1
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Coggins SJ, Kimble B, Malik R, Thompson MF, Norris JM, Govendir M. Assessing in vitro stability of remdesivir (GS-5734) and conversion to GS-441524 in feline plasma and whole blood. Vet Q 2024; 44:1-9. [PMID: 38288972 PMCID: PMC10829815 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2024.2305731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a potentially fatal coronavirus-driven disease of cats. Treatment with nucleoside analogue GS-441524 and or prodrug remdesivir (RDV) have produced remission in both experimentally induced and naturally occurring FIP, yet information regarding metabolism of RDV into GS-441524 in cats is scarce. This study assessed possible phase I metabolism of RDV in cats, utilising an in vitro feline microsome model with in vitro t1/2 and in vitro Clint calculated using the substrate depletion method. A previously validated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fluorescence method was utilised for detection and analysis of RDV and GS-441524. Qualitative yield of RDV and intermediate metabolite GS-441524 were determined following microsome incubation, then compared to whole blood and plasma incubations. In vitro microsome incubation resulted in rapid depletion of RDV, though it did not appear to resemble a conventional phase I-dependent reaction in cats, as it is in humans and dogs. Depletion of RDV into GS-441524 was demonstrated in whole blood in vitro, suggesting cats convert RDV to GS-441524, likely via blood esterases, as observed in mice and rats. RDV metabolism is unlikely to be impacted by impaired liver function in cats. Furthermore, as RDV depletes within minutes, whereas GS-441524 is very stable, whole blood or plasma GS-441524 concentrations, rather than plasma RDV concentrations, are more appropriate for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in cats receiving RDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally J. Coggins
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Benjamin Kimble
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- Animal and Veterinary Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
| | - Mary F. Thompson
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Jacqueline M. Norris
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Merran Govendir
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
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2
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Palazzotti D, Sguilla M, Manfroni G, Cecchetti V, Astolfi A, Barreca ML. Small Molecule Drugs Targeting Viral Polymerases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:661. [PMID: 38794231 PMCID: PMC11124969 DOI: 10.3390/ph17050661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Small molecules that specifically target viral polymerases-crucial enzymes governing viral genome transcription and replication-play a pivotal role in combating viral infections. Presently, approved polymerase inhibitors cover nine human viruses, spanning both DNA and RNA viruses. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of these licensed drugs, encompassing nucleoside/nucleotide inhibitors (NIs), non-nucleoside inhibitors (NNIs), and mutagenic agents. For each compound, we describe the specific targeted virus and related polymerase enzyme, the mechanism of action, and the relevant bioactivity data. This wealth of information serves as a valuable resource for researchers actively engaged in antiviral drug discovery efforts, offering a complete overview of established strategies as well as insights for shaping the development of next-generation antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria Letizia Barreca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (D.P.); (M.S.); (G.M.); (V.C.); (A.A.)
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3
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Kothapalli Y, Jones RA, Chu CK, Singh US. Synthesis of Fluorinated Nucleosides/Nucleotides and Their Antiviral Properties. Molecules 2024; 29:2390. [PMID: 38792251 PMCID: PMC11124531 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The FDA has approved several drugs based on the fluorinated nucleoside pharmacophore, and numerous drugs are currently in clinical trials. Fluorine-containing nucleos(t)ides offer significant antiviral and anticancer activity. The insertion of a fluorine atom, either in the base or sugar of nucleos(t)ides, alters its electronic and steric parameters and transforms the lipophilicity, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacokinetic properties of these moieties. The fluorine atom restricts the oxidative metabolism of drugs and provides enzymatic metabolic stability towards the glycosidic bond of the nucleos(t)ide. The incorporation of fluorine also demonstrates additional hydrogen bonding interactions in receptors with enhanced biological profiles. The present article discusses the synthetic methodology and antiviral activities of FDA-approved drugs and ongoing fluoro-containing nucleos(t)ide drug candidates in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chung K. Chu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (Y.K.); (R.A.J.)
| | - Uma S. Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (Y.K.); (R.A.J.)
