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Scholz P, Pejchar P, Fernkorn M, Škrabálková E, Pleskot R, Blersch K, Munnik T, Potocký M, Ischebeck T. DIACYLGLYCEROL KINASE 5 regulates polar tip growth of tobacco pollen tubes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:2185-2202. [PMID: 34931304 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pollen tubes require a tightly regulated pectin secretion machinery to sustain the cell wall plasticity required for polar tip growth. Involved in this regulation at the apical plasma membrane are proteins and signaling molecules, including phosphoinositides and phosphatidic acid (PA). However, the contribution of diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) is not clear. We transiently expressed tobacco DGKs in pollen tubes to identify a plasma membrane (PM)-localized isoform, and then to study its effect on pollen tube growth, pectin secretion and lipid signaling. In order to potentially downregulate DGK5 function, we overexpressed an inactive variant. Only one of eight DGKs displayed a confined localization at the apical PM. We could demonstrate its enzymatic activity and that a kinase-dead variant was inactive. Overexpression of either variant led to differential perturbations including misregulation of pectin secretion. One mode of regulation could be that DGK5-formed PA regulates phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinases, as overexpression of the inactive DGK5 variant not only led to a reduction of PA but also of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate levels and suppressed related growth phenotypes. We conclude that DGK5 is an additional player of polar tip growth that regulates pectin secretion probably in a common pathway with PI4P 5-kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Scholz
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Přemysl Pejchar
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 16502, Czech Republic
| | - Max Fernkorn
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Eliška Škrabálková
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 16502, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Prague, 12844, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Pleskot
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 16502, Czech Republic
| | - Katharina Blersch
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
- Green Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP), University of Münster, Münster, 48143, Germany
| | - Teun Munnik
- Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1000 BE, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Potocký
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 16502, Czech Republic
| | - Till Ischebeck
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
- Green Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP), University of Münster, Münster, 48143, Germany
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Hassing B, Candy A, Eaton CJ, Fernandes TR, Mesarich CH, Di Pietro A, Scott B. Localisation of phosphoinositides in the grass endophyte Epichloë festucae and genetic and functional analysis of key components of their biosynthetic pathway in E. festucae symbiosis and Fusarium oxysporum pathogenesis. Fungal Genet Biol 2022; 159:103669. [PMID: 35114379 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositides (PI) are essential components of eukaryotic membranes and function in a large number of signaling processes. While lipid second messengers are well studied in mammals and yeast, their role in filamentous fungi is poorly understood. We used fluorescent PI-binding molecular probes to localize the phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol species PI[3]P, PI[3,5]P2, PI[4]P and PI[4,5]P2 in hyphae of the endophyte Epichloë festucae in axenic culture and during interaction with its grass host Lolium perenne. We also analysed the roles of the phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase MssD and the predicted phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate 3-phosphatase TepA, a homolog of the mammalian tumour suppressor protein PTEN. Deletion of tepA in E. festucae and in the root-infecting tomato pathogen Fusarium oxysporum had no impact on growth in culture or the host interaction phenotype. However, this mutation did enable the detection of PI[3,4,5]P3 in septa and mycelium of E. festucae and showed that TepA is required for chemotropism in F. oxysporum. The identification of PI[3,4,5]P3 in ΔtepA strains suggests that filamentous fungi are able to generate PI[3,4,5]P3 and that fungal PTEN homologs are functional lipid phosphatases. The F. oxysporum chemotropism defect suggests a conserved role of PTEN homologs in chemotaxis across protists, fungi and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Hassing
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; Bio-Protection Research Centre, New Zealand
| | - Alyesha Candy
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; Bio-Protection Research Centre, New Zealand
| | - Carla J Eaton
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; Bio-Protection Research Centre, New Zealand
| | - Tania R Fernandes
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carl H Mesarich
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, New Zealand; School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Antonio Di Pietro
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Barry Scott
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; Bio-Protection Research Centre, New Zealand.
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Plasma membrane phospholipid signature recruits the plant exocyst complex via the EXO70A1 subunit. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2105287118. [PMID: 34470819 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2105287118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarized exocytosis is essential for many vital processes in eukaryotic cells, where secretory vesicles are targeted to distinct plasma membrane domains characterized by their specific lipid-protein composition. Heterooctameric protein complex exocyst facilitates the vesicle tethering to a target membrane and is a principal cell polarity regulator in eukaryotes. The architecture and molecular details of plant exocyst and its membrane recruitment have remained elusive. Here, we show that the plant exocyst consists of two modules formed by SEC3-SEC5-SEC6-SEC8 and SEC10-SEC15-EXO70-EXO84 subunits, respectively, documenting the evolutionarily conserved architecture within eukaryotes. In contrast to yeast and mammals, the two modules are linked by a plant-specific SEC3-EXO70 interaction, and plant EXO70 functionally dominates over SEC3 in the exocyst recruitment to the plasma membrane. Using an interdisciplinary approach, we found that the C-terminal part of EXO70A1, the canonical EXO70 isoform in Arabidopsis, is critical for this process. In contrast to yeast and animal cells, the EXO70A1 interaction with the plasma membrane is mediated by multiple anionic phospholipids uniquely contributing to the plant plasma membrane identity. We identified several evolutionary conserved EXO70 lysine residues and experimentally proved their importance for the EXO70A1-phospholipid interactions. Collectively, our work has uncovered plant-specific features of the exocyst complex and emphasized the importance of the specific protein-lipid code for the recruitment of peripheral membrane proteins.
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Launhardt L, Matzner M, Heilmann M, Heilmann I. Analysis of Phosphoinositides from Complex Plant Samples by Solid-Phase Adsorption Chromatography and Subsequent Quantification via Thin-Layer and Gas Chromatography. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2295:379-389. [PMID: 34047988 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1362-7_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
The determination of phosphoinositide molecular species in plant material is challenging because of their low abundance concurrent with a very high abundance of other membrane lipids, such as plastidial glycolipids. Phosphoinositides harbor an inositol headgroup which carries one or more phosphate groups at different positions of the inositol, linked to diacylglycerol via a phosphodiester. Thus, a further analytical challenge is to distinguish the different inositol-phosphate headgroups as well as the fatty acids of the diacylglycerol backbone. The method presented in this chapter expands on previous protocols for phosphoinositide analysis by employing chromatographic enrichment of phospholipids and their separation from other, more abundant lipid classes, before analysis. Lipids extracted from plant material are first separated by solid-phase adsorption chromatography into fractions containing neutral lipids, glycolipids, or phospholipids. Lipids from the phospholipid fraction are then separated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) according to their characteristic head groups, and the individual phosphatidylinositol-monophosphates and phosphatidylinositol-bisphosphates are isolated. Finally, the fatty acids associated with each isolated phosphatidylinositol-monophosphate or phosphatidylinositol-bisphosphate are analyzed in a quantitative fashion using gas chromatography (GC). The analysis of phosphoinositides by this combination of methods provides a cost-efficient and reliable alternative to lipidomics approaches requiring more extensive instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Launhardt
- Charles Tanford Protein Center, Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Monique Matzner
- Charles Tanford Protein Center, Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Mareike Heilmann
- Charles Tanford Protein Center, Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ingo Heilmann
