated and organized at the mitotic cell cortex to generate functional spindle-pulling forces. In addition, I introduce recent findings of dynein-independent or parallel mechanisms for achieving oriented cell division.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Kiyomitsu
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liu N, Matsumura H, Kato T, Ichinose S, Takada A, Namiki T, Asakawa K, Morinaga H, Mohri Y, De Arcangelis A, Geroges-Labouesse E, Nanba D, Nishimura EK. Stem cell competition orchestrates skin homeostasis and ageing. Nature 2019; 568:344-350. [PMID: 30944469 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1085-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells underlie tissue homeostasis, but their dynamics during ageing-and the relevance of these dynamics to organ ageing-remain unknown. Here we report that the expression of the hemidesmosome component collagen XVII (COL17A1) by epidermal stem cells fluctuates physiologically through genomic/oxidative stress-induced proteolysis, and that the resulting differential expression of COL17A1 in individual stem cells generates a driving force for cell competition. In vivo clonal analysis in mice and in vitro 3D modelling show that clones that express high levels of COL17A1, which divide symmetrically, outcompete and eliminate adjacent stressed clones that express low levels of COL17A1, which divide asymmetrically. Stem cells with higher potential or quality are thus selected for homeostasis, but their eventual loss of COL17A1 limits their competition, thereby causing ageing. The resultant hemidesmosome fragility and stem cell delamination deplete adjacent melanocytes and fibroblasts to promote skin ageing. Conversely, the forced maintenance of COL17A1 rescues skin organ ageing, thereby indicating potential angles for anti-ageing therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Liu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Matsumura
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Tomoki Kato
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shizuko Ichinose
- Research Center for Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aki Takada
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Namiki
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Asakawa
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironobu Morinaga
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Mohri
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Adèle De Arcangelis
- CNRS UMR7104, Inserm U1258, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Development and Stem Cells Department, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Elisabeth Geroges-Labouesse
- CNRS UMR7104, Inserm U1258, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Development and Stem Cells Department, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Daisuke Nanba
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emi K Nishimura
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Venkei ZG, Yamashita YM. Emerging mechanisms of asymmetric stem cell division. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:3785-3795. [PMID: 30232100 PMCID: PMC6219723 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201807037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Venkei and Yamashita summarize recent advances in our understanding of asymmetric stem cell division in tissue homeostasis. The asymmetric cell division of stem cells, which produces one stem cell and one differentiating cell, has emerged as a mechanism to balance stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Elaborate cellular mechanisms that orchestrate the processes required for asymmetric cell divisions are often shared between stem cells and other asymmetrically dividing cells. During asymmetric cell division, cells must establish asymmetry/polarity, which is guided by varying degrees of intrinsic versus extrinsic cues, and use intracellular machineries to divide in a desired orientation in the context of the asymmetry/polarity. Recent studies have expanded our knowledge on the mechanisms of asymmetric cell divisions, revealing the previously unappreciated complexity in setting up the cellular and/or environmental asymmetry, ensuring binary outcomes of the fate determination. In this review, we summarize recent progress in understanding the mechanisms and regulations of asymmetric stem cell division.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt G Venkei
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Yukiko M Yamashita
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI .,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Combinatorial Contact Cues Specify Cell Division Orientation by Directing Cortical Myosin Flows. Dev Cell 2018; 46:257-270.e5. [PMID: 30032990 PMCID: PMC7695482 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cell division axes during development are specified in different orientations to establish multicellular assemblies, but the mechanisms that generate division axis diversity remain unclear. We show here that patterns of cell contact provide cues that diversify cell division orientation by modulating cortical non-muscle myosin flow. We reconstituted in vivo contact patterns using beads or isolated cells to show two findings. First, we identified three contact-dependent cues that pattern cell division orientation and myosin flow: physical contact, contact asymmetry, and a Wnt signal. Second, we experimentally demonstrated that myosin flow generates forces that trigger plasma membrane movements and propose that their anisotropy drives cell division orientation. Our data suggest that contact-dependent control of myosin specifies the division axes of Caenorhabditis elegans AB, ABa, EMS cells, and the mouse AB cell. The contact pattern-dependent generation of myosin flows, in concert with known microtubule/dynein pathways, may greatly expand division axis diversity during development.
