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Caballero-Dominguez CC, Campo-Arias A, Jiménez-Villamizar MP. Relationship Between Sexual Abuse and Substance Use Among Students from Caribbean Colombian. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2024; 33:229-242. [PMID: 38351595 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2024.2314756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/16/2024]
Abstract
Sexual abuse is a public health problem due to its negative impact on physical and mental health. This study aimed to determine the association between sexual abuse and the use of psychoactive substances among high-school adolescents in Colombia. A cross-sectional analytical study was designed in which tenth and eleventh-grade students were included. Overall, a history of sexual abuse was explored with the Trauma Symptom Checklist, and lifetime substance use was assessed with the United States Centers for Disease Control Youth Risk Behavior Questionnaire. The prevalence of sexual abuse was 17.4%, lifetime alcohol use was 77.4%, cigarette 22.4%, cannabis 11.6%, cocaine 2.7%, and other substances 5.1%. History of sexual abuse was associated with alcohol use (OR = 1.59, 95% CI 1.10-2.30), cigarette (OR = 2.08, 95% CI 1.51-2.85), cannabis (OR = 2.43, 95% CI 1.66-3.56), cocaine (OR = 2.51, 95% CI 1.25-5.04) and use of other substances (OR = 2.33, 95% CI 1.31-4.13). The history of sexual abuse is related to the use of substances in high school adolescents in the Caribbean Region of Colombia. More studies are needed to identify the impact of sexual abuse on short-term and lifelong mental health.
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Hahn CK, Shapiro M, Rheingold AA, Gilmore AK, Barber S, Greenway E, Moreland A. Perceived Barriers and Facilitators to Treatment for Alcohol Misuse Among Survivors and Victim Service Professionals Following Sexual Assault and Intimate Partner Violence. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2023; 38:645-663. [PMID: 37385667 DOI: 10.1891/vv-2022-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Survivors of sexual assault (SA) and intimate partner violence (IPV) report high rates of alcohol misuse and often receive services from community agencies. We conducted a qualitative study to examine barriers and facilitators to treatment for alcohol misuse after experiences of SA/IPV among survivors (N = 13) and victim service professionals (VSPs; N = 22) at community-based agencies using semi-structured interviews and focus groups. Survivors discussed seeking treatment for alcohol misuse when alcohol is being used to cope with SA/IPV-related distress and when alcohol use becomes problematic. Survivors identified that stigma and acknowledgment of alcohol misuse are individual-level barriers and facilitators to treatment. System-level factors were also described including having access to treatment and sensitive providers. VSPs also discussed individual (e.g., stigma) and system (e.g., availability and quality of services) level barriers and facilitators to treatment for alcohol misuse. Results indicated several unique barriers and facilitators to treatment for alcohol misuse following SA/IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine K Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Mary Shapiro
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- South Central Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Alyssa A Rheingold
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Amanda K Gilmore
- Department of Health Policy and Behavioral Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sara Barber
- SC Coalition Against Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Emily Greenway
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Angela Moreland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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3
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Walker HE, Wamser-Nanney R. Revictimization Risk Factors Following Childhood Maltreatment: A Literature Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:2319-2332. [PMID: 35476548 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221093692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Revictimization research, to date, has primarily focused on sexual revictimization (i.e., child sexual abuse and adult sexual assault), which has resulted in a lack of understanding of trauma revictimization more generally. Specifically, it is unclear what factors are placing individuals with a history of child maltreatment (i.e., sexual abuse, physical abuse, and witnessing intimate partner violence [IPV]) at greater risk for subsequent adult victimization (i.e., sexual assault and IPV). Existing theoretical and empirical work on revictimization suggest that multiple risk factors are likely present within this framework (e.g., posttraumatic stress symptoms [PTSS], emotion dysregulation, and risk-taking behaviors). Prior research has suggested that PTSS are often linked with these other risk factors, and it is possible that the development of PTSS following child maltreatment may be related to the development or maintenance of additional factors that increase the likelihood of revictimization. The purpose of this review was to synthesize findings regarding risk factors that place maltreated individuals at greater risk for adult revictimization. Approximately 228 studies were identified following a thorough search of the peer-reviewed literature using multiple databases (PsycINFO, PILOTS, and Google Scholar). Each study was critically analyzed for relevance. The included studies were used in our review of prevalence, specific risk factors that have been identified, and unanswered questions in this literature. PTSS were noted to be particularly important in the revictimization framework, and thus, a novel model of revictimization was also proposed where PTSS are illustrated as being associated with the development and maintenance of other factors within the revictimization framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Walker
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri- St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rachel Wamser-Nanney
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri- St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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4
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Mellen EJ, Hatzenbuehler ML. Sexual Violence-Related Stigma, Mental Health, and Treatment-Seeking: A Multimodal Assessment in a Population-Based Study of Young Adults. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:11243-11271. [PMID: 37491905 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231179715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Sexual violence (SV) is a stigmatized form of trauma, yet the stigma experiences of those reporting SV are often assumed rather than explicitly measured. We adapted a measure that quantified three key features of SV stigma across three levels: negative self-image (individual), disclosure concerns (interpersonal), and concerns about public attitudes (structural). We administered this measure to a population-based sample of Swedish young adults (N = 453) who reported a history of either sexual assault (SA) or intimate partner sexual violence (IPSV). Among both groups, 89% endorsed at least one item on the stigma scale. Experiences of SV-related stigma were associated with significantly higher symptoms of generalized anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder, with greater perceived need for mental health treatment, and with more shame (measured implicitly via a reaction-time task). Experiences of stigma were negatively associated with symptoms of alcohol misuse. Results suggest that exposure to SV stigma may be a critical, but often overlooked, correlate of post-assault recovery.
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5
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Karabulut S, Genç H. A Comparative Study of Women With Substance Use Disorder With and Without Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: Complex Interaction Between Childhood Trauma, Empathy, Personality Traits, and Substance Use Severity. ALPHA PSYCHIATRY 2023; 24:226-233. [PMID: 38105777 PMCID: PMC10724786 DOI: 10.5152/alphapsychiatry.2023.231195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Objective Substance use disorders (SUDs) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) significantly coexist; thus, identifying potential related factors of both illnesses is important for advancing the prevention strategies. The goals of this study were to compare women with SUD with and without PTSD in terms of potentially related variables and to investigate if those factors are associated with SUD severity. Methods Ninety-five participants (women) with SUD who had been admitted to the outpatient treatment clinic in Turkey were assessed with borderline personality questionnaire, childhood trauma questionnaire, addiction profile index, Levenson self-report psychopathy questionnaire, and basic empathy scale. Results Participants with PTSD had significantly higher severity of addiction, childhood trauma, borderline personality traits, secondary psychopathy scores, and affective empathy scores than participants without PTSD (P = .013, P = .012, P = .008, P = .031, P = .040). Conclusion Our study suggested that comorbid PTSD and SUD resulted in more complicated presentation. It seems to be crucial for practitioners to screen PTSD symptoms in women with severe SUD and complicated clinical presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sercan Karabulut
- Centre of Alcohol and Substance Addiction Treatment, Atatürk State Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Hatice Genç
- Centre of Alcohol and Substance Addiction Treatment, Atatürk State Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
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Walsh K, Gilmore AK, Jaffe AE, Frazier P, Ledray L, Acierno R, Ruggiero KJ, Kilpatrick DG, Resnick HS. A preliminary examination of sexual and physical victimization 6 months after recent rape. Arch Womens Ment Health 2023; 26:495-501. [PMID: 37286883 PMCID: PMC10913087 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-023-01335-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
One in four US women will experience a completed or attempted rape in their lifetime, and more than 50% of survivors will experience two or more rapes. Rape and physical violence also co-occur. Multiple experiences of sexual and physical violence are associated with elevated mental and physical health problems. This secondary analysis examined the prevalence and correlates of experiencing sexual or physical violence within 6 months of a sexual assault medical forensic exam (SAMFE). Between May 2009 and December 2013, 233 female rape survivors aged 15 and older were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial during a SAMFE in the emergency department (ED). Demographics, rape characteristics, distress at the ED, and pre-rape history of sexual or physical victimization were assessed. New sexual and physical victimization was assessed 6 months after the SAMFE via telephone interview. Six months after the exam, 21.7% reported a new sexual or physical victimization. Predictors of revictimization during follow-up included sexual or physical victimization prior to the index rape, making less than $10,000 annually, remembering the rape well, life threat during the rape, and higher distress at the ED. In adjusted models, only pre-rape victimization and making less than $10,000 annually were associated with revictimization. Factors assessed at the ED can inform subsequent victimization risk. More research is needed to prevent revictimization among recent rape victims. Policies to provide financial support to recent rape victims and/or targeted prevention for those with pre-rape victimization at the SAMFE could reduce revictimization risk. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT01430624.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Walsh
- Departments of Psychology and Gender & Women's Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Amanda K Gilmore
- Department of Health Policy & Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- National Center for Sexual Violence Prevention, Mark Chaffin Center for Healthy Development, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anna E Jaffe
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Patricia Frazier
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Linda Ledray
- SANE SART Resource Service, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ron Acierno
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kenneth J Ruggiero
- College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Dean G Kilpatrick
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Heidi S Resnick
