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Bachmann H, Vandemoortele B, Vermeirssen V, Carrette E, Vonck K, Boon P, Raedt R, Laureys G. Vagus nerve stimulation enhances remyelination and decreases innate neuroinflammation in lysolecithin-induced demyelination. Brain Stimul 2024; 17:575-587. [PMID: 38648972 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2024.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current treatments for Multiple Sclerosis (MS) poorly address chronic innate neuroinflammation nor do they offer effective remyelination. The vagus nerve has a strong regulatory role in inflammation and Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) has potential to affect both neuroinflammation and remyelination in MS. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effects of VNS on demyelination and innate neuroinflammation in a validated MS rodent model. METHODS Lysolecithin (LPC) was injected in the corpus callosum (CC) of 46 Lewis rats, inducing a demyelinated lesion. 33/46 rats received continuously-cycled VNS (cVNS) or one-minute per day VNS (1minVNS) or sham VNS from 2 days before LPC-injection until perfusion at 3 days post-injection (dpi) (corresponding with a demyelinated lesion with peak inflammation). 13/46 rats received cVNS or sham from 2 days before LPC-injection until perfusion at 11 dpi (corresponding with a partial remyelinated lesion). Immunohistochemistry and proteomics analyses were performed to investigate the extend of demyelination and inflammation. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry showed that cVNS significantly reduced microglial and astrocytic activation in the lesion and lesion border, and significantly reduced the Olig2+ cell count at 3 dpi. Furthermore, cVNS significantly improved remyelination with 57.4 % versus sham at 11 dpi. Proteomic gene set enrichment analyses showed increased activation of (glutamatergic) synapse pathways in cVNS versus sham, most pronounced at 3 dpi. CONCLUSION cVNS improved remyelination of an LPC-induced lesion. Possible mechanisms might include modulation of microglia and astrocyte activity, increased (glutamatergic) synapses and enhanced oligodendrocyte clearance after initial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Bachmann
- Ghent University, 4 Brain, Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium.
| | - Boris Vandemoortele
- Laboratory for Computational Biology, Integromics and Gene Regulation (CBIGR), Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vanessa Vermeirssen
- Laboratory for Computational Biology, Integromics and Gene Regulation (CBIGR), Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelien Carrette
- Ghent University, 4 Brain, Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium
| | - Kristl Vonck
- Ghent University, 4 Brain, Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium
| | - Paul Boon
- Ghent University, 4 Brain, Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium
| | - Robrecht Raedt
- Ghent University, 4 Brain, Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium
| | - Guy Laureys
- Ghent University, 4 Brain, Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium
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2
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Lohrasbi F, Ghasemi-Kasman M, Soghli N, Ghazvini S, Vaziri Z, Abdi S, Darban YM. The Journey of iPSC-derived OPCs in Demyelinating Disorders: From In vitro Generation to In vivo Transplantation. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:1980-1991. [PMID: 36825702 PMCID: PMC10514531 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230220150010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of myelination is common among neurological diseases. It causes significant disability, even death, if it is not treated instantly. Different mechanisms involve the pathophysiology of demyelinating diseases, such as genetic background, infectious, and autoimmune inflammation. Recently, regenerative medicine and stem cell therapy have shown to be promising for the treatment of demyelinating disorders. Stem cells, including embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and adult stem cells (ASCs), can differentiate into oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), which may convert to oligodendrocytes (OLs) and recover myelination. IPSCs provide an endless source for OPCs generation. However, the restricted capacity of proliferation, differentiation, migration, and myelination of iPSC-derived OPCs is a notable gap for future studies. In this article, we have first reviewed stem cell therapy in demyelinating diseases. Secondly, methods of different protocols have been discussed among in vitro and in vivo studies on iPSC-derived OPCs to contrast OPCs' transplantation efficacy. Lastly, we have reviewed the results of iPSCs-derived OLs production in each demyelination model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Lohrasbi
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran
| | - Negar Soghli
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran
| | - Sobhan Ghazvini
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran
| | - Zahra Vaziri
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran
| | - Sadaf Abdi
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran
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3
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Xia W, Fancy SPJ. Mechanisms of oligodendrocyte progenitor developmental migration. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 81:985-996. [PMID: 34643996 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS), develop from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) that must first migrate extensively throughout the developing brain and spinal cord. Specified at particular times from discrete regions in the developing CNS, OPCs are one of the most migratory of cell types and disperse rapidly. A variety of factors act on OPCs to trigger intracellular changes that regulate their migration. We will discuss factors that act as long-range guidance cues, those that act to regulate cellular motility, and those that are critical in determining the final positioning of OPCs. In addition, recent evidence has identified the vasculature as the physical substrate used by OPCs for their migration. Several new findings relating to this oligodendroglial-vascular signaling axis reveal new insight on the relationship between OPCs and blood vessels in the developing and adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Xia
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Division of Neuroimmunology and Glial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Newborn Brain Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stephen P J Fancy
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Division of Neuroimmunology and Glial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Newborn Brain Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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4
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Binamé F, Pham-Van LD, Bagnard D. Manipulating oligodendrocyte intrinsic regeneration mechanism to promote remyelination. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5257-5273. [PMID: 34019104 PMCID: PMC11073109 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03852-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In demyelinated lesions, astrocytes, activated microglia and infiltrating macrophages secrete several factors regulating oligodendrocyte precursor cells' behaviour. What appears to be the initiation of an intrinsic mechanism of myelin repair is only leading to partial recovery and inefficient remyelination, a process worsening over the course of the disease. This failure is largely due to the concomitant accumulation of inhibitory cues in and around the lesion sites opposing to growth promoting factors. Here starts a complex game of interactions between the signalling pathways controlling oligodendrocytes migration or differentiation. Receptors of positive or negative cues are modulating Ras, PI3K or RhoGTPases pathways acting on oligodendrocyte cytoskeleton remodelling. From the description of this intricate signalling network, this review addresses the extent to which the modulation of the global response to inhibitory cues may pave the route towards novel therapeutic approaches for myelin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Binamé
- INSERM U1119, Biopathology of Myelin, Neuroprotection and Therapeutic Strategy (BMNST Lab), Labex Medalis, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Pôle API, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie, 300 Boulevard Sébastien Brant, 67412, Illkirch, France
| | - Lucas D Pham-Van
- INSERM U1119, Biopathology of Myelin, Neuroprotection and Therapeutic Strategy (BMNST Lab), Labex Medalis, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Pôle API, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie, 300 Boulevard Sébastien Brant, 67412, Illkirch, France
| | - Dominique Bagnard
- INSERM U1119, Biopathology of Myelin, Neuroprotection and Therapeutic Strategy (BMNST Lab), Labex Medalis, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Pôle API, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie, 300 Boulevard Sébastien Brant, 67412, Illkirch, France.
