1
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Stewart J, Krastev DB, Brough R, Zatreanu D, Song F, Baxter JS, Sridhar S, Frankum J, Konde A, Yang W, Haider S, Alexander J, Betteridge K, Gulati A, Attygalle AD, Vroobel K, Natrajan R, Khalique S, Roumeliotis TI, Choudhary JS, Yeung J, Wicks AJ, Marlow R, Banerjee S, Pettitt SJ, Tutt ANJ, Lord CJ. PPP2R1A mutations cause ATR inhibitor sensitivity in ovarian clear cell carcinoma. Oncogene 2025; 44:618-629. [PMID: 39939726 PMCID: PMC11850283 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-03265-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 12/04/2024] [Accepted: 12/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/14/2025]
Abstract
Identification of ARID1A/ATR synthetic lethality led to ATR inhibitor phase II trials in ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC), a cancer of unmet need. Using multiple CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis and interference screens, we show that inactivation of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) subunits, including PPP2R1A, enhance ATRi sensitivity in ARID1A mutant OCCC. Analysis of a new OCCC cohort indicates that 52% possess oncogenic PPP2R1A p.R183 mutations and of these, one half possessed both ARID1A as well as PPP2R1A mutations. Using CRISPR-prime editing to generate new isogenic models of PPP2R1A mutant OCCC, we found that PPP2R1A p.R183W and p.R183P mutations cause ATRi-induced S phase stress, premature mitotic entry, genomic instability and ATRi sensitivity in OCCC tumour cells. p.R183 mutation also enhanced both in vitro and in vivo ATRi sensitivity in preclinical models of ARID1A mutant OCCC. These results argue for the assessment of PPP2R1A mutations as a biomarker of ATRi sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Stewart
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
- Gynaecology Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK and Division of Clinical Studies, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Dragomir B Krastev
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Rachel Brough
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Diana Zatreanu
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Feifei Song
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Joseph S Baxter
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Sandhya Sridhar
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Jessica Frankum
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Asha Konde
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - William Yang
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Syed Haider
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - John Alexander
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Kai Betteridge
- Light microscopy Facility, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Aditi Gulati
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Ayoma D Attygalle
- Gynaecology Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK and Division of Clinical Studies, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Katherine Vroobel
- Gynaecology Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK and Division of Clinical Studies, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Rachael Natrajan
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Saira Khalique
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
- Gynaecology Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK and Division of Clinical Studies, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Jyoti S Choudhary
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Jason Yeung
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Andrew J Wicks
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Rebecca Marlow
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Susana Banerjee
- Gynaecology Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK and Division of Clinical Studies, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Stephen J Pettitt
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Andrew N J Tutt
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Christopher J Lord
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK.
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK.
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2
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Haanen TJ, Boock S, Callahan CG, Peris I, Zawacki KP, Raines B, Nino CA, Tran B, Harold A, Onishi GH, Hinderman M, Dowdican A, Huang W, Taylor DJ, Taylor SE, Jackson MW, DiFeo A, O’Connor CM, Narla G. Mutant PP2A Induces IGFBP2 Secretion to Promote Development of High-Grade Uterine Cancer. Cancer Res 2025; 85:442-461. [PMID: 39531506 PMCID: PMC11788061 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-24-1263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 11/06/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
Uterine serous carcinoma (USC) and uterine carcinosarcoma (UCS) tumors are uniquely aggressive, suggesting that the primary tumor is intrinsically equipped to disseminate and metastasize. Previous work identified mutational hotspots within PPP2R1A, which encodes the Aα scaffolding subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), a heterotrimeric serine/threonine phosphatase. Two recurrent heterozygous PPP2R1A mutations, P179R and S256F, occur exclusively within high-grade subtypes of uterine cancer and can drive tumorigenesis and metastasis. Elucidation of the mechanisms by which PP2A Aα mutants promote tumor development and progression could help identify therapeutic opportunities. Here, we showed that expression of these mutants in USC/UCS cell lines enhanced tumor-initiating capacity, drove a hybrid epithelial-to-mesenchymal plasticity phenotype, and elevated secretion of the tumorigenic cytokine insulin growth factor (IGF) binding protein 2 (IGFBP2). Therapeutic targeting of the IGFBP2/IGF receptor 1 signaling axis using small molecules and genetic approaches resulted in marked tumor growth inhibition. Mechanistically, PP2A regulated IGFBP2 expression through the transcription factor, NF-κB, which harbors a B56 recognition motif. Collectively, these results identify a role for PP2A in regulating paracrine cancer cell signaling that can be targeted to block the initiation and metastasis of high-grade uterine cancer. Significance: Elevated IGFBP2 secretion by uterine cancer cells with heterozygous PPP2R1A mutations supports tumor progression and confers a vulnerability to IGFBP2/IGF1R inhibition as a therapeutic approach for this highly aggressive cancer subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrance J. Haanen
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Internal Medicine: Division of Genetic Medicine, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Sophie Boock
- Department of Internal Medicine: Division of Genetic Medicine, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Catherine G. Callahan
- Department of Internal Medicine: Division of Genetic Medicine, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Irene Peris
- Department of Internal Medicine: Division of Genetic Medicine, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Kaitlin P. Zawacki
- Department of Internal Medicine: Division of Genetic Medicine, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Brynne Raines
- Department of Internal Medicine: Division of Genetic Medicine, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Charles A. Nino
- Department of Internal Medicine: Division of Genetic Medicine, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Brian Tran
- Department of Internal Medicine: Division of Genetic Medicine, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Alexis Harold
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Internal Medicine: Division of Genetic Medicine, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Gabrielle Hodges Onishi
- Department of Internal Medicine: Division of Genetic Medicine, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Matthew Hinderman
- Department of Internal Medicine: Division of Genetic Medicine, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Amanda Dowdican
- Department of Internal Medicine: Division of Genetic Medicine, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Derek J. Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Sarah E. Taylor
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Mark W. Jackson
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Analisa DiFeo
- Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Caitlin M. O’Connor
- Department of Internal Medicine: Division of Genetic Medicine, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Goutham Narla
- Department of Internal Medicine: Division of Genetic Medicine, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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3
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Durmaz B, Oktay Çelebi LM, Çekin A, Ahadova A, Günel NS, Yıldırım HK, Özgönül AM, Yıldırım Sözmen E. Effect of Propolis on PPP2R1A and Apoptosis in Cancer Cells. Biochem Res Int 2025; 2025:5538068. [PMID: 39850502 PMCID: PMC11756940 DOI: 10.1155/bri/5538068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 11/18/2024] [Accepted: 11/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2025] Open
Abstract
Recently, it has been shown that protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) dysfunction was common in many cancer types and was mediated by various inactivation mechanisms. Although many research studies observed antitumor effect of propolis extracts in various types of cancer, the mechanism of effect are still obscure. In this study, we investigated the effect of propolis on PPP2R1A expression and its relationship with apoptosis in the SW-620 (colorectal cancer), DU-145 and PC-3 (prostate cancer), and MCF-7 (breast cancer) cell lines, with WI-38 (healthy fibroblast) cells serving as the control. Moreover, we aimed to investigate the impact of propolis on apoptosis by analyzing apoptosis markers such as tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), APAF-1, and caspases-3, -8, and -9. Propolis samples were extracted, and their phenolic compounds were quantified using LC-MS/MS. The RealTime Cell Analysis System-xCELLigence (RTCA-SP) device and software were employed to assess cell viability and cytotoxicity of the propolis samples. The IC50 values for propolis were determined (298 μg/mL for SW-620, 185.6 μg/mL for DU-145, 250.7 μg/mL for PC - 3, 292.9 μg/mL for MCF-7, and 311.2 μg/mL for WI-38). Subsequently, the effects of propolis on PPP2R1A expression and apoptosis markers (TRAIL, Apaf-1, and caspases-3, -8, and -9) were analyzed. When we compared the healthy cell lines to cancer cell lines, a statistically significant increase in caspase-3 (3.62-fold) and in TRAIL (4.38-fold) was observed in the SW-620 cell line after the application of propolis. In addition, in the PC-3 cell line, a 1.4-fold increase in caspase-8 was observed compared with the healthy cell line, which is also statistically significant. Our findings indicated that propolis increased the PPP2R1A levels and apoptosis markers in cancer cell lines. It has been suggested that high PPP2R1A levels induced by propolis treatment might activate the apoptosis pathway. In this study, the inducible effect of propolis on PPP2R1A levels, identified as a new target for cancer treatment, was demonstrated for the first time. The findings suggest that propolis holds promise as a potential cancer therapy by increasing PPP2R1A levels, a key molecule in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Durmaz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | | | - Ayşe Çekin
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Ayshan Ahadova
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Nur Selvi Günel
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | | | - Ali Mert Özgönül
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Eser Yıldırım Sözmen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Türkiye
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tınaztepe University, İzmir, Türkiye
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4
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Chao A, Huang CY, Yu W, Lin CY, Lin H, Chao AS, Lin CT, Chou HH, Huang KG, Huang HJ, Chang TC, Rozen SG, Wu RC, Lai CH. Molecular profiling reveals novel therapeutic targets and clonal evolution in ovarian clear cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:1403. [PMID: 39543535 PMCID: PMC11566382 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-13125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 10/29/2024] [Indexed: 11/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) has a disproportionately high incidence among women in East Asia. Patients diagnosed with OCCC tend to experience worse clinical outcomes than those with high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) at advanced stages. The unfavorable prognosis of OCCC can be partly attributed to its frequent resistance to conventional chemotherapy. Within a precision medicine framework, we sought to provide a comprehensive molecular characterization of OCCC using whole-exome sequencing to uncover potential molecular targets that may inform novel therapeutic strategies. METHODS We performed whole-exome sequencing analysis on tumor-normal paired samples from 102 OCCC patients. This comprehensive genomic characterization of a substantial cohort of OCCC specimens was coupled with an analysis of clonal progression. RESULTS On analyzing 102 OCCC samples, ARID1A (67%) and PIK3CA (49%) emerged as the most frequently mutated driver genes. We identified tier 1 or 2 clinically actionable molecular targets in 40% of cases. This included DNA mismatch repair deficiency (n = 1), as well as BRCA2 (n = 1), PIK3CA (n = 36), KRASG12C (n = 1), and ATM (n = 4) mutations. Furthermore, 45% of OCCC samples displayed ARID1A biallelic loss. Interestingly, we identified previously unreported mutations in the 5' untranslated region of the TERT gene that harbored an adverse prognostic significance. Clock-like mutational processes and activated APOBECs were major drivers of somatic point mutations. Mutations arising from DNA mismatch repair deficiency were uncommon. Reconstruction of clonal evolution revealed that early genetic events likely driving tumorigenesis included mutations in the ARID1A, PIK3CA, TERT, KRAS, and TP53 genes. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a comprehensive characterization of the genomic landscape and clonal evolution in OCCC within a substantial cohort. These findings unveil potentially actionable molecular alterations that could be leveraged to develop targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Chao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
- Gynecologic Cancer Research Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yang Huang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
- Center for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Willie Yu
- Center for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Chiao-Yun Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
- Gynecologic Cancer Research Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
| | - Hao Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung City, 833, Taiwan
| | - An-Shine Chao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New Taipei City Municipal Tucheng Hospital, New Taipei City, 236, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Tao Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
- Gynecologic Cancer Research Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Hsueh Chou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
- Gynecologic Cancer Research Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Gen Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
- Gynecologic Cancer Research Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Jean Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
- Gynecologic Cancer Research Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Chang Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
- Gynecologic Cancer Research Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
| | - Steven G Rozen
- Center for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
- Cancer Therapeutics Research Laboratory, Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Ren-Chin Wu
- Gynecologic Cancer Research Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan.