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Channell I, Thomas ED, Forkus SR, Salvatore G, Vieira M, Weiss NH. Religiosity and hazardous substance use: The moderating role of trauma-related shame. Am J Addict 2023; 32:274-282. [PMID: 36571570 PMCID: PMC10121753 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Hazardous substance use is a major public health concern among individuals with a history of sexual victimization. Although increased religiosity has been known to serve as a protective factor against hazardous substance use, religious individuals with a history of sexual victimization may be at a greater risk for hazardous substance use due to difficulties reconciling sexual victimization with their religious beliefs. Individuals with greater trauma-related shame may engage in hazardous substance use as a means of coping with the traumatic event. METHOD The present study consisted of 614 participants (Mage = 34.57, 50% women). RESULTS Results suggested that organizational, nonorganizational, and intrinsic religiosity were positively associated with hazardous alcohol use at higher, but not lower, levels of trauma-related shame. Organizational and intrinsic religiosity were positively associated with hazardous drug use at higher, but not lower, levels of trauma-related shame. CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE This is the first study to examine the role of trauma-related shame in the relationship between religiosity and hazardous substance use. The findings underline the importance of targeting trauma-related shame in religious individuals with a history of sexual victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Channell
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Rhode Island, Kingston, USA
| | - Emmanuel D Thomas
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Rhode Island, Kingston, USA
| | - Shannon R Forkus
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Rhode Island, Kingston, USA
| | - Gianna Salvatore
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Rhode Island, Kingston, USA
| | - Monica Vieira
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Rhode Island, Kingston, USA
| | - Nicole H Weiss
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Rhode Island, Kingston, USA
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Yucel E, Angelone DJ, Jones MC. Reassessing the Confluence Model of Men's Risk for Sexual Aggression. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:6062-6084. [PMID: 36218144 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221127376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Reassessing the confluence model of men's risk for sexual aggression-the confluence model of sexual aggression has been widely used to study men's risk for perpetrating sexual violence. Over time, researchers have attempted to expand this model to improve its predictive utility. Unfortunately, this work has continued to produce similar results with only slight improvements in prediction at best. One explanation for the inability to enhance the model could be due to changes in the dating landscape and shifts in beliefs about gender roles. Therefore, the current study aims to reassess the confluence model using a more contemporary construct, hostile sexism, in an effort to improve the predictive utility of the confluence model of sexual aggression. Participants were 258 college men recruited from a medium-sized public university in the northeastern United States, using an online participant pool of students who volunteered to participate as part of a requirement for a psychology course. Structural equation modeling using mean- and variance-adjusted weighted least squares estimation indicated that the confluence of hostile sexism and impersonal sex appears to be a better predictor of sexual aggression in comparison to the confluence of hostile masculinity and impersonal sex. The results suggest that replacing hostile masculinity with hostile sexism may produce a model that is better able to predict men's risk for perpetrating sexual aggression. These results can provide insight for future iterations of the confluence model, which may include hostile sexism as a core construct. Attitudes that stem from hostile sexism may be a beneficial target for future interventions designed to decrease the frequency of perpetration.
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9
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Crivatu IM, Horvath MAH, Massey K. The Impacts of Working With Victims of Sexual Violence: A Rapid Evidence Assessment. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:56-71. [PMID: 34000946 PMCID: PMC9660261 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211016024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
AIM Supporting clients who have experienced trauma can lead to trauma symptoms in those working with them; workers in the sexual violence field are at heightened risks of these. This article collated and critically appraised papers, published from 2017 onward, in the area of people assisting victims of sexual violence. It explores the impacts and effects the work has on them, their coping and self-care mechanisms, and organizational support offered to them. DESIGN A question-based rapid evidence assessment with a triangulated weight of evidence approach was used. Academic and nonacademic databases were searched. Twenty-five papers were included for analysis based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria. RESULTS Most studies were of medium to high methodological quality. Negative impacts included trauma symptoms, disrupted social relationships, behavioral changes, and emotional and psychological distress. Ability to manage negative impacts was influenced by overall organizational support, availability of training, supervision and guidance, workloads and caseload characteristics, individual characteristics, and their coping and self-care mechanisms. Positive impacts included empowering feelings, improved relationships, compassion satisfaction, and posttraumatic growth. CONCLUSIONS Impacts are significant. Support at work and in personal life increases staff's ability to cope and find meaning in their role. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristina Massey
- School of Law, Criminal Justice and Policing, Canterbury Christ Church
University, United Kingdom
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10
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Butterworth B, Hand CJ, Lorimer K, Gawrylowicz J. The impact of post-encoding alcohol consumption on episodic memory recall and remember-know responses in heavy drinkers. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1007477. [PMID: 36960000 PMCID: PMC10027770 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1007477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction People often consume alcohol following trauma, particularly in response to distressing memories. To date, little is known about how post-encoding alcohol consumption influences episodic memory recall for negative events. Understanding these effects may help to improve support for trauma victims - for example, witnesses and victims of crimes. Methods We tested 60 participants who self-described as heavy drinkers. After watching an analog trauma film, half were allocated to consuming a moderate dose of alcohol (Alcohol-Exposed group), while half received a placebo drink (Placebo-Control group). Immediately and after a one-week delay, participants recalled the event via free and cued recall tasks. Participants also gave remember-know responses and confidence ratings, elucidating alcohol's effect on experiential memory. Results Free recall performance was similar for the Alcohol-Exposed group and the Placebo-Control group during Sessions 1 and 2. The Alcohol-Exposed group benefitted more from the delayed repeated retrieval attempt. For the cued recall task, the Alcohol-Exposed group provided more "Do not Know" responses compared to the Placebo-Control group in both sessions. For the Alcohol-Exposed group only "Correct Know" responses increased from Session 1 to 2. Although memory performance improved across sessions, confidence levels decreased from Session 1 to 2 in the Alcohol-Exposed group. Discussion Post-encoding alcohol consumption appears to impact immediate episodic memory retrieval; however, this effect is only temporary in nature. No evidence was found that alcohol primarily reduces remembering responses. Much like previous findings focusing on pre-encoding alcohol consumption (Hagsand et al., 2017), current findings suggest that providing individuals who drank alcohol after witnessing an incident with a delayed repeated retrieval attempt can lead to more complete and accurate testimonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Butterworth
- Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Benjamin Butterworth, ; Julie Gawrylowicz,
| | | | - Karen Lorimer
- Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Gawrylowicz
- Abertay University, Dundee, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Benjamin Butterworth, ; Julie Gawrylowicz,
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Kilpatrick DG, Hahn CK. Understanding and Addressing Alcohol and Sexual Violence: We Have Made Progress but Still Have Miles to Go. NEBRASKA SYMPOSIUM ON MOTIVATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-24426-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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12
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Mahlangu P, Machisa M, Sikweyiya Y, Nunze N, Dartnall E, Pillay M, Jewkes R. Preliminary evidence of promise of a sexual violence risk reduction intervention for female students in South African tertiary education institutions. Glob Public Health 2022; 17:2720-2736. [PMID: 34775925 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2021.1998574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Campus sexual violence risk reduction and resistance interventions have been developed and tested among female students in the global North and proven effective. Evidence-based interventions to prevent sexual violence tested amongst female students in the global South and in South African campuses are lacking. We present preliminary evidence of promise of Ntombi Vimbela! (NV!), a sexual violence prevention intervention piloted amongst first year female students in eight purposively selected campuses in South Africa. Focus group discussions were conducted with 118 female students who participated in NV! workshops. Most students found the content of NV! relevant and reported having experienced its positive effects. They perceived that NV! empowered them with skills to assess and deal with sexual assault risky situations. NV! changed their attitudes and beliefs about gender, shifted their acceptance of rape myths and beliefs, improved communication skills, enhanced self-esteem, and confidence to defend oneself in risky sexual assault situations. Few participants were unsure whether they will be able to use the skill in real life. These findings indicate a range of short-term positive outcomes which we anticipate would reduce the risk of sexual assault among first year female students. This suggests that NV! should be subject to further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinky Mahlangu
- Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa.,School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mercilene Machisa
- Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa.,School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Yandisa Sikweyiya
- Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa.,School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ncediswa Nunze
- Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | | | - Managa Pillay
- Department of Basic Education, Care Support Services, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Rachel Jewkes
- Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa.,School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Magalhães E, Ferreira C, Antunes C, Jongenelen I, Castro E. Stressful Events During Last Year, Violence and Anxiety and Depression: A Moderated Mediation Model by Sex. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2022; 37:610-624. [PMID: 36192121 DOI: 10.1891/vv-2021-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The literature suggests that being subject to a stressful life and victimization may negatively affect mental health, and that women and men seem to differ in these variables. Nevertheless, neither the mediating role of victimization experiences in the relationship between stress and mental health, nor the moderated role of sex have been explored. A sample of 826 adults, aged from 18 to 77 years old, completed a set of self-reported questionnaires (69.4% women). Results revealed significant mediation effects of psychological violence on the relationship between stress, depression and anxiety. Participants who reported more stressful life events in the previous year, also reported higher psychological abuse, which in turn predicted higher depression and anxiety. Furthermore, the moderating effects of sex were found to be statistically significant. Results suggest that interventions should be tailored to individual needs in order to prevent secondary victimization derived from biased beliefs related to stress, violence and gender in professional practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Magalhães
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Cis-IUL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Emma Castro
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Cis-IUL, Lisboa, Portugal