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4
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Fleuti M, Sanchez-Quirante T, Poštová Slavětínská L, Tloušt'ová E, Tichý M, Gurská S, Džubák P, Hajdúch M, Hocek M. Synthesis and Biological Profiling of Quinolino-Fused 7-Deazapurine Nucleosides. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:20557-20570. [PMID: 38737052 PMCID: PMC11080019 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
A series of quinolino-fused 7-deazapurine (pyrimido[5',4':4,5]pyrrolo[3,2-f]quinoline) ribonucleosides were designed and synthesized. The synthesis of the key 11-chloro-pyrimido[5',4':4,5]pyrrolo[3,2-f]quinoline was based on the Negishi cross-coupling of iodoquinoline with zincated 4,6-dichloropyrimidine followed by azidation and thermal or photochemical cyclization. Vorbrüggen glycosylation of the tetracyclic heterocycle followed by cross-coupling or substitution reactions at position 11 gave the desired set of final nucleosides that showed moderate to weak cytostatic activity and fluorescent properties. The corresponding fused adenosine derivative was converted to the triphosphate and successfully incorporated to RNA using in vitro transcription with T7 RNA polymerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Fleuti
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, Prague 2 CZ-12843, Czech Republic
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 6 CZ-16610, Czech Republic
| | - Tania Sanchez-Quirante
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, Prague 2 CZ-12843, Czech Republic
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 6 CZ-16610, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Poštová Slavětínská
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 6 CZ-16610, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Tloušt'ová
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 6 CZ-16610, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Tichý
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 6 CZ-16610, Czech Republic
| | - Soňa Gurská
- Institute
of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacky University and University
Hospital in Olomouc, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Hněvotínská
5, Olomouc CZ-77515, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Džubák
- Institute
of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacky University and University
Hospital in Olomouc, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Hněvotínská
5, Olomouc CZ-77515, Czech Republic
| | - Marián Hajdúch
- Institute
of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacky University and University
Hospital in Olomouc, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Hněvotínská
5, Olomouc CZ-77515, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Hocek
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, Prague 2 CZ-12843, Czech Republic
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 6 CZ-16610, Czech Republic
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5
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Calbert ML, Chandramouly G, Adams CM, Saez-Ayala M, Kent T, Tyagi M, Ayyadevara VSSA, Wang Y, Krais JJ, Gordon J, Atkins J, Toma MM, Betzi S, Boghossian AS, Rees MG, Ronan MM, Roth JA, Goldman AR, Gorman N, Mitra R, Childers WE, Graña X, Skorski T, Johnson N, Hurtz C, Morelli X, Eischen CM, Pomerantz RT. 4'-Ethynyl-2'-Deoxycytidine (EdC) Preferentially Targets Lymphoma and Leukemia Subtypes by Inducing Replicative Stress. Mol Cancer Ther 2024; 23:683-699. [PMID: 38064712 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Anticancer nucleosides are effective against solid tumors and hematologic malignancies, but typically are prone to nucleoside metabolism resistance mechanisms. Using a nucleoside-specific multiplexed high-throughput screening approach, we discovered 4'-ethynyl-2'-deoxycytidine (EdC) as a third-generation anticancer nucleoside prodrug with preferential activity against diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). EdC requires deoxycytidine kinase (DCK) phosphorylation for its activity and induces replication fork arrest and accumulation of cells in S-phase, indicating it acts as a chain terminator. A 2.1Å cocrystal structure of DCK bound to EdC and UDP reveals how the rigid 4'-alkyne of EdC fits within the active site of DCK. Remarkably, EdC was resistant to cytidine deamination and SAMHD1 metabolism mechanisms and exhibited higher potency against ALL compared with FDA-approved nelarabine. Finally, EdC was highly effective against DLBCL tumors and B-ALL in vivo. These data characterize EdC as a preclinical nucleoside prodrug candidate for DLBCL and ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa L Calbert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gurushankar Chandramouly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Clare M Adams
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Magali Saez-Ayala
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), CNRS, INSERM, Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Tatiana Kent
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mrityunjay Tyagi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - V S S Abhinav Ayyadevara
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yifan Wang
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John J Krais
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John Gordon
- Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jessica Atkins
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Monika M Toma
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stéphane Betzi
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), CNRS, INSERM, Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | | | - Matthew G Rees
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | - Ramkrishna Mitra
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Wayne E Childers
- Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xavier Graña
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tomasz Skorski
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Neil Johnson
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christian Hurtz
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xavier Morelli
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), CNRS, INSERM, Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Christine M Eischen
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Richard T Pomerantz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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6
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Nagahawatta DP, Liyanage NM, Jayawardena TU, Jayawardhana HHACK, Jeong SH, Kwon HJ, Jeon YJ. Role of marine natural products in the development of antiviral agents against SARS-CoV-2: potential and prospects. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 6:280-297. [PMID: 38827130 PMCID: PMC11136918 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-023-00215-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
A novel coronavirus, known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has surfaced and caused global concern owing to its ferocity. SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019; however, it was only discovered at the end of the year and was considered a pandemic by the World Health Organization. Therefore, the development of novel potent inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 and future outbreaks is urgently required. Numerous naturally occurring bioactive substances have been studied in the clinical setting for diverse disorders. The intricate infection and replication mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 offers diverse therapeutic drug targets for developing antiviral medicines by employing natural products that are safer than synthetic compounds. Marine natural products (MNPs) have received increased attention in the development of novel drugs owing to their high diversity and availability. Therefore, this review article investigates the infection and replication mechanisms, including the function of the SARS-CoV-2 genome and structure. Furthermore, we highlighted anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic intervention efforts utilizing MNPs and predicted SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor design. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-023-00215-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. P. Nagahawatta