- Charles Tanford Protein Center, Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Fratini M, Krishnamoorthy P, Stenzel I, Riechmann M, Matzner M, Bacia K, Heilmann M, Heilmann I. Plasma membrane nano-organization specifies phosphoinositide effects on Rho-GTPases and actin dynamics in tobacco pollen tubes. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:642-670. [PMID: 33955493 PMCID: PMC8136918 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koaa035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Pollen tube growth requires coordination of cytoskeletal dynamics and apical secretion. The regulatory phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) is enriched in the subapical plasma membrane of pollen tubes of Arabidopsis thaliana and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and can influence both actin dynamics and secretion. How alternative PtdIns(4,5)P2 effects are specified is unclear. In tobacco pollen tubes, spinning disc microscopy (SD) reveals dual distribution of a fluorescent PtdIns(4,5)P2-reporter in dynamic plasma membrane nanodomains vs. apparent diffuse membrane labeling, consistent with spatially distinct coexisting pools of PtdIns(4,5)P2. Several PI4P 5-kinases (PIP5Ks) can generate PtdIns(4,5)P2 in pollen tubes. Despite localizing to one membrane region, the PIP5Ks AtPIP5K2-EYFP and NtPIP5K6-EYFP display distinctive overexpression effects on cell morphologies, respectively related to altered actin dynamics or membrane trafficking. When analyzed by SD, AtPIP5K2-EYFP associated with nanodomains, whereas NtPIP5K6-EYFP localized diffusely. Chimeric AtPIP5K2-EYFP and NtPIP5K6-EYFP variants with reciprocally swapped membrane-associating domains evoked reciprocally shifted effects on cell morphology upon overexpression. Overall, active PI4P 5-kinase variants stabilized actin when targeted to nanodomains, suggesting a role of nanodomain-associated PtdIns(4,5)P2 in actin regulation. This notion is further supported by interaction and proximity of nanodomain-associated AtPIP5K2 with the Rho-GTPase NtRac5, and by its functional interplay with elements of Rho of plants signaling. Plasma membrane nano-organization may thus aid the specification of PtdIns(4,5)P2 functions to coordinate cytoskeletal dynamics and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fratini
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Praveen Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Irene Stenzel
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Mara Riechmann
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Monique Matzner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Kirsten Bacia
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Mareike Heilmann
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ingo Heilmann
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Dubois GA, Jaillais Y. Anionic phospholipid gradients: an uncharacterized frontier of the plant endomembrane network. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:577-592. [PMID: 33793905 PMCID: PMC8133617 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Anionic phospholipids include phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol (PI), and its phosphorylated derivatives the phosphoinositides (e.g. phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate [PI4P] and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2]). Although anionic phospholipids are low-abundant lipids, they are particularly important for membrane functions. In particular, anionic lipids act as biochemical and biophysical landmarks that contribute to the establishment of membrane identity, signaling activities, and compartment morphodynamics. Each anionic lipid accumulates in different endomembranes according to a unique subcellular pattern, where they locally provide docking platforms for proteins. As such, they are mostly believed to act in the compartments in which they accumulate. However, mounting evidence throughout eukaryotes suggests that anionic lipids are not as compartment-specific as initially thought and that they are instead organized as concentration gradients across different organelles. In this update, we review the evidence for the existence of anionic lipid gradients in plants. We then discuss the possible implication of these gradients in lipid dynamics and homeostasis, and also in coordinating subcellular activities. Finally, we introduce the notion that anionic lipid gradients at the cellular scale may translate into gradients at the tissue level, which could have implications for plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwennogan A Dubois
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France
- Author for communication:
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Rausche J, Stenzel I, Stauder R, Fratini M, Trujillo M, Heilmann I, Rosahl S. A phosphoinositide 5-phosphatase from Solanum tuberosum is activated by PAMP-treatment and may antagonize phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate at Phytophthora infestans infection sites. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:469-487. [PMID: 32762082 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants susceptible to late blight disease caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans display enhanced resistance upon infiltration with the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), Pep-13. Here, we characterize a potato gene similar to Arabidopsis 5-phosphatases which was identified in transcript arrays performed to identify Pep-13 regulated genes, and termed StIPP. Recombinant StIPP protein specifically dephosphorylated the D5-position of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2 ) in vitro. Other phosphoinositides or soluble inositolpolyphosphates were not converted. When transiently expressed in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) pollen tubes, a StIPP-YFP fusion localized to the subapical plasma membrane and antagonized PtdIns(4,5)P2 -dependent effects on cell morphology, indicating in vivo functionality. Phytophthora infestans-infection of N. benthamiana leaf epidermis cells resulted in relocalization of StIPP-GFP from the plasma membrane to the extra-haustorial membrane (EHM). Colocalizion with the effector protein RFP-AvrBlb2 at infection sites is consistent with a role of StIPP in the plant-oomycete interaction. Correlation analysis of fluorescence distributions of StIPP-GFP and biosensors for PtdIns(4,5)P2 or phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns4P) indicate StIPP activity predominantly at the EHM. In Arabidopsis protoplasts, expression of StIPP resulted in the stabilization of the PAMP receptor, FLAGELLIN-SENSITIVE 2, indicating that StIPP may act as a PAMP-induced and localized antagonist of PtdIns(4,5)P2 -dependent processes during plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Rausche
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany
| | - Irene Stenzel
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt Mothes-Str. 3, Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany
| | - Ron Stauder
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany
| | - Marta Fratini
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt Mothes-Str. 3, Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany
| | - Marco Trujillo
- Independent Research Group Protein Ubiquitinylation, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany
| | - Ingo Heilmann
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt Mothes-Str. 3, Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany
| | - Sabine Rosahl
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany
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Prieto JA, Estruch F, Córcoles-Sáez I, Del Poeta M, Rieger R, Stenzel I, Randez-Gil F. Pho85 and PI(4,5)P 2 regulate different lipid metabolic pathways in response to cold. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158557. [PMID: 31678512 PMCID: PMC7254492 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lipid homeostasis allows cells to adjust membrane biophysical properties in response to changes in environmental conditions. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a downward shift in temperature from an optimal reduces membrane fluidity, which triggers a lipid remodeling of the plasma membrane. How changes in membrane fluidity are perceived, and how the abundance and composition of different lipid classes is properly balanced, remain largely unknown. Here, we show that the levels of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], the most abundant plasma membrane phosphoinositide, drop rapidly in response to a downward shift in temperature. This change triggers a signaling cascade transmitted to cytosolic diphosphoinositol phosphate derivatives, among them 5-PP-IP4 and 1-IP7, that exert regulatory functions on genes involved in the inositol and phospholipids (PLs) metabolism, and inhibit the activity of the protein kinase Pho85. Consistent with this, cold exposure triggers a specific program of neutral lipids and PLs changes. Furthermore, we identified Pho85 as playing a key role in controlling the synthesis of long-chain bases (LCBs) via the Ypk1-Orm2 regulatory circuit. We conclude that Pho85 orchestrates a coordinated response of lipid metabolic pathways that ensure yeast thermal adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Prieto
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Agustín Escardino, 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Estruch
- Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot 46100, Spain
| | - Isaac Córcoles-Sáez
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Agustín Escardino, 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Northport, NY, United States of America
| | - Robert Rieger
- Proteomics Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Irene Stenzel
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Francisca Randez-Gil
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Agustín Escardino, 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
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Vvedenskaya O, Wang Y, Ackerman JM, Knittelfelder O, Shevchenko A. Analytical challenges in human plasma lipidomics: A winding path towards the truth. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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Menzel W, Stenzel I, Helbig LM, Krishnamoorthy P, Neumann S, Eschen-Lippold L, Heilmann M, Lee J, Heilmann I. A PAMP-triggered MAPK cascade inhibits phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate production by PIP5K6 in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:833-847. [PMID: 31318449 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The phosphoinositide kinase PIP5K6 has recently been identified as a target for the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) MPK6. Phosphorylation of PIP5K6 inhibited the production of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2 ), impacting membrane trafficking and cell expansion in pollen tubes. Here, we analyzed whether MPK6 regulated PIP5K6 in vegetative Arabidopsis cells in response to the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) flg22. Promoter-β-glucuronidase analyses and quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction data show PIP5K6 expressed throughout Arabidopsis tissues. Upon flg22 treatment of transgenic protoplasts, the PIP5K6 protein was phosphorylated, and this modification was reduced for a PIP5K6 variant lacking MPK6-targeted residues, or in protoplasts from mpk6 mutants. Upon flg22 treatment of Arabidopsis plants, phosphoinositide levels mildly decreased and a fluorescent reporter for PtdIns(4,5)P2 displayed reduced plasma membrane association, contrasting with phosphoinositide increases reported for abiotic stress responses. Flg22 treatment and chemical induction of the upstream MAPK kinase, MKK5, decreased phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase activity in mesophyll protoplasts, indicating that the flg22-activated MAPK cascade limited PtdIns(4,5)P2 production. PIP5K6 expression or PIP5K6 protein abundance changed only marginally upon flg22 treatment, consistent with post-translational control of PIP5K6 activity. PtdIns(4,5)P2 -dependent endocytosis of FM 4-64, PIN2 and the NADPH-oxidase RbohD were reduced upon flg22 treatment or MKK5 induction. Reduced RbohD-endocytosis was correlated with enhanced ROS production. We conclude that MPK6-mediated phosphorylation of PIP5K6 limits the production of a functional PtdIns(4,5)P2 pool upon PAMP perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Menzel