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5
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Cellular senescence and failure of myelin repair in multiple sclerosis. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 192:111366. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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6
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Functional Heterogeneity of Mouse and Human Brain OPCs: Relevance for Preclinical Studies in Multiple Sclerosis. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9061681. [PMID: 32498223 PMCID: PMC7355819 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides giving rise to oligodendrocytes (the only myelin-forming cell in the Central Nervous System (CNS) in physiological conditions), Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells (OPCs) are responsible for spontaneous remyelination after a demyelinating lesion. They are present along the mouse and human CNS, both during development and in adulthood, yet how OPC physiological behavior is modified throughout life is not fully understood. The activity of adult human OPCs is still particularly unexplored. Significantly, most of the molecules involved in OPC-mediated remyelination are also involved in their development, a phenomenon that may be clinically relevant. In the present article, we have compared the intrinsic properties of OPCs isolated from the cerebral cortex of neonatal, postnatal and adult mice, as well as those recovered from neurosurgical adult human cerebral cortex tissue. By analyzing intact OPCs for the first time with 1H High Resolution Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H HR-MAS NMR) spectroscopy, we show that these cells behave distinctly and that they have different metabolic patterns in function for their stage of maturity. Moreover, their response to Fibroblast Growth Gactor-2 (FGF-2) and anosmin-1 (two molecules that have known effects on OPC biology during development and that are overexpressed in individuals with Multiple Sclerosis (MS)) differs in relation to their developmental stage and in the function of the species. Our data reveal that the behavior of adult human and mouse OPCs differs in a very dynamic way that should be very relevant when testing drugs and for the proper design of effective pharmacological and/or cell therapies for MS.
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Eigel D, Zoupi L, Sekizar S, Welzel PB, Werner C, Williams A, Newland B. Cryogel scaffolds for regionally constrained delivery of lysophosphatidylcholine to central nervous system slice cultures: A model of focal demyelination for multiple sclerosis research. Acta Biomater 2019; 97:216-229. [PMID: 31425890 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pathology of multiple sclerosis (MS) is typified by focal demyelinated areas of the brain and spinal cord, which results in axonal degeneration and atrophy. Although the field has made much progress in developing immunomodulatory therapies to reduce the occurrence of these focal lesions, there is a conspicuous lack of licensed effective therapies to reduce axonal degeneration or promote repair. Remyelination, carried out by oligodendrocytes, does occur in MS, and is protective against axonal degeneration. Unfortunately, remyelination is not very efficient, and ultimately fails and so there is a research focus to generate new therapeutics to enhance remyelination leading to neuroprotection. To develop these therapies, we need preclinical models that well reflect remyelination in MS. We have previously characterized an ex vivo model that uses lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to cause acute and global demyelination of tissue slices, followed by spontaneous remyelination, which has been widely used as a surrogate for in vivo rodent models of demyelination. However, this ex vivo model lacks the focal demyelinated lesions seen in MS, surrounded by normal tissue from which the repairing oligodendrocytes are derived. Therefore, to improve the model, we have developed and characterized small macroporous cryogel scaffolds for controlled/regional delivery of LPC with diameters of either 0.5, 1 or 2 mm. Placement of LPC loaded scaffolds adjacent to ex vivo cultured mouse brain and spinal cord slices induced focal areas of demyelination in proximity to the scaffold. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first such report of spatial mimicry of the in vivo condition in ex vivo tissue culture. This will allow not only the investigation into focal lesions, but also provides a better platform technology with which to test remyelination-promoting therapeutics. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This manuscript is the first report of using macroporous hydrogels (cryogels) as a research tool for lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) delivery, in order to create an ex vivo model of focal demyelination in the brain and spinal cord, which is of great relevance to multiple sclerosis research. Here, we transform an existing ex vivo model of demyelination by delivering LPC to focal regions of brain and spinal cord slice cultures. We have developed an easy-to-handle cylindrical and macroporous PEG-based sponge-like scaffold material (cryogel) that can deliver LPC only to a small area of the slice. Such cryogels are ideal as a delivery system in this culture model as they exhibit a soft but robust nature, with high mechanical deformability in their dry and swollen state, with no need to stay permanently hydrated. In addition, the synthesis of these cryogels is simple and easy to reproduce via photochemical cryopolymerisation using a PEG-diacrylate monomer and a photoinitiator, which are both commercially available. This more accurate model of demyelination will not only allow researchers to gain a better understanding of the CNS remyelination process in diseases such as MS, but also provides a platform technology, which could be utilized to screen and test pro-remyelination compounds which may help to find new therapeutics for progressive MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Eigel
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lida Zoupi
- MRC-Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 5 Little France Drive, EH16 4UU Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sowmya Sekizar
- MRC-Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 5 Little France Drive, EH16 4UU Edinburgh, UK
| | - Petra B Welzel
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Carsten Werner
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna Williams
- MRC-Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 5 Little France Drive, EH16 4UU Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Ben Newland
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany; School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK.