- Department of Pathology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan.
| | - Chyong-Huey Lai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan.
- Gynecologic Cancer Research Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan.
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5
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Pejovic T, Cathcart AM, Alwaqfi R, Brooks MN, Kelsall R, Nezhat FR. Genetic Links between Endometriosis and Endometriosis-Associated Ovarian Cancer-A Narrative Review (Endometriosis-Associated Cancer). Life (Basel) 2024; 14:704. [PMID: 38929687 PMCID: PMC11204815 DOI: 10.3390/life14060704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a frequent, estrogen-dependent, chronic disease, characterized by the presence of endometrial glands and stroma outside of the uterine cavity. Although it is not considered a precursor of cancer, endometriosis is associated with ovarian cancer. In this review, we summarized the evidence that clear-cell and endometrioid ovarian carcinomas (endometriosis-associated ovarian carcinoma-EAOC) may arise in endometriosis. The most frequent genomic alterations in these carcinomas are mutations in the AT-rich interaction domain containing protein 1A (ARID1A) gene, a subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, and alterations in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) which frequently coexist. Recent studies have also suggested the simultaneous role of the PTEN tumor-suppressor gene in the early malignant transformation of endometriosis and the contribution of deficient MMR (mismatch repair) protein status in the pathogenesis of EAOC. In addition to activating and inactivating mutations in cancer driver genes, the complex pathogenesis of EAOC involves multiple other mechanisms such as the modulation of cancer driver genes via the transcriptional and post-translational (miRNA) modulation of cancer driver genes and the interplay with the inflammatory tissue microenvironment. This knowledge is being translated into the clinical management of endometriosis and EAOC. This includes the identification of the new biomarkers predictive of the risk of endometriosis and cancer, and it will shape the precision oncology treatment of EAOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Pejovic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Providence Medical Center and Providence Cancer Institute, Medford, OR 97504, USA;
| | - Ann M. Cathcart
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97201, USA;
| | - Rofieda Alwaqfi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; (R.A.); (F.R.N.)
| | - Marjorie N. Brooks
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Providence Medical Center and Providence Cancer Institute, Medford, OR 97504, USA;
| | - Rachel Kelsall
- Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences, Yakima, WA 98901, USA;
| | - Farr R. Nezhat
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; (R.A.); (F.R.N.)
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
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6
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Wu Z, Zhang R, Bao J, Yin M, Wang X. Development of a biomarker signature associated with anoikis to predict prognosis and immunotherapy response in melanoma. Arch Dermatol Res 2024; 316:219. [PMID: 38787413 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-024-03085-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) is malignant cancer known for its high aggressiveness and unfavorable prognosis, particularly in advanced tumors. Anoikis is a specific pattern of programmed cell death associated with tumor regeneration, migration, and metastasis. Nevertheless, limited research has been conducted to investigate the function of anoikis in SKCM. Anoikis-related genes (ARGs) were extracted from Genecards to identify SKCM subtypes and to explore the immune microenvironment between the different subtypes. Prognostic models of SKCM were developed by LASSO COX regression analysis. Subsequently, the predictive value of risk scores in SKCM and the association with immunotherapy were further explored. Finally, the expression of 6 ARGs involved in the model construction was detected by immunohistochemistry and PCR. This study identified 20 ARGs significantly associated with SKCM prognosis and performed disease subtype analysis of samples based on these genes, different subtypes exhibited significantly different clinical features and tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) landscapes. The risk score prognostic model was generated by further screening and identification of the six ARGs. The model exhibited a high degree of sensitivity and specificity to predict the prognosis of individuals with SKCM. These high- and low-risk populations showed different immune statuses and drug sensitivity. Further immunohistochemical and PCR experiments identified significant differential expression of the six ARGs in tumor and normal samples. Anoikis-based features may serve as novel prognostic biomarkers for SKCM and may provide important new insights for survival prediction and individualized treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixuan Wu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325015, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongrong Zhang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325015, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxia Bao
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325015, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengqi Yin
- The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu, 214200, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaowu Wang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325015, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Rooper LM, Agaimy A, Bell D, Gagan J, Gallia GL, Jo VY, Lewis JS, London NR, Nishino M, Stoehr R, Thompson LDR, Din NU, Wenig BM, Westra WH, Bishop JA. Recurrent Wnt Pathway and ARID1A Alterations in Sinonasal Olfactory Carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2024; 37:100448. [PMID: 38369189 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2024.100448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Sinonasal tumors with neuroepithelial differentiation, defined by neuroectodermal elements reminiscent of olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) and epithelial features such as keratin expression or gland formation, are a diagnostically challenging group that has never been formally included in sinonasal tumor classifications. Recently, we documented that most of these neuroepithelial neoplasms have distinctive histologic and immunohistochemical findings and proposed the term "olfactory carcinoma" to describe these tumors. However, the molecular characteristics of olfactory carcinoma have not yet been evaluated. In this study, we performed targeted molecular profiling of 23 sinonasal olfactory carcinomas to further clarify their pathogenesis and classification. All tumors included in this study were composed of high-grade neuroectodermal cells that were positive for pankeratin and at least 1 specific neuroendocrine marker. A significant subset of cases also displayed rosettes and neurofibrillary matrix, intermixed glands with variable cilia, peripheral p63/p40 expression, and S100 protein-positive sustentacular cells. Recurrent oncogenic molecular alterations were identified in 20 tumors, including Wnt pathway alterations affecting CTNNB1 (n = 8) and PPP2R1A (n = 2), ARID1A inactivation (n = 5), RUNX1 mutations (n = 3), and IDH2 hotspot mutations (n = 2). Overall, these findings do demonstrate the presence of recurrent molecular alterations in olfactory carcinoma, although this group of tumors does not appear to be defined by any single mutation. Minimal overlap with alterations previously reported in ONB also adds to histologic and immunohistochemical separation between ONB and olfactory carcinoma. Conversely, these molecular findings enhance the overlap between olfactory carcinoma and sinonasal neuroendocrine carcinomas. A small subset of neuroepithelial tumors might better fit into the superseding molecular category of IDH2-mutant sinonasal carcinoma. At this point, sinonasal neuroendocrine and neuroepithelial tumors may best be regarded as a histologic and molecular spectrum that includes core groups of ONB, olfactory carcinoma, neuroendocrine carcinoma, and IDH2-mutant sinonasal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Rooper
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Abbas Agaimy
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Diana Bell
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - Jeffrey Gagan
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Gary L Gallia
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Vickie Y Jo
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James S Lewis
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nyall R London
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michiya Nishino
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert Stoehr
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Nasir Ud Din
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Bruce M Wenig
- Department of Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - William H Westra
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Justin A Bishop
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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8
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Stan A, Bosart K, Kaur M, Vo M, Escorcia W, Yoder RJ, Bouley RA, Petreaca RC. Detection of driver mutations and genomic signatures in endometrial cancers using artificial intelligence algorithms. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299114. [PMID: 38408048 PMCID: PMC10896512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Analyzed endometrial cancer (EC) genomes have allowed for the identification of molecular signatures, which enable the classification, and sometimes prognostication, of these cancers. Artificial intelligence algorithms have facilitated the partitioning of mutations into driver and passenger based on a variety of parameters, including gene function and frequency of mutation. Here, we undertook an evaluation of EC cancer genomes deposited on the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancers (COSMIC), with the goal to classify all mutations as either driver or passenger. Our analysis showed that approximately 2.5% of all mutations are driver and cause cellular transformation and immortalization. We also characterized nucleotide level mutation signatures, gross chromosomal re-arrangements, and gene expression profiles. We observed that endometrial cancers show distinct nucleotide substitution and chromosomal re-arrangement signatures compared to other cancers. We also identified high expression levels of the CLDN18 claudin gene, which is involved in growth, survival, metastasis and proliferation. We then used in silico protein structure analysis to examine the effect of certain previously uncharacterized driver mutations on protein structure. We found that certain mutations in CTNNB1 and TP53 increase protein stability, which may contribute to cellular transformation. While our analysis retrieved previously classified mutations and genomic alterations, which is to be expected, this study also identified new signatures. Additionally, we show that artificial intelligence algorithms can be effectively leveraged to accurately predict key drivers of cancer. This analysis will expand our understanding of ECs and improve the molecular toolbox for classification, diagnosis, or potential treatment of these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anda Stan
- Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Marion, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Korey Bosart
- Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Marion, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mehak Kaur
- Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Marion, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Martin Vo
- Biology Department, Xavier University, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Wilber Escorcia
- Biology Department, Xavier University, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ryan J Yoder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Marion, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Renee A Bouley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Marion, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ruben C Petreaca
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Marion, Ohio, United States of America
- James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Columbus, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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9
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Abstract
Ovarian clear cell carcinoma is a rare subtype of epithelial ovarian cancer with unique clinicopathological features. The most common genetic aberration observed is loss of function ARID1A mutations. Advanced and recurrent ovarian clear cell carcinoma is characterized by resistance to standard-of-care cytotoxic chemotherapy and a poor prognosis. Despite the distinct molecular features of ovarian clear cell carcinoma, current treatments for this subtype of epithelial ovarian cancer are based on clinical trials which predominantly recruited patients with high grade serous ovarian carcinoma. These factors have encouraged researchers to develop novel treatment strategies specifically for ovarian clear cell carcinoma which are currently being tested in the context of clinical trials. These new treatment strategies currently focus on three key areas: immune checkpoint blockade, targeting angiogenesis, and exploiting ARID1A synthetic lethal interactions. Rational combinations of these strategies are being assessed in clinical trials. Despite the progress made in identifying new treatments for ovarian clear cell carcinoma, predictive biomarkers to better define those patients likely to respond to new treatments remain to be elucidated. Additional future challenges which may be addressed through international collaboration include the need for randomized trials in a rare disease and establishing the relative sequencing of these novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Stewart
- Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
- Gene Function Laboratory, Insitute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Susana Banerjee
- Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
- Division of Clinical Studies, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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10
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Welsh SA, Gardini A. Genomic regulation of transcription and RNA processing by the multitasking Integrator complex. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:204-220. [PMID: 36180603 PMCID: PMC9974566 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00534-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In higher eukaryotes, fine-tuned activation of protein-coding genes and many non-coding RNAs pivots around the regulated activity of RNA polymerase II (Pol II). The Integrator complex is the only Pol II-associated large multiprotein complex that is metazoan specific, and has therefore been understudied for years. Integrator comprises at least 14 subunits, which are grouped into distinct functional modules. The phosphodiesterase activity of the core catalytic module is co-transcriptionally directed against several RNA species, including long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), U small nuclear RNAs (U snRNAs), PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), enhancer RNAs and nascent pre-mRNAs. Processing of non-coding RNAs by Integrator is essential for their biogenesis, and at protein-coding genes, Integrator is a key modulator of Pol II promoter-proximal pausing and transcript elongation. Recent studies have identified an Integrator-specific serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) module, which targets Pol II and other components of the basal transcription machinery. In this Review, we discuss how the activity of Integrator regulates transcription, RNA processing, chromatin landscape and DNA repair. We also discuss the diverse roles of Integrator in development and tumorigenesis.