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, 690-756 Republic of Korea
| | - N. M. Liyanage
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, 690-756 Republic of Korea
| | - Thilina U. Jayawardena
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3 Canada
| | | | - Seong-Hun Jeong
- Functional Biomaterial Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Jun Kwon
- Functional Biomaterial Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup-si, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Jin Jeon
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, 690-756 Republic of Korea
- Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63333 Republic of Korea
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7
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Siniavin AE, Gushchin VA, Shastina NS, Darnotuk ES, Luyksaar SI, Russu LI, Inshakova AM, Shidlovskaya EV, Vasina DV, Kuznetsova NA, Savina DM, Zorkov ID, Dolzhikova IV, Sheremet AB, Logunov DY, Zigangirova NA, Gintsburg AL. New conjugates based on N4-hydroxycytidine with more potent antiviral efficacy in vitro than EIDD-2801 against SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronaviruses. Antiviral Res 2024; 225:105871. [PMID: 38555022 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The spread of COVID-19 continues due to genetic variation in SARS-CoV-2. Highly mutated variants of SARS-CoV-2 have an increased transmissibility and immune evasion. Due to the emergence of various new variants of the virus, there is an urgent need to develop broadly effective specific drugs for therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Molnupiravir (EIDD-2801, MK-4482), is an orally bioavailable ribonucleoside analogue of β-D-N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC), has demonstrated efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 and was recently approved for COVID-19 treatment. To improve antiviral potency of NHC, we developed a panel of NHC conjugates with lipophilic vectors and ester derivatives with amino- and carboxylic-acids. Most of the synthesized compounds had comparable or higher (2-20 times) antiviral activity than EIDD-2801, against different lineages of SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, seasonal coronaviruses OC43 and 229E, as well as bovine coronavirus. For further studies, we assessed the most promising compound in terms of activity, simplicity and cost of synthesis - NHC conjugate with phenylpropionic acid (SN_9). SN_9 has shown high efficacy in prophylactic, therapeutic and transmission models of COVID-19 infection in hamsters. Importantly, SN_9 profoundly inhibited virus replication in the lower respiratory tract of hamsters and transgenic mice infected with the Omicron sublineages XBB.1.9.1, XBB.1.16 and EG.5.1.1. These data indicate that SN_9 represents a promising antiviral drug candidate for COVID-19 treatment, and NHC modification strategies deserve further investigation as an approach to develop prodrugs against various coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei E Siniavin
- Department of Epidemiology, Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow, Russia; Department of Molecular Neuroimmune Signaling, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Vladimir A Gushchin
- Department of Epidemiology, Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow, Russia; Department of Medical Genetics, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 119991, Moscow, Russia; Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Natal'ya S Shastina
- Department of Epidemiology, Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, 119571, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elizaveta S Darnotuk
- Department of Epidemiology, Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, 119571, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey I Luyksaar
- Department of Epidemiology, Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonid I Russu
- Department of Epidemiology, Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna M Inshakova
- Department of Epidemiology, Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, 119571, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V Shidlovskaya
- Department of Epidemiology, Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria V Vasina
- Department of Epidemiology, Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda A Kuznetsova
- Department of Epidemiology, Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria M Savina
- Department of Epidemiology, Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya D Zorkov
- Department of Epidemiology, Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow, Russia
| | - Inna V Dolzhikova
- Department of Epidemiology, Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna B Sheremet
- Department of Epidemiology, Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis Y Logunov
- Department of Epidemiology, Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nailya A Zigangirova
- Department of Epidemiology, Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander L Gintsburg
- Department of Epidemiology, Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow, Russia; Department of Infectology and Virology, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 119435, Moscow, Russia
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8
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Igari H, Sakao S, Ishige T, Saito K, Murata S, Yahaba M, Taniguchi T, Suganami A, Matsushita K, Tamura Y, Suzuki T, Ido E. Dynamic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 genetic mutations in a lung transplantation patient with persistent COVID-19. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3604. [PMID: 38684722 PMCID: PMC11058237 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47941-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous SARS-CoV-2 variant strains with altered characteristics have emerged since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Remdesivir (RDV), a ribonucleotide analogue inhibitor of viral RNA polymerase, has become a valuable therapeutic agent. However, immunosuppressed hosts may respond inadequately to RDV and develop chronic persistent infections. A patient with respiratory failure caused by interstitial pneumonia, who had undergone transplantation of the left lung, developed COVID-19 caused by Omicron BA.5 strain with persistent chronic viral shedding, showing viral fusogenicity. Genome-wide sequencing analyses revealed the occurrence of several viral mutations after RDV treatment, followed by dynamic changes in the viral populations. The C799F mutation in nsp12 was found to play a pivotal role in conferring RDV resistance, preventing RDV-triphosphate from entering the active site of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The occurrence of diverse mutations is a characteristic of SARS-CoV-2, which mutates frequently. Herein, we describe the clinical case of an immunosuppressed host in whom inadequate treatment resulted in highly diverse SARS-CoV-2 mutations that threatened the patient's health due to the development of drug-resistant variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Igari
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Chiba, Japan.
- Future Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Chiba, Japan.
- COVID-19 Vaccine Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Chiba, Japan.
- Research Institute of Disaster Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Seiichiro Sakao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ishige
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Kengo Saito
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shota Murata
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Misuzu Yahaba
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshibumi Taniguchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
- Research Institute of Disaster Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akiko Suganami
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Matsushita
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tamura
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takuji Suzuki
- Future Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
- Synergy Institute for Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Eiji Ido
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Chiba, Japan.
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan.