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Patterson MS, Prochnow T, Russell AM, Barry AE, Fehr SK. Associations Between Sexual Assault Victimization and Risky Drinking Within College Women's Personal Networks. Violence Against Women 2022; 28:2603-2623. [PMID: 35754385 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221077128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Within a sample of college women, this study assessed if an individual's (i.e., ego) history of sexual assault was related to her connecting with risky drinkers, and if her social contacts (i.e., alters) who had experienced sexual assault were also people who engaged in risky drinking. Results suggest ego's history of sexual assault was associated with her connecting to risky drinkers. Generally, egos reported alters who experienced sexual assault were more likely to drink in higher quantities, except when the ego and alter both had experienced sexual assault. Findings highlight the importance of social connections for survivors of sexual assault.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adam E Barry
- 2655Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sara K Fehr
- 2655Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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15
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Korkmaz B, Soygut G. The psychotherapeutic change process in women who have been sexually assaulted: An examination of the schema therapy model. COUNSELLING & PSYCHOTHERAPY RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/capr.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Korkmaz
- Department of Psychology Faculty of Arts & Science Bursa Uludag University Nilufer/Bursa Turkey
| | - Gonca Soygut
- Department of Psychology Hacettepe University Beytepe, Ankara Turkey
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16
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Florez IA, Mekawi Y, Hunnicutt-Ferguson K, Visser K, Clunie A, Dunn SE, Kaslow NJ. Childhood abuse, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and alcohol misuse among African-American women. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2022; 21:174-196. [PMID: 32065558 PMCID: PMC8493960 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2020.1725707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The study explored associations among childhood abuse, post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), and alcohol misuse in a sample of low-income African-American women (N = 172). Using bootstrapping techniques, a mediation effect was found of childhood physical and emotional abuse on alcohol misuse via PTSS symptom severity, avoidance, and hyperarousal, as well as for childhood sexual abuse on alcohol misuse via PTSS symptom severity and hyperarousal. Our results suggest that PTSS indicators, particularly symptom severity and hyperarousal, may be important mechanisms underlying the association of experiences of abuse during childhood and alcohol misuse in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne Andrea Florez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yara Mekawi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kallio Hunnicutt-Ferguson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Amber Clunie
- Department of Psychology, Spelman College, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sarah E. Dunn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nadine J. Kaslow
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA,Correspondence should be addressed to: Nadine J. Kaslow, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Grady Health System, 80 Jesse Hill Jr. Drive NE, Atlanta, GA, USA, 30303;
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Hahn CK, Jarnecke AM, Calhoun C, Melkonian A, Flanagan JC, Back SE. Sexual Harassment and Assault During Deployment: Associations with Treatment Outcomes Among Veterans with Co-occurring PTSD and SUD. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 34:12-22. [PMID: 35340543 PMCID: PMC8942369 DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2021.1964901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sexual trauma is common and increases risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), substance use disorders (SUD), and depression among veterans. Limited research has examined the impact of sexual harassment and assault during deployment on treatment outcomes among veterans with co-occurring PTSD and SUD. The current study examined frequency of exposure to sexual harassment and assault during deployment as a predictor of treatment outcomes among a primarily male sample of U.S military veterans diagnosed with current PTSD and SUD. A secondary analysis was performed using data from a randomized clinical trial examining the efficacy of Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders using Prolonged Exposure (COPE) compared to Relapse Prevention (RP). Data from 69 veterans (91.3% male) who were deployed while in the service were analyzed using mixed models to determine whether frequency of exposure to sexual harassment and assault during deployment impacted changes in PTSD symptom severity, percent days using substances, and depressive symptoms during treatment. Over one-third of the sample (36.2%) reported exposure to sexual harassment and/or assault during deployment. Frequency of exposure to sexual harassment and assault during deployment was not a predictor of treatment outcome in any of the models, suggesting a similar response to treatment among those with varying frequency of exposure to sexual harassment and assault during deployment. Veterans with co-occurring PTSD and SUD who have been exposed to sexual harassment and assault during deployment may benefit from integrated trauma-focused treatments and treatments focused on decreasing SUD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine K. Hahn
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Amber M. Jarnecke
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Casey Calhoun
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alex Melkonian
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Julianne C. Flanagan
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Sudie E. Back
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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18
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Paquette G, Martin-Storey A, Bergeron M, Dion J, Daigneault I, Hébert M, Ricci S, Castonguay-Khounsombath S. Trauma Symptoms Resulting From Sexual Violence Among Undergraduate Students: Differences Across Gender and Sexual Minority Status. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP9226-NP9251. [PMID: 31195873 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519853398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Experiencing sexual violence is an important risk factor for trauma symptoms, and these symptoms significantly impair psychosocial functioning. Sexual and gender minority university students are more likely than their heterosexual and cisgender peers to experience sexual violence (e.g., sexual harassment, unwanted sexual contact, or sexual coercion) while attending university, but research on the consequences of these experiences is needed to inform service provision to these vulnerable populations. Using a large-scale study of university-based sexual violence in Quebec, the current study examined how gender and sexual minority status were associated with the severity of trauma symptoms among students who experienced sexual violence (N = 1,196). Findings indicated that compared with their cisgender peers, gender minority students experienced significantly higher levels of trauma symptoms as a result of sexual violence, controlling for the severity of sexual violence behaviors experienced and other variables. Among cisgender women, but not cisgender men, sexual minority identity was also associated with higher levels of trauma symptoms, controlling for severity of sexual violence behaviors experienced and other variables. Furthermore, gender of perpetrator and amount of sexual violence moderated the associations between sexual identity and trauma symptoms among cisgender women. These findings not only suggest that gender minority and some sexual minority university students are more likely to experience sexual violence, but that they are also more likely to experience negative psychological sequelae as a consequence of these experiences. Ultimately, these findings may suggest the need for services that are more supportive of the specific needs of gender and sexual minority students with regard to sexual violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Paquette
- Groupe de recherche sur les inadaptations sociales de l'enfance de l'Université de Sherbrooke (Québec), Canada
- Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les problèmes conjugaux et les agressions sexuelles, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexa Martin-Storey
- Groupe de recherche sur les inadaptations sociales de l'enfance de l'Université de Sherbrooke (Québec), Canada
| | | | - Jacinthe Dion
- Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les problèmes conjugaux et les agressions sexuelles, Québec, Canada
- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Daigneault
- Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les problèmes conjugaux et les agressions sexuelles, Québec, Canada
- Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Martine Hébert
- Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les problèmes conjugaux et les agressions sexuelles, Québec, Canada
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Sonn Castonguay-Khounsombath
- Groupe de recherche sur les inadaptations sociales de l'enfance de l'Université de Sherbrooke (Québec), Canada
- Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les problèmes conjugaux et les agressions sexuelles, Québec, Canada
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19
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Caceres BA, Wardecker BM, Anderson J, Hughes TL. Revictimization Is Associated With Higher Cardiometabolic Risk in Sexual Minority Women. Womens Health Issues 2021; 31:341-352. [PMID: 33766475 PMCID: PMC8260453 DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although there is evidence that interpersonal trauma is associated with cardiometabolic risk in women, previous studies have not assessed the potential role of revictimization (victimization in both childhood and adulthood) among sexual minority women. METHODS We used data from the Chicago Health and Life Experiences of Women study to examine the associations of revictimization (including physical, sexual, and any revictimization) with self-reported psychosocial factors, health behaviors, and cardiometabolic risk factors (e.g., obesity, hypertension, and diabetes). We tested multiple logistic regression models, adjusted for covariates, to estimate odds ratios of the associations between revictimization and cardiometabolic risk. RESULTS The sample included 615 sexual minority women with a mean age of 40.0 years; 38.7% White. Eighty-three (13.5%) and 101 (16.4%) participants reported experiencing sexual revictimization and physical revictimization, respectively. Each form of revictimization was associated with higher odds of reporting lifetime depression and recent binge eating, but lower odds of having high social support. Physical revictimization was associated with higher odds of obesity (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 2.38; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.38-4.10) and hypertension (AOR, 3.31; 95% CI, 1.70-6.46). Similarly, participants who reported any revictimization were more likely to have obesity (AOR, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.42-3.92) and hypertension (AOR, 2.60; 95% CI, 1.31-5.26). No form of revictimization was associated with a higher odds of diabetes. CONCLUSIONS The higher odds of obesity and hypertension observed among sexual minority women who reported revictimization reinforce the need for early interventions to reduce cardiometabolic risk in this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy A Caceres
- Program for the Study of LGBT Health, Columbia University School of Nursing, New York, New York.
| | | | - Jocelyn Anderson
- Pennsylvania State College of Nursing, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Tonda L Hughes
- Program for the Study of LGBT Health, Columbia University School of Nursing, New York, New York
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20
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Hahn CK, Hahn AM, Simons RM, Caraway SJ. Women's Perceived Likelihood to Engage in Sexual Risk Taking: Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Poor Behavioral Regulation. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:5872-5883. [PMID: 30261814 PMCID: PMC6584541 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518802851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sexual abuse prior to age 18 may put some women at risk for engaging in sexual risk taking. This association could exist, in part, as a result of the impact of posttraumatic stress symptoms on behavioral regulation. The current study utilized a path analysis to investigate the association between severity of sexual abuse before age 18, posttraumatic stress symptoms, poor behavioral regulation, and expected engagement in sexual risk taking among college women. The sample consisted of 88 college women with experiences of sexual abuse prior to the age of 18. Severity of sexual abuse predicted posttraumatic stress symptoms. In addition, posttraumatic stress symptoms predicted poor behavioral regulation, which in turn predicted expected engagement in sexual risk taking. These findings indicate functional mechanisms involved in sexual decision making of women who have had past sexual abuse and experience posttraumatic stress symptoms.