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Irene Stenzel
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Lisa-Marie Helbig
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Praveen Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Susanne Neumann
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Lennart Eschen-Lippold
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Mareike Heilmann
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Justin Lee
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Ingo Heilmann
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
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Vaz Dias F, Serrazina S, Vitorino M, Marchese D, Heilmann I, Godinho M, Rodrigues M, Malhó R. A role for diacylglycerol kinase 4 in signalling crosstalk during Arabidopsis pollen tube growth. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:1434-1446. [PMID: 30628082 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) play a major role in the production of phosphatidic acid (PtdOH) and were implicated in endomembrane trafficking and signalling cascades. In plants, the role of DGKs is less clear, as PtdOH seems to arise mostly from phospholipase D activity. Here, we investigated the function of the Arabidopsis gene encoding DGK4, which is highly expressed in pollen. In vitro, pollen tubes from homozygous dgk4 plants showed normal morphology, but reduced growth rate and altered stiffness and adhesion properties (revealed by atomic force microscopy). In vivo, dgk4 pollen was able to fertilize wild-type ovules, but self-pollination in dgk4 plants led to fewer seeds and shorter siliques. Phenotypic analysis revealed that the dgk4 mutation affects not only the male germ line but also the vegetative tissue. DGK4-green fluorescent protein fusion imaging revealed a cytosolic localization with a slightly higher signal in the subapical or apical region. dgk4 pollen tubes were found to exhibit perturbations in membrane recycling, and lipid analysis revealed a minor increase of PtdOH concomitant with decreased phosphatidylcholine, compared with wild-type. In vitro, DGK4 was found to exhibit kinase and guanylyl cyclase activity. Quantitative PCR data revealed downregulation of genes related to actin dynamics and phosphoinositide metabolism in mutant pollen, but upregulation of the DGK6 isoform. Altogether, these results are discussed considering a role of DGK4 in signalling cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Vaz Dias
- Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, BioISI, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana Serrazina
- Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, BioISI, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel Vitorino
- Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, BioISI, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dario Marchese
- Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, BioISI, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ingo Heilmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology/Cellular Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Margarida Godinho
- Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, BioISI, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mário Rodrigues
- Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, BioISI, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui Malhó
- Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, BioISI, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
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12
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Erwig MS, Patzig J, Steyer AM, Dibaj P, Heilmann M, Heilmann I, Jung RB, Kusch K, Möbius W, Jahn O, Nave KA, Werner HB. Anillin facilitates septin assembly to prevent pathological outfoldings of central nervous system myelin. eLife 2019; 8:43888. [PMID: 30672734 PMCID: PMC6344079 DOI: 10.7554/elife.43888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin serves as an axonal insulator that facilitates rapid nerve conduction along axons. By transmission electron microscopy, a healthy myelin sheath comprises compacted membrane layers spiraling around the cross-sectioned axon. Previously we identified the assembly of septin filaments in the innermost non-compacted myelin layer as one of the latest steps of myelin maturation in the central nervous system (CNS) (Patzig et al., 2016). Here we show that loss of the cytoskeletal adaptor protein anillin (ANLN) from oligodendrocytes disrupts myelin septin assembly, thereby causing the emergence of pathological myelin outfoldings. Since myelin outfoldings are a poorly understood hallmark of myelin disease and brain aging we assessed axon/myelin-units in Anln-mutant mice by focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM); myelin outfoldings were three-dimensionally reconstructed as large sheets of multiple compact membrane layers. We suggest that anillin-dependent assembly of septin filaments scaffolds mature myelin sheaths, facilitating rapid nerve conduction in the healthy CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S Erwig
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julia Patzig
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anna M Steyer
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Payam Dibaj
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mareike Heilmann
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Ingo Heilmann
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Ramona B Jung
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kusch
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Jahn
- Proteomics Group, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hauke B Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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13
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Lin F, Krishnamoorthy P, Schubert V, Hause G, Heilmann M, Heilmann I. A dual role for cell plate-associated PI4Kβ in endocytosis and phragmoplast dynamics during plant somatic cytokinesis. EMBO J 2019; 38:embj.2018100303. [PMID: 30617084 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cytokinesis involves membrane trafficking and cytoskeletal rearrangements. Here, we report that the phosphoinositide kinases PI4Kβ1 and PI4Kβ2 integrate these processes in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) roots. Cytokinetic defects of an Arabidopsis pi4kβ1 pi4kβ2 double mutant are accompanied by defects in membrane trafficking. Specifically, we show that trafficking of the proteins KNOLLE and PIN2 at the cell plate, clathrin recruitment, and endocytosis is impaired in pi4kβ1 pi4kβ2 double mutants, accompanied by unfused vesicles at the nascent cell plate and around cell wall stubs. Interestingly, pi4kβ1 pi4kβ2 plants also display ectopic overstabilization of phragmoplast microtubules, which guide membrane trafficking at the cell plate. The overstabilization of phragmoplasts in the double mutant coincides with mislocalization of the microtubule-associated protein 65-3 (MAP65-3), which cross-links microtubules and is a downstream target for inhibition by the MAP kinase MPK4. Based on similar cytokinetic defects of the pi4kβ1 pi4kβ2 and mpk4-2 mutants and genetic and physical interaction of PI4Kβ1 and MPK4, we propose that PI4Kβ and MPK4 influence localization and activity of MAP65-3, respectively, acting synergistically to control phragmoplast dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lin
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Praveen Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Veit Schubert
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
| | - Gerd Hause
- Biocenter, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Mareike Heilmann
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ingo Heilmann
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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14
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Mamode Cassim A, Gouguet P, Gronnier J, Laurent N, Germain V, Grison M, Boutté Y, Gerbeau-Pissot P, Simon-Plas F, Mongrand S. Plant lipids: Key players of plasma membrane organization and function. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 73:1-27. [PMID: 30465788 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The plasma membrane (PM) is the biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside. The PM is constituted of a huge diversity of proteins and lipids. In this review, we will update the diversity of molecular species of lipids found in plant PM. We will further discuss how lipids govern global properties of the plant PM, explaining that plant lipids are unevenly distributed and are able to organize PM in domains. From that observation, it emerges a complex picture showing a spatial and multiscale segregation of PM components. Finally, we will discuss how lipids are key players in the function of PM in plants, with a particular focus on plant-microbe interaction, transport and hormone signaling, abiotic stress responses, plasmodesmata function. The last chapter is dedicated to the methods that the plant membrane biology community needs to develop to get a comprehensive understanding of membrane organization in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adiilah Mamode Cassim
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), CNRS, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Paul Gouguet
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), CNRS, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Julien Gronnier
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), CNRS, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Nelson Laurent
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, ERL 6003 CNRS, Dijon, France
| | - Véronique Germain
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), CNRS, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Magali Grison
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), CNRS, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Yohann Boutté
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), CNRS, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Patricia Gerbeau-Pissot
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, ERL 6003 CNRS, Dijon, France
| | - Françoise Simon-Plas
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, ERL 6003 CNRS, Dijon, France.
| | - Sébastien Mongrand
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), CNRS, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France.