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8
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Galloway DA, Gowing E, Setayeshgar S, Kothary R. Inhibitory milieu at the multiple sclerosis lesion site and the challenges for remyelination. Glia 2019; 68:859-877. [PMID: 31441132 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration of myelin, following injury, can occur within the central nervous system to reinstate proper axonal conductance and provide trophic support. Failure to do so renders the axons vulnerable, leading to eventual degeneration, and neuronal loss. Thus, it is essential to understand the mechanisms by which remyelination or failure to remyelinate occur, particularly in the context of demyelinating and neurodegenerative disorders. In multiple sclerosis, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) migrate to lesion sites to repair myelin. However, during disease progression, the ability of OPCs to participate in remyelination diminishes coincident with worsening of the symptoms. Remyelination is affected by a broad range of cues from intrinsic programming of OPCs and extrinsic local factors to the immune system and other systemic elements including diet and exercise. Here we review the literature on these diverse inhibitory factors and the challenges they pose to remyelination. Results spanning several disciplines from fundamental preclinical studies to knowledge gained in the clinic will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan A Galloway
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Gowing
- Neurosciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, Centre de recherche du CHUM, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Solmaz Setayeshgar
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rashmi Kothary
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Nichols EL, Green LA, Smith CJ. Ensheathing cells utilize dynamic tiling of neuronal somas in development and injury as early as neuronal differentiation. Neural Dev 2018; 13:19. [PMID: 30121077 PMCID: PMC6098834 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-018-0115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glial cell ensheathment of specific components of neuronal circuits is essential for nervous system function. Although ensheathment of axonal segments of differentiated neurons has been investigated, ensheathment of neuronal cell somas, especially during early development when neurons are extending processes and progenitor populations are expanding, is still largely unknown. Methods To address this, we used time-lapse imaging in zebrafish during the initial formation of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Results Our results show that DRG neurons are ensheathed throughout their entire lifespan by a progenitor population. These ensheathing cells dynamically remodel during development to ensure axons can extend away from the neuronal cell soma into the CNS and out to the skin. As a population, ensheathing cells tile each DRG neuron to ensure neurons are tightly encased. In development and in experimental cell ablation paradigms, the oval shape of DRG neurons dynamically changes during partial unensheathment. During longer extended unensheathment neuronal soma shifting is observed. We further show the intimate relationship of these ensheathing cells with the neurons leads to immediate and choreographed responses to distal axonal damage to the neuron. Conclusion We propose that the ensheathing cells dynamically contribute to the shape and position of neurons in the DRG by their remodeling activity during development and are primed to dynamically respond to injury of the neuron. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13064-018-0115-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan L Nichols
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 015 Galvin Life Sciences Building, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Lauren A Green
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 015 Galvin Life Sciences Building, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.,Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Cody J Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 015 Galvin Life Sciences Building, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA. .,Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
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10
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Antel JP, Lin YH, Cui QL, Pernin F, Kennedy TE, Ludwin SK, Healy LM. Immunology of oligodendrocyte precursor cells in vivo and in vitro. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 331:28-35. [PMID: 29566973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Remyelination following myelin/oligodendrocyte injury in the central nervous system (CNS) is dependent on oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) migrating into lesion sites, differentiating into myelinating oligodendrocytes (OLs), and ensheathing axons. Experimental models indicate that robust OPC-dependent remyelination can occur in the CNS; in contrast, histologic and imaging studies of lesions in the human disease multiple sclerosis (MS) indicate the variable extent of this response, which is particularly limited in more chronic MS lesions. Immune-mediated mechanisms can contribute either positively or negatively to the presence and functional responses of OPCs. This review addresses i) the molecular signature and functional properties of OPCs in the adult human brain; ii) the status (presence and function) of OPCs in MS lesions; iii) experimental models and in vitro data highlighting the contribution of adaptive and innate immune constituents to OPC injury and remyelination; and iv) effects of MS-directed immunotherapies on OPCs, either directly or indirectly via effects on specific immune constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack P Antel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yun Hsuan Lin
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Qiao-Ling Cui
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Florian Pernin
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Timothy E Kennedy
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Samuel K Ludwin
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Luke M Healy
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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11
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Voortman MM, Pekar T, Bachmayer D, Archelos JJ, Stojakovic T, Scharnagl H, Ropele S, Pichler A, Enzinger C, Fuchs S, Fazekas F, Seifert-Held T, Khalil M. Serum netrin-1 in relation to gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in early multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 2017; 3:2055217317727294. [PMID: 28856010 PMCID: PMC5571769 DOI: 10.1177/2055217317727294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Netrin-1, a secreted laminin-related protein, is known to regulate not only axonal guidance and neuronal cell migration, but also blood–brain barrier integrity and inflammation. Two preliminary studies reported altered serum netrin-1 levels in multiple sclerosis; however, associations with longitudinal clinical and magnetic resonance imaging activity have not been investigated. Objectives We aimed to assess serum netrin-1 in multiple sclerosis and controls with respect to disease activity and its temporal dynamics. Methods Serum netrin-1 was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 79 patients with clinically isolated syndrome or multiple sclerosis, and 30 non-inflammatory neurological disease controls. In patients, serum samples were collected immediately prior to gadolinium-enhanced 3 T magnetic resonance imaging at two time points (initial contrast-enhancing gadolinium+ n = 47, non-enhancing gadolinium– n = 32; reference gadolinium– n = 70; median time-lag 1.4, interquartile range 1.0–2.3 years). Results Serum netrin-1 levels were similar in clinically isolated syndrome, multiple sclerosis and controls, and gadolinium+ and gadolinium– patients. Among gadolinium+ patients, serum netrin-1 was decreased in clinically active (n = 8) vs non-active patients (n = 39; p = 0.041). Serum netrin-1 showed no temporal dynamics in multiple sclerosis and was unrelated to clinical data. Conclusions Serum netrin-1 levels show no multiple sclerosis specific changes and are not sensitive for detection of subclinical disease activity. Netrin-1 changes during relapses may deserve further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Voortman