Collapse
|
17
|
Transit-Amplifying Cells in the Fast Lane from Stem Cells towards Differentiation. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:7602951. [PMID: 28835754 PMCID: PMC5556613 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7602951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells have a high potential to impact regenerative medicine. However, stem cells in adult tissues often proliferate at very slow rates. During development, stem cells may change first to a pluripotent and highly proliferative state, known as transit-amplifying cells. Recent advances in the identification and isolation of these undifferentiated and fast-dividing cells could bring new alternatives for cell-based transplants. The skin epidermis has been the target of necessary research about transit-amplifying cells; this work has mainly been performed in mammalian cells, but further work is being pursued in other vertebrate models, such as zebrafish. In this review, we present some insights about the molecular repertoire regulating the transition from stem cells to transit-amplifying cells or playing a role in the transitioning to fully differentiated cells, including gene expression profiles, cell cycle regulation, and cellular asymmetrical events. We also discuss the potential use of this knowledge in effective progenitor cell-based transplants in the treatment of skin injuries and chronic disease.
Collapse
|
18
|
Katanin p80, NuMA and cytoplasmic dynein cooperate to control microtubule dynamics. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39902. [PMID: 28079116 PMCID: PMC5228124 DOI: 10.1038/srep39902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mutations in KATNB1 (p80) cause severe congenital cortical malformations, which encompass the clinical features of both microcephaly and lissencephaly. Although p80 plays critical roles during brain development, the underlying mechanisms remain predominately unknown. Here, we demonstrate that p80 regulates microtubule (MT) remodeling in combination with NuMA (nuclear mitotic apparatus protein) and cytoplasmic dynein. We show that p80 shuttles between the nucleus and spindle pole in synchrony with the cell cycle. Interestingly, this striking feature is shared with NuMA. Importantly, p80 is essential for aster formation and maintenance in vitro. siRNA-mediated depletion of p80 and/or NuMA induced abnormal mitotic phenotypes in cultured mouse embryonic fibroblasts and aberrant neurogenesis and neuronal migration in the mouse embryonic brain. Importantly, these results were confirmed in p80-mutant harboring patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells and brain organoids. Taken together, our findings provide valuable insights into the pathogenesis of severe microlissencephaly, in which p80 and NuMA delineate a common pathway for neurogenesis and neuronal migration via MT organization at the centrosome/spindle pole.
Collapse
|
19
|
Tadenev ALD, Tarchini B. The Spindle Orientation Machinery Beyond Mitosis: When Cell Specialization Demands Polarization. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1002:209-225. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57127-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
20
|
Kong D, Wolf F, Großhans J. Forces directing germ-band extension in Drosophila embryos. Mech Dev 2016; 144:11-22. [PMID: 28013027 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Body axis elongation by convergent extension is a conserved developmental process found in all metazoans. Drosophila embryonic germ-band extension is an important morphogenetic process during embryogenesis, by which the length of the germ-band is more than doubled along the anterior-posterior axis. This lengthening is achieved by typical convergent extension, i.e. narrowing the lateral epidermis along the dorsal-ventral axis and simultaneous extension along the anterior-posterior axis. Germ-band extension is largely driven by cell intercalation, whose directionality is determined by the planar polarity of the tissue and ultimately by the anterior-posterior patterning system. In addition, extrinsic tensile forces originating from the invaginating endoderm induce cell shape changes, which transiently contribute to germ-band extension. Here, we review recent progress in understanding of the role of mechanical forces in germ-band extension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deqing Kong
- Institute for Developmental Biochemistry, Medical School, University of Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fred Wolf
- Department of Nonlinear Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organisation, Faculty of Physics, Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of Göttingen, Am Faßberg 17, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Großhans
- Institute for Developmental Biochemistry, Medical School, University of Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nöske K, Stark HJ, Nevaril L, Berning M, Langbein L, Goyal A, Diederichs S, Boukamp P. Mitotic Diversity in Homeostatic Human Interfollicular Epidermis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E167. [PMID: 26828486 PMCID: PMC4783901 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of skin research, regulation of proliferation and homeostasis in human epidermis is still insufficiently understood. To address the role of mitoses in tissue regulation, we utilized human long-term skin equivalents and systematically assessed mitoses during early epidermal development and long-term epidermal regeneration. We now demonstrate four different orientations: (1) horizontal, i.e., parallel to the basement membrane (BM) and suggestive of symmetric divisions; (2) oblique with an angle of 45°-70°; or (3) perpendicular, suggestive