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du Fay de Lavallaz J, Zimmermann T, Badertscher P, Lopez-Ayala P, Nestelberger T, Miró Ò, Salgado E, Zaytseva X, Gafner MS, Christ M, Cullen L, Than M, Martin-Sanchez FJ, Di Somma S, Peacock WF, Keller DI, Costabel JP, Sigal A, Puelacher C, Wussler D, Koechlin L, Strebel I, Schuler S, Manka R, Bilici M, Lohrmann J, Kühne M, Breidthardt T, Clark CL, Probst M, Gibson TA, Weiss RE, Sun BC, Mueller C. Performance of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology/Heart Rhythm Society versus European Society of Cardiology guideline criteria for hospital admission of patients with syncope. Heart Rhythm 2022; 19:1712-1722. [PMID: 35644354 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2022.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association/Heart Rhythm Society (ACC/AHA/HRS) and European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines recommend different strategies to avoid low-yield admissions in patients with syncope. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to directly compare the safety and efficacy of applying admission criteria of both guidelines to patients presenting with syncope to the emergency department in 2 multicenter studies. METHODS The international BASEL IX (BAsel Syncope EvaLuation) study (median age 71 years) and the U.S. SRS (Improving Syncope Risk Stratification in Older Adults) study (median age 72 years) were investigated. Primary endpoints were sensitivity/specificity for the adjudicated diagnosis of cardiac syncope (BASEL IX only) and 30-day major adverse cardiovascular events (30d-MACE). RESULTS Among 2560 patients in the BASEL IX and 2085 in SRS studies, ACC/AHA/HRS and ESC criteria recommended admission for a comparable number of patients in BASEL IX (27% vs 28%), but ACC/AHA/HRS criteria less often in SRS (19% vs 32%; P <.01). Recommendations were discordant in ∼25% of patients. In BASEL IX, sensitivity for cardiac syncope and 30d-MACE among patients without admission criteria was comparable for ACC/AHA/HRS and ESC criteria (64% vs 65%, P = .86; and 67% vs 71%, P = .15, respectively). In SRS, sensitivity for 30d-MACE was lower with ACC/AHA/HRS (54%) vs ESC criteria (88%; P <.001). Similarly, specificity for cardiac syncope and 30d-MACE in BASEL IX was comparable for both guidelines, but in SRS the ACC/AHA/HRS guidelines showed a higher specificity for 30d-MACE than the ESC guidelines. CONCLUSION ACC/AHA/HRS and ESC guidelines showed disagreement regarding admission for 1 in 4 patients and had only modest sensitivity, all indicating possible opportunities for improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne du Fay de Lavallaz
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB) and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; GREAT Network.
| | - Tobias Zimmermann
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB) and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; GREAT Network
| | - Patrick Badertscher
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB) and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; GREAT Network
| | - Pedro Lopez-Ayala
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB) and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; GREAT Network
| | - Thomas Nestelberger
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB) and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; GREAT Network; Division of Cardiology, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Òscar Miró
- GREAT Network; Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Emilio Salgado
- GREAT Network; Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Xenia Zaytseva
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB) and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michele Sara Gafner
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB) and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; GREAT Network
| | - Michael Christ
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kantonsspital Luzern, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Louise Cullen
- GREAT Network; Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Herston, Australia
| | - Martin Than
- GREAT Network; Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Salvatore Di Somma
- GREAT Network; Emergency Medicine, Department of Medical-Surgery Sciences and Translational Medicine, University Sapienza Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - W Frank Peacock
- GREAT Network; Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | - Alan Sigal
- Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Christian Puelacher
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB) and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; GREAT Network
| | - Desiree Wussler
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB) and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; GREAT Network
| | - Luca Koechlin
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB) and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; GREAT Network; Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ivo Strebel
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB) and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; GREAT Network
| | - Sereina Schuler
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB) and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Murat Bilici
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Basel University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jens Lohrmann
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB) and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kühne
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB) and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Breidthardt
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB) and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; GREAT Network
| | - Carol L Clark
- Beaumont Health System-Royal Oak, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Marc Probst
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Thomas A Gibson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California
| | - Robert E Weiss
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California
| | - Benjamin C Sun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Leonard David Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christian Mueller
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB) and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; GREAT Network
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Krishnan RJ, Mukarram M, Ghaedi B, Sivilotti MLA, Le Sage N, Yan JW, Huang P, Hegdekar M, Mercier E, Nemnom MJ, Calder LA, McRae AD, Rowe BH, Wells GA, Thiruganasambandamoorthy V. Benefit of hospital admission for detecting serious adverse events among emergency department patients with syncope: a propensity-score-matched analysis of a multicentre prospective cohort. CMAJ 2021; 192:E1198-E1205. [PMID: 33051314 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.191637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The benefit of hospital admission after emergency department evaluation for syncope is unclear. We sought to determine the association between hospital admission and detection of serious adverse events, and whether this varied according to the Canadian Syncope Risk Score (CSRS). METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis of a multicentre prospective cohort of patients assessed in the emergency department for syncope. We compared patients admitted to hospital and discharged patients, using propensity scores to match 1:1 for risk of a serious adverse event. The primary outcome was detection of a serious adverse event in hospital for admitted patients or within 30 days after emergency department disposition for discharged patients. RESULTS We included 8183 patients, of whom 743 (9.1%) were admitted; 658/743 (88.6%) were matched. Admitted patients had higher odds of detection of a serious adverse event (odds ratio [OR] 5.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.3-7.4), nonfatal arrhythmia (OR 5.1, 95% CI 2.9-8.8) and nonarrhythmic serious adverse event (OR 6.3, 95% CI 2.9-13.5). There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in death (OR 1.0, 95% CI 0.4-2.7) or detection of ventricular arrhythmia (OR 2.0, 95% CI 0.7-6.0). Differences between admitted and discharged patients in detection of serious adverse events were greater for those with a CSRS indicating medium to high risk (p = 0.04). INTERPRETATION Patients with syncope were more likely to have serious adverse events identified within 30 days if they were admitted to hospital rather than discharged from the emergency department. However, the benefit of hospital admission is low for patients at low risk of a serious adverse event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohin J Krishnan