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21
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Dardis CM, Ullman SE, Rodriguez LM, Waterman EA, Dworkin ER, Edwards KM. Bidirectional associations between alcohol use and intimate partner violence and sexual assault victimization among college women. Addict Behav 2021; 116:106833. [PMID: 33516041 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Whereas some prior studies have explored whether alcohol increases the risk for victimization and/or whether distress resulting from victimization increases the risk for alcohol use, few studies have simultaneously tested these bidirectional hypotheses among a high-risk sample (i.e., undergraduate women), while including both sexual assault (SA) and intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization, and exploring potential moderating effects of PTSD symptoms on these paths. Among 631 college women, the present study tested these bidirectional associations using cross-lagged panel models across two measurement periods (i.e., Time 1 [T1] and Time 2 [T2], six months later). Results suggested that T1 alcohol use increased risk for T2 SA (but not T2 IPV victimization), and PTSD symptoms moderated this association; at lower levels of PTSD symptoms, there were no significant associations between alcohol use and subsequent SA victimization, whereas at higher levels of PTSD symptoms, alcohol use predicted subsequent SA victimization. By contrast, the opposite directional hypothesis was not supported; neither T1 lifetime SA nor IPV were associated with T2 drinking, regardless of the level of their PTSD symptoms. Prevention and intervention efforts should simultaneously address risk factors for alcohol use and victimization using trauma-informed practices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah E Ullman
- Department of Criminology, Law and Justice, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60607-7140, USA.
| | - Lindsey M Rodriguez
- Psychology University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave., Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
| | - Emily A Waterman
- Faculty Member Developmental Psychology, Bennington College, 1 College Drive, Bennington, VT 05201, USA.
| | - Emily R Dworkin
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1100 NE 45th St. Ste. 300, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
| | - Katie M Edwards
- Nebraska Center for Research on Children, Youth, Families, and Schools University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA.
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22
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Walker HE, Wamser-Nanney R, Howell KH. Child Sexual Abuse and Adult Sexual Assault among Emerging Adults: Exploring the Roles of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms, Emotion Regulation, and Anger. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2021; 30:407-426. [PMID: 33622193 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2021.1890295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Child sexual abuse (CSA) has been previously linked with a risk for adult sexual assault (ASA) and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). Yet, the relations between CSA, ASA, and other psychological outcomes that may contribute to increased risk for ASA are less clear. This study aims to: 1) examine the links between CSA and ASA and potential risk factors (i.e., PTSS, emotion dysregulation, anger), 2) determine whether there are indirect effects between CSA and ASA through each factor, and 3) investigate whether there are indirect effects between CSA and ASA through the DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom clusters. The sample included 567 undergraduates (Mage = 20.84, SD = 4.10; 81.1% women; 56.6% white) from two universities. Both CSA and ASA were related to PTSS, emotion dysregulation, and anger. There were indirect effects of CSA on ASA through PTSS and anger (B = .04, B = .01, respectively). CSA was associated with each of the PTSD symptom clusters, but only marked alterations in arousal and reactivity were linked with ASA (B = .01). The clusters had no indirect effects on the relation between CSA and ASA. These findings revealed several factors that may be linked with increased risk for sexual victimization.
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23
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Fávero M, Moreira D, Abreu B, Del Campo A, Moreira DS, Sousa-Gomes V. Psychological intervention with adult victims of sexual abuse: A comprehensive review. Clin Psychol Psychother 2021; 29:62-80. [PMID: 33844370 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a phenomenon that is ubiquitous to all cultures and social classes. It has short- and long-term consequences, with specific treatment models that have been developed and adapted from psychological intervention models. A wide variety of studies have sought to evaluate the results of treatments with adult CSA survivors. This study presents an overview of research on the treatment of adult victims of CSA, by reviewing the existing literature on the types of treatment and the most studied psychotherapeutic avenues, and reports the findings related to the efficacy of these treatments. It is possible to conclude that psychological intervention exhibits benefits in the reduction of symptoms resulting from the experience of CSA and demonstrates the need to conduct further research on the effectiveness of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisalva Fávero
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Department, University Institute of Maia, Maia, Portugal.,Unit I&D of the Justice and Governance Research Center of the Law School, University of Minho (JusGov/UM), Braga, Portugal
| | - Diana Moreira
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Department, University Institute of Maia, Maia, Portugal.,Institute of Psychology and Neuropsychology of Porto - IPNP Health, Porto, Portugal.,Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Abreu
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Department, University Institute of Maia, Maia, Portugal
| | - Amaia Del Campo
- Department of Evolutionary and Educational Psychology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Diana Sá Moreira
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Department, University Institute of Maia, Maia, Portugal.,Institute of Psychology and Neuropsychology of Porto - IPNP Health, Porto, Portugal
| | - Valéria Sousa-Gomes
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Department, University Institute of Maia, Maia, Portugal.,Unit I&D of the Justice and Governance Research Center of the Law School, University of Minho (JusGov/UM), Braga, Portugal.,Institute of Psychology and Neuropsychology of Porto - IPNP Health, Porto, Portugal
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24
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Fletcher K. A Systematic Review of the Relationship between Child Sexual Abuse and Substance Use Issues. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2021; 30:258-277. [PMID: 33017264 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2020.1801937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Child sexual abuse (CSA) and substance use issues later in life have been well documented in the literature. This systematic review from 2009 to 2019 provides an update on what is known about the relationship between CSA and substance use. While the review confirms a clear relationship between CSA and substance use, it also highlights some potential gaps in our current practices, including an acknowledgment of the other risk factors associated with CSA and substance use issues, as well as the need to develop treatment that specifically screens for and addresses CSA in the context of substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Fletcher
- Faculty of Social Work, University of Regina, Saskatoon, Canada
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25
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Herres J, Wang SB, Bobchin K, Draper J. A Socioecological Model of Risk Associated With Campus Sexual Assault in a Representative Sample of Liberal Arts College Students. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP4208-NP4229. [PMID: 29991306 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518785376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Campus sexual assault (CSA) is a growing area of research and public health concern, yet little research has considered the sociocultural context in which CSA occurs or the effect of sociocultural factors on the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms of CSA survivors. This study describes the results of a web-based census survey administered to students at a liberal arts college. Of the 1,611 students who completed the survey (74% female; 71.4% White, 4.3% African American, 12% Hispanic), 13.5% reported experiencing at least one type of completed or attempted CSA. Female students, participants in Greek life, and students who reported victimization prior to college were more likely to report having experienced CSA. CSA was positively correlated with PTSD symptoms, and this relationship was stronger for racial/ethnic minorities, those who reported less sense of community, and those who were more aware of campus services to address CSA. This study demonstrates multiple levels of sociocultural influence on the mental health of college students who have experienced CSA and may suggest ways for improving prevention and intervention strategies to address CSA and its consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shirley B Wang
- The College of New Jersey, Ewing, USA
- Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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26
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Hébert M, Smith K, Caouette J, Cénat JM, Karray A, Cartierre N, Veuillet-Combier C, Mazoyer AV, Derivois D. Prevalence and associated mental health outcomes of child sexual abuse in youth in France: Observations from a convenience sample. J Affect Disord 2021; 282:820-828. [PMID: 33601723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Child sexual abuse (CSA) is an important public health problem associated with an array of negative consequences. Although prevalence rates are well established from North America, few studies have focused on the extent of CSA and associated outcomes in youth from France. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to: 1) estimate the prevalence of CSA, 2) assess the associations between CSA and health outcomes while exploring possible gender specificities and 3) document the contribution of revictimization on symptom complexity. METHOD The sample involved 2309 participants aged between 14 and 23 years old (M = 19.55). Measures assessing CSA, other forms of child maltreatment and mental health problems were administered. Sexual revictimization and a host of protective factors (resilience, coping strategies, parental support) were also assessed. RESULTS CSA was reported by 13.1% of girls and 4.2% of boys. Regression analyses revealed that CSA was associated with all mental health outcomes except alcohol and drug use (other than cannabis) after controlling for sociodemographics and other forms of child maltreatment. Sexual revictimization was associated with symptom complexity. Emotion-centered and avoidance coping predicted symptom complexity while resilience and paternal support acted as protective factors. LIMITATIONS The study relied on a cross-sectional design with a convenience sample, which limits the generalizability of results. The small number of boys reporting CSA precludes drawing firm conclusions as to the gender specificities in the outcomes associated with CSA. CONCLUSIONS Findings underscore the relevance of developing efficient prevention programs as CSA is linked to a host of negative outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Hébert
- Département de sexologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
| | - Kevin Smith
- Département de psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Justine Caouette
- Département de psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Jude Mary Cénat
- Département de psychologie, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Amira Karray
- Département de psychologie, Université Aix-Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Cartierre
- Institut de psychologie, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | | | | | - Daniel Derivois
- Institut de psychologie, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
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27
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Cénat JM, Smith K, Morse C, Derivois D. Sexual victimization, PTSD, depression, and social support among women survivors of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti: a moderated moderation model. Psychol Med 2020; 50:2587-2598. [PMID: 31583984 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719002757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2010, an important earthquake devastated Haiti and caused thousands of deaths. In a social context where women are particularly vulnerable, this cross-sectional study examined the associations between sexual assaults experienced by women before the earthquake, the earthquake exposure, the traumatic consequences, and their satisfaction of social support received. METHODS A total of 660 women aged 18 to 86 completed questionnaires assessing exposure to the earthquake, sexual assault victimization, peritraumatic distress, Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and social support. A moderated moderation model was computed to examine associations between exposure to the earthquake, sexual assault, social support, and traumatic consequences. RESULTS Results showed that 31.06% of women were victims of sexual assault before the earthquake. They presented higher prevalence of peritraumatic distress, PTSD, and depression symptoms, compared to non-victims. The moderated-moderation model showed that sexual assault and exposure to the earthquake were positively associated with traumatic consequences (respectively, B = 0.560, p < 0.001; B = 0.196, p < 0.001), while social support was negatively associated with them (B = -0.095, p < 0.05). Results showed a triple interaction: women victim of sexual assault who were satisfied with received social support are less likely to develop traumatic consequences after being exposed to the earthquake(B = -0.141, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS By demonstrating the role of sexual assault in the development of mental health problems after the Haitian earthquake, this study shows the importance for clinicians to investigate interpersonal trauma experienced before or following natural disasters among survivors. Results also indicate the key role of family and communities to help survivors build resilience and coping strategies with their social support.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Smith