of asymmetric division. In addition, we demonstrate a fourth substantial fraction of suprabasal mitoses, many of which are committed to differentiation (Keratin K10-positive). As verified also for normal human skin, this spatial mitotic organization is part of the regulatory program of human epidermal tissue homeostasis. As a potential marker for asymmetric division, we investigated for Numb and found that it was evenly spread in almost all undifferentiated keratinocytes, but indeed asymmetrically distributed in some mitoses and particularly frequent under differentiation-repressing low-calcium conditions. Numb deletion (stable knockdown by CRISPR/Cas9), however, did not affect proliferation, neither in a three-day follow up study by life cell imaging nor during a 14-day culture period, suggesting that Numb is not essential for the general control of keratinocyte division.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Nöske
- Department of Genetics of Skin Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
| | - Hans-Jürgen Stark
- Department of Genetics of Skin Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
| | - Leonard Nevaril
- Department of Genetics of Skin Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
| | - Manuel Berning
- Department of Genetics of Skin Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
| | - Lutz Langbein
- Department of Genetics of Skin Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
| | - Ashish Goyal
- Department of RNA Biology and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
| | - Sven Diederichs
- Department of RNA Biology and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
- Division of Cancer Research, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg-Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 115, Freiburg 79106, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg 79106, Germany.
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
| | - Petra Boukamp
- Department of Genetics of Skin Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Seldin L, Muroyama A, Lechler T. NuMA-microtubule interactions are critical for spindle orientation and the morphogenesis of diverse epidermal structures. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 26765568 PMCID: PMC4758947 DOI: 10.7554/elife.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic spindle orientation is used to generate cell fate diversity and drive proper tissue morphogenesis. A complex of NuMA and dynein/dynactin is required for robust spindle orientation in a number of cell types. Previous research proposed that cortical dynein/dynactin was sufficient to generate forces on astral microtubules (MTs) to orient the spindle, with NuMA acting as a passive tether. In this study, we demonstrate that dynein/dynactin is insufficient for spindle orientation establishment in keratinocytes and that NuMA’s MT-binding domain, which targets MT tips, is also required. Loss of NuMA-MT interactions in skin caused defects in spindle orientation and epidermal differentiation, leading to neonatal lethality. In addition, we show that NuMA-MT interactions are also required in adult mice for hair follicle morphogenesis and spindle orientation within the transit-amplifying cells of the matrix. Loss of spindle orientation in matrix cells results in defective differentiation of matrix-derived lineages. Our results reveal an additional and direct function of NuMA during mitotic spindle positioning, as well as a reiterative use of spindle orientation in the skin to build diverse structures. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.12504.001 Before a cell divides, it must duplicate its DNA so that each new cell receives a complete set of genetic material. A structure called the mitotic spindle helps to ensure each new cell gets the correct amount of DNA. Cells often precisely position their mitotic spindle during division, and this spindle orientation is important for generating different types of cells and for establishing the three-dimensional structure of tissues. How cells rotate their spindles into the correct position is not well understood, but a protein called NuMA is important for this process. Seldin et al. developed genetic tools that could disrupt spindle orientation in specific types of cells to determine where this orientation is important for proper tissue development. This revealed that the correct placement of the mitotic spindle is important for the development of the skin of mouse embryos and the formation of the hair of adult mice. Seldin et al. also found that the NuMA protein binds to the tips of the microtubules that make up the mitotic spindle. This binding activity is important for NuMA to be able to position the mitotic spindle correctly in the cell. The findings suggest similarities between how cells orient mitotic spindles and how they segregate DNA during cell division. More work is now needed to better understand how NuMA collaborates with force-generating molecular motors to precisely orient the mitotic spindle in the cell. In addition, understanding how spindle orientation dictates the fate of cells in the skin is an important future goal. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.12504.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Seldin
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Andrew Muroyama
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Terry Lechler