- John A. Burns School of Medicine (Krishnan), University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Krishnan, Mukarram, Ghaedi, Nemnom, Calder, Thiruganasambandamoorthy), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Emergency Medicine (Sivilotti) and Biomedical and Molecular Sciences (Sivilotti), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Le Sage, Mercier), Laval University-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval Research Centre, Québec, Que.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Huang), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Hegdekar), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Calder, Thiruganasambandamoorthy) and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Wells, Thiruganasambandamoorthy), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Emergency Medicine (McRae) and Community Health Sciences (McRae), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe) and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Muhammad Mukarram
- John A. Burns School of Medicine (Krishnan), University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Krishnan, Mukarram, Ghaedi, Nemnom, Calder, Thiruganasambandamoorthy), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Emergency Medicine (Sivilotti) and Biomedical and Molecular Sciences (Sivilotti), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Le Sage, Mercier), Laval University-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval Research Centre, Québec, Que.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Huang), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Hegdekar), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Calder, Thiruganasambandamoorthy) and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Wells, Thiruganasambandamoorthy), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Emergency Medicine (McRae) and Community Health Sciences (McRae), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe) and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Bahareh Ghaedi
- John A. Burns School of Medicine (Krishnan), University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Krishnan, Mukarram, Ghaedi, Nemnom, Calder, Thiruganasambandamoorthy), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Emergency Medicine (Sivilotti) and Biomedical and Molecular Sciences (Sivilotti), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Le Sage, Mercier), Laval University-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval Research Centre, Québec, Que.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Huang), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Hegdekar), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Calder, Thiruganasambandamoorthy) and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Wells, Thiruganasambandamoorthy), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Emergency Medicine (McRae) and Community Health Sciences (McRae), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe) and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Marco L A Sivilotti
- John A. Burns School of Medicine (Krishnan), University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Krishnan, Mukarram, Ghaedi, Nemnom, Calder, Thiruganasambandamoorthy), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Emergency Medicine (Sivilotti) and Biomedical and Molecular Sciences (Sivilotti), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Le Sage, Mercier), Laval University-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval Research Centre, Québec, Que.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Huang), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Hegdekar), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Calder, Thiruganasambandamoorthy) and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Wells, Thiruganasambandamoorthy), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Emergency Medicine (McRae) and Community Health Sciences (McRae), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe) and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Natalie Le Sage
- John A. Burns School of Medicine (Krishnan), University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Krishnan, Mukarram, Ghaedi, Nemnom, Calder, Thiruganasambandamoorthy), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Emergency Medicine (Sivilotti) and Biomedical and Molecular Sciences (Sivilotti), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Le Sage, Mercier), Laval University-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval Research Centre, Québec, Que.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Huang), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Hegdekar), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Calder, Thiruganasambandamoorthy) and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Wells, Thiruganasambandamoorthy), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Emergency Medicine (McRae) and Community Health Sciences (McRae), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe) and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Justin W Yan
- John A. Burns School of Medicine (Krishnan), University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Krishnan, Mukarram, Ghaedi, Nemnom, Calder, Thiruganasambandamoorthy), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Emergency Medicine (Sivilotti) and Biomedical and Molecular Sciences (Sivilotti), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Le Sage, Mercier), Laval University-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval Research Centre, Québec, Que.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Huang), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Hegdekar), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Calder, Thiruganasambandamoorthy) and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Wells, Thiruganasambandamoorthy), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Emergency Medicine (McRae) and Community Health Sciences (McRae), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe) and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Paul Huang
- John A. Burns School of Medicine (Krishnan), University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Krishnan, Mukarram, Ghaedi, Nemnom, Calder, Thiruganasambandamoorthy), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Emergency Medicine (Sivilotti) and Biomedical and Molecular Sciences (Sivilotti), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Le Sage, Mercier), Laval University-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval Research Centre, Québec, Que.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Huang), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Hegdekar), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Calder, Thiruganasambandamoorthy) and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Wells, Thiruganasambandamoorthy), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Emergency Medicine (McRae) and Community Health Sciences (McRae), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe) and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Mona Hegdekar