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11
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Kashani E, Vassella E. Pleiotropy of PP2A Phosphatases in Cancer with a Focus on Glioblastoma IDH Wildtype. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5227. [PMID: 36358647 PMCID: PMC9654311 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine/Threonine protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a heterotrimeric (or occasionally, heterodimeric) phosphatase with pleiotropic functions and ubiquitous expression. Despite the fact that they all contribute to protein dephosphorylation, multiple PP2A complexes exist which differ considerably by their subcellular localization and their substrate specificity, suggesting diverse PP2A functions. PP2A complex formation is tightly regulated by means of gene expression regulation by transcription factors, microRNAs, and post-translational modifications. Furthermore, a constant competition between PP2A regulatory subunits is taking place dynamically and depending on the spatiotemporal circumstance; many of the integral subunits can outcompete the rest, subjecting them to proteolysis. PP2A modulation is especially important in the context of brain tumors due to its ability to modulate distinct glioma-promoting signal transduction pathways, such as PI3K/Akt, Wnt, Ras, NF-κb, etc. Furthermore, PP2A is also implicated in DNA repair and survival pathways that are activated upon treatment of glioma cells with chemo-radiation. Depending on the cancer cell type, preclinical studies have shown some promise in utilising PP2A activator or PP2A inhibitors to overcome therapy resistance. This review has a special focus on "glioblastoma, IDH wild-type" (GBM) tumors, for which the therapy options have limited efficacy, and tumor relapse is inevitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Kashani
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Erik Vassella
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
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12
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Hou CY, Ma CY, Lin YJ, Huang CL, Wang HD, Yuh CH. WNK1–OSR1 Signaling Regulates Angiogenesis-Mediated Metastasis towards Developing a Combinatorial Anti-Cancer Strategy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012100. [PMID: 36292952 PMCID: PMC9602556 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine-deficient protein kinase-1 (WNK1) is critical for both embryonic angiogenesis and tumor-induced angiogenesis. However, the downstream effectors of WNK1 during these processes remain ambiguous. In this study, we identified that oxidative stress responsive 1b (osr1b) is upregulated in endothelial cells in both embryonic and tumor-induced angiogenesis in zebrafish, accompanied by downregulation of protein phosphatase 2A (pp2a) subunit ppp2r1bb. In addition, wnk1a and osr1b are upregulated in two liver cancer transgenic fish models: [tert x p53−/−] and [HBx,src,p53−/−,RPIA], while ppp2r1bb is downregulated in [tert x p53−/−]. Furthermore, using HUVEC endothelial cells co-cultured with HepG2 hepatoma cells, we confirmed that WNK1 plays a critical role in the induction of hepatoma cell migration in both endothelial cells and hepatoma cells. Moreover, overexpression of OSR1 can rescue the reduced cell migration caused by shWNK1 knockdown in HUVEC cells, indicating OSR1 is downstream of WNK1 in endothelial cells promoting hepatoma cell migration. Overexpression of PPP2R1A can rescue the increased cell migration caused by WNK1 overexpression in HepG2, indicating that PPP2R1A is a downstream effector in hepatoma. The combinatorial treatment with WNK1 inhibitor (WNK463) and OSR1 inhibitor (Rafoxanide) plus oligo-fucoidan via oral gavage to feed [HBx,src,p53−/−,RPIA] transgenic fish exhibits much more significant anticancer efficacy than Regorafenib for advanced HCC. Importantly, oligo-fucoidan can reduce the cell senescence marker-IL-1β expression. Furthermore, oligo-fucoidan reduces the increased cell senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity in tert transgenic fish treated with WNK1-OSR1 inhibitors. Our results reveal the WNK1–OSR1–PPP2R1A axis plays a critical role in both endothelial and hepatoma cells during tumor-induced angiogenesis promoting cancer cell migration. By in vitro and in vivo experiments, we further uncover the molecular mechanisms of WNK1 and its downstream effectors during tumor-induced angiogenesis. Targeting WNK1–OSR1-mediated anti-angiogenesis and anti-cancer activity, the undesired inflammation response caused by inhibiting WNK1–OSR1 can be attenuated by the combination therapy with oligo-fucoidan and may improve the efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ying Hou
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yung Ma
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ju Lin
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
| | - Chou-Long Huang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Horng-Dar Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-D.W.); (C.-H.Y.); Tel.: +886-3-5742470 (H.-D.W.); +886-37-206166 (ext. 35338) (C.-H.Y.)
| | - Chiou-Hwa Yuh
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-D.W.); (C.-H.Y.); Tel.: +886-3-5742470 (H.-D.W.); +886-37-206166 (ext. 35338) (C.-H.Y.)
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13
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O’Connor CM, Taylor SE, Miller KM, Hurst L, Haanen TJ, Suhan TK, Zawacki KP, Noto FK, Trako J, Mohan A, Sangodkar J, Zamarin D, DiFeo A, Narla G. Targeting Ribonucleotide Reductase Induces Synthetic Lethality in PP2A-Deficient Uterine Serous Carcinoma. Cancer Res 2022; 82:721-733. [PMID: 34921012 PMCID: PMC8857033 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Uterine serous carcinoma (USC) is a highly aggressive endometrial cancer subtype with limited therapeutic options and a lack of targeted therapies. While mutations to PPP2R1A, which encodes the predominant protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) scaffolding protein Aα, occur in 30% to 40% of USC cases, the clinical actionability of these mutations has not been studied. Using a high-throughput screening approach, we showed that mutations in Aα results in synthetic lethality following treatment with inhibitors of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR). In vivo, multiple models of Aα mutant uterine serous tumors were sensitive to clofarabine, an RNR inhibitor (RNRi). Aα-mutant cells displayed impaired checkpoint signaling upon RNRi treatment and subsequently accumulated more DNA damage than wild-type (WT) cells. Consistently, inhibition of PP2A activity using LB-100, a catalytic inhibitor, sensitized WT USC cells to RNRi. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas data indicated that inactivation of PP2A, through loss of PP2A subunit expression, was prevalent in USC, with 88% of patients with USC harboring loss of at least one PP2A gene. In contrast, loss of PP2A subunit expression was rare in uterine endometrioid carcinomas. While RNRi are not routinely used for uterine cancers, a retrospective analysis of patients treated with gemcitabine as a second- or later-line therapy revealed a trend for improved outcomes in patients with USC treated with RNRi gemcitabine compared with patients with endometrioid histology. Overall, our data provide experimental evidence to support the use of ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors for the treatment of USC. SIGNIFICANCE A drug repurposing screen identifies synthetic lethal interactions in PP2A-deficient uterine serous carcinoma, providing potential therapeutic avenues for treating this deadly endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M. O’Connor
- Department of Internal Medicine: Division of Genetic Medicine, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sarah E. Taylor
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kathryn M. Miller
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York
| | - Lauren Hurst
- Department of Internal Medicine: Division of Genetic Medicine, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Terrance J. Haanen
- Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Tahra K. Suhan
- Department of Internal Medicine: Division of Genetic Medicine, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kaitlin P. Zawacki
- Department of Internal Medicine: Division of Genetic Medicine, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Jonida Trako
- Department of Internal Medicine: Division of Genetic Medicine, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Arathi Mohan
- Department of Internal Medicine: Division of Genetic Medicine, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jaya Sangodkar
- Department of Internal Medicine: Division of Genetic Medicine, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Dmitriy Zamarin
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York
| | - Analisa DiFeo
- Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Goutham Narla
- Department of Internal Medicine: Division of Genetic Medicine, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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14
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Kim SW, Kim Y. Treatment of Carcinosarcoma of the Fallopian Tube Mimicking Ovarian Cancer: A Case Report and Genetic Analysis. J NIPPON MED SCH 2022; 88:574-578. [PMID: 34980744 DOI: 10.1272/jnms.jnms.2021_88-608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Carcinosarcoma of the fallopian tube is an exceptionally rare gynecological neoplasm. It tends to have high metastatic potential, to frequently recur, and has a poor prognosis. For these reasons, treatment is difficult and there is no standardized therapy schedule for this disease. Here, we report a case of carcinosarcoma of the fallopian tube mimicking ovarian cancer, initially presenting as a rupture of a growth and subsequent hemoperitoneum. The 55-year-old woman underwent cytoreductive surgery and postoperative conventional platinum-based combination therapy. The anti-angiogenic drug bevacizumab was added, and no evidence of disease was found on follow-up images or tumor markers 51 months after surgical resection. We describe a rare case of carcinosarcoma of the fallopian tube, include an in-depth histopathological review with genetic analysis, and propose treatment with a platinum-based combination therapy including bevacizumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Woon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Kyung Hee Medical Center, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University
| | - Youngsun Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kyung Hee Medical Center, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University
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15
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Vervoort SJ, Devlin JR, Kwiatkowski N, Teng M, Gray NS, Johnstone RW. Targeting transcription cycles in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2022; 22:5-24. [PMID: 34675395 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-021-00411-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Accurate control of gene expression is essential for normal development and dysregulation of transcription underpins cancer onset and progression. Similar to cell cycle regulation, RNA polymerase II-driven transcription can be considered as a unidirectional multistep cycle, with thousands of unique transcription cycles occurring in concert within each cell. Each transcription cycle comprises recruitment, initiation, pausing, elongation, termination and recycling stages that are tightly controlled by the coordinated action of transcriptional cyclin-dependent kinases and their cognate cyclins as well as the opposing activity of transcriptional phosphatases. Oncogenic dysregulation of transcription can entail defective control of gene expression, either at select loci or more globally, impacting a large proportion of the genome. The resultant dependency on the core-transcriptional machinery is believed to render 'transcriptionally addicted' cancers sensitive to perturbation of transcription. Based on these findings, small molecules targeting transcriptional cyclin-dependent kinases and associated proteins hold promise for the treatment of cancer. Here, we utilize the transcription cycles concept to explain how dysregulation of these finely tuned gene expression processes may drive tumorigenesis and how therapeutically beneficial responses may arise from global or selective transcriptional perturbation. This conceptual framework helps to explain tumour-selective transcriptional dependencies and facilitates the rational design of combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephin J Vervoort
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jennifer R Devlin
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicholas Kwiatkowski
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mingxing Teng
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, CHEM-H and SCI, Stanford Medical School, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Ricky W Johnstone
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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16
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Vervoort SJ, Welsh SA, Devlin JR, Barbieri E, Knight DA, Offley S, Bjelosevic S, Costacurta M, Todorovski I, Kearney CJ, Sandow JJ, Fan Z, Blyth B, McLeod V, Vissers JHA, Pavic K, Martin BP, Gregory G, Demosthenous E, Zethoven M, Kong IY, Hawkins ED, Hogg SJ, Kelly MJ, Newbold A, Simpson KJ, Kauko O, Harvey KF, Ohlmeyer M, Westermarck J, Gray N, Gardini A, Johnstone RW. The PP2A-Integrator-CDK9 axis fine-tunes transcription and can be targeted therapeutically in cancer. Cell 2021; 184:3143-3162.e32. [PMID: 34004147 PMCID: PMC8567840 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) is tightly controlled by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) at discrete checkpoints during the transcription cycle. The pausing checkpoint following transcription initiation is primarily controlled by CDK9. We discovered that CDK9-mediated, RNAPII-driven transcription is functionally opposed by a protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) complex that is recruited to transcription sites by the Integrator complex subunit INTS6. PP2A dynamically antagonizes phosphorylation of key CDK9 substrates including DSIF and RNAPII-CTD. Loss of INTS6 results in resistance to tumor cell death mediated by CDK9 inhibition, decreased turnover of CDK9 phospho-substrates, and amplification of acute oncogenic transcriptional responses. Pharmacological PP2A activation synergizes with CDK9 inhibition to kill both leukemic and solid tumor cells, providing therapeutic benefit in vivo. These data demonstrate that fine control of gene expression relies on the balance between kinase and phosphatase activity throughout the transcription cycle, a process dysregulated in cancer that can be exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephin J Vervoort
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3000, VIC, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia.