- Department of psychology, UQAM, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Daniel Derivois
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Psy-DREPI (EA 7458), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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28
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Melkonian AJ, Ham LS, Wiersma-Mosley JD, Jackson KK, Mobley AM, Jozkowski KN, Willis M, Bridges AJ. Alcohol Intoxication Impairs the Bystander Intervention Process in a Hypothetical Sexual Assault: A Field Investigation. PSYCHOLOGY OF VIOLENCE 2020; 10:657-666. [PMID: 35494415 PMCID: PMC9053246 DOI: 10.1037/vio0000283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High rates of alcohol-related sexual assault among young adults represent a significant public health problem. Bystander intervention programs are a promising strategy to reduce sexual assault incidence. However, little is known about how bystander intoxication may modify bystander intervention effectiveness. We examined the role of bystander intoxication and intoxication levels of the hypothetical victim and perpetrator on outcomes associated with Latané and Darley's (1970) steps of bystander intervention, which include noticing a situation, assessment of risk and need for intervention, taking personal responsibility for intervening, and selecting an intervention. METHOD In a field setting, participants were recruited from a downtown area surrounded by several drinking establishments. After providing informed consent, 327 participants (45% women) ages 21 - 29 years listened to one of four sexual assault vignettes (varied by victim and perpetrator intoxication), responded to questionnaires assessing outcomes related to steps of bystander intervention, and completed a field breathalyzer test to measure intoxication level. RESULTS We found that increased participant intoxication was related to decreased accuracy of situation recall and assessment of risk and need for intervention, but not ratings of personal responsibility to intervene, chosen intervention strategy, or confidence to intervene. CONCLUSIONS Intoxication could influence how a bystander interprets a hypothetical nonconsensual sexual interaction at the level of accurate situation recall and risk assessment. If the early steps of information processing are impaired by intoxication, later steps of intervention enactment may not occur successfully. Bystander intervention programming may consider incorporating training to overcome the impairing effects of intoxication for identifying harmful situations and choosing to intervene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Melkonian
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center
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29
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McCauley HL, Jones KA, Rofey DL, Reid TA, Miller E, Coulter RWS. Sexual Assault, Alcohol Use, and Gender of Sexual Partners Among Cisgender Women Seeking Care at US College Health Centers, 2015-2018. Am J Public Health 2020; 110:850-856. [PMID: 32298176 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2020.305586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. To assess differences by gender of sexual partner in the association between sexual assault and alcohol use among women seeking care in college health centers.Methods. This longitudinal study comprised 1578 women aged 18 to 24 years visiting 28 college health centers in Pennsylvania and West Virginia from 2015 to 2018. We used multilevel logistic regression and negative binomial regression, testing for interactions of gender of sexual partners, sexual assault, and prevalence and frequency of alcohol use and binge drinking.Results. Sexual assault was reported by 87.3% of women who had sex with women or with women and men (WSWM), 68.2% of women who had sex with men only (WSM), and 47.5% of women with no penetrative sexual partners. The relative associations between sexual assault and alcohol outcomes were smaller for WSWM (prevalence: odds ratios from 0.04 to 0.06; frequency: incidence rate ratios [IRRs] from 0.24 to 0.43) and larger for women who had no penetrative sexual partners (IRRs from 1.55 to 2.63), compared with WSM.Conclusions. Alcohol use patterns among women who have experienced sexual assault differ by gender of sexual partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L McCauley
- Heather L. McCauley is with the School of Social Work and Taylor A. Reid is with the Department of Human Development and Family Studies at Michigan State University, East Lansing. Kelley A. Jones and Elizabeth Miller are with the Department of Pediatrics and Dana L. Rofey is with the Department of Psychiatry at University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA. Robert W. S. Coulter is with the Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Kelley A Jones
- Heather L. McCauley is with the School of Social Work and Taylor A. Reid is with the Department of Human Development and Family Studies at Michigan State University, East Lansing. Kelley A. Jones and Elizabeth Miller are with the Department of Pediatrics and Dana L. Rofey is with the Department of Psychiatry at University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA. Robert W. S. Coulter is with the Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Dana L Rofey
- Heather L. McCauley is with the School of Social Work and Taylor A. Reid is with the Department of Human Development and Family Studies at Michigan State University, East Lansing. Kelley A. Jones and Elizabeth Miller are with the Department of Pediatrics and Dana L. Rofey is with the Department of Psychiatry at University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA. Robert W. S. Coulter is with the Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Taylor A Reid
- Heather L. McCauley is with the School of Social Work and Taylor A. Reid is with the Department of Human Development and Family Studies at Michigan State University, East Lansing. Kelley A. Jones and Elizabeth Miller are with the Department of Pediatrics and Dana L. Rofey is with the Department of Psychiatry at University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA. Robert W. S. Coulter is with the Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Elizabeth Miller
- Heather L. McCauley is with the School of Social Work and Taylor A. Reid is with the Department of Human Development and Family Studies at Michigan State University, East Lansing. Kelley A. Jones and Elizabeth Miller are with the Department of Pediatrics and Dana L. Rofey is with the Department of Psychiatry at University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA. Robert W. S. Coulter is with the Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Robert W S Coulter
- Heather L. McCauley is with the School of Social Work and Taylor A. Reid is with the Department of Human Development and Family Studies at Michigan State University, East Lansing. Kelley A. Jones and Elizabeth Miller are with the Department of Pediatrics and Dana L. Rofey is with the Department of Psychiatry at University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA. Robert W. S. Coulter is with the Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh
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Stefanidou T, Hughes E, Kester K, Edmondson A, Majeed-Ariss R, Smith C, Ariss S, Brooker C, Gilchrist G, Kendal S, Lucock M, Maxted F, Perot C, Shallcross R, Trevillion K, Lloyd-Evans B. The identification and treatment of mental health and substance misuse problems in sexual assault services: A systematic review. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231260. [PMID: 32275695 PMCID: PMC7147790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specialist sexual assault services, which collect forensic evidence and offer holistic healthcare to people following sexual assault, have been established internationally. In England, these services are called sexual assault referral centres (SARCs). Mental health and substance misuse problems are common among SARC attendees, but little is known about how SARCs should address these needs. This review aims to seek and synthesise evidence regarding approaches to identification and support for mental health and substance misuse problems in SARCs and corresponding services internationally; empirical evidence regarding effective service models; and stakeholders' views and policy recommendations about optimal SARC practice. METHODS A systematic review was undertaken. PsycINFO, MEDLINE, IBSS and CINAHL were searched from 1975 to August 2018. A web-based search up to December 2018 was also conducted to identify government and expert guidelines on SARCs. Quality assessment and narrative synthesis were conducted. RESULTS We included 107 papers. We found that identification based on clinical judgement, supportive counselling and referral to other services without active follow-up were the most common approaches. Evaluations of interventions for post-rape psychopathology in attendees of sexual assault services provided mixed evidence of moderate quality. Very little evidence was found regarding interventions or support for substance misuse. Stakeholders emphasised the importance of accessibility, flexibility, continuity of care, in-house psychological support, staff trained in mental health as well as specialist support for LGBT groups and people with learning difficulties. Guidelines suggested that SARCs should assess for mental health and substance misuse and provide in-house emotional support, but the extent and nature of support were not clarified. Both stakeholders and guidelines recommended close partnership between sexual assault services and local counselling services. CONCLUSIONS This review suggests that there is big variation in the mental health and substance misuse provision both across and within different sexual assault service models. We found no robust evidence about how sexual assault services can achieve good mental health and substance misuse outcomes for service users. Clearer guidance for service planners and commissioners, informed by robust evidence about optimal service organisations and pathways, is required. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42018119706.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth Hughes
- School of Healthcare, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Kester
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Edmondson
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Rabiya Majeed-Ariss
- School of Healthcare, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Smith
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Ariss
- Centre for Assistive Technology and Connected Healthcare (CATCH) and School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Charlie Brooker
- Centre for Criminology and Sociology, Royal Holloway University of London, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Gail Gilchrist
- Section of Women’s Mental Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Kendal
- School of Healthcare, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Lucock
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Fay Maxted
- The Survivors Trust, Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom
| | - Concetta Perot
- Section of Women’s Mental Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Bristol Medical School: Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Rebekah Shallcross
- School of Healthcare, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Kylee Trevillion
- Section of Women’s Mental Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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Jaffe AE, Hahn CK, Gilmore AK. Acute Stress Symptoms After Forcible and Substance-Involved Rapes. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2020; 43:485-493. [PMID: 31889739 DOI: 10.1177/0361684319845099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the early aftermath of a sexual assault, survivors often experience symptoms of distress including reexperiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal symptoms. However, less is known about associations between rape characteristics and the nature of early reactions. We designed the current study to examine the unique and combined associations between force and substances during rape on acute stress symptoms. Participants were 56 women (ages 18 to 58) who completed a sexual assault medical forensic exam in the emergency department within 120 hours of the rape and then completed a follow-up clinical phone screening within 30 days of the forensic exam. Follow-up assessments included characteristics of the recent rape (force, substances), history of prior sexual assault, demographics, and symptoms of acute stress. Multivariate regression analyses revealed that, after controlling for prior sexual assault, sexual orientation, and race/ethnicity, there were no significant differences on any symptom cluster by rape type. However, this study involved a small, difficult-to-reach sample and, therefore, was only powered to detect large effect sizes. We encourage more research examining potentially unique, early symptom presentations for substance-involved rapes.