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9
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Formica M, Ferko B, Marsh T, Davidson TA, Yamazaki K, Dixon DJ. Second Generation Catalytic Enantioselective Nucleophilic Desymmetrization at Phosphorus (V): Improved Generality, Efficiency and Modularity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400673. [PMID: 38381534 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
A broadly improved second generation catalytic two-phase strategy for the enantioselective synthesis of stereogenic at phosphorus (V) compounds is described. This protocol, consisting of a bifunctional iminophosphorane (BIMP) catalyzed nucleophilic desymmetrization of prochiral, bench stable P(V) precursors and subsequent enantiospecific substitution allows for divergent access to a wide range of C-, N-, O- and S- substituted P(V) containing compounds from a handful of enantioenriched intermediates. A new ureidopeptide BIMP catalyst/thiaziolidinone leaving group combination allowed for a far wider substrate scope and increased reaction efficiency and practicality over previously established protocols. The resulting enantioenriched intermediates could then be transformed into an even greater range of distinct classes of P(V) compounds by displacement of the remaining leaving group as well as allowing for even further diversification downstream. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to pinpoint the origin of enantioselectivity for the BIMP-catalyzed desymmetrization, to rationalize how a superior catalyst/leaving group combination leads to increased generality in our second-generation catalytic system, as well as shed light onto observed stereochemical retention and inversion pathways when performing late-stage enantiospecific SN2@P reactions with Grignard reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Formica
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA, Oxford, UK
| | - Branislav Ferko
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas Marsh
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA, Oxford, UK
| | - Timothy A Davidson
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA, Oxford, UK
| | - Ken Yamazaki
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Okayama University, Tsushimanaka, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Darren J Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA, Oxford, UK
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10
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Wang R, Xu H, Banerjee A, Cui Z, Ma Y, Whittingham WG, Yang P, Li A. Mild Approach to Nucleoside Analogues via Photoredox/Cu-Catalyzed Decarboxylative C-N Bond Formation. Total Synthesis of Oxetanocin A. Org Lett 2024; 26:2691-2696. [PMID: 38011311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The conventional N-glycosylation methods for nucleoside synthesis usually require strongly acidic or basic conditions. Here we report the decarboxylative C(sp3)-N coupling of glycosyl N-hydroxyphthalimide esters with nucleobases via dual photoredox/Cu catalysis, which offered a mild approach to nucleoside analogues. A total synthesis of oxetanocin A, an antiviral natural product containing an oxetanose moiety, has been achieved by using this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Arpan Banerjee
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhongwen Cui
- College of Chemistry and Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuyong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - William G Whittingham
- Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta Limited, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - Peng Yang
- College of Chemistry and Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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11
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Kane DL, Burke B, Diaz M, Wolf C, Fonzi WA. Lethal metabolism of Candida albicans respiratory mutants. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300630. [PMID: 38578754 PMCID: PMC10997084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The destructive impact of fungi in agriculture and animal and human health, coincident with increases in antifungal resistance, underscores the need for new and alternative drug targets to counteract these trends. Cellular metabolism relies on many intermediates with intrinsic toxicity and promiscuous enzymatic activity generates others. Fuller knowledge of these toxic entities and their generation may offer opportunities of antifungal development. From this perspective our observation of media-conditional lethal metabolism in respiratory mutants of the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans was of interest. C. albicans mutants defective in NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (Complex I of the electron transport chain) exhibit normal growth in synthetic complete medium. In YPD medium, however, the mutants grow normally until early stationary phase whereupon a dramatic loss of viability occurs. Upwards of 90% of cells die over the subsequent four to six hours with a loss of membrane integrity. The extent of cell death was proportional to the amount of BactoPeptone, and to a lesser extent, the amount of yeast extract. YPD medium conditioned by growth of the mutant was toxic to wild-type cells indicating mutant metabolism established a toxic milieu in the media. Conditioned media contained a volatile component that contributed to toxicity, but only in the presence of a component of BactoPeptone. Fractionation experiments revealed purine nucleosides or bases as the synergistic component. GC-mass spectrometry analysis revealed acetal (1,1-diethoxyethane) as the active volatile. This previously unreported and lethal synergistic interaction of acetal and purines suggests a hitherto unrecognized toxic metabolism potentially exploitable in the search for antifungal targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Lucas Kane
- Department of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry Shared Resource, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Brendan Burke
- Department of Microbiology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Monica Diaz
- Department of Microbiology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Christian Wolf
- Department of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry Shared Resource, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - William A. Fonzi
- Department of Microbiology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
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12