| | - Sarah A Welsh
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jennifer R Devlin
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3000, VIC, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Deborah A Knight
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3000, VIC, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah Offley
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Stefan Bjelosevic
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3000, VIC, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Matteo Costacurta
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3000, VIC, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Izabela Todorovski
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3000, VIC, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Conor J Kearney
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3000, VIC, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Jarrod J Sandow
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Zheng Fan
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3000, VIC, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Benjamin Blyth
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3000, VIC, Australia
| | - Victoria McLeod
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3000, VIC, Australia
| | - Joseph H A Vissers
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3000, VIC, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia; Centre for Cancer Research and Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Karolina Pavic
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku FI-20014, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Ben P Martin
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3000, VIC, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Gareth Gregory
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3000, VIC, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia; School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton 3168, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Magnus Zethoven
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3000, VIC, Australia
| | - Isabella Y Kong
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Edwin D Hawkins
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon J Hogg
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3000, VIC, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Madison J Kelly
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3000, VIC, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrea Newbold
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3000, VIC, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Otto Kauko
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku FI-20014, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Kieran F Harvey
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3000, VIC, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3168, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Ohlmeyer
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA; Atux Iskay LLC, Plainsboro, NJ 08536, USA
| | - Jukka Westermarck
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku FI-20014, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | | | | | - Ricky W Johnstone
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3000, VIC, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia.
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17
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Li L, Yue P, Song Q, Yen TT, Asaka S, Wang TL, Beavis AL, Fader AN, Jiao Y, Yuan G, Shih IM, Song Y. Genome-wide mutation analysis in precancerous lesions of endometrial carcinoma. J Pathol 2020; 253:119-128. [PMID: 33016334 DOI: 10.1002/path.5566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Clinicopathological evidence supports endometrial atypical hyperplasia (AH) or endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia as the precursor of uterine endometrioid carcinoma (EC), the most common gynecologic malignancy. However, the pathogenic progression from AH to EC remains unclear. Here, we employed whole-exome sequencing to identify somatic mutations and copy number changes in micro-dissected lesions from 30 pairs of newly diagnosed AH and EC. We found that all but one pair of AHs shared the same DNA mismatch repair status as their corresponding ECs. The percentage of common mutations between AH lesions and corresponding ECs varied significantly, ranging from 0.1% to 82%. Microsatellite stable AHs had fewer cancer driver mutations than ECs (5 versus 7, p = 0.017), but among microsatellite unstable AHs and ECs there was no difference in mutational numbers (36 versus 38, p = 0.65). As compared to AH specimens, 19 (79%) of 24 microsatellite stable EC tumors gained new cancer driver mutations, most of which involved PTEN, ARID1A, PIK3CA, CTNNB1, or CHD4. Our results suggest that some AH lesions are the immediate precursor of ECs, and progression depends on acquisition of additional cancer driver mutations. However, a complex clonal relationship between AH and EC can also be appreciated, as in some cases both lesions diverge very early or arise independently, thus co-developing with distinct genetic trajectories. Our genome-wide profile of mutations in AH and EC shines new light on the molecular landscape of tumor progression. © 2020 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Li
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China.,Kelly Gynecologic Oncology Service, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pinli Yue
- State Key Lab of Molecular Oncology, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qianqian Song
- State Key Lab of Molecular Oncology, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ting-Tai Yen
- Kelly Gynecologic Oncology Service, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shiho Asaka
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tian-Li Wang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anna L Beavis
- Kelly Gynecologic Oncology Service, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amanda N Fader
- Kelly Gynecologic Oncology Service, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yuchen Jiao
- State Key Lab of Molecular Oncology, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Guangwen Yuan
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ie-Ming Shih
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yan Song
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
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18
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Shih IM, Wang Y, Wang TL. The Origin of Ovarian Cancer Species and Precancerous Landscape. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 191:26-39. [PMID: 33011111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Unlike other human cancers, in which all primary tumors arise de novo, ovarian epithelial cancers are primarily imported from either endometrial or fallopian tube epithelium. The prevailing paradigm in the genesis of high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC), the most common ovarian cancer, posits to its development in fallopian tubes through stepwise tumor progression. Recent progress has been made not only in gathering terabytes of omics data but also in detailing the histologic-molecular correlations required for looking into, and making sense of, the tissue origin of HGSC. This emerging paradigm is changing many facets of ovarian cancer research and routine gynecology practice. The precancerous landscape in fallopian tubes contains multiple concurrent precursor lesions, including serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC), with genetic heterogeneity providing a platform for HGSC evolution. Mathematical models imply that a prolonged time (decades) elapses from the development of a TP53 mutation, the earliest known molecular alteration, to an STIC, followed by a shorter span (6 years) for progression to an HGSC. Genetic predisposition accelerates the trajectory. This timeline may allow for the early diagnosis of HGSC and STIC, followed by intent-to-cure surgery. This review discusses the recent advances in this tubal paradigm and its biological and clinical implications, alongside the promise and challenge of studying STIC and other precancerous lesions of HGSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ie-Ming Shih
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Pathobiology Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Yeh Wang
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tian-Li Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Pathobiology Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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19
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Ayestaran I, Galhoz A, Spiegel E, Sidders B, Dry JR, Dondelinger F, Bender A, McDermott U, Iorio F, Menden MP. Identification of Intrinsic Drug Resistance and Its Biomarkers in High-Throughput Pharmacogenomic and CRISPR Screens. PATTERNS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 1:100065. [PMID: 33205120 PMCID: PMC7660407 DOI: 10.1016/j.patter.2020.100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput drug screens in cancer cell lines test compounds at low concentrations, thereby enabling the identification of drug-sensitivity biomarkers, while resistance biomarkers remain underexplored. Dissecting meaningful drug responses at high concentrations is challenging due to cytotoxicity, i.e., off-target effects, thus limiting resistance biomarker discovery to frequently mutated cancer genes. To address this, we interrogate subpopulations carrying sensitivity biomarkers and consecutively investigate unexpectedly resistant (UNRES) cell lines for unique genetic alterations that may drive resistance. By analyzing the GDSC and CTRP datasets, we find 53 and 35 UNRES cases, respectively. For 24 and 28 of them, we highlight putative resistance biomarkers. We find clinically relevant cases such as EGFRT790M mutation in NCI-H1975 or PTEN loss in NCI-H1650 cells, in lung adenocarcinoma treated with EGFR inhibitors. Interrogating the underpinnings of drug resistance with publicly available CRISPR phenotypic assays assists in prioritizing resistance drivers, offering hypotheses for drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Ayestaran
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- CRUK Cambridge Centre Early Detection Programme, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ana Galhoz
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Elmar Spiegel
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Ben Sidders
- Research and Early Development, Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Jonathan R. Dry
- Research and Early Development, Oncology, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA 02451, USA
- Tempus Labs, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank Dondelinger
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computation and Statistics, Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Andreas Bender
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Ultan McDermott
- Research and Early Development, Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Francesco Iorio
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1RQ, UK
- Human Technopole, Palazzo Italia Via Cristina Belgioioso 171, Milano 20157, Italy
| | - Michael P. Menden
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Martinsried 82152, Germany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg 85764, Germany
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20
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O'Connor CM, Leonard D, Wiredja D, Avelar RA, Wang Z, Schlatzer D, Bryson B, Tokala E, Taylor SE, Upadhyay A, Sangodkar J, Gingras AC, Westermarck J, Xu W, DiFeo A, Brautigan DL, Haider S, Jackson M, Narla G. Inactivation of PP2A by a recurrent mutation drives resistance to MEK inhibitors. Oncogene 2020; 39:703-717. [PMID: 31541192 PMCID: PMC6980487 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The serine/threonine Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) functions as a tumor suppressor by negatively regulating multiple oncogenic signaling pathways. The canonical PP2A holoenzyme comprises a scaffolding subunit (PP2A Aα/β), which serves as the platform for binding of both the catalytic C subunit and one regulatory B subunit. Somatic heterozygous missense mutations in PPP2R1A, the gene encoding the PP2A Aα scaffolding subunit, have been identified across multiple cancer types, but the effects of the most commonly mutated residue, Arg-183, on PP2A function have yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, we used a series of cellular and in vivo models and discovered that the most frequent Aα R183W mutation formed alternative holoenzymes by binding of different PP2A regulatory subunits compared with wild-type Aα, suggesting a rededication of PP2A functions. Unlike wild-type Aα, which suppressed tumorigenesis, the R183W mutant failed to suppress tumor growth in vivo through activation of the MAPK pathway in RAS-mutant transformed cells. Furthermore, cells expressing R183W were less sensitive to MEK inhibitors. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the R183W mutation in PP2A Aα scaffold abrogates the tumor suppressive actions of PP2A, thereby potentiating oncogenic signaling and reducing drug sensitivity of RAS-mutant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M O'Connor
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Daniel Leonard
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Danica Wiredja
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rita A Avelar
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zhizhi Wang
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniela Schlatzer
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Benjamin Bryson
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Eesha Tokala
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sarah E Taylor
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Aditya Upadhyay
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jaya Sangodkar
- Department of Internal Medicine: Genetic Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jukka Westermarck
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Wenqing Xu
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Analisa DiFeo
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David L Brautigan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Shozeb Haider
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mark Jackson
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Goutham Narla
- Department of Internal Medicine: Genetic Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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21
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Papp E, Hallberg D, Konecny GE, Bruhm DC, Adleff V, Noë M, Kagiampakis I, Palsgrove D, Conklin D, Kinose Y, White JR, Press MF, Drapkin R, Easwaran H, Baylin SB, Slamon D, Velculescu VE, Scharpf RB. Integrated Genomic, Epigenomic, and Expression Analyses of Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines. Cell Rep 2019; 25:2617-2633. [PMID: 30485824 PMCID: PMC6481945 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.10.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve our understanding of ovarian cancer, we performed genome-wide analyses of 45 ovarian cancer cell lines. Given the challenges of genomic analyses of tumors without matched normal samples, we developed approaches for detection of somatic sequence and structural changes and integrated these with epigenetic and expression alterations. Alterations not previously implicated in ovarian cancer included amplification or overexpression of ASXL1 and H3F3B, deletion or underexpression of CDC73 and TGF-beta receptor pathway members, and rearrangements of YAP1-MAML2 and IKZF2-ERBB4. Dose-response analyses to targeted therapies revealed unique molecular dependencies, including increased sensitivity of tumors with PIK3CA and PPP2R1A alterations to PI3K inhibitor GNE-493, MYC amplifications to PARP inhibitor BMN673, and SMAD3/4 alterations to MEK inhibitor MEK162. Genome-wide rearrangements provided an improved measure of sensitivity to PARP inhibition. This study provides a comprehensive and broadly accessible resource of molecular information for the development of therapeutic avenues in ovarian cancer. The overall survival of patients with late-stage ovarian cancer is dismal. To identify therapeutic opportunities, Papp et al. integrate genomic, epigenomic, and expression analyses to provide a resource of molecular abnormalities in ovarian cancer cell lines and use these to identify tumors sensitive to PARP, MEK, and PI3K inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eniko Papp