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yang J, Plikus MV, Komarova NL. The Role of Symmetric Stem Cell Divisions in Tissue Homeostasis. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004629. [PMID: 26700130 PMCID: PMC4689538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful maintenance of cellular lineages critically depends on the fate decision dynamics of stem cells (SCs) upon division. There are three possible strategies with respect to SC fate decision symmetry: (a) asymmetric mode, when each and every SC division produces one SC and one non-SC progeny; (b) symmetric mode, when 50% of all divisions produce two SCs and another 50%-two non-SC progeny; (c) mixed mode, when both the asymmetric and two types of symmetric SC divisions co-exist and are partitioned so that long-term net balance of the lineage output stays constant. Theoretically, either of these strategies can achieve lineage homeostasis. However, it remains unclear which strategy(s) are more advantageous and under what specific circumstances, and what minimal control mechanisms are required to operate them. Here we used stochastic modeling to analyze and quantify the ability of different types of divisions to maintain long-term lineage homeostasis, in the context of different control networks. Using the example of a two-component lineage, consisting of SCs and one type of non-SC progeny, we show that its tight homeostatic control is not necessarily associated with purely asymmetric divisions. Through stochastic analysis and simulations we show that asymmetric divisions can either stabilize or destabilize the lineage system, depending on the underlying control network. We further apply our computational model to biological observations in the context of a two-component lineage of mouse epidermis, where autonomous lineage control has been proposed and notable regional differences, in terms of symmetric division ratio, have been noted-higher in thickened epidermis of the paw skin as compared to ear and tail skin. By using our model we propose a possible explanation for the regional differences in epidermal lineage control strategies. We demonstrate how symmetric divisions can work to stabilize paw epidermis lineage, which experiences high level of micro-injuries and a lack of hair follicles as a back-up source of SCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jienian Yang
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Maksim V. Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center and Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Natalia L. Komarova
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tellkamp F, Vorhagen S, Niessen CM. Epidermal polarity genes in health and disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:a015255. [PMID: 25452423 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a015255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis of the skin is a highly polarized, metabolic tissue with important innate immune functions. The polarity of the epidermis is, for example, reflected in controlled changes in cell shape that accompany differentiation, oriented cell division, and the planar orientation of hair follicles and cilia. The establishment and maintenance of polarity is organized by a diverse set of polarity proteins that include transmembrane adhesion proteins, cytoskeletal scaffold proteins, and kinases. Although polarity proteins have been extensively studied in cell culture and in vivo in simple epithelia of lower organisms, their role in mammalian tissue biology is only slowly evolving. This article will address the importance of polarizing processes and their molecular regulators in epidermal morphogenesis and homeostasis and discuss how alterations in polarity may contribute to skin disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Tellkamp
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Susanne Vorhagen
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Carien M Niessen
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Botchkarev VA, Flores ER. p53/p63/p73 in the epidermis in health and disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:4/8/a015248. [PMID: 25085956 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a015248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although p53 has long been known as the "guardian of the genome" with a role in tumor suppression in many tissues, the discovery of two p53 ancestral genes, p63 and p73, more than a decade ago has triggered a considerable amount of research into the role of these genes in skin development and diseases. In this review, we primarily focus on mechanisms of action of p53 and p63, which are the best-studied p53 family members in the skin. The existence of multiple isoforms and their roles as transcriptional activators and repressors are key to their function in multiple biological processes including the control of skin morphogenesis, regeneration, tumorigenesis, and response to chemotherapy. Last, we provide directions for further research on this family of genes in skin biology and pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A Botchkarev
- Centre for Skin Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford BD7 1DP, United Kingdom Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Elsa R Flores
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Metastasis Research Center, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Spindle orientation processes in epithelial growth and organisation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 34:124-32. [PMID: 24997348 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the role of orientated cell division (OCD) in two aspects of epithelial growth, namely layer formation and growth in the epithelial plane. Epithelial stratification is invariably associated with fate asymmetric cell divisions. We discuss this through the example of epidermal stratification where cell division plane regulation facilitates concomitant thickening and cell differentiation. Embryonic neuroepithelia are considered as a special case of epithelial stratification. We highlight early ectodermal layer specification, which sets the epidermal versus neuronal fates, as well as later neurogenesis in vertebrates and mammals. We also discuss the heart epicardium as an example of coordinating OCDs with delamination and subsequent differentiation. Epithelial planar growth is examined both in the context of uniform growth, such as in Xenopus epiboly, the Drosophila wing disc and the mammalian intestinal crypt as well as in anisotropic growth, or elongation, such as Drosophila and vertebrate axial elongation and the mouse palate. Coupling between growth perpendicular to and within epithelial planes is recognised, but so are exceptions, as is the often passive role of spindle orientation sometimes hitherto considered to be an active driver of directional growth.