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - T Pekar
- University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | | | - J-J Archelos
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - T Stojakovic
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - H Scharnagl
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - S Ropele
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - A Pichler
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - C Enzinger
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - S Fuchs
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - F Fazekas
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - T Seifert-Held
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - M Khalil
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
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12
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Plooster M, Menon S, Winkle CC, Urbina FL, Monkiewicz C, Phend KD, Weinberg RJ, Gupton SL. TRIM9-dependent ubiquitination of DCC constrains kinase signaling, exocytosis, and axon branching. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:2374-2385. [PMID: 28701345 PMCID: PMC5576901 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-08-0594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the presence of netrin, tripartite motif protein 9 (TRIM9) promotes deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) clustering, but TRIM9-dependent ubiquitination of DCC is reduced. Loss of ubiquitination promotes an interaction between DCC and FAK and FAK activation. FAK activation is required for the progression from SNARE assembly to exocytic vesicle fusion, which supplies membrane material for axon branching. Extracellular netrin-1 and its receptor deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) promote axon branching in developing cortical neurons. Netrin-dependent morphogenesis is preceded by multimerization of DCC, activation of FAK and Src family kinases, and increases in exocytic vesicle fusion, yet how these occurrences are linked is unknown. Here we demonstrate that tripartite motif protein 9 (TRIM9)-dependent ubiquitination of DCC blocks the interaction with and phosphorylation of FAK. Upon netrin-1 stimulation TRIM9 promotes DCC multimerization, but TRIM9-dependent ubiquitination of DCC is reduced, which promotes an interaction with FAK and subsequent FAK activation. We found that inhibition of FAK activity blocks elevated frequencies of exocytosis in vitro and elevated axon branching in vitro and in vivo. Although FAK inhibition decreased soluble N-ethylmaleimide attachment protein receptor (SNARE)-mediated exocytosis, assembled SNARE complexes and vesicles adjacent to the plasma membrane increased, suggesting a novel role for FAK in the progression from assembled SNARE complexes to vesicle fusion in developing murine neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Plooster
- Cell Biology and Physiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Shalini Menon
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Cortney C Winkle
- Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Fabio L Urbina
- Cell Biology and Physiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Caroline Monkiewicz
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Kristen D Phend
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Richard J Weinberg
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Stephanie L Gupton
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 .,Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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Plemel JR, Liu WQ, Yong VW. Remyelination therapies: a new direction and challenge in multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2017; 16:617-634. [PMID: 28685761 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2017.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is characterized by inflammatory activity that results in destruction of the myelin sheaths that enwrap axons. The currently available medications for multiple sclerosis are predominantly immune-modulating and do not directly promote repair. White matter regeneration, or remyelination, is a new and exciting potential approach to treating multiple sclerosis, as remyelination repairs the damaged regions of the central nervous system. A wealth of new strategies in animal models that promote remyelination, including the repopulation of oligodendrocytes that produce myelin, has led to several clinical trials to test new reparative therapies. In this Review, we highlight the biology of, and obstacles to, remyelination. We address new strategies to improve remyelination in preclinical models, highlight the therapies that are currently undergoing clinical trials and discuss the challenges of objectively measuring remyelination in trials of repair in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Plemel
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Oncology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Wei-Qiao Liu
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Oncology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Oncology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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14
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Mulero P, Córdova C, Hernández M, Martín R, Gutiérrez B, Muñoz JC, Redondo N, Gallardo I, Téllez N, Nieto ML. Netrin-1 and multiple sclerosis: a new biomarker for neuroinflammation? Eur J Neurol 2017; 24:1108-1115. [PMID: 28677863 DOI: 10.1111/ene.13340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Netrin-1, an axon guidance protein, reduces serum levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and stabilizes the blood-brain barrier limiting the entrance of immune cells into the central nervous system. The aim was to investigate its presence in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model and in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with and without clinical activity. METHODS Netrin-1 levels were evaluated in EAE mouse tissues. Afterwards, serum netrin-1 was cross-sectionally quantified in 90 patients with different MS phenotypes and 30 control subjects. An additional group of 10 relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients was longitudinally evaluated throughout a relapse (RRMSr) with an interval of 60 days. Tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), a reference inflammatory cytokine, and netrin-1 were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice showed significantly lower netrin-1 levels and higher TNFα amounts in sera, spinal cord and cerebella than healthy control mice. MS patients showed significantly lower serum netrin-1 levels than controls (511.62 ± 209.30 and 748.32 ± 103.24 pg/ml, respectively; P ≤ 0.005). The lowest protein levels were found in RRMSr, remaining significantly lower throughout the relapse. TNFα serum concentrations were higher in MS patients compared to controls, and negatively correlated with netrin-1 levels (r = -0.3734, P ≤ 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Netrin-1 decreased in EAE and in MS patients, mainly during relapse, suggesting an anti-inflammatory role of netrin-1. Further research should be performed in a larger cohort of patients to validate netrin-1 as a biomarker of MS inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mulero
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain
| | - C Córdova