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Keshet H, Gilboa-Schechtman E. The Focality of Sexual Trauma and Its Effects on Women’s Symptoms and Self-Perceptions. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0361684319861100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sexual trauma is associated with particularly harmful consequences in comparison to other types of trauma. Studies investigating differences between trauma-types usually focus on the most distressing (i.e., main) trauma of each participant and do not consider the cumulative effects of multiple traumas, which many individuals experience. We sought to fill this gap by examining the effects of trauma-type (sexual vs. nonsexual), as well as the focality assigned to the sexual trauma (whether it was perceived as a main vs. background trauma), on symptoms and self-perceptions. Our sample comprised 231 Jewish-Israeli women: 96 with a single trauma-type and 135 with multiple (two to three) trauma-types. Women completed online measures of trauma history, symptoms, and self-perceptions. Women who were exposed to sexual trauma reported greater symptom severity and self-perception impairments than women with a history of nonsexual trauma-type(s). Among women with multiple trauma-types, those with a main sexual trauma reported greater symptom severity and self-perception impairments than women with a background sexual trauma. When controlling for levels of posttraumatic symptoms, differences in self-perceptions ceased to be significant. Our findings highlight the importance of collecting a detailed trauma history, with attention to trauma-centrality, and of addressing various symptoms and self-perceptions among sexual trauma survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadar Keshet
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eva Gilboa-Schechtman
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Tel Aviv, Israel
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33
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Martin CG, Kim HK, Freyd JJ. Overwhelmed by Emotion: Pathways from Revictimization to Mothers' Negative Emotional Responsivity. FAMILY PROCESS 2018; 57:947-959. [PMID: 29285758 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Maternal history of childhood abuse has consistently been linked to increased risk for poor emotional adjustment and parenting as an adult. The aim of this study was to examine a model that may explain the link between maternal history of childhood abuse and mothers' tendencies to respond negatively to their adolescent children's negative emotions. A community sample of 66 mothers with adolescent children participated. Path analysis supported associations between mothers with a history of high betrayal trauma revictimization (i.e., trauma perpetrated by someone close to the mother during childhood and again as a young adult) and increased difficulty regulating their emotions. In turn, mothers who struggled to regulate their own emotions were also more likely to respond negatively to their adolescent's negative emotions. Findings highlight effects of childhood trauma may be particularly problematic for mothers who are revictimized as young adults. These results provide the foundation for future research evaluating clinical interventions targeted at increasing maternal emotion regulation skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Gamache Martin
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR
- National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Hyoun K Kim
- Oregon Social Learning Center, Eugene, OR
- Department of Child and Family Studies, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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34
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Quidé Y, Andersson F, Dufour-Rainfray D, Descriaud C, Brizard B, Gissot V, Cléry H, Carrey Le Bas MP, Osterreicher S, Ogielska M, Saint-Martin P, El-Hage W. Smaller hippocampal volume following sexual assault in women is associated with post-traumatic stress disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2018; 138:312-324. [PMID: 29952088 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exposure to sexual assault is a significant risk factor to develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in females. The early neurobiological changes leading to the development of PTSD remain understudied and unclear in this population. METHODS Participants were 27 adult females recruited within a month following exposure to sexual assault (T1) and 20 age-matched non-exposed controls. Among the victims, 10 participants met (PTSD+) and 15 did not meet (PTSD-) DSM-IV criteria for PTSD 6 months post-trauma (T2). At both visits, hippocampal and amygdala volumes were extracted from magnetic resonance imaging scans, and indices of total diurnal cortisol changes were derived from individual areas under the curve relative to the ground (AUCg). Measures at T1 were compared between groups at T1, measures at T2 between groups at T2, and measures at T1 between groups at T2. RESULTS At T1, victims had significantly smaller bilateral hippocampal volumes, but not AUCg, than controls. At T2, neither hippocampal volume nor AUCg significantly differed among the groups. However, the PTSD+ group had significantly smaller hippocampal volumes at T1 than the control group, but not compared to the PTSD- group. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that having smaller hippocampal volumes is a risk factor to develop PTSD in females exposed to sexual assault.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Quidé
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Randwick, NSW, Randwick, NSW, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - F Andersson
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
| | - D Dufour-Rainfray
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France.,CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - C Descriaud
- Centre for Victims of Sexual Assault, CHRO, Orléans, France
| | - B Brizard
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
| | - V Gissot
- CIC 1415, Inserm, Clinical Investigation Centre, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - H Cléry
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
| | - M-P Carrey Le Bas
- Departmental Association for Assistance to Victims of Criminal Offenses, ADAVIP 37, France Victims 37, Tours, France
| | - S Osterreicher
- Centre for Victims of Sexual Assault, CH de Blois, Blois, France
| | | | | | - W El-Hage
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France.,CHRU de Tours, Tours, France.,CIC 1415, Inserm, Clinical Investigation Centre, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
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Dir AL, Riley EN, Cyders MA, Smith GT. Problematic alcohol use and sexting as risk factors for sexual assault among college women. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2018; 66:553-560. [PMID: 29405894 PMCID: PMC6078819 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2018.1432622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sexual assault is a major public health concern and college women are four times more likely to experience sexual assault than any other group. We investigated whether sexting is a mechanism by which alcohol use increases risk for college women to be targeted for sexual assault. We hypothesized that sexting would mediate the relationship between problem drinking and sexual assault, such that drinking (T1 = beginning fall semester) would contribute to increased sexting (T2 = end fall semester), and in turn increase the risk of being targeted for sexual assault (T3 = end spring semester). Results: Among 332 undergraduate women (M(SD)age = 19.15(1.69), 76.9% Caucasian), sexting (T2) predicted sexual assault (T3; b = 3.98, p = .05), controlling for baseline sexual assault (b = 0.82, p < .01). Further, sexting (T2) mediated the relationship between problem drinking (T1) and sexual assault (T3) (b = 0.04, CI[.004,.12]). Conclusion: Findings suggest that sexting is one mechanism through which drinking increases the risk of college women being targeted for sexual assault.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson L Dir
- a Indiana University School of Medicine , Department of Pediatrics , Indianapolis , United States
| | - Elizabeth N Riley
- b Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis , Department of Psychology , Indianapolis , United States
- c University of Kentucky , Department of Psychology , Lexington , Kentucky , United States
| | - Melissa A Cyders
- a Indiana University School of Medicine , Department of Pediatrics , Indianapolis , United States
| | - Gregory T Smith
- b Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis , Department of Psychology , Indianapolis , United States
- c University of Kentucky , Department of Psychology , Lexington , Kentucky , United States
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36
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Ullman SE, Lorenz K, Kirkner A, O'Callaghan E. Postassault Substance Use and Coping: A Qualitative Study of Sexual Assault Survivors and Informal Support Providers. ALCOHOLISM TREATMENT QUARTERLY 2018; 36:330-353. [PMID: 30555208 DOI: 10.1080/07347324.2018.1465807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This qualitative interview study examined 45 informal support dyads where a sexual assault was disclosed. Data from matched pairs of survivors and their primary informal support provider (e.g., friend, family, significant other), were used to explore the survivor-support provider (SP) perspectives of coping with assault-related distress via substance use and the effects of survivor substance use on the survivor-SP relationship. Results revealed that survivors' use of drinking and/or drugs to cope had both positive and negative effects on survivor-SP relationships. Findings also showed that SPs play various roles in providing support to survivors who cope via substance use, including engaging in substance use with the survivor and efforts to help get help in their recovery from the assault and substance abuse. Suggestions are made for how safe spaces can be provided where survivors and supporters can get information and treatment, whether formal or informal, that addresses sexual assault, PTSD and substance abuse issues in an integrated way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Ullman
- Department of Criminology, Law, and Justice, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Katherine Lorenz
- Department of Criminology, Law, and Justice, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Anne Kirkner
- Department of Criminology, Law, and Justice, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Erin O'Callaghan
- Department of Criminology, Law, and Justice, University of Illinois at Chicago
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37