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Xie R, Li W, Ge Y, Zhou Y, Xiao G, Zhao Q, Han Y, Li Y, Chen G. Late-stage guanine C8-H alkylation of nucleosides, nucleotides, and oligonucleotides via photo-mediated Minisci reaction. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2549. [PMID: 38514662 PMCID: PMC10957873 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46671-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemically modified nucleosi(ti)des and functional oligonucleotides (ONs, including therapeutic oligonucleotides, aptamer, nuclease, etc.) have been identified playing an essential role in the areas of medicinal chemistry, chemical biology, biotechnology, and nanotechnology. Introduction of functional groups into the nucleobases of ONs mostly relies on the laborious de novo chemical synthesis. Due to the importance of nucleosides modification and aforementioned limitations of functionalizing ONs, herein, we describe a highly efficient site-selective alkylation at the C8-position of guanines in guanosine (together with its analogues), GMP, GDP, and GTP, as well as late-stage functionalization of dinucleotides and single-strand ONs (including ssDNA and RNA) through photo-mediated Minisci reaction. Addition of catechol to assist the formation of alkyl radicals via in situ generated boronic acid catechol ester derivatives (BACED) markedly enhances the yields especially for the reaction of less stable primary alkyl radicals, and is the key to success for the post-synthetic alkylation of ONs. This method features excellent chemoselectivity, no necessity for pre-protection, wide range of substrate scope, various free radical precursors, and little strand lesion. Downstream applications in disease treatment and diagnosis, or as biochemical probes to study biological processes after linking with suitable fluorescent compounds are expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoqian Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanlu Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhua Ge
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yutong Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Green and High-End Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, Qinghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guolan Xiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunxi Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangyan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Green and High-End Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, Qinghai, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Guiraud M, Ali LMA, Gabrieli-Magot E, Lichon L, Daurat M, Egron D, Gary-Bobo M, Peyrottes S. Probing the Use of Triphenyl Phosphonium Cation for Mitochondrial Nucleoside Delivery. ACS Med Chem Lett 2024; 15:418-422. [PMID: 38505859 PMCID: PMC10945795 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the design, the synthesis, and the study of novel triphenyl phosphonium-based nucleoside conjugates. 2'-Deoxycytidine was chosen as nucleosidic cargo, as it allows the introduction of fluorescein on the exocyclic amine of the nucleobase and grafting of the vector was envisaged through the formation of a biolabile ester bond with the hydroxyl function at the 5'-position. Compound 3 was identified as a potential nucleoside prodrug, showing ability to be internalized efficiently into cells and to be co-localized with mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathis Guiraud
- Team
Nucleosides & Phosphorylated Effectors, IBMM, Pole Balard Recherche, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Lamiaa M. A. Ali
- Team
Glyco & Nanovectors for Therapeutic Targeting, IBMM, Pole Balard
Recherche, University of Montpellier, CNRS,
ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, France
- Department
of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
| | - Emma Gabrieli-Magot
- Team
Glyco & Nanovectors for Therapeutic Targeting, IBMM, Pole Balard
Recherche, University of Montpellier, CNRS,
ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Laure Lichon
- Team
Glyco & Nanovectors for Therapeutic Targeting, IBMM, Pole Balard
Recherche, University of Montpellier, CNRS,
ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | | | - David Egron
- Team
Nucleosides & Phosphorylated Effectors, IBMM, Pole Balard Recherche, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Magali Gary-Bobo
- Team
Glyco & Nanovectors for Therapeutic Targeting, IBMM, Pole Balard
Recherche, University of Montpellier, CNRS,
ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Suzanne Peyrottes
- Team
Nucleosides & Phosphorylated Effectors, IBMM, Pole Balard Recherche, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, France
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14
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Wong XK, Ng CS, Yeong KY. Shaping the future of antiviral Treatment: Spotlight on Nucleobase-Containing drugs and their revolutionary impact. Bioorg Chem 2024; 144:107150. [PMID: 38309002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Nucleobases serve as essential molecular frameworks present in both natural and synthetic compounds that exhibit notable antiviral activity. Through molecular modifications, novel nucleobase-containing drugs (NCDs) have been developed, exhibiting enhanced antiviral activity against a wide range of viruses, including the recently emerged SARS‑CoV‑2. This article provides a detailed examination of the significant advancements in NCDs from 2015 till current, encompassing various aspects concerning their mechanisms of action, pharmacology and antiviral properties. Additionally, the article discusses antiviral prodrugs relevant to the scope of this review. It fills in the knowledge gap by examining the structure-activity relationship and trend of NCDs as therapeutics against a diverse range of viral diseases, either as approved drugs, clinical candidates or as early-stage development prospects. Moreover, the article highlights on the status of this field of study and addresses the prevailing limitations encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Khai Wong
- School of Science, Monash University (Malaysia Campus), Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chen Seng Ng
- School of Science, Monash University (Malaysia Campus), Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Keng Yoon Yeong
- School of Science, Monash University (Malaysia Campus), Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
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15
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Wright NJ, Zhang F, Suo Y, Kong L, Yin Y, Fedor JG, Sharma K, Borgnia MJ, Im W, Lee SY. Antiviral drug recognition and elevator-type transport motions of CNT3. Nat Chem Biol 2024:10.1038/s41589-024-01559-8. [PMID: 38418906 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-024-01559-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogs have broad clinical utility as antiviral drugs. Key to their systemic distribution and cellular entry are human nucleoside transporters. Here, we establish that the human concentrative nucleoside transporter 3 (CNT3) interacts with antiviral drugs used in the treatment of coronavirus infections. We report high-resolution single-particle cryo-electron microscopy structures of bovine CNT3 complexed with antiviral nucleosides N4-hydroxycytidine, PSI-6206, GS-441524 and ribavirin, all in inward-facing states. Notably, we found that the orally bioavailable antiviral molnupiravir arrests CNT3 in four distinct conformations, allowing us to capture cryo-electron microscopy structures of drug-loaded outward-facing and drug-loaded intermediate states. Our studies uncover the conformational trajectory of CNT3 during membrane transport of a nucleoside analog antiviral drug, yield new insights into the role of interactions between the transport and the scaffold domains in elevator-like domain movements during drug translocation, and provide insights into the design of nucleoside analog antiviral prodrugs with improved oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yang Suo
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lingyang Kong
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, and Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Ying Yin
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Justin G Fedor
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kedar Sharma
- Department of Health and Human Services, Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mario J Borgnia