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, CSIC - Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - M Hernández
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, CSIC - Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - R Martín
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, CSIC - Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - B Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, CSIC - Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - J C Muñoz
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Valladolid, Spain
| | - N Redondo
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain
| | - I Gallardo
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, CSIC - Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - N Téllez
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain
| | - M L Nieto
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, CSIC - Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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Attempts to Overcome Remyelination Failure: Toward Opening New Therapeutic Avenues for Multiple Sclerosis. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 37:1335-1348. [PMID: 28224237 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0472-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated disorder of the central nervous system that results in destruction of the myelin sheath wrapped around the axons and eventual axon degeneration. The disease is pathologically heterogeneous; however, perhaps its most frustrating aspect is the lack of efficient regenerative response for remyelination. Current treatment strategies are based on anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory medications that have the potential to reduce the numbers of newly evolving lesions. However, therapies are still required that can repair already damaged myelin for which current treatments are not effective. A prerequisite for the development of such new treatments is understanding the reasons for insufficient endogenous repair. This review briefly summarizes the currently suggested causes of remyelination failure in MS and possible solutions.
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Hollingsworth E, Khouri J, Imitola J. Endogenous repair and development inspired therapy of neurodegeneration in progressive multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Neurother 2017; 17:611-629. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2017.1287564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Hollingsworth
- Laboratory for Neural Stem Cells and Functional Neurogenetics, University Wexner Medical Center, Biomedical Research Tower, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis and Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience. The Ohio State, University Wexner Medical Center, Biomedical Research Tower, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jamil Khouri
- Laboratory for Neural Stem Cells and Functional Neurogenetics, University Wexner Medical Center, Biomedical Research Tower, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis and Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience. The Ohio State, University Wexner Medical Center, Biomedical Research Tower, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jaime Imitola
- Laboratory for Neural Stem Cells and Functional Neurogenetics, University Wexner Medical Center, Biomedical Research Tower, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis and Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience. The Ohio State, University Wexner Medical Center, Biomedical Research Tower, Columbus, OH, USA
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17
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Gopal AA, Rappaz B, Rouger V, Martyn IB, Dahlberg PD, Meland RJ, Beamish IV, Kennedy TE, Wiseman PW. Netrin-1-Regulated Distribution of UNC5B and DCC in Live Cells Revealed by TICCS. Biophys J 2017; 110:623-634. [PMID: 26840727 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Netrins are secreted proteins that direct cell migration and adhesion during development. Netrin-1 binds its receptors deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) and the UNC5 homologs (UNC5A-D) to activate downstream signaling that ultimately directs cytoskeletal reorganization. To investigate how netrin-1 regulates the dynamic distribution of DCC and UNC5 homologs, we applied fluorescence confocal and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, and sliding window temporal image cross correlation spectroscopy, to measure time profiles of the plasma membrane distribution, aggregation state, and interaction fractions of fluorescently tagged netrin receptors expressed in HEK293T cells. Our measurements reveal changes in receptor aggregation that are consistent with netrin-1-induced recruitment of DCC-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) from intracellular vesicles to the plasma membrane. Netrin-1 also induced colocalization of coexpressed full-length DCC-EGFP with DCC-T-mCherry, a putative DCC dominant negative that replaces the DCC intracellular domain with mCherry, consistent with netrin-1-induced receptor oligomerization, but with no change in aggregation state with time, providing evidence that signaling via the DCC intracellular domain triggers DCC recruitment to the plasma membrane. UNC5B expressed alone was also recruited by netrin-1 to the plasma membrane. Coexpressed DCC and UNC5 homologs are proposed to form a heteromeric netrin-receptor complex to mediate a chemorepellent response. Application of temporal image cross correlation spectroscopy to image series of cells coexpressing UNC5B-mCherry and DCC-EGFP revealed a netrin-1-induced increase in colocalization, with both receptors recruited to the plasma membrane from preexisting clusters, consistent with vesicular recruitment and receptor heterooligomerization. Plasma membrane recruitment of DCC or UNC5B was blocked by application of the netrin-1 VI-V peptide, which fails to activate chemoattraction, or by pharmacological block of Src family kinase signaling, consistent with receptor recruitment requiring netrin-1-activated signaling. Our findings reveal a mechanism activated by netrin-1 that recruits DCC and UNC5B to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica A Gopal
- Department of Chemistry, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; McGill Program in Neuroengineering, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Benjamin Rappaz
- McGill Program in Neuroengineering, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Physics, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vincent Rouger
- Department of Chemistry, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Iain B Martyn
- Department of Physics, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Peter D Dahlberg
- Department of Physics, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rachel J Meland
- Department of Chemistry, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ian V Beamish
- McGill Program in Neuroengineering, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Timothy E Kennedy
- McGill Program in Neuroengineering, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul W Wiseman
- Department of Chemistry, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; McGill Program in Neuroengineering, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Physics, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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18