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15
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Strobl SM, Kischka D, Heilmann I, Mouille G, Schneider S. The Tonoplastic Inositol Transporter INT1 From Arabidopsis thaliana Impacts Cell Elongation in a Sucrose-Dependent Way. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1657. [PMID: 30505313 PMCID: PMC6250803 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The tonoplastic inositol transporter INT1 is the only known transport protein in Arabidopsis that facilitates myo-inositol import from the vacuole into the cytoplasm. Impairment of the release of vacuolar inositol by knockout of INT1 results in a severe inhibition of cell elongation in roots as well as in etiolated hypocotyls. Importantly, a more strongly reduced cell elongation was observed when sucrose was supplied in the growth medium, and this sucrose-dependent effect can be complemented by the addition of exogenous myo-inositol. Comparing int1 mutants (defective in transport) with mutants defective in myo-inositol biosynthesis (mips1 mutants) revealed that the sucrose-induced inhibition in cell elongation does not just depend on inositol depletion. Secondary effects as observed for altered availability of inositol in biosynthesis mutants, as disturbed membrane turnover, alterations in PIN protein localization or alterations in inositol-derived signaling molecules could be ruled out to be responsible for impairing the cell elongation in int1 mutants. Although the molecular mechanism remains to be elucidated, our data implicate a crucial role of INT1-transported myo-inositol in regulating cell elongation in a sucrose-dependent manner and underline recent reports of regulatory roles for sucrose and other carbohydrate intermediates as metabolic semaphores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Maria Strobl
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dominik Kischka
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ingo Heilmann
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Grégory Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Sabine Schneider
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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16
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Ricks TJ, Cassilly CD, Carr AJ, Alves DS, Alam S, Tscherch K, Yokley TW, Workman CE, Morrell-Falvey JL, Barrera FN, Reynolds TB, Best MD. Labeling of Phosphatidylinositol Lipid Products in Cells through Metabolic Engineering by Using a Clickable myo-Inositol Probe. Chembiochem 2018; 20:172-180. [PMID: 30098105 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol (PI) lipids control critical biological processes, so aberrant biosynthesis often leads to disease. As a result, the capability to track the production and localization of these compounds in cells is vital for elucidating their complex roles. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, and application of clickable myo-inositol probe 1 a for bioorthogonal labeling of PI products. To validate this platform, we initially conducted PI synthase assays to show that 1 a inhibits PI production in vitro. Fluorescence microscopy experiments next showed probe-dependent imaging in T-24 human bladder cancer and Candida albicans cells. Growth studies in the latter showed that replacement of myo-inositol with probe 1 a led to an enhancement in cell growth. Finally, fluorescence-based TLC analysis and mass spectrometry experiments support the labeling of PI lipids. This approach provides a promising means for tracking the complex biosynthesis and trafficking of these lipids in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanei J Ricks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Park Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Chelsi D Cassilly
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA
| | - Adam J Carr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Park Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Daiane S Alves
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA
| | - Shahrina Alam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Park Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Kathrin Tscherch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Park Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Timothy W Yokley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Park Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Cameron E Workman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Park Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | | | - Francisco N Barrera
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA
| | - Todd B Reynolds
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA
| | - Michael D Best
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Park Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
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17
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Gerth K, Lin F, Menzel W, Krishnamoorthy P, Stenzel I, Heilmann M, Heilmann I. Guilt by Association: A Phenotype-Based View of the Plant Phosphoinositide Network. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 68:349-374. [PMID: 28125287 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042916-041022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic membranes contain small amounts of phospholipids that have regulatory effects on the physiological functions of cells, tissues, and organs. Phosphoinositides (PIs)-the phosphorylated derivatives of phosphatidylinositol-are one example of such regulatory lipids. Although PIs were described in plants decades ago, their contribution to the regulation of physiological processes in plants is not well understood. In the past few years, evidence has emerged that PIs are essential for plant function and development. Recently reported phenotypes associated with the perturbation of different PIs suggest that some subgroups of PIs influence specific processes. Although the molecular targets of PI-dependent regulation in plants are largely unknown, the effects of perturbed PI metabolism can be used to propose regulatory modules that involve particular downstream targets of PI regulation. This review summarizes phenotypes associated with the perturbation of the plant PI network to categorize functions and suggest possible downstream targets of plant PI regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Gerth
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; , , , , , ,
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; , , , , , ,
| | - Wilhelm Menzel
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; , , , , , ,
| | - Praveen Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; , , , , , ,
| | - Irene Stenzel
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; , , , , , ,
| | - Mareike Heilmann
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; , , , , , ,
| | - Ingo Heilmann
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; , , , , , ,
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18
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Platre MP, Jaillais Y. Anionic lipids and the maintenance of membrane electrostatics in eukaryotes. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2017; 12:e1282022. [PMID: 28102755 PMCID: PMC5341768 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2017.1282022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of signaling processes occurs at the cell surface through the reversible association of proteins from the cytosol to the plasma membrane. Some low abundant lipids are enriched at the membrane of specific compartments and thereby contribute to the identity of cell organelles by acting as biochemical landmarks. Lipids also influence membrane biophysical properties, which emerge as an important feature in specifying cellular territories. Such parameters are crucial for signal transduction and include lipid packing, membrane curvature and electrostatics. In particular, membrane electrostatics specifies the identity of the plasma membrane inner leaflet. Membrane surface charges are carried by anionic phospholipids, however the exact nature of the lipid(s) that powers the plasma membrane electrostatic field varies among eukaryotes and has been hotly debated during the last decade. Herein, we discuss the role of anionic lipids in setting up plasma membrane electrostatics and we compare similarities and differences that were found in different eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Pierre Platre
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, Lyon, France
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, Lyon, France
- CONTACT Yvon Jaillais , Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon, Rhône 69364, France
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19
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Kim SH, Song HE, Kim SJ, Woo DC, Chang S, Choi WG, Kim MJ, Back SH, Yoo HJ. Quantitative structural characterization of phosphatidylinositol phosphates from biological samples. J Lipid Res 2016; 58:469-478. [PMID: 27940482 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d069989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aspects of cellular metabolism controlled by phosphatidylinositol phosphates (PtdInsPs) have been broadly expanded, and these phospholipids have drawn tremendous attention as pleiotropic signaling molecules. PtdInsPs analysis using LC/MS/MS has remained challenging due to the strong hydrophilicity of these lipids. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) or a neutral loss scan has been performed to quantitatively measure PtdInsPs after chemical derivatization on the phosphate groups of inositol moieties. Only predefined PtdInsPs can be measured in MRM mode, and fatty acyl compositions of sn-1 and sn-2 positions of PtdInsPs cannot be obtained from a neutral loss scan. In our present study, we developed a simple LC/MS/MS method for structural identification of sn-1 and sn-2 fatty acids of PtdInsPs and their relative quantitation. Precursor ion scans of sn-1 monoacylglycerols (MAGs) of PtdInsPs provided structural information about the lipids, and ammonium adduction enhanced signal intensities of PtdInsPs. The relative amount of observed PtdInsPs in biological samples could be compared using chromatographic peak areas from the neutral loss scans. Using precursor ion scans of sn-1 MAG and neutral loss scans of headgroups, major PtdInsPs in cells and tissues were successfully identified with structural information of sn-1 and sn-2 fatty acids, and their relative amounts in different samples were compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Hee Kim
- Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Eun Song
- Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jung Kim
- Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Cheol Woo
- Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea.,Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhwan Chang
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Gyun Choi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jeong Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Back
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Yoo
- Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea .,Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
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20
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Grb2 depletion under non-stimulated conditions inhibits PTEN, promotes Akt-induced tumor formation and contributes to poor prognosis in ovarian cancer. Oncogene 2015. [PMID: 26212011 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In the absence of extracellular stimulation the adaptor protein growth factor receptor-bound protein (Grb2) and the phospholipase Plcγ1 compete for the same binding site on fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2). Reducing cellular Grb2 results in upregulation of Plcγ1 and depletion of the phospholipid PI(4,5)P2. The functional consequences of this event on signaling pathways are unknown. We show that the decrease in PI(4,5)P2 level under non-stimulated conditions inhibits PTEN activity leading to the aberrant activation of the oncoprotein Akt. This results in excessive cell proliferation and tumor progression in a xenograft mouse model. As well as defining a novel mechanism of Akt phosphorylation with important therapeutic consequences, we also demonstrate that differential expression levels of FGFR2, Plcγ1 and Grb2 correlate with patient survival. Oncogenesis through fluctuation in the expression levels of these proteins negates extracellular stimulation or mutation and defines them as novel prognostic markers in ovarian cancer.