Collapse
|
27
|
Analysis and modeling of mitotic spindle orientations in three dimensions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 111:1014-9. [PMID: 24381158 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1314984111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The orientation of the mitotic spindle determines the relative size and position of the daughter cells and influences the asymmetric inheritance of localized cell fate determinants. The onset of mammalian neurogenesis, for example, coincides with changes in spindle orientation. To address the functional implications of this and related phenomena, precise methods for determining the orientation of the mitotic spindle in complex tissues are needed. Here, we present methodology for the analysis of spindle orientation in 3D. Our method allows statistical analysis and modeling of spindle orientation and involves two parameters for horizontal and vertical bias that can unambiguously describe the distribution of spindle orientations in an experimental sample. We find that 3D analysis leads to systematically different results from 2D analysis and, surprisingly, truly random spindle orientations do not result in equal numbers of horizontal and vertical orientations. We show that our method can describe the distribution of spindle orientation angles under different biological conditions. As an example of biological application we demonstrate that the adapter protein Inscuteable (mInsc) can actively promote vertical spindle orientation in apical progenitors during mouse neurogenesis.
Collapse
|
28
|
Seldin L, Poulson ND, Foote HP, Lechler T. NuMA localization, stability, and function in spindle orientation involve 4.1 and Cdk1 interactions. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:3651-62. [PMID: 24109598 PMCID: PMC3842992 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-05-0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermis is a multilayered epithelium that requires asymmetric divisions for stratification. A conserved cortical protein complex, including LGN, nuclear mitotic apparatus (NuMA), and dynein/dynactin, plays a key role in establishing proper spindle orientation during asymmetric divisions. The requirements for the cortical recruitment of these proteins, however, remain unclear. In this work, we show that NuMA is required to recruit dynactin to the cell cortex of keratinocytes. NuMA's cortical recruitment requires LGN; however, LGN interactions are not sufficient for this localization. Using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, we find that the 4.1-binding domain of NuMA is important for stabilizing its interaction with the cell cortex. This is functionally important, as loss of 4.1/NuMA interaction results in spindle orientation defects, using two distinct assays. Furthermore, we observe an increase in cortical NuMA localization as cells enter anaphase. Inhibition of Cdk1 or mutation of a single residue in NuMA mimics this effect. NuMA's anaphase localization is independent of LGN and 4.1 interactions, revealing two distinct mechanisms responsible for NuMA cortical recruitment at different stages of mitosis. This work highlights the complexity of NuMA localization and reveals the importance of NuMA cortical stability for productive force generation during spindle orientation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Seldin
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Asymmetric cell divisions (ACDs) result in two unequal daughter cells and are a hallmark of stem cells. ACDs can be achieved either by asymmetric partitioning of proteins and organelles or by asymmetric cell fate acquisition due to the microenvironment in which the daughters are placed. Increasing evidence suggests that in the mammalian epidermis, both of these processes occur. During embryonic epidermal development, changes occur in the orientation of the mitotic spindle in relation to the underlying basement membrane. These changes are guided by conserved molecular machinery that is operative in lower eukaryotes and dictates asymmetric partitioning of proteins during cell divisions. That said, the shift in spindle alignment also determines whether a division will be parallel or perpendicular to the basement membrane, and this in turn provides a differential microenvironment for the resulting daughter cells. Here, we review how oriented divisions of progenitors contribute to the development and stratification of the epidermis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Kulukian
- Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, , New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Leslie M. Creating cellular inequality. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2013. [PMCID: PMC3776345 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.2026if] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical protein kinase C sets the balance between asymmetrical and symmetrical divisions.