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Dulamea AO. The contribution of oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells to central nervous system repair in multiple sclerosis: perspectives for remyelination therapeutic strategies. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:1939-1944. [PMID: 29323026 PMCID: PMC5784335 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.221146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodencrocytes (OLs) are the main glial cells of the central nervous system involved in myelination of axons. In multiple sclerosis (MS), there is an imbalance between demyelination and remyelination processes, the last one performed by oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and OLs, resulting into a permanent demyelination, axonal damage and neuronal loss. In MS lesions, astrocytes and microglias play an important part in permeabilization of blood-brain barrier and initiation of OPCs proliferation. Migration and differentiation of OPCs are influenced by various factors and the process is finalized by insufficient acummulation of OLs into the MS lesion. In relation to all these processes, the author will discuss the potential targets for remyelination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Octaviana Dulamea
- Department of Neurology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", Bucharest, Romania
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19
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Dulamea AO. Role of Oligodendrocyte Dysfunction in Demyelination, Remyelination and Neurodegeneration in Multiple Sclerosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 958:91-127. [PMID: 28093710 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-47861-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OLs) are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS) during development and throughout adulthood. They result from a complex and well controlled process of activation, proliferation, migration and differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) from the germinative niches of the CNS. In multiple sclerosis (MS), the complex pathological process produces dysfunction and apoptosis of OLs leading to demyelination and neurodegeneration. This review attempts to describe the patterns of demyelination in MS, the steps involved in oligodendrogenesis and myelination in healthy CNS, the different pathways leading to OLs and myelin loss in MS, as well as principles involved in restoration of myelin sheaths. Environmental factors and their impact on OLs and pathological mechanisms of MS are also discussed. Finally, we will present evidence about the potential therapeutic targets in re-myelination processes that can be accessed in order to develop regenerative therapies for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Octaviana Dulamea
- Neurology Clinic, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", Fundeni Clinical Institute, Building A, Neurology Clinic, Room 201, 022328, Bucharest, Romania.
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20
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Multiple Sclerosis and Obesity: Possible Roles of Adipokines. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:4036232. [PMID: 27721574 PMCID: PMC5046034 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4036232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder of the Central Nervous System that has been associated with several environmental factors, such as diet and obesity. The possible link between MS and obesity has become more interesting in recent years since the discovery of the remarkable properties of adipose tissue. Once MS is initiated, obesity can contribute to increased disease severity by negatively influencing disease progress and treatment response, but, also, obesity in early life is highly relevant as a susceptibility factor and causally related risk for late MS development. The aim of this review was to discuss recent evidence about the link between obesity, as a chronic inflammatory state, and the pathogenesis of MS as a chronic autoimmune and inflammatory disease. First, we describe the main cells involved in MS pathogenesis, both from neural tissue and from the immune system, and including a new participant, the adipocyte, focusing on their roles in MS. Second, we concentrate on the role of several adipokines that are able to participate in the mediation of the immune response in MS and on the possible cross talk between the latter. Finally, we explore recent therapy that involves the transplantation of adipocyte precursor cells for the treatment of MS.
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21
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Wheeler NA, Fuss B. Extracellular cues influencing oligodendrocyte differentiation and (re)myelination. Exp Neurol 2016; 283:512-30. [PMID: 27016069 PMCID: PMC5010977 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing number of neurologic disorders found to be associated with loss and/or dysfunction of the CNS myelin sheath, ranging from the classic demyelinating disease, multiple sclerosis, through CNS injury, to neuropsychiatric diseases. The disabling burden of these diseases has sparked a growing interest in gaining a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating the differentiation of the myelinating cells of the CNS, oligodendrocytes (OLGs), and the process of (re)myelination. In this context, the importance of the extracellular milieu is becoming increasingly recognized. Under pathological conditions, changes in inhibitory as well as permissive/promotional cues are thought to lead to an overall extracellular environment that is obstructive for the regeneration of the myelin sheath. Given the general view that remyelination is, even though limited in human, a natural response to demyelination, targeting pathologically 'dysregulated' extracellular cues and their downstream pathways is regarded as a promising approach toward the enhancement of remyelination by endogenous (or if necessary transplanted) OLG progenitor cells. In this review, we will introduce the extracellular cues that have been implicated in the modulation of (re)myelination. These cues can be soluble, part of the extracellular matrix (ECM) or mediators of cell-cell interactions. Their inhibitory and permissive/promotional roles with regard to remyelination as well as their potential for therapeutic intervention will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Wheeler
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Babette Fuss
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
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22
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Miloudi K, Binet F, Wilson A, Cerani A, Oubaha M, Menard C, Henriques S, Mawambo G, Dejda A, Nguyen PT, Rezende FA, Bourgault S, Kennedy TE, Sapieha P. Truncated netrin-1 contributes to pathological vascular permeability in diabetic retinopathy. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:3006-22. [PMID: 27400127 DOI: 10.1172/jci84767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major complication of diabetes and a leading cause of blindness in the working-age population. Impaired blood-retinal barrier function leads to macular edema that is closely associated with the deterioration of central vision. We previously demonstrated that the neuronal guidance cue netrin-1 activates a program of reparative angiogenesis in microglia within the ischemic retina. Here, we provide evidence in both vitreous humor of diabetic patients and in retina of a murine model of diabetes that netrin-1 is metabolized into a bioactive fragment corresponding to domains VI and V of the full-length molecule. In contrast to the protective effects of full-length netrin-1 on retinal microvasculature, the VI-V fragment promoted vascular permeability through the uncoordinated 5B (UNC5B) receptor. The collagenase matrix metalloprotease 9 (MMP-9), which is increased in patients with diabetic macular edema, was capable of cleaving netrin-1 into the VI-V fragment. Thus, MMP-9 may release netrin-1 fragments from the extracellular matrix and facilitate diffusion. Nonspecific inhibition of collagenases or selective inhibition of MMP-9 decreased pathological vascular permeability in a murine model of diabetic retinal edema. This study reveals that netrin-1 degradation products are capable of modulating vascular permeability, suggesting that these fragments are of potential therapeutic interest for the treatment of DR.