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Dorothy Hallberg
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Gottfried E Konecny
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Daniel C Bruhm
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Vilmos Adleff
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Michaël Noë
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ioannis Kagiampakis
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Doreen Palsgrove
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Dylan Conklin
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Yasuto Kinose
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Penn Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - James R White
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Michael F Press
- Department of Pathology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Ronny Drapkin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Penn Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hariharan Easwaran
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Stephen B Baylin
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Dennis Slamon
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Victor E Velculescu
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Robert B Scharpf
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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22
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Remmerie M, Janssens V. PP2A: A Promising Biomarker and Therapeutic Target in Endometrial Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:462. [PMID: 31214504 PMCID: PMC6558005 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, the use of targeted therapies has immensely increased in the treatment of cancer. However, treatment for endometrial carcinomas (ECs) has lagged behind, although potential molecular markers have been identified. This is particularly problematic for the type II ECs, since these aggressive tumors are usually not responsive toward the current standard therapies. Therefore, type II ECs are responsible for most EC-related deaths, indicating the need for new treatment options. Interestingly, molecular analyses of type II ECs have uncovered frequent genetic alterations (up to 40%) in PPP2R1A, encoding the Aα subunit of the tumor suppressive heterotrimeric protein phosphatase type 2A (PP2A). PPP2R1A mutations were also reported in type I ECs and other common gynecologic cancers, albeit at much lower frequencies (0-7%). Nevertheless, PP2A inactivation in the latter cancer types is common via other mechanisms, in particular by increased expression of Cancerous Inhibitor of PP2A (CIP2A) and PP2A Methylesterase-1 (PME-1) proteins. In this review, we discuss the therapeutic potential of direct and indirect PP2A targeting compounds, possibly in combination with other anti-cancer drugs, in EC. Furthermore, we investigate the potential of the PP2A status as a predictive and/or prognostic marker for type I and II ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veerle Janssens
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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23
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Taylor SE, O'Connor CM, Wang Z, Shen G, Song H, Leonard D, Sangodkar J, LaVasseur C, Avril S, Waggoner S, Zanotti K, Armstrong AJ, Nagel C, Resnick K, Singh S, Jackson MW, Xu W, Haider S, DiFeo A, Narla G. The Highly Recurrent PP2A Aα-Subunit Mutation P179R Alters Protein Structure and Impairs PP2A Enzyme Function to Promote Endometrial Tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2019; 79:4242-4257. [PMID: 31142515 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Somatic mutation of the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) Aα-subunit gene PPP2R1A is highly prevalent in high-grade endometrial carcinoma. The structural, molecular, and biological basis by which the most recurrent endometrial carcinoma-specific mutation site P179 facilitates features of endometrial carcinoma malignancy has yet to be fully determined. Here, we used a series of structural, biochemical, and biological approaches to investigate the impact of the P179R missense mutation on PP2A function. Enhanced sampling molecular dynamics simulations showed that arginine-to-proline substitution at the P179 residue changes the protein's stable conformation profile. A crystal structure of the tumor-derived PP2A mutant revealed marked changes in A-subunit conformation. Binding to the PP2A catalytic subunit was significantly impaired, disrupting holoenzyme formation and enzymatic activity. Cancer cells were dependent on PP2A disruption for sustained tumorigenic potential, and restoration of wild-type Aα in a patient-derived P179R-mutant cell line restored enzyme function and significantly attenuated tumorigenesis and metastasis in vivo. Furthermore, small molecule-mediated therapeutic reactivation of PP2A significantly inhibited tumorigenicity in vivo. These outcomes implicate PP2A functional inactivation as a critical component of high-grade endometrial carcinoma disease pathogenesis. Moreover, they highlight PP2A reactivation as a potential therapeutic strategy for patients who harbor P179R PPP2R1A mutations. SIGNIFICANCE: This study characterizes a highly recurrent, disease-specific PP2A PPP2R1A mutation as a driver of endometrial carcinoma and a target for novel therapeutic development.See related commentary by Haines and Huang, p. 4009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Taylor
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Caitlin M O'Connor
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Zhizhi Wang
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Guobo Shen
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Haichi Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Leonard
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jaya Sangodkar
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Corinne LaVasseur
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Stefanie Avril
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Steven Waggoner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kristine Zanotti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Amy J Armstrong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Christa Nagel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kimberly Resnick
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MetroHealth, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sareena Singh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aultman Hospital, Canton, Ohio
| | - Mark W Jackson
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Wenqing Xu
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Shozeb Haider
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Analisa DiFeo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Goutham Narla
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. .,Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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24
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O'Connor CM, Hoffa MT, Taylor SE, Avelar RA, Narla G. Protein phosphatase 2A Aα regulates Aβ protein expression and stability. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:5923-5934. [PMID: 30796164 PMCID: PMC6463732 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) represses many oncogenic signaling pathways and is an important tumor suppressor. PP2A comprises three distinct subunits and forms through a highly regulated biogenesis process, with the scaffolding A subunit existing as two highly related isoforms, Aα and Aβ. PP2A's tumor-suppressive functions have been intensely studied, and PP2A inactivation has been shown to be a prerequisite for tumor formation. Interestingly, although partial loss of the Aα isoform is growth promoting, complete Aα loss has no transformative properties. Additionally, in cancer patients, Aα is found to be inactivated in a haploinsufficient manner. Using both cellular and in vivo systems, colorectal and endometrial cancer cell lines, and biochemical and cellular assays, here we examined why the complete loss of Aα does not promote tumorigenesis. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated homozygous Aα deletion resulted in decreased colony formation and tumor growth across multiple cell lines. Protein expression analysis of PP2A family members revealed that the Aα deletion markedly up-regulates Aβ protein expression by increasing Aβ protein stability. Aβ knockdown in control and Aα knockout cell lines indicated that Aβ is necessary for cell survival in the Aα knockout cells. In the setting of Aα deficiency, co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed increased binding of specific PP2A regulatory subunits to Aβ, and knockdown of these regulatory subunits restored colony-forming ability. Taken together, our results uncover a mechanism by which PP2A Aα regulates Aβ protein stability and activity and suggests why homozygous loss of Aα is rarely seen in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M O'Connor
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Matthew T Hoffa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Sarah E Taylor
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Rita A Avelar
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Goutham Narla
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109.
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Herreros-Villanueva M, Chen CC, Tsai EM, Er TK. Endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer: What have we learned so far? Clin Chim Acta 2019; 493:63-72. [PMID: 30776361 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endometriosis is defined as the presence of ectopic endometrial tissue outside of the uterine cavity, most commonly in the ovaries and peritoneum. It is a complex disease that is influenced by multiple factors. It is also a common gynecological disorder and affects approximately 10-15% of all women of reproductive age. Recent molecular and pathological studies indicate that endometriosis may serve as a precursor of ovarian cancer (endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer, EAOC), particularly endometrioid and clear cell ovarian cancers. Although histological and epidemiological studies have demonstrated that endometriosis has a malignant potential, the molecular mechanism that underlies the malignant transformation of endometriosis is still controversial, and the precise mechanism of carcinogenesis must be fully elucidated. Currently, the development and improvement of a new sequencing technology, next-generation sequencing (NGS), has been increasingly relevant in cancer genomics research. Recently, NGS has also been utilized in clinical oncology to advance the personalized treatment of cancer. In addition, the sensitivity, speed, and cost make NGS a highly attractive platform compared to other sequencing modalities. For this reason, NGS may lead to the identification of driver mutations and underlying pathways associated with EAOC. Here, we present an overview of the molecular pathways that have led to the current opinions on the relationship between endometriosis and ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Herreros-Villanueva
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Donostia/Instituto Biodonostia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Chih-Chieh Chen
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Rapid Screening Research Center for Toxicology and Biomedicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Eing-Mei Tsai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tze-Kiong Er
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Asia University Hospital, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; Deparment of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; Deparment of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; Deparment of Nursing, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Raman D, Pervaiz S. Redox inhibition of protein phosphatase PP2A: Potential implications in oncogenesis and its progression. Redox Biol 2019; 27:101105. [PMID: 30686777 PMCID: PMC6859563 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular processes are dictated by the active signaling of proteins relaying messages to regulate cell proliferation, apoptosis, signal transduction and cell communications. An intricate web of protein kinases and phosphatases are critical to the proper transmission of signals across such cascades. By governing 30–50% of all protein dephosphorylation in the cell, with prominent substrate proteins being key regulators of signaling cascades, the phosphatase PP2A has emerged as a celebrated player in various developmental and tumorigenic pathways, thereby posing as an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in various pathologies wherein its activity is deregulated. This review is mainly focused on refreshing our understanding of the structural and functional complexity that cocoons the PP2A phosphatase, and its expression in cancers. Additionally, we focus on its physiological regulation as well as into recent advents and strategies that have shown promise in countering the deregulation of the phosphatase through its targeted reactivation. Finally, we dwell upon one of the key regulators of PP2A in cancer cells-cellular redox status-its multifarious nature, and its integration into the reactome of PP2A, highlighting some of the significant impacts that ROS can inflict on the structural modifications and functional aspect of PP2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Raman
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shazib Pervaiz
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Medical Science Cluster Cancer Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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A Selected Immunohistochemical Panel Aids in Differential Diagnosis and Prognostic Stratification of Subtypes of High-grade Endometrial Carcinoma: A Clinicopathologic and Immunohistochemical Study at a Single Institution. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2018; 25:696-702. [PMID: 27093454 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether a selected immunohistochemical panel (estrogen receptor, p53, ARID1A, PPP2R1A, HNF-1β) could contribute to the diagnostic process of high-grade endometrial carcinomas (HG-ECs). We also aimed to analyze the correlation of these immunohistochemical results with several morphologic variables and survival data. After revising the diagnosis of 78 HG-ECs, immunohistochemical analysis was performed for each case. After immunohistochemical analysis, a specific diagnosis of prototypic HG-EC was established in most of the cases that were uncertain due to morphologic ambiguity. In the univariate analysis, older patient age, type II morphology, undifferentiated carcinoma and carcinosarcoma type of histology, altered p53 immunostaining, strong membranous staining of PPP2R1A, presence of lymphovascular invasion in serous carcinoma, and microcystic, elongated, and fragmented-type infiltration pattern in endometrioid carcinoma were significantly related to poor prognosis. In the multivariate analysis, only older patient age and carcinosarcoma or undifferentiated/dedifferentiated carcinoma type histology were found to be significantly poor prognostic factors (P=0.011), whereas advanced FIGO stage and type II histology were found to be correlated with poor prognosis, but did not reach statistical significance. We suggest that immunohistochemistry should be used in the differential diagnosis of HG-ECs, especially those with ambiguous morphology. Markers used in this study made a valuable contribution to the diagnostic process as well as prediction of prognosis.