Collapse
|
31
|
Niessen MT, Scott J, Zielinski JG, Vorhagen S, Sotiropoulou PA, Blanpain C, Leitges M, Niessen CM. aPKCλ controls epidermal homeostasis and stem cell fate through regulation of division orientation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 202:887-900. [PMID: 24019538 PMCID: PMC3776350 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201307001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Loss of aPKCλ disrupts epidermal homeostasis and bulge stem cell maintenance by driving cell fate changes via a shift toward asymmetric division The atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) is a key regulator of polarity and cell fate in lower organisms. However, whether mammalian aPKCs control stem cells and fate in vivo is not known. Here we show that loss of aPKCλ in a self-renewing epithelium, the epidermis, disturbed tissue homeostasis, differentiation, and stem cell dynamics, causing progressive changes in this tissue. This was accompanied by a gradual loss of quiescent hair follicle bulge stem cells and a temporary increase in proliferating progenitors. Lineage tracing analysis showed that loss of aPKCλ altered the fate of lower bulge/hair germ stem cells. This ultimately led to loss of proliferative potential, stem cell exhaustion, alopecia, and premature aging. Inactivation of aPKCλ produced more asymmetric divisions in different compartments, including the bulge. Thus, aPKCλ is crucial for homeostasis of self-renewing stratifying epithelia, and for the regulation of cell fate, differentiation, and maintenance of epidermal bulge stem cells likely through its role in balancing symmetric and asymmetric division.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela T Niessen
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Larue L, de Vuyst F, Delmas V. Modeling melanoblast development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:1067-79. [PMID: 22915137 PMCID: PMC11113344 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1112-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Melanoblasts are a particular type of cell that displays extensive cellular proliferation during development to contribute to the skin. There are only a few melanoblast founders, initially located just dorsal to the neural tube, and they sequentially colonize the dermis, epidermis, and hair follicles. In each compartment, melanoblasts are exposed to a wide variety of developmental cues that regulate their expansion. The colonization of the dermis and epidermis by melanoblasts involves substantial proliferation to generate thousands of cells or more from a few founders within a week of development. This review addresses the cellular and molecular events occurring during melanoblast development. We focus on intrinsic and extrinsic factors that control melanoblast proliferation. We also present a robust mathematical model for estimating the doubling-time of dermal and epidermal melanoblasts for all coat color phenotypes from black to white.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Larue
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Developmental Genetics of Melanocytes, 91405, Orsay, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Act your age: tuning cell behavior to tissue requirements in interfollicular epidermis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 23:884-9. [PMID: 22981943 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In all tissues the balance of cell proliferation and differentiation needs to be tuned to match the varying requirements of embryonic development and adult life. This is well illustrated by the interfollicular epidermis (IFE), which undergoes expansion and remodeling in utero, significant post natal growth and is then maintained in homeostasis. In addition to sustaining a high daily turnover of cells, the epidermis is able to re-populate areas of tissue damage due to common environmental stresses such as wounding. Here recent insights into proliferating cell behavior in IFE and how this changes through development and into adulthood are discussed.
Collapse
|