- John A. Burns School of Medicine (Krishnan), University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Krishnan, Mukarram, Ghaedi, Nemnom, Calder, Thiruganasambandamoorthy), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Emergency Medicine (Sivilotti) and Biomedical and Molecular Sciences (Sivilotti), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Le Sage, Mercier), Laval University-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval Research Centre, Québec, Que.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Huang), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Hegdekar), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Calder, Thiruganasambandamoorthy) and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Wells, Thiruganasambandamoorthy), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Emergency Medicine (McRae) and Community Health Sciences (McRae), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe) and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Eric Mercier
- John A. Burns School of Medicine (Krishnan), University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Krishnan, Mukarram, Ghaedi, Nemnom, Calder, Thiruganasambandamoorthy), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Emergency Medicine (Sivilotti) and Biomedical and Molecular Sciences (Sivilotti), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Le Sage, Mercier), Laval University-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval Research Centre, Québec, Que.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Huang), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Hegdekar), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Calder, Thiruganasambandamoorthy) and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Wells, Thiruganasambandamoorthy), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Emergency Medicine (McRae) and Community Health Sciences (McRae), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe) and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Marie-Joe Nemnom
- John A. Burns School of Medicine (Krishnan), University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Krishnan, Mukarram, Ghaedi, Nemnom, Calder, Thiruganasambandamoorthy), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Emergency Medicine (Sivilotti) and Biomedical and Molecular Sciences (Sivilotti), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Le Sage, Mercier), Laval University-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval Research Centre, Québec, Que.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Huang), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Hegdekar), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Calder, Thiruganasambandamoorthy) and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Wells, Thiruganasambandamoorthy), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Emergency Medicine (McRae) and Community Health Sciences (McRae), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe) and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Lisa A Calder
- John A. Burns School of Medicine (Krishnan), University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Krishnan, Mukarram, Ghaedi, Nemnom, Calder, Thiruganasambandamoorthy), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Emergency Medicine (Sivilotti) and Biomedical and Molecular Sciences (Sivilotti), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Le Sage, Mercier), Laval University-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval Research Centre, Québec, Que.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Huang), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Hegdekar), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Calder, Thiruganasambandamoorthy) and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Wells, Thiruganasambandamoorthy), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Emergency Medicine (McRae) and Community Health Sciences (McRae), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe) and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Andrew D McRae
- John A. Burns School of Medicine (Krishnan), University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Krishnan, Mukarram, Ghaedi, Nemnom, Calder, Thiruganasambandamoorthy), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Emergency Medicine (Sivilotti) and Biomedical and Molecular Sciences (Sivilotti), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Le Sage, Mercier), Laval University-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval Research Centre, Québec, Que.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Huang), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Hegdekar), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Calder, Thiruganasambandamoorthy) and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Wells, Thiruganasambandamoorthy), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Emergency Medicine (McRae) and Community Health Sciences (McRae), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe) and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Brian H Rowe
- John A. Burns School of Medicine (Krishnan), University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Krishnan, Mukarram, Ghaedi, Nemnom, Calder, Thiruganasambandamoorthy), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Emergency Medicine (Sivilotti) and Biomedical and Molecular Sciences (Sivilotti), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Le Sage, Mercier), Laval University-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval Research Centre, Québec, Que.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Huang), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Hegdekar), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Calder, Thiruganasambandamoorthy) and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Wells, Thiruganasambandamoorthy), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Emergency Medicine (McRae) and Community Health Sciences (McRae), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe) and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - George A Wells
- John A. Burns School of Medicine (Krishnan), University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Krishnan, Mukarram, Ghaedi, Nemnom, Calder, Thiruganasambandamoorthy), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Emergency Medicine (Sivilotti) and Biomedical and Molecular Sciences (Sivilotti), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Le Sage, Mercier), Laval University-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval Research Centre, Québec, Que.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Huang), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Hegdekar), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Calder, Thiruganasambandamoorthy) and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Wells, Thiruganasambandamoorthy), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Emergency Medicine (McRae) and Community Health Sciences (McRae), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe) and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Venkatesh Thiruganasambandamoorthy
- John A. Burns School of Medicine (Krishnan), University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Krishnan, Mukarram, Ghaedi, Nemnom, Calder, Thiruganasambandamoorthy), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Emergency Medicine (Sivilotti) and Biomedical and Molecular Sciences (Sivilotti), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Le Sage, Mercier), Laval University-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval Research Centre, Québec, Que.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Huang), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Hegdekar), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Calder, Thiruganasambandamoorthy) and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Wells, Thiruganasambandamoorthy), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Emergency Medicine (McRae) and Community Health Sciences (McRae), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe) and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.
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