1
|
Zhao M, Xiao M, Zhang H, Tan Q, Ji J, Cheng Y, Lu F. Relationship between plasma atherogenic index and incidence of cardiovascular diseases in Chinese middle-aged and elderly people. Sci Rep 2025; 15:8775. [PMID: 40082452 PMCID: PMC11906849 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-86213-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2025] [Indexed: 03/16/2025] Open
Abstract
The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), a novel composite lipid index, is closely linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, lipid levels fluctuate dynamically, and it is unclear whether there are differences in the association of single-timescale, multiple-timescale, or AIP change trajectories with new-onset cardiovascular disease. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between different AIP parameters and the occurrence of CVD. Data were derived from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) conducted in 2011, 2015, 2018, and 2020, focusing on middle-aged and elderly populations aged over 45 years. Changes in AIP were classified into three groups using K-means cluster analysis: the low-level growth group (Class 1), the medium-level growth group (Class 2), and the high-level decline group (Class 3). Furthermore, participants were grouped based on tertiles (T) of cumulative AIP (Cum-AIP). Our multivariate logistic regression model integrated adjustments for potential confounders in order to investigate the association between Cum-AIP and the occurrence of CVD. Additionally, we employed restricted cubic spline (RCS) modeling to illustrate the dose-response relationship of baseline AIP, mean AIP, and Cum-AIP with CVD risk. During the 5-year follow-up period, 927 participants experienced the onset of CVD. After controlling for various potential confounding factors, it was observed that individuals in Class 2 demonstrated a notably heightened risk of CVD (OR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.46) and stroke (OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.80) in comparison to those in Class 1. However, there was no significant difference in the risk of heart disease (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 0.99, 1.48). In contrast, a noteworthy correlation was solely observed in the Class 3 group concerning the risk of stroke occurrence (OR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.06, 2.42). The adjusted OR (95% CI) for CVD in the T2 and T3 groups were 1.21 (1.00, 1.46) and 1.30 (1.05, 1.62), respectively, compared to the T1 Cum-AIP group (P for trend = 0.017). Through the RCS model, we identified a positive and linear relationship between baseline AIP, mean AIP, and Cum-AIP with the incidence of CVD. However, the association between baseline AIP and CVD was weak. Sustained elevation of AIP is linked to a heightened risk of CVD in the general population. The elevated mean, and Cum-AIP levels are associated with a heightened risk of CVD. These findings indicate that AIP can serve as a valuable indicator of dyslipidemia, and continuous monitoring and early intervention targeting AIP may contribute to a further reduction in the incidence of CVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Zhao
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
- China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Mengli Xiao
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
- China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Huie Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
- China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Qin Tan
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
- China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Jinjin Ji
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
- China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Yurong Cheng
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Fang Lu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China.
- Institution of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100091, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing, 100091, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Singh K, Prabhakaran D. Apolipoprotein B - An ideal biomarker for atherosclerosis? Indian Heart J 2024; 76 Suppl 1:S121-S129. [PMID: 38599726 PMCID: PMC11019329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This review article describes the pathophysiological mechanisms linking Apolipoprotein B (Apo-B) and atherosclerosis, summarizes the existing evidence on Apo B as a predictor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and recommendations of (inter)national treatment guidelines regarding Apo B in dyslipidemia management. A single Apo B molecule is present in every particle of very low-density lipoprotein, intermediate density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, and lipoprotein(a). This unique single Apo B per particle ratio makes plasma Apo B concentration a direct measure of the number of circulating atherogenic lipoproteins. This review of global evidence on Apo B as a biomarker for atherosclerosis confirms that Apo B is a single atherogenic lipid marker present in all lipids sub-fractions except HDL-C, and thus, Apo B integrates and extends the information from triglycerides and cholesterol, which could simplify and improve care for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Singh
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, Haryana, India; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Dorairaj Prabhakaran
- Public Health Foundation India, Gurugram, Haryana, India; Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chou TH, Cheng CH, Lo CJ, Young GH, Liu SH, Wang RYL. New Advances in Rapid Pretreatment for Small Dense LDL Cholesterol Measurement Using Shear Horizontal Surface Acoustic Wave (SH-SAW) Technology. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1044. [PMID: 38256117 PMCID: PMC10816817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the arteries associated with alterations in lipid and other metabolism and is a major cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD). LDL consists of several subclasses with different sizes, densities, and physicochemical compositions. Small dense LDL (sd-LDL) is a subclass of LDL. There is growing evidence that sd-LDL-C is associated with CVD risk, metabolic dysregulation, and several pathophysiological processes. In this study, we present a straightforward membrane device filtration method that can be performed with simple laboratory methods to directly determine sd-LDL in serum without the need for specialized equipment. The method consists of three steps: first, the precipitation of lipoproteins with magnesium harpin; second, the collection of effluent from a 100 nm filter; and third, the quantification of sd-LDL-ApoB in the effluent with an SH-SAW biosensor. There was a good correlation between ApoB values obtained using the centrifugation (y = 1.0411x + 12.96, r = 0.82, n = 20) and filtration (y = 1.0633x + 15.13, r = 0.88, n = 20) methods and commercially available sd-LDL-C assay values. In addition to the filtrate method, there was also a close correlation between sd-LDL-C and ELISA assay values (y = 1.0483x - 4489, r = 0.88, n = 20). The filtration treatment method also showed a high correlation with LDL subfractions and NMR spectra ApoB measurements (y = 2.4846x + 4.637, r = 0.89, n = 20). The presence of sd-LDL-ApoB in the effluent was also confirmed by ELISA assay. These results suggest that this filtration method is a simple and promising pretreatment for use with the SH-SAW biosensor as a rapid in vitro diagnostic (IVD) method for predicting sd-LDL concentrations. Overall, we propose a very sensitive and specific SH-SAW biosensor with the ApoB antibody in its sensitive region to monitor sd-LDL levels by employing a simple delay-time phase shifted SH-SAW device. In conclusion, based on the demonstration of our study, the SH-SAW biosensor could be a strong candidate for the future measurement of sd-LDL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Hua Chou
- Biotechnology Industry Master and PhD Program, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (T.-H.C.); (G.-H.Y.)