- Department of Health and Human Services, Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wonpil Im
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, and Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Seok-Yong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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16
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Desai SP, Yatzoglou G, Turner JA, Taylor MS. Boronic Acid-Catalyzed Regio- and Stereoselective N-Glycosylations of Purines and Other Azole Heterocycles: Access to Nucleoside Analogues. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4973-4984. [PMID: 38330907 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
In the presence of an arylboronic acid catalyst, azole-type heterocycles, including purines, tetrazoles, triazoles, indazoles, and benzo-fused congeners, undergo regio- and stereoselective N-glycosylations with furanosyl and pyranosyl trichloroacetimidate donors. The protocol, which does not require stoichiometric activators, specialized leaving groups, or drying agents, provides access to nucleoside analogues and enables late-stage N-glycosylation of azole-containing pharmaceutical agents. A mechanism involving simultaneous activation of the glycosyl donor and acceptor by the organoboron catalyst has been proposed, supported by kinetic analysis and computational modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrey P Desai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Giorgos Yatzoglou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Julia A Turner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Mark S Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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17
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Ritere A, Jeminejs A, Bizde̅na E, Turks M, Novosjolova I. Synthesis of 6-Selanyl-2-triazolylpurine Derivatives Using 2,6-Bistriazolylpurines as Starting Materials. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:6366-6380. [PMID: 38371834 PMCID: PMC10870272 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Two pathways toward 6-selanyl-2-triazolylpurine derivatives were designed. The first method involved the synthesis of 2-chloro-6-selanylpurine derivatives, further SNAr reaction with NaN3, and following CuAAC using different alkynes. The second method was based on the synthesis of 2,6-bistriazolylpurine derivatives as starting materials followed by SNAr reaction with commercial or in situ generated selenols as nucleophiles. A series of 2-chloro-6-selanylpurine derivatives were obtained in yields up to 84%. It was found that in the latter compounds, 6-selanyl moiety was the better leaving group compared to 2-chlorosubstituent in SNAr reactions. On the other hand, the SNAr reaction between 2,6-bistriazolylpurines and selenols or diselenides was successful, and 13 examples of 6-selanyl-2-triazolylpurine derivatives were obtained in yields up to 87%. This direct approach for the Se-C bond formation proved the ability of the 1,2,3-triazolyl ring at the C6 position of purine to act as a good leaving group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnija Ritere
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena Str. 3, Riga LV 1048, Latvia
| | - Andris Jeminejs
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena Str. 3, Riga LV 1048, Latvia
| | - E̅rika Bizde̅na
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena Str. 3, Riga LV 1048, Latvia
| | - Ma̅ris Turks
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena Str. 3, Riga LV 1048, Latvia
| | - Irina Novosjolova
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena Str. 3, Riga LV 1048, Latvia
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18
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Alhthlol L, Orme CL, Jefferis BS, Herter SA, Kemper HE, Tomsho JW. Synthesis of Boron-Containing Nucleoside Analogs. J Org Chem 2024; 89:1556-1566. [PMID: 38227951 PMCID: PMC10845115 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Over the last century, nucleoside-based therapeutics have demonstrated remarkable effectiveness in the treatment of a wide variety of diseases from cancer to HIV. In addition, boron-containing drugs have recently emerged as an exciting and fruitful avenue for medicinal therapies. However, borononucleosides have largely been unexplored in the context of medicinal applications. Herein, we report the synthesis, isolation, and characterization of two novel boron-containing nucleoside compound libraries which may find utility as therapeutic agents. Our synthetic strategy employs efficient one-step substitution reactions between a diverse variety of nucleoside scaffolds and an assortment of n-alkyl potassium trifluoroborate-containing electrophiles. We demonstrated that these alkylation reactions are compatible with cyclic and acyclic nucleoside substrates, as well as increasing alkyl chain lengths. Furthermore, regioselective control of product formation can be readily achieved through manipulation of base identity and reaction temperature conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latifah
M. Alhthlol
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, St Joseph’s
University, University City Campus, 600 South 43rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University
for Health Sciences, Al Mubarraz, Alahsa 36428, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christopher L. Orme
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, St Joseph’s
University, University City Campus, 600 South 43rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Ben S. Jefferis
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, St Joseph’s
University, University City Campus, 600 South 43rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Sarah A. Herter
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, St Joseph’s
University, University City Campus, 600 South 43rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Halee E. Kemper
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, St Joseph’s
University, University City Campus, 600 South 43rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - John W. Tomsho
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, St Joseph’s
University, University City Campus, 600 South 43rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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19
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Kiy RT, Khoo SH, Chadwick AE. Assessing the mitochondrial safety profile of the molnupiravir active metabolite, β-d-N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC), in the physiologically relevant HepaRG model. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2024; 13:tfae012. [PMID: 38328743 PMCID: PMC10848230 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfae012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background β-d-N4-Hydroxycytidine (NHC) is the active metabolite of molnupiravir, a broad-spectrum antiviral approved by the MHRA for COVID-19 treatment. NHC induces lethal mutagenesis of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, undergoing incorporation into the viral genome and arresting viral replication. It has previously been reported that several nucleoside analogues elicit off-target inhibition of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or RNA replication. Although NHC does not exert these effects in HepG2 cells, HepaRG are proven to be advantageous over HepG2 for modelling nucleoside analogue-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Therefore, the objective of this work was to assess the mitotoxic potential of NHC in HepaRG cells, a model more closely resembling physiological human liver. Methods Differentiated HepaRG cells were exposed to 1-60 μM NHC for 3-14 days to investigate effects of sub-, supra-, and clinically-relevant exposures (in the UK, molnupiravir for COVID-19 is indicated for 5 days and reported Cmax is 16 μM). Following drug incubation, cell viability, mtDNA copy number, mitochondrial protein expression, and mitochondrial respiration were assessed. Results NHC induced minor decreases in cell viability at clinically relevant exposures, but did not decrease mitochondrial protein expression. The effects on mtDNA were variable, but typically copy number was increased. At supra-clinical concentrations (60 μM), NHC reduced mitochondrial respiration, but did not appear to induce direct electron transport chain dysfunction. Conclusions Overall, NHC does not cause direct mitochondrial toxicity in HepaRG cells at clinically relevant concentrations, but may induce minor cellular perturbations. As HepaRG cells have increased physiological relevance, these findings provide additional assurance of the mitochondrial safety profile of NHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn T Kiy
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - Saye H Khoo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, United Kingdom
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool, L7 8XP, United Kingdom
| | - Amy E Chadwick
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, United Kingdom
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20
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Tian X, Xu Y, Wang L, Dong C, Yan X, Fan J, Xie H, Zhang H, Wang J, Liu Y, Wang Y, Pan S, Wu A, Liu X, Yao C, Wang M. Efficacy and safety of azvudine in symptomatic adult COVID-19 participants who are at increased risk of progressing to critical illness: a study protocol for a multicentre randomized double-blind placebo-controlled phase III trial. Trials 2024; 25:77. [PMID: 38254211 PMCID: PMC10804629 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-024-07914-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 will coexist with humans for a long time, and it is therefore important to develop effective treatments for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Recent studies have demonstrated that antiviral therapy is a key factor in preventing patients from progressing to severe disease, even death. Effective and affordable antiviral medications are essential for disease treatment and are urgently needed. Azvudine, a nucleoside analogue, is a potential low-cost candidate with few drug interactions. However, validation of high-quality clinical studies is still limited. METHODS This is a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III clinical trial involving 1096 adult patients with mild-to-moderate symptoms of COVID-19 who are at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19. Patients will be randomized to (1) receive azvudine tablets 5 mg daily for a maximum of 7 days or (2) receive placebo five tablets daily. All participants will be permitted to use a standard treatment strategy except antiviral therapy beyond the investigational medications. The primary outcome will be the ratio of COVID-19-related critical illness and all-cause mortality among the two groups within 28 days. DISCUSSION The purpose of this clinical trial is to determine whether azvudine can prevent patients at risk of severe disease from progressing to critical illness and death, and the results will identify whether azvudine is an effective and affordable antiviral treatment option for COVID-19. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05689034. Registered on 18 January 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlun Tian
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Luo Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Chongya Dong
- Department of Biostatistics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yan
- Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Junping Fan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Huaiya Xie
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jinglan Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yongjian Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yaqi Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Siqi Pan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Aohua Wu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xueqi Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Chen Yao
- Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
- Department of Biostatistics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mengzhao Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
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21
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Outteridge M, Nunn CM, Devine K, Patel B, McLean GR. Antivirals for Broader Coverage against Human Coronaviruses. Viruses 2024; 16:156. [PMID: 38275966 PMCID: PMC10820748 DOI: 10.3390/v16010156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a genome that is 27-31 kbases in length. Critical genes include the spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), nucleocapsid (N) and nine accessory open reading frames encoding for non-structural proteins (NSPs) that have multiple roles in the replication cycle and immune evasion (1). There are seven known human CoVs that most likely appeared after zoonotic transfer, the most recent being SARS-CoV-2, responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Antivirals that have been approved by the FDA for use against COVID-19 such as Paxlovid can target and successfully inhibit the main protease (MPro) activity of multiple human CoVs; however, alternative proteomes encoded by CoV genomes have a closer genetic similarity to each other, suggesting that antivirals could be developed now that target future CoVs. New zoonotic introductions of CoVs to humans are inevitable and unpredictable. Therefore, new antivirals are required to control not only the next human CoV outbreak but also the four common human CoVs (229E, OC43, NL63, HKU1) that circulate frequently and to contain sporadic outbreaks of the severe human CoVs (SARS-CoV, MERS and SARS-CoV-2). The current study found that emerging antiviral drugs, such as Paxlovid, could target other CoVs, but only SARS-CoV-2 is known to be targeted in vivo. Other drugs which have the potential to target other human CoVs are still within clinical trials and are not yet available for public use. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment and vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 can reduce mortality and hospitalisation rates; however, they target the Spike protein whose sequence mutates frequently and drifts. Spike is also not applicable for targeting other HCoVs as these are not well-conserved sequences among human CoVs. Thus, there is a need for readily available treatments globally that target all seven human CoVs and improve the preparedness for inevitable future outbreaks. Here, we discuss antiviral research, contributing to the control of common and severe CoV replication and transmission, including the current SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. The aim was to identify common features of CoVs for antivirals, biologics and vaccines that could reduce the scientific, political, economic and public health strain caused by CoV outbreaks now and in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Outteridge
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London N7 8DB, UK; (M.O.); (C.M.N.); (K.D.); (B.P.)