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Distinguishing the progression of an endometrioma: Benign or malignant? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2018; 230:79-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2018.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Lu X, Zhang L, Zhao H, Chen C, Wang Y, Liu S, Lin X, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Lu T, Yan F. Molecular classification and subtype-specific drug sensitivity research of uterine carcinosarcoma under multi-omics framework. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 20:227-235. [PMID: 30359167 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2018.1523853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Uterine carcinosarcomas (UCSs) are aggressive rare tumors recognized as malignancies composed of metaplastic transformation of epithelial elements. Nay no comprehensive molecular classification has been applied to UCS to guide targeted therapies so far, which motivated us to subtyping UCS by aggregating multiple genomic platform data. METHODS We classified UCS into three distinct subtypes with different clinicopathologic and molecular characterization by using similarity network fusion under consensus clustering framework (SNFCC+) to aggregate four genomic data platforms of 55 UCS patients. Differences across subtypes were extracted by functional enrichment, gene mutations and clinical features. Subtypes were further distinguished by putative biomarkers. We also determined associations between individual oncogenes and chemotherapeutics to discuss subtype-specific drug sensitivity. RESULTS Functional enrichment analysis of the subtype-specific differential expression genes endowed three subtypes new designation: Myo, Cell and Hormone. Mutations in PTEN, PIK3CA, ARID1A and PPP2R1A altered across subtypes. The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) score distinguished Myo from another two subtypes whereby a high EMT scores prevalently existed and each case was judged as M (mesenchymal) phenotype in Myo subtype. Through the drug sensitivity analysis, we found that the response to - tinib drugs is quite different across subtypes according to expression level. Additionally, different subtypes' response to broad-spectrum anti-cancer drug paclitaxel may be also different. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we identified three distinct molecular subtypes of UCS with different features. Subtypes were also revealed to have different sensitivity to existing chemotherapy drugs, which may support in-depth study of subtype-specific dosing regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Lu
- a Research Center of Biostatistics and Computational Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , P.R.China
| | - Liya Zhang
- a Research Center of Biostatistics and Computational Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , P.R.China
| | - Huiling Zhao
- a Research Center of Biostatistics and Computational Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , P.R.China
| | - Chen Chen
- a Research Center of Biostatistics and Computational Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , P.R.China
| | - Yaoyan Wang
- a Research Center of Biostatistics and Computational Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , P.R.China
| | - Shengjie Liu
- a Research Center of Biostatistics and Computational Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , P.R.China
| | - Xiao Lin
- a Research Center of Biostatistics and Computational Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , P.R.China
| | - Yue Wang
- a Research Center of Biostatistics and Computational Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , P.R.China
| | - Qianyuan Zhang
- a Research Center of Biostatistics and Computational Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , P.R.China
| | - Tao Lu
- b State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Fangrong Yan
- a Research Center of Biostatistics and Computational Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , P.R.China
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Remmerie M, Janssens V. Targeted Therapies in Type II Endometrial Cancers: Too Little, but Not Too Late. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2380. [PMID: 30104481 PMCID: PMC6121653 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Type II endometrial carcinomas (ECs) are responsible for most endometrial cancer-related deaths due to their aggressive nature, late stage detection and high tolerance for standard therapies. However, there are no targeted therapies for type II ECs, and they are still treated the same way as the clinically indolent and easily treatable type I ECs. Therefore, type II ECs are in need of new treatment options. More recently, molecular analysis of endometrial cancer revealed phosphorylation-dependent oncogenic signalling in the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways to be most frequently altered in type II ECs. Consequently, clinical trials tested pharmacologic kinase inhibitors targeting these pathways, although mostly with rather disappointing results. In this review, we highlight the most common genetic alterations in type II ECs. Additionally, we reason why most clinical trials for ECs using targeted kinase inhibitors had unsatisfying results and what should be changed in future clinical trial setups. Furthermore, we argue that, besides kinases, phosphatases should no longer be ignored in clinical trials, particularly in type II ECs, where the tumour suppressive phosphatase protein phosphatase type 2A (PP2A) is frequently mutated. Lastly, we discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting PP2A for (re)activation, possibly in combination with pharmacologic kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Remmerie
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
- Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Veerle Janssens
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
- Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Hussein YR, Soslow RA. Molecular insights into the classification of high-grade endometrial carcinoma. Pathology 2017; 50:151-161. [PMID: 29246451 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Endometrial carcinoma, which is associated with a mortality rate of approximately 20%, is the most common gynecological malignancy in the Western world. It is a heterogeneous disease, with multiple histotypes, each constituting a different disease entity. However, interobserver diagnostic agreement is suboptimal, particularly among the most lethal histotypes. Most recent data also indicate that histotype assignment is not independently associated with survival, while in contrast, clinicopathological risk stratification and genomic classification are significantly prognostic. Recent work has shown that there are four molecular subgroups of endometrioid carcinomas instead of the two types proposed by Bokhman in the 1970s. Carcinomas with polymerase E (POLE) exonuclease domain hotspot mutations are highly prognostically favourable; those with copy-number alterations and TP53 mutations are highly aggressive; and microsatellite unstable and 'copy-number low' endometrioid carcinomas are associated with intermediate prognoses. This review summarises the genetic foundations of the various histotypes of endometrial carcinoma and synthesises this information in the form of algorithms, or classifiers, that recapitulate genomic classification that is not only prognostic, but also potentially diagnostic and therapeutically predictive. A review of Lynch syndrome and Lynch-like syndrome is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaser R Hussein
- Department of Pathology, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ, United States
| | - Robert A Soslow
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States.
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Meeusen B, Janssens V. Tumor suppressive protein phosphatases in human cancer: Emerging targets for therapeutic intervention and tumor stratification. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 96:98-134. [PMID: 29031806 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant protein phosphorylation is one of the hallmarks of cancer cells, and in many cases a prerequisite to sustain tumor development and progression. Like protein kinases, protein phosphatases are key regulators of cell signaling. However, their contribution to aberrant signaling in cancer cells is overall less well appreciated, and therefore, their clinical potential remains largely unexploited. In this review, we provide an overview of tumor suppressive protein phosphatases in human cancer. Along their mechanisms of inactivation in defined cancer contexts, we give an overview of their functional roles in diverse signaling pathways that contribute to their tumor suppressive abilities. Finally, we discuss their emerging roles as predictive or prognostic markers, their potential as synthetic lethality targets, and the current feasibility of their reactivation with pharmacologic compounds as promising new cancer therapies. We conclude that their inclusion in clinical practice has obvious potential to significantly improve therapeutic outcome in various ways, and should now definitely be pushed forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob Meeusen
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics, Dept. of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven & Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Janssens
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics, Dept. of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven & Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Belgium.
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The Genomic Heterogeneity of FIGO Grade 3 Endometrioid Carcinoma Impacts Diagnostic Accuracy and Reproducibility. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2017; 35:16-24. [PMID: 26166718 DOI: 10.1097/pgp.0000000000000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) identified 4 groups of endometrial carcinomas based on an integrated genomic characterization: POLE ultramutated (POLE), microsatellite instability-high, copy number-low (CN-L), and copy number-high (CN-H). In that study, CN-H comprised all of the serous carcinoma cases and 25% of all International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Grade 3 endometrioid carcinoma cases. In this study, 2 expert gynecologic pathologists undertook a morphologic reassessment of the FIGO Grade 3 endometrioid carcinoma subset of the TCGA study cohort, including an analysis for evidence of serous differentiation. Interobserver variability κvalues are reported for the histologic evaluation of all 4 genomic clusters, and diagnostic discrepancies are discussed. Overall, there were 55 agreements, 6 disagreements, and 14 deferrals. Of the 75 cases analyzed, 6 cases had a consensus morphologic diagnosis of serous carcinoma, but only 2 of these cases had a serous carcinoma genotype, whereas the remaining 4 cases were genotypically endometrioid carcinoma. For the CN-H group, 2 of 15 cases were serous carcinoma by morphology and genotype, whereas at least 1 pathologist interpreted the remaining 13 cases as endometrioid carcinoma. The interobserver agreement rate was highest in the CN-L group (90%; κ=0.9), compared with the other genomic groups (POLE: 62%, κ=0.55; microsatellite instability-high: 78%, κ=0.74; and CN-H: 53%, κ=0.48). Our review confirms that most high-grade endometrial carcinomas diagnosed by TCGA as FIGO Grade 3 endometrioid carcinoma are indeed endometrioid carcinomas by morphology and genotype, and that the reproducibility of histologic diagnosis between pathologists varies between the TCGA-integrated genomic clusters.
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Müller MP, Rothammer S, Seichter D, Russ I, Hinrichs D, Tetens J, Thaller G, Medugorac I. Genome-wide mapping of 10 calving and fertility traits in Holstein dairy cattle with special regard to chromosome 18. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:1987-2006. [PMID: 28109604 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, a dramatic decrease in reproductive performance has been observed in Holstein cattle and fertility problems have become the most common reason for a cow to leave the herd. The premature removal of animals with high breeding values results in both economic and breeding losses. For efficient future Holstein breeding, the identification of loci associated with low fertility is of major interest and thus constitutes the aim of this study. To reach this aim, a genome-wide combined linkage disequilibrium and linkage analysis (cLDLA) was conducted using data on the following 10 calving and fertility traits in the form of estimated breeding values: days from first service to conception of heifers and cows, nonreturn rate on d 56 of heifers and cows, days from calving to first insemination, days open, paternal and maternal calving ease, paternal and maternal stillbirth. The animal data set contained 2,527 daughter-proven Holstein bulls from Germany that were genotyped with Illumina's BovineSNP50 BeadChip (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA). For the cLDLA, 41,635 sliding windows of 40 adjacent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were used. At each window midpoint, a variance component analysis was executed using ASReml. The underlying mixed linear model included random quantitative trait locus (QTL) and polygenic effects. We identified 50 genome-wide significant QTL. The most significant peak was detected for direct calving ease at 59,179,424 bp on chromosome 18 (BTA18). Next, a mixed-linear model association (MLMA) analysis was conducted. A comparison of the cLDLA and MLMA results with special regard to BTA18 showed that the genome-wide most significant SNP from the MLMA was associated with the same trait and located on the same chromosome at 57,589,121 bp (i.e., about 1.5 Mb apart from the cLDLA peak). The results of 5 different cLDLA and 2 MLMA models, which included the fixed effects of either SNP or haplotypes, suggested that the cLDLA method outperformed the MLMA in accuracy and precision. The haplotype-based cLDLA method allowed for a more precise mapping and the definition of ancestral and derived QTL alleles, both of which are essential for the detection of underlying quantitative trait nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-P Müller
- Tierzuchtforschung e.V. München, Senator-Gerauer-Str. 23, 85586 Poing, Germany; Chair of Animal Genetics and Husbandry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - S Rothammer
- Chair of Animal Genetics and Husbandry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - D Seichter
- Tierzuchtforschung e.V. München, Senator-Gerauer-Str. 23, 85586 Poing, Germany
| | - I Russ
- Tierzuchtforschung e.V. München, Senator-Gerauer-Str. 23, 85586 Poing, Germany
| | - D Hinrichs
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Christian-Albrechts-University, Olshausenstr. 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - J Tetens
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Christian-Albrechts-University, Olshausenstr. 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - G Thaller
- Tierzuchtforschung e.V. München, Senator-Gerauer-Str. 23, 85586 Poing, Germany; Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Christian-Albrechts-University, Olshausenstr. 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - I Medugorac