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Furse
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Universiteit Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten R. Egmond
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Universiteit Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J. Antoinette Killian
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Universiteit Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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22
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Tejos R, Sauer M, Vanneste S, Palacios-Gomez M, Li H, Heilmann M, van Wijk R, Vermeer JEM, Heilmann I, Munnik T, Friml J. Bipolar Plasma Membrane Distribution of Phosphoinositides and Their Requirement for Auxin-Mediated Cell Polarity and Patterning in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:2114-2128. [PMID: 24876254 PMCID: PMC4079372 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.126185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarity manifested by asymmetric distribution of cargoes, such as receptors and transporters, within the plasma membrane (PM) is crucial for essential functions in multicellular organisms. In plants, cell polarity (re)establishment is intimately linked to patterning processes. Despite the importance of cell polarity, its underlying mechanisms are still largely unknown, including the definition and distinctiveness of the polar domains within the PM. Here, we show in Arabidopsis thaliana that the signaling membrane components, the phosphoinositides phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns4P) and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2] as well as PtdIns4P 5-kinases mediating their interconversion, are specifically enriched at apical and basal polar plasma membrane domains. The PtdIns4P 5-kinases PIP5K1 and PIP5K2 are redundantly required for polar localization of specifically apical and basal cargoes, such as PIN-FORMED transporters for the plant hormone auxin. As a consequence of the polarity defects, instructive auxin gradients as well as embryonic and postembryonic patterning are severely compromised. Furthermore, auxin itself regulates PIP5K transcription and PtdIns4P and PtdIns(4,5)P2 levels, in particular their association with polar PM domains. Our results provide insight into the polar domain-delineating mechanisms in plant cells that depend on apical and basal distribution of membrane lipids and are essential for embryonic and postembryonic patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Tejos
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael Sauer
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Hongjiang Li
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Mareike Heilmann
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ringo van Wijk
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joop E M Vermeer
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingo Heilmann
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Teun Munnik
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jiří Friml
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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SAC phosphoinositide phosphatases at the tonoplast mediate vacuolar function in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:2818-23. [PMID: 24550313 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1324264111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) is a structural phospholipid that can be phosphorylated into various lipid signaling molecules, designated polyphosphoinositides (PPIs). The reversible phosphorylation of PPIs on the 3, 4, or 5 position of inositol is performed by a set of organelle-specific kinases and phosphatases, and the characteristic head groups make these molecules ideal for regulating biological processes in time and space. In yeast and mammals, PtdIns3P and PtdIns(3,5)P2 play crucial roles in trafficking toward the lytic compartments, whereas the role in plants is not yet fully understood. Here we identified the role of a land plant-specific subgroup of PPI phosphatases, the suppressor of actin 2 (SAC2) to SAC5, during vacuolar trafficking and morphogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. SAC2-SAC5 localize to the tonoplast along with PtdIns3P, the presumable product of their activity. In SAC gain- and loss-of-function mutants, the levels of PtdIns monophosphates and bisphosphates were changed, with opposite effects on the morphology of storage and lytic vacuoles, and the trafficking toward the vacuoles was defective. Moreover, multiple sac knockout mutants had an increased number of smaller storage and lytic vacuoles, whereas extralarge vacuoles were observed in the overexpression lines, correlating with various growth and developmental defects. The fragmented vacuolar phenotype of sac mutants could be mimicked by treating wild-type seedlings with PtdIns(3,5)P2, corroborating that this PPI is important for vacuole morphology. Taken together, these results provide evidence that PPIs, together with their metabolic enzymes SAC2-SAC5, are crucial for vacuolar trafficking and for vacuolar morphology and function in plants.
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Timsah Z, Ahmed Z, Lin CC, Melo FA, Stagg LJ, Leonard PG, Jeyabal P, Berrout J, O'Neil RG, Bogdanov M, Ladbury JE. Competition between Grb2 and Plcγ1 for FGFR2 regulates basal phospholipase activity and invasion. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2014; 21:180-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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PI-PLC: Phosphoinositide-Phospholipase C in Plant Signaling. SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION IN PLANTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-42011-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Ischebeck T, Werner S, Krishnamoorthy P, Lerche J, Meijón M, Stenzel I, Löfke C, Wiessner T, Im YJ, Perera IY, Iven T, Feussner I, Busch W, Boss WF, Teichmann T, Hause B, Persson S, Heilmann I. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate influences PIN polarization by controlling clathrin-mediated membrane trafficking in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:4894-911. [PMID: 24326589 PMCID: PMC3903994 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.116582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The functions of the minor phospholipid phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2] during vegetative plant growth remain obscure. Here, we targeted two related phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinases (PI4P 5-kinases) PIP5K1 and PIP5K2, which are expressed ubiquitously in Arabidopsis thaliana. A pip5k1 pip5k2 double mutant with reduced PtdIns(4,5)P2 levels showed dwarf stature and phenotypes suggesting defects in auxin distribution. The roots of the pip5k1 pip5k2 double mutant had normal auxin levels but reduced auxin transport and altered distribution. Fluorescence-tagged auxin efflux carriers PIN-FORMED (PIN1)-green fluorescent protein (GFP) and PIN2-GFP displayed abnormal, partially apolar distribution. Furthermore, fewer brefeldin A-induced endosomal bodies decorated by PIN1-GFP or PIN2-GFP formed in pip5k1 pip5k2 mutants. Inducible overexpressor lines for PIP5K1 or PIP5K2 also exhibited phenotypes indicating misregulation of auxin-dependent processes, and immunolocalization showed reduced membrane association of PIN1 and PIN2. PIN cycling and polarization require clathrin-mediated endocytosis and labeled clathrin light chain also displayed altered localization patterns in the pip5k1 pip5k2 double mutant, consistent with a role for PtdIns(4,5)P2 in the regulation of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Further biochemical tests on subcellular fractions enriched for clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) indicated that pip5k1 and pip5k2 mutants have reduced CCV-associated PI4P 5-kinase activity. Together, the data indicate an important role for PtdIns(4,5)P2 in the control of clathrin dynamics and in auxin distribution in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Ischebeck
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Werner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute for Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Jennifer Lerche
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute for Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Mónica Meijón
- Gregor-Mendel-Institute for Molecular Plant Biology, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Stenzel
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute for Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christian Löfke
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Schwann-Schleiden Centre, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Theresa Wiessner
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Yang Ju Im
- Department of Plant Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Imara Y. Perera
- Department of Plant Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Tim Iven
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Busch
- Gregor-Mendel-Institute for Molecular Plant Biology, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wendy F. Boss
- Department of Plant Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Thomas Teichmann
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Schwann-Schleiden Centre, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Bettina Hause
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Staffan Persson
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ingo Heilmann
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute for Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Address correspondence to
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Yang L, Nasu Y, Hattori M, Yoshimura H, Kanno A, Ozawa T. Bioluminescent probes to analyze ligand-induced phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate production with split luciferase complementation. Anal Chem 2013; 85:11352-9. [PMID: 24195761 DOI: 10.1021/ac402278f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A lipid second messenger, phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3), is a signaling molecule that mediates central cellular events, such as growth, motility, and development by activating downstream proteins. Although functions of various PIP3 binding partners have been unveiled, the various roles of PIP3 have not been resolved thoroughly because of limitations of PIP3 analysis. Herein, we describe a novel method for the analysis of relative PIP3 amount based on spontaneous complementation of split luciferase fragments. An N-terminal fragment of a luciferase was located on the plasma membrane (LucN-pm). A C-terminal fragment of a luciferase fused with PIP3 binding units, pleckstrin homology domains (PHDs) of the general receptor for phosphoinositides 1 (GRP1), was expressed in cytosol (PP-LucC). In response to PIP3 production, PP-LucC was brought to the plasma membrane and colocalized with LucN-pm. The LucN-pm and PP-LucC reconstituted spontaneously to form an active luciferase, producing bioluminescence recovery. We obtained bioluminescence signals corresponding to relative PIP3 amounts successfully upon stimulation with an agonist. We also demonstrated that the probes were applied for a high-throughput screening format and for monitoring of PIP3 production on the plasma membrane by bioluminescence. This method enables further study of PIP3 and supports versatile applications related to the PIP3 amount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Yang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Bi X, Jin Y, Li S, Gao D, Jiang Y, Liu H. Rapid and sensitive determination of fatty acids in edible oil by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Sci China Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-013-4934-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Li-Beisson Y, Shorrosh B, Beisson F, Andersson MX, Arondel V, Bates PD, Baud S, Bird D, DeBono A, Durrett TP, Franke RB, Graham IA, Katayama K, Kelly AA, Larson T, Markham JE, Miquel M, Molina I, Nishida I, Rowland O, Samuels L, Schmid KM, Wada H, Welti R, Xu C, Zallot R, Ohlrogge J. Acyl-lipid metabolism. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2013; 11:e0161. [PMID: 23505340 PMCID: PMC3563272 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 677] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Acyl lipids in Arabidopsis and all other plants have a myriad of diverse functions. These include providing the core diffusion barrier of the membranes that separates cells and subcellular organelles. This function alone involves more than 10 membrane lipid classes, including the phospholipids, galactolipids, and sphingolipids, and within each class the variations in acyl chain composition expand the number of structures to several hundred possible molecular species. Acyl lipids in the form of triacylglycerol account for 35% of the weight of Arabidopsis seeds and represent their major form of carbon and energy storage. A layer of cutin and cuticular waxes that restricts the loss of water and provides protection from invasions by pathogens and other stresses covers the entire aerial surface of Arabidopsis. Similar functions are provided by suberin and its associated waxes that are localized in roots, seed coats, and abscission zones and are produced in response to wounding. This chapter focuses on the metabolic pathways that are associated with the biosynthesis and degradation of the acyl lipids mentioned above. These pathways, enzymes, and genes are also presented in detail in an associated website (ARALIP: http://aralip.plantbiology.msu.edu/). Protocols and methods used for analysis of Arabidopsis lipids are provided. Finally, a detailed summary of the composition of Arabidopsis lipids is provided in three figures and 15 tables.