| | - Chia-Hsuan Cheng
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu-shi 432-8561, Japan;
- tst Biomedical Electronics Co., Ltd., Taoyuan 324403, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Jen Lo
- Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Guang-Huar Young
- Biotechnology Industry Master and PhD Program, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (T.-H.C.); (G.-H.Y.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Heng Liu
- Biotechnology Industry Master and PhD Program, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (T.-H.C.); (G.-H.Y.)
- tst Biomedical Electronics Co., Ltd., Taoyuan 324403, Taiwan
| | - Robert Y-L Wang
- Biotechnology Industry Master and PhD Program, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (T.-H.C.); (G.-H.Y.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial and Children’s Hospital, Linkou 33305, Taiwan
- Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 33305, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vekic J, Stromsnes K, Mazzalai S, Zeljkovic A, Rizzo M, Gambini J. Oxidative Stress, Atherogenic Dyslipidemia, and Cardiovascular Risk. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2897. [PMID: 38001900 PMCID: PMC10669174 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is the consequence of an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that exceeds the antioxidant defense mechanisms. Increased levels of ROS contribute to the development of cardiovascular disorders through oxidative damage to macromolecules, particularly by oxidation of plasma lipoproteins. One of the most prominent features of atherogenic dyslipidemia is plasma accumulation of small dense LDL (sdLDL) particles, characterized by an increased susceptibility to oxidation. Indeed, a considerable and diverse body of evidence from animal models and epidemiological studies was generated supporting oxidative modification of sdLDL particles as the earliest event in atherogenesis. Lipid peroxidation of LDL particles results in the formation of various bioactive species that contribute to the atherosclerotic process through different pathophysiological mechanisms, including foam cell formation, direct detrimental effects, and receptor-mediated activation of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways. In this paper, we will discuss recent data on the pathophysiological role of oxidative stress and atherogenic dyslipidemia and their interplay in the development of atherosclerosis. In addition, a special focus will be placed on the clinical applicability of novel, promising biomarkers of these processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Vekic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.V.); (A.Z.)
| | - Kristine Stromsnes
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (K.S.); (S.M.); (J.G.)
| | - Stefania Mazzalai
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (K.S.); (S.M.); (J.G.)
| | - Aleksandra Zeljkovic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.V.); (A.Z.)
| | - Manfredi Rizzo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Juan Gambini
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (K.S.); (S.M.); (J.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Association of Systemic Immune Inflammation Index with Estimated Pulse Wave Velocity, Atherogenic Index of Plasma, Triglyceride-Glucose Index, and Cardiovascular Disease: A Large Cross-Sectional Study. Mediators Inflamm 2023; 2023:1966680. [PMID: 36846196 PMCID: PMC9946741 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1966680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In the U.S. general population, there is a lack of understanding regarding the association between the systemic immune inflammation (SII) index and estimated pulse wave velocity (ePWV), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), and triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index and cardiovascular disease (CVD). As a result, the objective of our research was to investigate the association between the SII index and ePWV, AIP, and TyG index and incident CVD. We used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from 1999 to 2018 to conduct this study. The correlation between the SII index and ePWV, AIP, and TyG index was examined using generalized additive models with smooth functions. In addition, the association between SII index and triglyceride (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and fast glucose (FBG) also were explored. Finally, we further performed multivariable logistic regression analysis, restricted cubic spline (RCS) plots, and subgroup analysis to study the connection between the SII index and CVD. Our analysis included 17389 subjects from the NHANES database. A substantial positive association existed between SII, WV, and the TyG index. In addition, with the increase of the SII index, AIP showed a trend of decreasing first, then rising, and then decreasing. The SII index was inversely and linearly associated with triglyceride (TG), while positively and linearly associated with fast glucose (FBG). However, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) had a tendency of first declining, then climbing, and finally falling with the rise in the SII index. After adjusting for potential confounders, compared with the lowest quartiles, the odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals for CVD across the quartiles were 0.914 (0.777, 1.074), 0.935 (0.779, 1.096), and 1.112 (0.956, 1.293) for SII index. The RCS plot showed an inverse U-shaped curve relationship between the SII index and CVD. Overall, this study found a strong correlation between a higher SII index and ePWV and the TyG index. Additionally, these cross-sectional data also revealed a U-shaped connection between the SII index and CVD.
Collapse
|