- Chair of Animal Genetics and Husbandry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
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Le Gallo M, Lozy F, Bell DW. Next-Generation Sequencing. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 943:119-148. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-43139-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Toda-Ishii M, Akaike K, Suehara Y, Mukaihara K, Kubota D, Kohsaka S, Okubo T, Mitani K, Mogushi K, Takagi T, Kaneko K, Yao T, Saito T. Clinicopathological effects of protein phosphatase 2, regulatory subunit A, alpha mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Mod Pathol 2016; 29:1424-1432. [PMID: 27469332 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2016.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, several studies have reported that dysfunctions in protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) caused by alterations in protein phosphatase 2 regulatory subunit A, alpha (PPP2R1A) are responsible for tumorigenesis and tumor progression in several types of cancers. The impact of PPP2R1A mutations remains unknown in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), although mutations in KIT and PDGFRA, which result in constitutive activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase pathway, are important in GIST tumorigenesis. In this study, we performed mutation analysis of PPP2R1A to examine the frequency of PPP2R1A mutations and their clinicopathological correlation in 94 GIST cases. In addition, we performed an in vitro analysis to investigate the effects of PPP2R1A mutations on cell proliferation and kinase phosphorylation in GIST cells. Seventeen GIST cases (18%) harbored mutations in PPP2R1A. All but one of these 17 cases harbored a KIT, PDGFRA, HRAS, NRAS, or KRAS mutation as the oncogenic driver mutation, and the remaining case was immunohistochemically negative for succinate dehydrogenase B (SDHB). Multivariate analysis showed that larger tumor size, higher mitotic rate, and PPP2R1A mutation are independent prognostic factors for overall survival; however, PPP2R1A mutation was not an independent prognostic factor for disease-free survival. The transduction of GIST cells with mutant PPP2R1A induced an accelerated growth rate via increased phosphorylation of Akt1/2, ERK1/2, and WNK1, a kinase associated with angiogenesis. In addition, the transduction of GIST cells with mutant PPP2R1A caused increased c-kit phosphorylation, suggesting that c-kit is also a target of PP2A, reinforcing the tumorigenic capabilities of c-kit. Furthermore, the transducing GIST cells with wild-type PP2A dephosphorylated mutant c-kit. This study provides a new insight into the biology of GISTs and their phosphatase activity, and activated PP2A could be a therapeutic target in GISTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Toda-Ishii
- Department of Human Pathology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Akaike
- Department of Human Pathology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Suehara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenta Mukaihara
- Department of Human Pathology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kubota
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Kohsaka
- Department of Medical Genomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taketo Okubo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Mitani
- Department of Human Pathology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Mogushi
- Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Takagi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kaneko
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Yao
- Department of Human Pathology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Saito
- Department of Human Pathology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Mutational landscape of uterine and ovarian carcinosarcomas implicates histone genes in epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:12238-12243. [PMID: 27791010 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614120113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinosarcomas (CSs) of the uterus and ovary are highly aggressive neoplasms containing both carcinomatous and sarcomatous elements. We analyzed the mutational landscape of 68 uterine and ovarian CSs by whole-exome sequencing. We also performed multiregion whole-exome sequencing comprising two carcinoma and sarcoma samples from six tumors to resolve their evolutionary histories. The results demonstrated that carcinomatous and sarcomatous elements derive from a common precursor having mutations typical of carcinomas. In addition to mutations in cancer genes previously identified in uterine and ovarian carcinomas such as TP53, PIK3CA, PPP2R1A, KRAS, PTEN, CHD4, and BCOR, we found an excess of mutations in genes encoding histone H2A and H2B, as well as significant amplification of the segment of chromosome 6p harboring the histone gene cluster containing these genes. We also found frequent deletions of the genes TP53 and MBD3 (a member with CHD4 of the nucleosome remodeling deacetylase complex) and frequent amplification of chromosome segments containing the genes PIK3CA, TERT, and MYC Stable transgenic expression of H2A and H2B in a uterine serous carcinoma cell line demonstrated that mutant, but not wild-type, histones increased expression of markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as well as tumor migratory and invasive properties, suggesting a role in sarcomatous transformation. Comparison of the phylogenetic relationships of carcinomatous and sarcomatous elements of the same tumors demonstrated separate lineages leading to these two components. These findings define the genetic landscape of CSs and suggest therapeutic targets for these highly aggressive neoplasms.
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Kiely M, Adams DR, Hayes SL, O'Connor R, Baillie GS, Kiely PA. RACK1 stabilises the activity of PP2A to regulate the transformed phenotype in mammary epithelial cells. Cell Signal 2016; 35:290-300. [PMID: 27600565 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Conflicting reports implicate the scaffolding protein RACK1 in the progression of breast cancer. RACK1 has been identified as a key regulator downstream of growth factor and adhesion signalling and as a direct binding partner of PP2A. Our objective was to further characterise the interaction between PP2A and RACK1 and to advance our understanding of this complex in breast cancer cells. We examined how the PP2A holoenzyme is assembled on the RACK1 scaffold in MCF-7 cells. We used immobilized peptide arrays representing the entire PP2A-catalytic subunit to identify candidate amino acids on the C subunit of PP2A that might be involved in binding of RACK1. We identified the RACK1 interaction sites on PP2A. Stable cell lines expressing PP2A with FR69/70AA, R214A and Y218F substitutions were generated and it was confirmed that the RACK1/PP2A interaction is essential to stabilise PP2A activity. We used Real-Time Cell Analysis and a series of assays to demonstrate that disruption of the RACK1/PP2A complex also reduces the adhesion, proliferation, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells and plays a role in maintenance of the cancer phenotype. This work has significantly advanced our understanding of the RACK1/PP2A complex and suggests a pro-carcinogenic role for the RACK1/PP2A interaction. This work suggests that approaches to target the RACK1/PP2A complex are a viable option to regulate PP2A activity and identifies a novel potential therapeutic target in the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maeve Kiely
- Graduate Entry Medical School, Materials and Surface Science Institute and Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - David R Adams
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh EH14AS, UK
| | - Sheri L Hayes
- Graduate Entry Medical School, Materials and Surface Science Institute and Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Rosemary O'Connor
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, BioSciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - George S Baillie
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Science, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Patrick A Kiely
- Graduate Entry Medical School, Materials and Surface Science Institute and Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland.
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The broken "Off" switch in cancer signaling: PP2A as a regulator of tumorigenesis, drug resistance, and immune surveillance. BBA CLINICAL 2016; 6:87-99. [PMID: 27556014 PMCID: PMC4986044 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of signal transduction pathways can transform a normal cell to a malignant one and can impart survival properties that render cancer cells resistant to therapy. A diverse set of cascades have been implicated in various cancers including those mediated by serine/threonine kinases such RAS, PI3K/AKT, and PKC. Signal transduction is a dynamic process involving both "On" and "Off" switches. Activating mutations of RAS or PI3K can be viewed as the switch being stuck in the "On" position resulting in continued signaling by a survival and/or proliferation pathway. On the other hand, inactivation of protein phosphatases such as the PP2A family can be seen as the defective "Off" switch that similarly can activate these pathways. A problem for therapeutic targeting of PP2A is that the enzyme is a hetero-trimer and thus drug targeting involves complex structures. More importantly, since PP2A isoforms generally act as tumor suppressors one would want to activate these enzymes rather than suppress them. The elucidation of the role of cellular inhibitors like SET and CIP2A in cancer suggests that targeting these proteins can have therapeutic efficacy by mechanisms involving PP2A activation. Furthermore, drugs such as FTY-720 can activate PP2A isoforms directly. This review will cover the current state of knowledge of PP2A role as a tumor suppressor in cancer cells and as a mediator of processes that can impact drug resistance and immune surveillance.
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Haesen D, Abbasi Asbagh L, Derua R, Hubert A, Schrauwen S, Hoorne Y, Amant F, Waelkens E, Sablina A, Janssens V. Recurrent PPP2R1A Mutations in Uterine Cancer Act through a Dominant-Negative Mechanism to Promote Malignant Cell Growth. Cancer Res 2016; 76:5719-5731. [PMID: 27485451 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-3342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Somatic missense mutations in the Ser/Thr protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) Aα scaffold subunit gene PPP2R1A are among the few genomic alterations that occur frequently in serous endometrial carcinoma (EC) and carcinosarcoma, two clinically aggressive subtypes of uterine cancer with few therapeutic options. Previous studies reported that cancer-associated Aα mutants exhibit defects in binding to other PP2A subunits and contribute to cancer development by a mechanism of haploinsufficiency. Here we report on the functional significance of the most recurrent PPP2R1A mutations in human EC, which cluster in Aα HEAT repeats 5 and 7. Beyond predicted loss-of-function effects on the formation of a subset of PP2A holoenzymes, we discovered that Aα mutants behave in a dominant-negative manner due to gain-of-function interactions with the PP2A inhibitor TIPRL1. Dominant-negative Aα mutants retain binding to specific subunits of the B56/B' family and form substrate trapping complexes with impaired phosphatase activity via increased recruitment of TIPRL1. Accordingly, overexpression of the Aα mutants in EC cells harboring wild-type PPP2R1A increased anchorage-independent growth and tumor formation, and triggered hyperphosphorylation of oncogenic PP2A-B56/B' substrates in the GSK3β, Akt, and mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathways. TIPRL1 silencing restored GSK3β phosphorylation and rescued the EC cell growth advantage. Our results reveal how PPP2R1A mutations affect PP2A function and oncogenic signaling, illuminating the genetic basis for serous EC development and its potential control by rationally targeted therapies. Cancer Res; 76(19); 5719-31. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Haesen
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Layka Abbasi Asbagh
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rita Derua
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Antoine Hubert
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Schrauwen
- Laboratory of Gynaecological Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yana Hoorne
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Amant
- Laboratory of Gynaecological Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Etienne Waelkens
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anna Sablina
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Janssens
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer represents the most lethal gynecological malignancy in the developed world, and can be divided into five main histological subtypes: high grade serous, endometrioid, clear cell, mucinous and low grade serous. These subtypes represent distinct disease entities, both clinically and at the molecular level. Molecular analysis has revealed significant genetic heterogeneity in ovarian cancer, particularly within the high grade serous subtype. As such, this subtype has been the focus of much research effort to date, revealing molecular subgroups at both the genomic and transcriptomic level that have clinical implications. However, stratification of ovarian cancer patients based on the underlying biology of their disease remains in its infancy. Here, we summarize the molecular changes that characterize the five main ovarian cancer subtypes, highlight potential opportunities for targeted therapeutic intervention and outline priorities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Hollis
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Charlie Gourley
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
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Jeong AL, Han S, Lee S, Su Park J, Lu Y, Yu S, Li J, Chun KH, Mills GB, Yang Y. Patient derived mutation W257G of PPP2R1A enhances cancer cell migration through SRC-JNK-c-Jun pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27391. [PMID: 27272709 PMCID: PMC4895347 DOI: 10.1038/srep27391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutation of PPP2R1A has been observed at high frequency in endometrial serous carcinomas but at low frequency in ovarian clear cell carcinoma. However, the biological role of mutation of PPP2R1A in ovarian and endometrial cancer progression remains unclear. In this study, we found that PPP2R1A expression is elevated in high-grade primary tumor patients with papillary serous tumors of the ovary. To determine whether increased levels or mutation of PPP2R1A might contribute to cancer progression, the effects of overexpression or mutation of PPP2R1A on cell proliferation, migration, and PP2A phosphatase activity were investigated using ovarian and endometrial cancer cell lines. Among the mutations, PPP2R1A-W257G enhanced cell migration in vitro through activating SRC-JNK-c-Jun pathway. Overexpression of wild type (WT) PPP2R1A increased its binding ability with B56 regulatory subunits, whereas PPP2R1A-mutations lost the ability to bind to most B56 subunits except B56δ. Total PP2A activity and PPP2R1A-associated PP2Ac activity were significantly increased in cells overexpressing PPP2R1A-WT. In addition, overexpression of PPP2R1A-WT increased cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ae Lee Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sora Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyi Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Su Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Yiling Lu