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Heilmann M, Heilmann I. Mass measurement of polyphosphoinositides by thin-layer and gas chromatography. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1009:25-32. [PMID: 23681520 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-401-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositides derive from the phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns), by phosphorylation of the inositol ring in the lipid head group. The determination of phosphoinositide species is a particular challenge, because the structurally similar inositolphosphate-head groups must be analyzed as well as the lipid-associated fatty acids. The method presented in this chapter consists of two steps: First phosphoinositides are separated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) according to their characteristic head groups and the individual lipids are isolated. Second, the fatty acids associated with each isolated lipid are analyzed using a gas-chromatograph (GC). The combination of these two classical methods for lipid analysis, TLC and GC, provides a cost-efficient and reliable alternative to lipidomics approaches requiring more extensive instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Heilmann
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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The essential phosphoinositide kinase MSS-4 is required for polar hyphal morphogenesis, localizing to sites of growth and cell fusion in Neurospora crassa. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51454. [PMID: 23272106 PMCID: PMC3521734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal hyphae and plant pollen tubes are among the most highly polarized cells known and pose extraordinary requirements on their cell polarity machinery. Cellular morphogenesis is driven through the phospholipid-dependent organization at the apical plasma membrane. We characterized the contribution of phosphoinositides (PIs) in hyphal growth of the filamentous ascomycete Neurospora crassa. MSS-4 is an essential gene and its deletion resulted in spherically growing cells that ultimately lyse. Two conditional mss-4-mutants exhibited altered hyphal morphology and aberrant branching at restrictive conditions that were complemented by expression of wild type MSS-4. Recombinant MSS-4 was characterized as a phosphatidylinositolmonophosphate-kinase phosphorylating phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns4P) to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2). PtdIns3P was also used as a substrate. Sequencing of two conditional mss-4 alleles identified a single substitution of a highly conserved Y750 to N. The biochemical characterization of recombinant protein variants revealed Y750 as critical for PI4P 5-kinase activity of MSS-4 and of plant PI4P 5-kinases. The conditional growth defects of mss-4 mutants were caused by severely reduced activity of MSS-4(Y750N), enabling the formation of only trace amounts of PtdIns(4,5)P2. In N. crassa hyphae, PtdIns(4,5)P2 localized predominantly in the plasma membrane of hyphae and along septa. Fluorescence-tagged MSS-4 formed a subapical collar at hyphal tips, localized to constricting septa and accumulated at contact points of fusing N. crassa germlings, indicating MSS-4 is responsible for the formation of relevant pools of PtdIns(4,5)P2 that control polar and directional growth and septation. N. crassa MSS-4 differs from yeast, plant and mammalian PI4P 5-kinases by containing additional protein domains. The N-terminal domain of N. crassa MSS-4 was required for correct membrane association. The data presented for N. crassa MSS-4 and its roles in hyphal growth are discussed with a comparative perspective on PI-control of polar tip growth in different organismic kingdoms.
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RAB-10-GTPase-mediated regulation of endosomal phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:E2306-15. [PMID: 22869721 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1205278109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans RAB-10 and mammalian Rab10 are key regulators of endocytic recycling, especially in the basolateral recycling pathways of polarized epithelial cells. To understand better how RAB-10 contributes to recycling endosome function, we sought to identify RAB-10 effectors. One RAB-10-binding partner that we identified, CNT-1, is the only C. elegans homolog of the mammalian Arf6 GTPase-activating proteins ACAP1 and ACAP2. Arf6 is known to regulate endosome-to-plasma membrane transport, in part through activation of type I phophatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5 kinase. Here we show that CNT-1 binds to RAB-10 through its C-terminal ankyrin repeats and colocalizes with RAB-10 and ARF-6 on recycling endosomes in vivo. Furthermore, we find that RAB-10 is required for the recruitment of CNT-1 to endosomal membranes in the intestinal epithelium. Consistent with negative regulation of ARF-6 by RAB-10 and CNT-1, we found overaccumulation of endosomal phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] in cnt-1 and rab-10 mutants and reduced endosomal PI(4,5)P2 levels in arf-6 mutants. These mutants produced similar effects on endosomal recruitment of the PI(4,5)P2-dependent membrane-bending proteins RME-1/Ehd and SDPN-1/Syndapin/Pacsin and resulted in endosomal trapping of specific recycling cargo. Our studies identify a RAB-10-to-ARF-6 regulatory loop required to regulate endosomal PI(4,5)P2, a key phosphoinositide in membrane traffic.
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Saavedra L, Balbi V, Lerche J, Mikami K, Heilmann I, Sommarin M. PIPKs are essential for rhizoid elongation and caulonemal cell development in the moss Physcomitrella patens. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 67:635-47. [PMID: 21554449 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
PtdIns-4,5-bisphosphate is a lipid messenger of eukaryotic cells that plays a critical role in processes such as cytoskeleton organization, intracellular vesicular trafficking, secretion, cell motility, regulation of ion channels and nuclear signalling pathways. The enzymes responsible for the synthesis of PtdIns(4,5)P₂ are phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinases (PIPKs). The moss Physcomitrella patens contains two PIPKs, PpPIPK1 and PpPIPK2. To study their physiological role, both genes were disrupted by targeted homologous recombination and as a result mutant plants with lower PtdIns(4,5)P₂ levels were obtained. A strong phenotype for pipk1, but not for pipk2 single knockout lines, was obtained. The pipk1 knockout lines were impaired in rhizoid and caulonemal cell elongation, whereas pipk1-2 double knockout lines showed dramatic defects in protonemal and gametophore morphology manifested by the absence of rapidly elongating caulonemal cells in the protonemal tissue, leafy gametophores with very short rhizoids, and loss of sporophyte production. pipk1 complemented by overexpression of PpPIPK1 fully restored the wild-type phenotype whereas overexpression of the inactive PpPIPK1E885A did not. Overexpression of PpPIPK2 in the pipk1-2 double knockout did not restore the wild-type phenotype demonstrating that PpPIPK1 and PpPIPK2 are not functionally redundant. In vivo imaging of the cytoskeleton network revealed that the shortened caulonemal cells in the pipk1 mutants was the result of the absence of the apicobasal gradient of cortical F-actin cables normally observed in wild-type caulonemal cells. Our data indicate that both PpPIPKs play a crucial role in the development of the moss P. patens, and particularly in the regulation of tip growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Saavedra
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.