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Quidé Y, Cléry H, Andersson F, Descriaud C, Saint-Martin P, Barantin L, Gissot V, Carrey Le Bas MP, Osterreicher S, Dufour-Rainfray D, Brizard B, Ogielska M, El-Hage W. Neurocognitive, emotional and neuroendocrine correlates of exposure to sexual assault in women. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2018; 43:170116. [PMID: 29620519 PMCID: PMC6158026 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.170116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Survivors of sexual assault are vulnerable to long-term negative psychological and physical health outcomes, but few studies have investigated changes in cognition, emotional processing and brain function in the early stages after sexual assault. We used a multimodal approach to identify the cognitive and emotional correlates associated with sexual assault in women. METHODS Twenty-seven female survivors of sexual assault were included within 4 weeks of the traumatic event, and they were compared with 20 age-matched controls. Participants underwent functional MRI while performing cognitive/emotional tasks (n-back, emotional go/no-go, mental imagery). We also measured diurnal salivary cortisol and conducted neuropsychological assessments of attention and memory abilities. RESULTS Relative to the control group, the survivors group had lower levels of morning cortisol and showed attentional deficits. We observed no between-group differences in brain activation during the n-back or mental imagery tasks. During the emotional go/no-go task, however, the survivors group showed a lack of deactivation in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex when processing emotional material, relative to neutral material. Exploratory analyses in the survivors group indicated that symptom severity was negatively associated with cerebellar activation when positive emotional (happy) content interfered with response inhibition, and positively associated with cerebellar activation when thinking of positive (happy) memories. LIMITATIONS The small sample size was the main limitation of this study. CONCLUSION Dysfunctions in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and the cerebellum may represent early functional brain modifications that alter higher cognitive processes when emotional material is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Quidé
- From the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia (Quidé); Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia (Quidé); Inserm U1253 ''Imaging and Brain: iBrain,'' Université de Tours, Tours, France (Cléry, Andersson, Barantin, Dufour-Rainfray, Brizard, El-Hage); Centre d'Accueil des Victimes d'Agressions Sexuelles, Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, Orléans, France (Descriaud); Service de Médecine Légale, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France (Saint-Martin); Inserm CIC 1415, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France (Gissot, El-Hage); Association Départementale d'Aide aux Victimes d'Infractions Pénales d'Indre-et-Loire, ADAVIP 37, France Victimes 37, Tours, France (Carrey Le Bas); Centre d'Accueil des Victimes d'Agressions Sexuelles, Centre Hospitalier de Blois, Blois, France (Osterreicher); and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France (Dufour-Rainfray, Ogielska, El-Hage)
| | - Helen Cléry
- From the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia (Quidé); Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia (Quidé); Inserm U1253 ''Imaging and Brain: iBrain,'' Université de Tours, Tours, France (Cléry, Andersson, Barantin, Dufour-Rainfray, Brizard, El-Hage); Centre d'Accueil des Victimes d'Agressions Sexuelles, Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, Orléans, France (Descriaud); Service de Médecine Légale, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France (Saint-Martin); Inserm CIC 1415, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France (Gissot, El-Hage); Association Départementale d'Aide aux Victimes d'Infractions Pénales d'Indre-et-Loire, ADAVIP 37, France Victimes 37, Tours, France (Carrey Le Bas); Centre d'Accueil des Victimes d'Agressions Sexuelles, Centre Hospitalier de Blois, Blois, France (Osterreicher); and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France (Dufour-Rainfray, Ogielska, El-Hage)
| | - Frédéric Andersson
- From the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia (Quidé); Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia (Quidé); Inserm U1253 ''Imaging and Brain: iBrain,'' Université de Tours, Tours, France (Cléry, Andersson, Barantin, Dufour-Rainfray, Brizard, El-Hage); Centre d'Accueil des Victimes d'Agressions Sexuelles, Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, Orléans, France (Descriaud); Service de Médecine Légale, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France (Saint-Martin); Inserm CIC 1415, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France (Gissot, El-Hage); Association Départementale d'Aide aux Victimes d'Infractions Pénales d'Indre-et-Loire, ADAVIP 37, France Victimes 37, Tours, France (Carrey Le Bas); Centre d'Accueil des Victimes d'Agressions Sexuelles, Centre Hospitalier de Blois, Blois, France (Osterreicher); and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France (Dufour-Rainfray, Ogielska, El-Hage)
| | - Céline Descriaud
- From the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia (Quidé); Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia (Quidé); Inserm U1253 ''Imaging and Brain: iBrain,'' Université de Tours, Tours, France (Cléry, Andersson, Barantin, Dufour-Rainfray, Brizard, El-Hage); Centre d'Accueil des Victimes d'Agressions Sexuelles, Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, Orléans, France (Descriaud); Service de Médecine Légale, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France (Saint-Martin); Inserm CIC 1415, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France (Gissot, El-Hage); Association Départementale d'Aide aux Victimes d'Infractions Pénales d'Indre-et-Loire, ADAVIP 37, France Victimes 37, Tours, France (Carrey Le Bas); Centre d'Accueil des Victimes d'Agressions Sexuelles, Centre Hospitalier de Blois, Blois, France (Osterreicher); and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France (Dufour-Rainfray, Ogielska, El-Hage)
| | - Pauline Saint-Martin
- From the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia (Quidé); Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia (Quidé); Inserm U1253 ''Imaging and Brain: iBrain,'' Université de Tours, Tours, France (Cléry, Andersson, Barantin, Dufour-Rainfray, Brizard, El-Hage); Centre d'Accueil des Victimes d'Agressions Sexuelles, Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, Orléans, France (Descriaud); Service de Médecine Légale, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France (Saint-Martin); Inserm CIC 1415, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France (Gissot, El-Hage); Association Départementale d'Aide aux Victimes d'Infractions Pénales d'Indre-et-Loire, ADAVIP 37, France Victimes 37, Tours, France (Carrey Le Bas); Centre d'Accueil des Victimes d'Agressions Sexuelles, Centre Hospitalier de Blois, Blois, France (Osterreicher); and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France (Dufour-Rainfray, Ogielska, El-Hage)
| | - Laurent Barantin
- From the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia (Quidé); Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia (Quidé); Inserm U1253 ''Imaging and Brain: iBrain,'' Université de Tours, Tours, France (Cléry, Andersson, Barantin, Dufour-Rainfray, Brizard, El-Hage); Centre d'Accueil des Victimes d'Agressions Sexuelles, Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, Orléans, France (Descriaud); Service de Médecine Légale, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France (Saint-Martin); Inserm CIC 1415, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France (Gissot, El-Hage); Association Départementale d'Aide aux Victimes d'Infractions Pénales d'Indre-et-Loire, ADAVIP 37, France Victimes 37, Tours, France (Carrey Le Bas); Centre d'Accueil des Victimes d'Agressions Sexuelles, Centre Hospitalier de Blois, Blois, France (Osterreicher); and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France (Dufour-Rainfray, Ogielska, El-Hage)
| | - Valérie Gissot
- From the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia (Quidé); Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia (Quidé); Inserm U1253 ''Imaging and Brain: iBrain,'' Université de Tours, Tours, France (Cléry, Andersson, Barantin, Dufour-Rainfray, Brizard, El-Hage); Centre d'Accueil des Victimes d'Agressions Sexuelles, Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, Orléans, France (Descriaud); Service de Médecine Légale, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France (Saint-Martin); Inserm CIC 1415, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France (Gissot, El-Hage); Association Départementale d'Aide aux Victimes d'Infractions Pénales d'Indre-et-Loire, ADAVIP 37, France Victimes 37, Tours, France (Carrey Le Bas); Centre d'Accueil des Victimes d'Agressions Sexuelles, Centre Hospitalier de Blois, Blois, France (Osterreicher); and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France (Dufour-Rainfray, Ogielska, El-Hage)
| | - Marie-Paule Carrey Le Bas
- From the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia (Quidé); Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia (Quidé); Inserm U1253 ''Imaging and Brain: iBrain,'' Université de Tours, Tours, France (Cléry, Andersson, Barantin, Dufour-Rainfray, Brizard, El-Hage); Centre d'Accueil des Victimes d'Agressions Sexuelles, Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, Orléans, France (Descriaud); Service de Médecine Légale, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France (Saint-Martin); Inserm CIC 1415, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France (Gissot, El-Hage); Association Départementale d'Aide aux Victimes d'Infractions Pénales d'Indre-et-Loire, ADAVIP 37, France Victimes 37, Tours, France (Carrey Le Bas); Centre d'Accueil des Victimes d'Agressions Sexuelles, Centre Hospitalier de Blois, Blois, France (Osterreicher); and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France (Dufour-Rainfray, Ogielska, El-Hage)
| | - Sylvie Osterreicher
- From the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia (Quidé); Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia (Quidé); Inserm U1253 ''Imaging and Brain: iBrain,'' Université de Tours, Tours, France (Cléry, Andersson, Barantin, Dufour-Rainfray, Brizard, El-Hage); Centre d'Accueil des Victimes d'Agressions Sexuelles, Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, Orléans, France (Descriaud); Service de Médecine Légale, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France (Saint-Martin); Inserm CIC 1415, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France (Gissot, El-Hage); Association Départementale d'Aide aux Victimes d'Infractions Pénales d'Indre-et-Loire, ADAVIP 37, France Victimes 37, Tours, France (Carrey Le Bas); Centre d'Accueil des Victimes d'Agressions Sexuelles, Centre Hospitalier de Blois, Blois, France (Osterreicher); and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France (Dufour-Rainfray, Ogielska, El-Hage)
| | - Diane Dufour-Rainfray
- From the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia (Quidé); Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia (Quidé); Inserm U1253 ''Imaging and Brain: iBrain,'' Université de Tours, Tours, France (Cléry, Andersson, Barantin, Dufour-Rainfray, Brizard, El-Hage); Centre d'Accueil des Victimes d'Agressions Sexuelles, Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, Orléans, France (Descriaud); Service de Médecine Légale, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France (Saint-Martin); Inserm CIC 1415, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France (Gissot, El-Hage); Association Départementale d'Aide aux Victimes d'Infractions Pénales d'Indre-et-Loire, ADAVIP 37, France Victimes 37, Tours, France (Carrey Le Bas); Centre d'Accueil des Victimes d'Agressions Sexuelles, Centre Hospitalier de Blois, Blois, France (Osterreicher); and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France (Dufour-Rainfray, Ogielska, El-Hage)