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23
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O'Meara RW, Cummings SE, Michalski JP, Kothary R. A new in vitro mouse oligodendrocyte precursor cell migration assay reveals a role for integrin-linked kinase in cell motility. BMC Neurosci 2016; 17:7. [PMID: 26831726 PMCID: PMC4736119 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-016-0242-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The decline of remyelination in chronic multiple sclerosis (MS) is in part attributed to inadequate oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) migration, a process governed by the extracellular matrix (ECM). Elucidating the mechanisms underlying OPC migration is therefore an important step towards developing new therapeutic strategies to promote myelin repair. Many seminal OPC culture methods were established using rat-sourced cells, and these often need modification for use with mouse OPCs due to their sensitive nature. It is of interest to develop mouse OPC assays to leverage the abundant transgenic lines. To this end, we developed a new OPC migration method specifically suited for use with mouse-derived cells. Results To validate its utility, we combined the new OPC migration assay with a conditional knockout approach to investigate the role of integrin-linked kinase (ILK) in OPC migration. ILK is a focal adhesion protein that stabilizes cellular adhesions to the extracellular matrix (ECM) by mediating a linkage between matrix-bound integrin receptors and the cytoskeleton. We identified ILK as a regulator of OPC migration on three permissive substrates. ILK loss produced an early, albeit transient, deficit in OPC migration on laminin matrix, while migration on fibronectin and polylysine was heavily reliant on ILK expression. Conclusions Inclusively, our work provides a new tool for studying mouse OPC migration and highlights the role of ILK in its regulation on ECM proteins relevant to MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W O'Meara
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada. .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Sarah E Cummings
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada. .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - John-Paul Michalski
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada. .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Rashmi Kothary
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada. .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada. .,University of Ottawa Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
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Yung AR, Nishitani AM, Goodrich LV. Phenotypic analysis of mice completely lacking netrin 1. Development 2015; 142:3686-91. [PMID: 26395479 PMCID: PMC4647218 DOI: 10.1242/dev.128942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Netrin 1 (Ntn1) is a multifunctional guidance cue expressed in the ventricular zone and floor plate of the embryonic neural tube. Although Ntn1 is best known for acting as an axon guidance cue through Dcc and neogenin receptors, it is also thought to regulate neuronal survival and blood vessel development through Unc5 family receptors. However, the Ntn1 gene trap mutant mouse does not display all the phenotypes predicted from in vitro assays or analyses of mice lacking predicted receptors. Since the gene trap strain still produces wild-type Ntn1 protein, it is unclear whether the absence of phenotypes reflects the activity of alternative cues or of residual Ntn1. To resolve the full contribution of Ntn1 to development, we generated a null allele of Ntn1 and re-examined tissues exhibiting phenotypic discrepancies between receptor mutants and Ntn1 hypomorphs. We found that in Ntn1 null animals commissural axons rarely cross the midline, resulting in a strongly enhanced phenotype relative to Ntn1 hypomorphs, which retain many axons with normal trajectories. Thus, low levels of Ntn1 can account for persistent attraction to the midline in hypomorphs. By contrast, Ntn1 null mice do not show all of the phenotypes reported for Unc5 receptor mutants, indicating that Ntn1 is not necessarily the dominant ligand for Unc5 family members in vivo and ruling out primary roles in survival or angiogenesis. Summary: Complete deletion of the axon guidance cue netrin 1 leads to severe defects in midline crossing of spinal cord axons. However, the mutants did not fully phenocopy loss of the netrin 1 receptor Unc5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R Yung
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Lisa V Goodrich
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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25
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Sloan TFW, Qasaimeh MA, Juncker D, Yam PT, Charron F. Integration of shallow gradients of Shh and Netrin-1 guides commissural axons. PLoS Biol 2015; 13:e1002119. [PMID: 25826604 PMCID: PMC4380419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During nervous system development, gradients of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) and Netrin-1 attract growth cones of commissural axons toward the floor plate of the embryonic spinal cord. Mice defective for either Shh or Netrin-1 signaling have commissural axon guidance defects, suggesting that both Shh and Netrin-1 are required for correct axon guidance. However, how Shh and Netrin-1 collaborate to guide axons is not known. We first quantified the steepness of the Shh gradient in the spinal cord and found that it is mostly very shallow. We then developed an in vitro microfluidic guidance assay to simulate these shallow gradients. We found that axons of dissociated commissural neurons respond to steep but not shallow gradients of Shh or Netrin-1. However, when we presented axons with combined Shh and Netrin-1 gradients, they had heightened sensitivity to the guidance cues, turning in response to shallower gradients that were unable to guide axons when only one cue was present. Furthermore, these shallow gradients polarized growth cone Src-family kinase (SFK) activity only when Shh and Netrin-1 were combined, indicating that SFKs can integrate the two guidance cues. Together, our results indicate that Shh and Netrin-1 synergize to enable growth cones to sense shallow gradients in regions of the spinal cord where the steepness of a single guidance cue is insufficient to guide axons, and we identify a novel type of synergy that occurs when the steepness (and not the concentration) of a guidance cue is limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler F. W. Sloan
- Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Program in Neuroengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mohammad A. Qasaimeh
- Program in Neuroengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - David Juncker
- Program in Neuroengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Patricia T. Yam
- Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frédéric Charron
- Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Program in Neuroengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Biology, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Luessi F, Kuhlmann T, Zipp F. Remyelinating strategies in multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 14:1315-34. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2014.969241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Angiogenesis in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:84. [PMID: 25047180 PMCID: PMC4149233 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-014-0084-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new vessels, is found in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) demyelinating lesions following Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) release and the production of several other angiogenic molecules. The increased energy demand of inflammatory cuffs and damaged neural cells explains the strong angiogenic response in plaques and surrounding white matter. An angiogenic response has also been documented in an experimental model of MS, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), where blood–brain barrier disruption and vascular remodelling appeared in a pre-symptomatic disease phase. In both MS and EAE, VEGF acts as a pro-inflammatory factor in the early phase but its reduced responsivity in the late phase can disrupt neuroregenerative attempts, since VEGF naturally enhances neuron resistance to injury and regulates neural progenitor proliferation, migration, differentiation and oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) survival and migration to demyelinated lesions. Angiogenesis, neurogenesis and oligodendroglia maturation are closely intertwined in the neurovascular niches of the subventricular zone, one of the preferential locations of inflammatory lesions in MS, and in all the other temporary vascular niches where the mutual fostering of angiogenesis and OPC maturation occurs. Angiogenesis, induced either by CNS inflammation or by hypoxic stimuli related to neurovascular uncoupling, appears to be ineffective in chronic MS due to a counterbalancing effect of vasoconstrictive mechanisms determined by the reduced axonal activity, astrocyte dysfunction, microglia secretion of free radical species and mitochondrial abnormalities. Thus, angiogenesis, that supplies several trophic factors, should be promoted in therapeutic neuroregeneration efforts to combat the progressive, degenerative phase of MS.
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Tepavčević V, Kerninon C, Aigrot MS, Meppiel E, Mozafari S, Arnould-Laurent R, Ravassard P, Kennedy TE, Nait-Oumesmar B, Lubetzki C. Early netrin-1 expression impairs central nervous system remyelination. Ann Neurol 2014; 76:252-68. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.24201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Tepavčević
- Pierre and Marie Curie University, University of Paris 06, UM-75, Sorbonne Universities, ICM-GH Pitié-Salpêtrière; Paris France
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM); U1127 Paris France
- National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Mixed Unit of Research 7225; Paris France
| | - Christophe Kerninon
- Pierre and Marie Curie University, University of Paris 06, UM-75, Sorbonne Universities, ICM-GH Pitié-Salpêtrière; Paris France
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM); U1127 Paris France
- National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Mixed Unit of Research 7225; Paris France
| | - Marie Stéphane Aigrot
- Pierre and Marie Curie University, University of Paris 06, UM-75, Sorbonne Universities, ICM-GH Pitié-Salpêtrière; Paris France
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM); U1127 Paris France
- National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Mixed Unit of Research 7225; Paris France
| | - Elodie Meppiel
- Pierre and Marie Curie University, University of Paris 06, UM-75, Sorbonne Universities, ICM-GH Pitié-Salpêtrière; Paris France
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM); U1127 Paris France
- National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Mixed Unit of Research 7225; Paris France
| | - Sabah Mozafari
- Pierre and Marie Curie University, University of Paris 06, UM-75, Sorbonne Universities, ICM-GH Pitié-Salpêtrière; Paris France
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM); U1127 Paris France
- National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Mixed Unit of Research 7225; Paris France
| | - Raphaelle Arnould-Laurent
- Pierre and Marie Curie University, University of Paris 06, UM-75, Sorbonne Universities, ICM-GH Pitié-Salpêtrière; Paris France
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM); U1127 Paris France
- National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Mixed Unit of Research 7225; Paris France
| | - Philippe Ravassard
- Pierre and Marie Curie University, University of Paris 06, UM-75, Sorbonne Universities, ICM-GH Pitié-Salpêtrière; Paris France
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM); U1127 Paris France
- National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Mixed Unit of Research 7225; Paris France
| | - Timothy E. Kennedy
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Brahim Nait-Oumesmar
- Pierre and Marie Curie University, University of Paris 06, UM-75, Sorbonne Universities, ICM-GH Pitié-Salpêtrière; Paris France
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM); U1127 Paris France
- National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Mixed Unit of Research 7225; Paris France
| | - Catherine Lubetzki
- Pierre and Marie Curie University, University of Paris 06, UM-75, Sorbonne Universities, ICM-GH Pitié-Salpêtrière; Paris France
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM); U1127 Paris France
- National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Mixed Unit of Research 7225; Paris France
- Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; Public Hospital Network of Paris (AP-HP); Paris France
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