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Rogasevskaia TP, Coorssen JR. A new approach to the molecular analysis of docking, priming, and regulated membrane fusion. J Chem Biol 2011; 4:117-36. [PMID: 22315653 DOI: 10.1007/s12154-011-0056-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies using isolated sea urchin cortical vesicles have proven invaluable in dissecting mechanisms of Ca(2+)-triggered membrane fusion. However, only acute molecular manipulations are possible in vitro. Here, using selective pharmacological manipulations of sea urchin eggs ex vivo, we test the hypothesis that specific lipidic components of the membrane matrix selectively affect defined late stages of exocytosis, particularly the Ca(2+)-triggered steps of fast membrane fusion. Egg treatments with cholesterol-lowering drugs resulted in the inhibition of vesicle fusion. Exogenous cholesterol recovered fusion extent and efficiency in cholesterol-depleted membranes; α-tocopherol, a structurally dissimilar curvature analogue, selectively restored fusion extent. Inhibition of phospholipase C reduced vesicle phosphatidylethanolamine and suppressed both the extent and kinetics of fusion. Although phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase inhibition altered levels of polyphosphoinositide species and reduced all fusion parameters, sequestering polyphosphoinositides selectively inhibited fusion kinetics. Thus, cholesterol and phosphatidylethanolamine play direct roles in the fusion pathway, contributing negative curvature. Cholesterol also organizes the physiological fusion site, defining fusion efficiency. A selective influence of phosphatidylethanolamine on fusion kinetics sheds light on the local microdomain structure at the site of docking/fusion. Polyphosphoinositides have modulatory upstream roles in priming: alterations in specific polyphosphoinositides likely represent the terminal priming steps defining fully docked, release-ready vesicles. Thus, this pharmacological approach has the potential to be a robust high-throughput platform to identify molecular components of the physiological fusion machine critical to docking, priming, and triggered fusion.
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Stenzel I, Ischebeck T, Quint M, Heilmann I. Variable Regions of PI4P 5-Kinases Direct PtdIns(4,5)P(2) Toward Alternative Regulatory Functions in Tobacco Pollen Tubes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 2:114. [PMID: 22639629 PMCID: PMC3355713 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2011.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The apical plasma membrane of pollen tubes contains different PI4P 5-kinases that all produce phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P(2)] but exert distinct cellular effects. In the present example, overexpression of Arabidopsis AtPIP5K5 or tobacco NtPIP5K6-1 caused growth defects previously attributed to increased pectin secretion. In contrast, overexpression of Arabidopsis AtPIP5K2 caused apical tip swelling implicated in altering actin fine structure in the pollen tube apex. AtPIP5K5, NtPIP5K6-1, and AtPIP5K2 share identical domain structures. Domains required for correct membrane association of the enzymes were identified by systematic deletion of N-terminal domains and subsequent expression of fluorescence-tagged enzyme truncations in tobacco pollen tubes. A variable linker region (Lin) contained in all PI4P 5-kinase isoforms of subfamily B, but not conserved in sequence, was recognized to be necessary for correct subcellular localization of AtPIP5K5, NtPIP5K6-1, and AtPIP5K2. Deletion of N-terminal domains including the Lin domain did not impair catalytic activity of recombinant AtPIP5K5, NtPIP5K6-1, or AtPIP5K2 in vitro; however, the presence of the Lin domain was necessary for in vivo effects on pollen tube growth upon overexpression of truncated enzymes. Overexpression of catalytically inactive variants of AtPIP5K5, NtPIP5K6-1, or AtPIP5K2 did not influence pollen tube growth, indicating that PtdIns(4,5)P(2) production rather than structural properties of PI4P 5-kinases was relevant for the manifestation of growth phenotypes. When Lin domains were swapped between NtPIP5K6-1 and AtPIP5K2 and the chimeric enzymes overexpressed in pollen tubes, the chimeras reciprocally gained the capabilities to invoke tip swelling or secretion phenotypes, respectively. The data indicate that the Lin domain directed the enzymes into different regulatory contexts, possibly contributing to channeling of PtdIns(4,5)P(2) at the interface of secretion and actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Stenzel
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Till Ischebeck
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Marcel Quint
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant BiochemistryHalle, Germany
| | - Ingo Heilmann
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Ingo Heilmann, Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle–Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle, Germany. e-mail:
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Ischebeck T, Vu LH, Jin X, Stenzel I, Löfke C, Heilmann I. Functional cooperativity of enzymes of phosphoinositide conversion according to synergistic effects on pectin secretion in tobacco pollen tubes. MOLECULAR PLANT 2010; 3:870-81. [PMID: 20603382 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssq031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis phosphoinositide kinases PI4Kβ1 and PIP5K5 have been implicated in the control of directional vesicle trafficking underlying polar tip growth in pollen tubes. PI4Kβ1 and PIP5K5 catalyze key consecutive steps of phosphoinositide conversion, and it appears obvious that phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate formed by PI4Kβ1 might act as a substrate for phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate formation by PIP5K5. However, this hypothesis has not been experimentally addressed and distinct localization patterns of PI4Kβ1, PIP5K5, and also PI-synthases (PIS) generating phosphatidylinositol suggest additional complexity. Here, the synergistic functionality of enzymes of phosphoinositide conversion was assessed. In tobacco and Arabidopsis pollen tubes, phosphoinositides influence the apical secretion of pectin, and increased pectin deposition results in characteristic morphological alterations. Catalytically active and dominant negative variants of PI4Kβ1 and PIP5K5 were systematically co-expressed in tobacco pollen tubes and the incidence of morphologies related to enhanced pectin secretion was evaluated. The data support a proposed functional interplay of PI4Kβ1 and PIP5K5 at the trans-Golgi network, mediating directional vesicle trafficking. Co-expression experiments additionally including PIS isoforms, PIS1 or PIS2, indicate that pectin secretion is synergistically mediated by PI4Kβ1 and PIP5K5 acting on PtdIns formed by PIS2 rather than PIS1. Possible ramifications for the preferential channeling of phosphoinositide intermediates between particular isoforms of PI pathway enzymes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Ischebeck
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Elevated phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate in glia triggers cell-autonomous membrane wrapping and myelination. J Neurosci 2010; 30:8953-64. [PMID: 20592216 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0219-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the developing nervous system, constitutive activation of the AKT/mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway in myelinating glial cells is associated with hypermyelination of the brain, but is reportedly insufficient to drive myelination by Schwann cells. We have hypothesized that it requires additional mechanisms downstream of NRG1/ErbB signaling to trigger myelination in the peripheral nervous system. Here, we demonstrate that elevated levels of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) have developmental effects on both oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells. By generating conditional mouse mutants, we found that Pten-deficient Schwann cells are enhanced in number and can sort and myelinate axons with calibers well below 1 microm. Unexpectedly, mutant glial cells also spirally enwrap C-fiber axons within Remak bundles and even collagen fibrils, which lack any membrane surface. Importantly, PIP3-dependent hypermyelination of central axons, which is observed when targeting Pten in oligodendrocytes, can also be induced after tamoxifen-mediated Cre recombination in adult mice. We conclude that it requires distinct PIP3 effector mechanisms to trigger axonal wrapping. That myelin synthesis is not restricted to early development but can occur later in life is relevant to developmental disorders and myelin disease.
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Li-Beisson Y, Shorrosh B, Beisson F, Andersson MX, Arondel V, Bates PD, Baud S, Bird D, DeBono A, Durrett TP, Franke RB, Graham IA, Katayama K, Kelly AA, Larson T, Markham JE, Miquel M, Molina I, Nishida I, Rowland O, Samuels L, Schmid KM, Wada H, Welti R, Xu C, Zallot R, Ohlrogge J. Acyl-lipid metabolism. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2010; 8:e0133. [PMID: 22303259 PMCID: PMC3244904 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Acyl lipids in Arabidopsis and all other plants have a myriad of diverse functions. These include providing the core diffusion barrier of the membranes that separates cells and subcellular organelles. This function alone involves more than 10 membrane lipid classes, including the phospholipids, galactolipids, and sphingolipids, and within each class the variations in acyl chain composition expand the number of structures to several hundred possible molecular species. Acyl lipids in the form of triacylglycerol account for 35% of the weight of Arabidopsis seeds and represent their major form of carbon and energy storage. A layer of cutin and cuticular waxes that restricts the loss of water and provides protection from invasions by pathogens and other stresses covers the entire aerial surface of Arabidopsis. Similar functions are provided by suberin and its associated waxes that are localized in roots, seed coats, and abscission zones and are produced in response to wounding. This chapter focuses on the metabolic pathways that are associated with the biosynthesis and degradation of the acyl lipids mentioned above. These pathways, enzymes, and genes are also presented in detail in an associated website (ARALIP: http://aralip.plantbiology.msu.edu/). Protocols and methods used for analysis of Arabidopsis lipids are provided. Finally, a detailed summary of the composition of Arabidopsis lipids is provided in three figures and 15 tables.