| | - Bruno Brizard
- From the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia (Quidé); Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia (Quidé); Inserm U1253 ''Imaging and Brain: iBrain,'' Université de Tours, Tours, France (Cléry, Andersson, Barantin, Dufour-Rainfray, Brizard, El-Hage); Centre d'Accueil des Victimes d'Agressions Sexuelles, Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, Orléans, France (Descriaud); Service de Médecine Légale, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France (Saint-Martin); Inserm CIC 1415, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France (Gissot, El-Hage); Association Départementale d'Aide aux Victimes d'Infractions Pénales d'Indre-et-Loire, ADAVIP 37, France Victimes 37, Tours, France (Carrey Le Bas); Centre d'Accueil des Victimes d'Agressions Sexuelles, Centre Hospitalier de Blois, Blois, France (Osterreicher); and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France (Dufour-Rainfray, Ogielska, El-Hage)
| | - Maja Ogielska
- From the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia (Quidé); Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia (Quidé); Inserm U1253 ''Imaging and Brain: iBrain,'' Université de Tours, Tours, France (Cléry, Andersson, Barantin, Dufour-Rainfray, Brizard, El-Hage); Centre d'Accueil des Victimes d'Agressions Sexuelles, Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, Orléans, France (Descriaud); Service de Médecine Légale, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France (Saint-Martin); Inserm CIC 1415, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France (Gissot, El-Hage); Association Départementale d'Aide aux Victimes d'Infractions Pénales d'Indre-et-Loire, ADAVIP 37, France Victimes 37, Tours, France (Carrey Le Bas); Centre d'Accueil des Victimes d'Agressions Sexuelles, Centre Hospitalier de Blois, Blois, France (Osterreicher); and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France (Dufour-Rainfray, Ogielska, El-Hage)
| | - Wissam El-Hage
- From the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia (Quidé); Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia (Quidé); Inserm U1253 ''Imaging and Brain: iBrain,'' Université de Tours, Tours, France (Cléry, Andersson, Barantin, Dufour-Rainfray, Brizard, El-Hage); Centre d'Accueil des Victimes d'Agressions Sexuelles, Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, Orléans, France (Descriaud); Service de Médecine Légale, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France (Saint-Martin); Inserm CIC 1415, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France (Gissot, El-Hage); Association Départementale d'Aide aux Victimes d'Infractions Pénales d'Indre-et-Loire, ADAVIP 37, France Victimes 37, Tours, France (Carrey Le Bas); Centre d'Accueil des Victimes d'Agressions Sexuelles, Centre Hospitalier de Blois, Blois, France (Osterreicher); and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France (Dufour-Rainfray, Ogielska, El-Hage)
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Neilson EC, Norris J, Bryan AEB, Stappenbeck CA. Sexual Assault Severity and Depressive Symptoms as Longitudinal Predictors of the Quality of Women's Sexual Experiences. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2017; 43:463-478. [PMID: 27390081 PMCID: PMC5219874 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2016.1208127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Depressive symptoms are one consequence of adult/adolescent sexual victimization (ASV) and are linked to sexual health. Female nonproblem drinkers (N = 419) with an ASV history participated in a one-year longitudinal study. Participants completed measures of lifetime ASV severity and four quarterly assessments of depressive symptoms, ASV severity, and sexual experience quality. Multilevel models revealed that depressive symptoms interacted with ASV severity: Women with low-lifetime ASV severity reported higher ratings of sexual pain as depressive symptoms increased. ASV reported during assessment months predicted sexual experience quality. Interventions to improve survivors' sexual experiences should consider incorporating treatment for depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C. Neilson
- Corresponding author: Elizabeth C. Neilson, MSW, MPH, University of Washington, Department of Psychology, Box 351525, Seattle, WA 98195,
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Rhew IC, Stappenbeck CA, Bedard-Gilligan M, Hughes T, Kaysen D. Effects of sexual assault on alcohol use and consequences among young adult sexual minority women. J Consult Clin Psychol 2017; 85:424-433. [PMID: 28287804 DOI: 10.1037/ccp0000202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine effects of sexual assault victimization on later typical alcohol use and alcohol-related consequences among young sexual minority women (SMW). METHOD Data were collected over 4 annual assessments from a national sample of 1,057 women who identified as lesbian or bisexual and were 18- to 25-years-old at baseline. Marginal structural modeling, an analytic approach that accounts for time-varying confounding through the use of inverse probability weighting, was used to examine effects of sexual assault and its severity (none, moderate, severe) on typical weekly number of drinks consumed and number of alcohol-related consequences 1-year later as well as 2-year cumulative sexual assault severity on alcohol outcomes at 36-month follow-up. RESULTS Findings showed that compared with not experiencing any sexual assault, severe sexual assault at the prior assessment was associated with a 71% higher number of typical weekly drinks (count ratio [CR] = 1.71; 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.27, 2.31]) and 63% higher number of alcohol-related consequences (CR = 1.63; 95% CI [1.21, 2.20]). Effects were attenuated when comparing moderate to no sexual assault; however, the linear trend across sexual assault categories was statistically significant for both outcomes. There were also effects of cumulative levels of sexual assault severity over 2 years on increased typical drinking and alcohol-related consequences at end of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Sexual assault may be an important cause of alcohol misuse among SMW. These findings further highlight the need for strategies to reduce the risk of sexual assault among SMW. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac C Rhew
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
| | | | | | - Tonda Hughes
- College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Debra Kaysen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
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Güneş G, Karaçam Z. The feeling of discomfort during vaginal examination, history of abuse and sexual abuse and post-traumatic stress disorder in women. J Clin Nurs 2017; 26:2362-2371. [DOI: 10.1111/jocn.13574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Güneş
- Division of Midwifery; Aydın School of Health; Adnan Menderes University, Aydın; Aydın Turkey
| | - Zekiye Karaçam
- Division of Midwifery; Aydın School of Health; Adnan Menderes University, Aydın; Aydın Turkey
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41
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Conley AH, Overstreet CM, Hawn SE, Kendler KS, Dick DM, Amstadter AB. Prevalence and predictors of sexual assault among a college sample. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2017; 65:41-49. [PMID: 27628533 PMCID: PMC5862547 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2016.1235578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the prevalence and correlates of precollege, college-onset, and repeat sexual assault (SA) within a representative student sample. PARTICIPANTS A representative sample of 7,603 students. METHODS Incoming first-year students completed a survey about their exposure to broad SA prior to college, prior trauma, personality, relationships, and mental health. Broad SA was then reassessed each spring semester while enrolled. RESULTS Nearly 20% of the sample reported experiencing broad SA, with women endorsing significantly higher rates compared with males. Prior victimization before coming to college was related to a greater risk of victimization in college, and there was no statistically significant difference between males and females who reported revictimization. Correlates of college-onset broad SA were found and are discussed. CONCLUSIONS Given the need for SA intervention and prevention on college campuses, identification of factors potentially contributing to exposure within this population is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Conley
- a Department of Counselor Education , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia , USA
| | - C M Overstreet
- b Department of Psychiatry , Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia , USA
| | - S E Hawn
- b Department of Psychiatry , Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia , USA
| | - K S Kendler
- b Department of Psychiatry , Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia , USA
- c Department of Human and Molecular Genetics , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia , USA
| | - D M Dick
- b Department of Psychiatry , Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia , USA
| | - A B Amstadter
- b Department of Psychiatry , Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia , USA
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Parry S, Simpson J. How Do Adult Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse Experience Formally Delivered Talking Therapy? A Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2016; 25:793-812. [PMID: 27653789 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2016.1208704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review explored how adult survivors of child sexual abuse experienced nonspecific and trauma-focused talking therapies. Following extensive systematic searches of academic databases, 23 qualitative empirical studies were chosen for review. Using a line-by-line thematic synthesis, four analytical themes developed. These themes were: The Therapeutic Process as a Means for Forming Connections, which discusses therapeutic relationships; Developing a Sense of Self Through the Therapeutic Processes, which identifies stages of developmental recovery; Therapeutic Lights and Black Holes in the Shadows of child sexual abuse, which reflects on how a history of child sexual abuse influenced experiences of therapy; and Healing or Harrowing: Connecting With Others and First-time Experiences, which explores what was helpful, hindering, and new throughout the therapeutic journey. Findings related to participants developing new options for interpersonal relationships through the experience of authentic trust and the experiential learning of control and choice. Recommendations are discussed in relation to developing therapeutic practice and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Parry
- a Department of Psychology , Manchester Metropolitan University , Manchester , UK
| | - Jane Simpson
- b Division of Health Research , Lancaster University , Lancaster , UK
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