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Shuangxing Yu
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jane Li
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Kyung-Hee Chun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Young Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea
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43
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Er TK, Su YF, Wu CC, Chen CC, Wang J, Hsieh TH, Herreros-Villanueva M, Chen WT, Chen YT, Liu TC, Chen HS, Tsai EM. Targeted next-generation sequencing for molecular diagnosis of endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 94:835-47. [PMID: 26920370 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1395-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Recent molecular and pathological studies suggest that endometriosis may serve as a precursor of ovarian cancer (endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer, EAOC), especially of the endometrioid and clear cell subtypes. Accordingly, this study had two cardinal aims: first, to obtain mutation profiles of EAOC from Taiwanese patients; and second, to determine whether somatic mutations present in EAOC can be detected in preneoplastic lesions. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues were obtained from ten endometriosis patients with malignant transformation. Macrodissection was performed to separate four different types of cells from FFPE sections in six patients. The four types of samples included normal endometrium, ectopic endometriotic lesion, atypical endometriosis, and carcinoma. Ultra-deep (>1000×) targeted sequencing was performed on 409 cancer-related genes to identify pathogenic mutations associated with EAOC. The most frequently mutated genes were PIK3CA (6/10) and ARID1A (5/10). Other recurrently mutated genes included ETS1, MLH1, PRKDC (3/10 each), and AMER1, ARID2, BCL11A, CREBBP, ERBB2, EXT1, FANCD2, MSH6, NF1, NOTCH1, NUMA1, PDE4DIP, PPP2R1A, RNF213, and SYNE1 (2/10 each). Importantly, in five of the six patients, identical somatic mutations were detected in atypical endometriosis and tumor lesions. In two patients, genetic alterations were also detected in ectopic endometriotic lesions, indicating the presence of genetic alterations in preneoplastic lesion. Genetic analysis in preneoplastic lesions may help to identify high-risk patients at early stage of malignant transformation and also shed new light on fundamental aspects of the molecular pathogenesis of EAOC. KEY MESSAGES Molecular characterization of endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer genes by targeted NGS. Candidate genes predictive of malignant transformation were identified. Chromatin remodeling, PI3K-AKT-mTOR, Notch signaling, and Wnt/β-catenin pathway may promote cell malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tze-Kiong Er
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fa Su
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chieh Wu
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chieh Chen
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tsung-Hua Hsieh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Marta Herreros-Villanueva
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Donostia/Instituto Biodonostia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Wan-Tzu Chen
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Chih Liu
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Sheng Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Eing-Mei Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan. .,Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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44
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[Dualistic classification of epithelial ovarian cancer: Is it clinically relevant?]. Bull Cancer 2016; 103:252-8. [PMID: 26853278 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Malignant epithelial tumors (carcinomas) are the most common ovarian cancers and the most lethal gynecological malignancies. Based on their heterogeneous morphology, a dualistic model of carcinogenesis was proposed in 2004. Type I carcinomas, composed of low grade serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell carcinomas and malignant Brenner tumors, were distinct from type II carcinomas (high grade serous, undifferentiated carcinomas and carcinosarcomas). However, clinical studies failed to demonstrate the prognostic value of such a classification. The main reproach to this dualistic model was that it lumped together in type I tumors, heterogeneous lesions such as clear cell and mucinous carcinomas. Recent advances on molecular genetic alterations and precursor lesions favor the classification of ovarian carcinomas as five distinct diseases. The dualistic model of carcinogenesis in type I and II can finally be applied only to serous ovarian carcinomas (low grade and high grade).
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Houge G, Haesen D, Vissers LELM, Mehta S, Parker MJ, Wright M, Vogt J, McKee S, Tolmie JL, Cordeiro N, Kleefstra T, Willemsen MH, Reijnders MRF, Berland S, Hayman E, Lahat E, Brilstra EH, van Gassen KLI, Zonneveld-Huijssoon E, de Bie CI, Hoischen A, Eichler EE, Holdhus R, Steen VM, Døskeland SO, Hurles ME, FitzPatrick DR, Janssens V. B56δ-related protein phosphatase 2A dysfunction identified in patients with intellectual disability. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:3051-62. [PMID: 26168268 DOI: 10.1172/jci79860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report inherited dysregulation of protein phosphatase activity as a cause of intellectual disability (ID). De novo missense mutations in 2 subunits of serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) were identified in 16 individuals with mild to severe ID, long-lasting hypotonia, epileptic susceptibility, frontal bossing, mild hypertelorism, and downslanting palpebral fissures. PP2A comprises catalytic (C), scaffolding (A), and regulatory (B) subunits that determine subcellular anchoring, substrate specificity, and physiological function. Ten patients had mutations within a highly conserved acidic loop of the PPP2R5D-encoded B56δ regulatory subunit, with the same E198K mutation present in 6 individuals. Five patients had mutations in the PPP2R1A-encoded scaffolding Aα subunit, with the same R182W mutation in 3 individuals. Some Aα cases presented with large ventricles, causing macrocephaly and hydrocephalus suspicion, and all cases exhibited partial or complete corpus callosum agenesis. Functional evaluation revealed that mutant A and B subunits were stable and uncoupled from phosphatase activity. Mutant B56δ was A and C binding-deficient, while mutant Aα subunits bound B56δ well but were unable to bind C or bound a catalytically impaired C, suggesting a dominant-negative effect where mutant subunits hinder dephosphorylation of B56δ-anchored substrates. Moreover, mutant subunit overexpression resulted in hyperphosphorylation of GSK3β, a B56δ-regulated substrate. This effect was in line with clinical observations, supporting a correlation between the ID degree and biochemical disturbance.
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46
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Lee SY, Saito T, Mitomi H, Hidaka Y, Murakami T, Nomura R, Watanabe S, Yao T. Mutation spectrum in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in gastric fundic gland-associated neoplasms/polyps. Virchows Arch 2015; 467:27-38. [PMID: 25820416 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-015-1753-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Frequent activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway has recently been demonstrated in gastric adenocarcinoma/neoplasia of chief cell predominant type (GA-CCP/GN-CCP) with submucosal involvement. In this study, we examined the activation status of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in GN-CCP without submucosal involvement, which is referred to as gastric dysplasia-CCP (GD-CCP). We also examined β-catenin expression and the mutation spectrum of PPP2R1A and Wnt pathway genes in 11 cases of GD-CCP, 25 cases of gastric polyps of fundic gland type (GPs-FG), and 21 cases of GPs-FG with dysplasia (GP-FGD). β-catenin nuclear staining was observed in 3 cases of GD-CCP, none of GPs-FG, and 6 cases of GPs-FGD. Mutations in Wnt pathway genes, including PPP2R1A, were observed in 4 cases of GDs-CCP, 10 cases of GPs-FG, and 7 cases of GPs-FGD. Two of these seven GPs-FGD cases showed β-catenin nuclear staining. However, none of the 4 GD-CCP cases with mutations or the 10 GPs-FG cases with mutations showed β-catenin nuclear staining. PPP2R1A mutations were observed in 1 GD-CCP case and 1 GPs-FGD case. Although the mutation spectra of the Wnt pathway genes in GD-CCP and GP-FG differed, based on the absence of β-catenin nuclear staining despite the genetic alterations, GD-CCP is more similar to GP-FG than to GN-CCP, which shows β-catenin nuclear staining and submucosal involvement. Activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling by the β-catenin nuclear transition may be required during progression from GD-CCP to GN-CCP. Furthermore, this is the first report describing PPP2R1A mutations in gastric fundic gland-associated neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Yong Lee
- Department of Human Pathology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
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Kiely M, Kiely PA. PP2A: The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing? Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:648-69. [PMID: 25867001 PMCID: PMC4491676 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7020648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a major serine/threonine phosphatase in cells. It consists of a catalytic subunit (C), a structural subunit (A), and a regulatory/variable B-type subunit. PP2A has a critical role to play in homeostasis where its predominant function is as a phosphatase that regulates the major cell signaling pathways in cells. Changes in the assembly, activity and substrate specificity of the PP2A holoenzyme have a direct role in disease and are a major contributor to the maintenance of the transformed phenotype in cancer. We have learned a lot about how PP2A functions from specific mutations that disrupt the core assembly of PP2A and from viral proteins that target PP2A and inhibit its effect as a phosphatase. This prompted various studies revealing that restoration of PP2A activity benefits some cancer patients. However, our understanding of the mechanism of action of this is limited because of the complex nature of PP2A holoenzyme assembly and because it acts through a wide variety of signaling pathways. Information on PP2A is also conflicting as there are situations whereby inactivation of PP2A induces apoptosis in many cancer cells. In this review we discuss this relationship and we also address many of the pertinent and topical questions that relate to novel therapeutic strategies aimed at altering PP2A activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maeve Kiely
- Department of Life Sciences, and Materials and Surface Science Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick 78666, Ireland.
| | - Patrick A Kiely
- Department of Life Sciences, and Materials and Surface Science Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick 78666, Ireland.
- Stokes Institute, University of Limerick 78666, Limerick, Ireland.
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48
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Hope for GWAS: relevant risk genes uncovered from GWAS statistical noise. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:17601-21. [PMID: 25268625 PMCID: PMC4227180 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151017601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of genetic variants have been associated to common diseases through genome-wide association studies (GWAS), yet there are limits to current approaches in detecting true small effect risk variants against a background of false positive findings. Here we addressed the missing heritability problem, aiming to test whether there are indeed risk variants within GWAS statistical noise and to develop a systematic strategy to retrieve these hidden variants. Employing an integrative approach, which combines protein-protein interactions with association data from GWAS for 6 common diseases, we found that associated-genes at less stringent significance levels (p < 0.1) with any of these diseases are functionally connected beyond noise expectation. This functional coherence was used to identify disease-relevant subnetworks, which were shown to be enriched in known genes, outperforming the selection of top GWAS genes. As a proof of principle, we applied this approach to breast cancer, supporting well-known breast cancer genes, while pinpointing novel susceptibility genes for experimental validation. This study reinforces the idea that GWAS are under-analyzed and that missing heritability is rather hidden. It extends the use of protein networks to reveal this missing heritability, thus leveraging the large investment in GWAS that produced so far little tangible gain.
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49
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Black JD, English DP, Roque DM, Santin AD. Targeted therapy in uterine serous carcinoma: an aggressive variant of endometrial cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 10:45-57. [PMID: 24328598 DOI: 10.2217/whe.13.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Uterine serous carcinoma (USC) is a highly aggressive variant of endometrial cancer. Although it only represents less than 10% of all cases, it accounts for a disproportionate number of deaths from endometrial cancer. Comprehensive surgical staging followed by carboplatin and paclitaxel chemotherapy represents the mainstay of USC therapy. Vaginal cuff brachytherapy is also of potential benefit in USC. Recent whole-exome sequencing studies have demonstrated gain of function of the HER2/NEU gene, as well as driver mutations in the PIK3CA/AKT/mTOR and cyclin E/FBXW7 oncogenic pathways in a large number of USCs. These results emphasize the relevance of these novel therapeutic targets for biologic therapy of chemotherapy-resistant recurrent USC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Black
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Room 305 Laboratory for Surgery, Obstetrics & Gynecology, 333 Cedar Street; PO Box 208063, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA
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Devouassoux-Shisheboran M. Cancers de l’ovaire : la biologie moléculaire. ONCOLOGIE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10269-014-2407-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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