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Teo R, Lewis KJ, Forde JE, Ryves WJ, Reddy JV, Rogers BJ, Harwood AJ. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 is required for efficient Dictyostelium chemotaxis. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:2788-96. [PMID: 20534815 PMCID: PMC2912363 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-10-0891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a new role for glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) in the regulation of aggregation and chemotaxis in Dictyostelium. GSK regulates two chemotactic pathways, PIP3 and TORC2; hence, a loss of function of GSK leads to poor chemotaxis, an observation not previously seen when only one chemotactic pathway was targeted. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) is a highly conserved protein kinase that is involved in several important cell signaling pathways and is associated with a range of medical conditions. Previous studies indicated a major role of the Dictyostelium homologue of GSK3 (gskA) in cell fate determination during morphogenesis of the fruiting body; however, transcriptomic and proteomic studies have suggested that GSK3 regulates gene expression much earlier during Dictyostelium development. To investigate a potential earlier role of GskA, we examined the effects of loss of gskA on cell aggregation. We find that cells lacking gskA exhibit poor chemotaxis toward cAMP and folate. Mutants fail to activate two important regulatory signaling pathways, mediated by phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) and target of rapamycin complex 2 (TORC2), which in combination are required for chemotaxis and cAMP signaling. These results indicate that GskA is required during early stages of Dictyostelium development, in which it is necessary for both chemotaxis and cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Teo
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CF10 3AX Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
As an important metabolic pathway, phosphatidylinositol metabolism generates both constitutive and signalling molecules that are crucial for plant growth and development. Recent studies using genetic and molecular approaches reveal the important roles of phospholipid molecules and signalling in multiple processes of higher plants, including root growth, pollen and vascular development, hormone effects and cell responses to environmental stimuli plants. The present review summarizes the current progress in our understanding of the functional mechanism of phospholipid signalling, with an emphasis on the regulation of Ins(1,4,5)P3-Ca2+ oscillation, the second messenger molecule phosphatidic acid and the cytoskeleton.
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Heilmann I. Using genetic tools to understand plant phosphoinositide signalling. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2009; 14:171-9. [PMID: 19217341 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2008] [Revised: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositides (PIs) are regulatory lipids that control various physiological processes in eukaryotic organisms. As in other eukaryotes, the plant PI system is a central regulator of metabolism. The analysis of mutant plants that lack certain PI species has revealed their physiological relevance; however, knowledge of the factors controlling the distribution of PIs and the effects on their target proteins is still limited. To understand PI functions better, genetic approaches should be combined with biochemical analyses and cell biology, as has been done in several recent publications. Here, I highlight plant-specific physiological processes that are controlled by PIs and suggest future avenues of research. A detailed understanding of the functions and effects of PIs might offer new opportunities for modulating plant growth and hardiness against environmental influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Heilmann
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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Ischebeck T, Stenzel I, Heilmann I. Type B phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinases mediate Arabidopsis and Nicotiana tabacum pollen tube growth by regulating apical pectin secretion. THE PLANT CELL 2008; 20:3312-30. [PMID: 19060112 PMCID: PMC2630452 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.108.059568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Revised: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P(2)] occurs in the apical plasma membrane of growing pollen tubes. Because enzymes responsible for PtdIns(4,5)P(2) production at that location are uncharacterized, functions of PtdIns(4,5)P(2) in pollen tube tip growth are unresolved. Two candidate genes encoding pollen-expressed Arabidopsis thaliana phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinases (PI4P 5-kinases) of Arabidopsis subfamily B were identified (PIP5K4 and PIP5K5), and their recombinant proteins were characterized as being PI4P 5-kinases. Pollen of T-DNA insertion lines deficient in both PIP5K4 and PIP5K5 exhibited reduced pollen germination and defects in pollen tube elongation. Fluorescence-tagged PIP5K4 and PIP5K5 localized to an apical plasma membrane microdomain in Arabidopsis and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) pollen tubes, and overexpression of either PIP5K4 or PIP5K5 triggered multiple tip branching events. Further studies using the tobacco system revealed that overexpression caused massive apical pectin deposition accompanied by plasma membrane invaginations. By contrast, callose deposition and cytoskeletal structures were unaltered in the overexpressors. Morphological effects depended on PtdIns(4,5)P(2) production, as an inactive enzyme variant did not produce any effects. The data indicate that excessive PtdIns(4,5)P(2) production by type B PI4P 5-kinases disturbs the balance of membrane trafficking and apical pectin deposition. Polar tip growth of pollen tubes may thus be modulated by PtdIns(4,5)P(2) via regulatory effects on membrane trafficking and/or apical pectin deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Ischebeck
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Salt-stress-induced association of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate with clathrin-coated vesicles in plants. Biochem J 2008; 415:387-99. [PMID: 18721128 DOI: 10.1042/bj20081306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plants exposed to hyperosmotic stress undergo changes in membrane dynamics and lipid composition to maintain cellular integrity and avoid membrane leakage. Various plant species respond to hyperosmotic stress with transient increases in PtdIns(4,5)P(2); however, the physiological role of such increases is unresolved. The plasma membrane represents the outermost barrier between the symplast of plant cells and its apoplastic surroundings. In the present study, the spatio-temporal dynamics of stress-induced changes in phosphoinositides were analysed in subcellular fractions of Arabidopsis leaves to delineate possible physiological roles. Unlabelled lipids were separated by TLC and quantified by gas-chromatographic detection of associated fatty acids. Transient PtdIns(4,5)P(2) increases upon exposure to hyperosmotic stress were detected first in enriched plasmamembrane fractions, however, at later time points, PtdIns(4,5)P(2) was increased in the endomembrane fractions of the corresponding two-phase systems. When major endomembranes were enriched from rosette leaves prior to hyperosmotic stress and during stimulation for 60 min, no stress-induced increases in the levels of PtdIns(4,5)P(2) were found in fractions enriched for endoplasmic reticulum, nuclei or plastidial membranes. Instead, increased PtdIns(4,5)P(2) was found in CCVs (clathrin-coated vesicles), which proliferated several-fold in mass within 60 min of hyperosmotic stress, according to the abundance of CCV-associated proteins and lipids. Monitoring the subcellular distribution of fluorescence-tagged reporters for clathrin and PtdIns(4,5)P(2) during transient co-expression in onion epidermal cells indicates rapid stress-induced co-localization of clathrin with PtdIns(4,5)P(2) at the plasma membrane. The results indicate that PtdIns(4,5)P(2) may act in stress-induced formation of CCVs in plant cells, highlighting the evolutionary conservation of the phosphoinositide system between organismic kingdoms.
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Heilmann I. Tails wagging the dogs: On phosphoinositides and their fatty acyl moieties. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2008; 3:768-71. [PMID: 19513228 PMCID: PMC2634371 DOI: 10.4161/psb.3.10.6620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositides (PIs) control various cellular functions of eukaryotic cells. PIs are derived from phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) by phosphorylation of the inositol-ring in the lipid-head group; the action of specific lipid kinases gives rise to a family of structurally-related PIs, in plants representing PtdIns-mono-, and -bisphosphates. Specific PIs, such as phosphatidylinositol4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P(2)), can influence more than one physiological process, raising the question as to how interactions with alternative protein partners are coordinated. Previous studies have proposed that PIs are organized by spatiotemporal compartmentation into distinct functional pools, however, mechanisms for the generation and maintenance of such pools have not been presented. Several recent studies now indicate that not only the distinctive inositolpolyphosphate head groups may be relevant for PI function but also the associated fatty acyl-moieties, which may be involved in sorting of PI precursors into distinct pools. This mini-review aims at highlighting recent evidence that PI acylgroups exert relevant effects on signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Heilmann
- Department of Plant Biochemistry; Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences; Georg-August-University Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
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