| | - Christine M. Nunn
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London N7 8DB, UK; (M.O.); (C.M.N.); (K.D.); (B.P.)
| | - Kevin Devine
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London N7 8DB, UK; (M.O.); (C.M.N.); (K.D.); (B.P.)
| | - Bhaven Patel
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London N7 8DB, UK; (M.O.); (C.M.N.); (K.D.); (B.P.)
| | - Gary R. McLean
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London N7 8DB, UK; (M.O.); (C.M.N.); (K.D.); (B.P.)
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
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22
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Battisti V, Moesslacher J, Abdelnabi R, Leyssen P, Rosales Rosas AL, Langendries L, Aufy M, Studenik C, Kratz JM, Rollinger JM, Puerstinger G, Neyts J, Delang L, Urban E, Langer T. Design, synthesis, and lead optimization of piperazinyl-pyrimidine analogues as potent small molecules targeting the viral capping machinery of Chikungunya virus. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 264:116010. [PMID: 38104375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide re-emerge of the Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), the high morbidity associated with it, and the lack of an available vaccine or antiviral treatment make the development of a potent CHIKV-inhibitor highly desirable. Therefore, an extensive lead optimization was performed based on the previously reported CHVB compound 1b and the reported synthesis route was optimized - improving the overall yield in remarkably shorter synthesis and work-up time. Hundred analogues were designed, synthesized, and investigated for their antiviral activity, physiochemistry, and toxicological profile. An extensive structure-activity relationship study (SAR) was performed, which focused mainly on the combination of scaffold changes and revealed the key chemical features for potent anti-CHIKV inhibition. Further, a thorough ADMET investigation of the compounds was carried out: the compounds were screened for their aqueous solubility, lipophilicity, their toxicity in CaCo-2 cells, and possible hERG channel interactions. Additionally, 55 analogues were assessed for their metabolic stability in human liver microsomes (HLMs), leading to a structure-metabolism relationship study (SMR). The compounds showed an excellent safety profile, favourable physicochemical characteristics, and the required metabolic stability. A cross-resistance study confirmed the viral capping machinery (nsP1) to be the viral target of these compounds. This study identified 31b and 34 as potent, safe, and stable lead compounds for further development as selective CHIKV inhibitors. Finally, the collected insight led to a successful scaffold hop (64b) for future antiviral research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Battisti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Julia Moesslacher
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rana Abdelnabi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Leyssen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ana Lucia Rosales Rosas
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lana Langendries
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mohammed Aufy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Studenik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jadel M Kratz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith M Rollinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Puerstinger
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johan Neyts
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Delang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ernst Urban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thierry Langer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
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23
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Sánchez-Hernández A, García-Gómez D, Pérez Pavón JL, Rodríguez-Gonzalo E. Simultaneous determination of favipiravir and surrogates of its metabolites by means of heart-cutting bidimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC). Anal Biochem 2024; 684:115375. [PMID: 37926184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic monitoring of drugs, particularly those with multiple metabolites, can be time-consuming and labor-intensive due to the need for different analytical methods depending on the specific metabolite or matrix of interest. In this study, we employed a heart-cutting 2D-LC separation method based on the coupling of reversed-phase and mixed-mode mechanisms to determine Favipiravir and surrogates of five main metabolites. This approach was applied to serum, plasma, urine, and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The method underwent validation to ensure its reliability. The findings highlight the potential of 2D-LC as a practical and efficient approach for therapeutic drug monitoring.
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24
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Rastogi SK, Ciliberto VC, Trevino MZ, Campbell BA, Brittain WJ. Green Approach Toward Triazole Forming Reactions for Developing Anticancer Drugs. Curr Org Synth 2024; 21:380-420. [PMID: 37157212 DOI: 10.2174/1570179420666230508125144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Compounds containing triazole have many significant applications in the dye and ink industry, corrosion inhibitors, polymers, and pharmaceutical industries. These compounds possess many antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, antiviral, anti-HIV, antitubercular, and anticancer activities. Several synthetic methods have been reported for reducing time, minimizing synthetic steps, and utilizing less hazardous and toxic solvents and reagents to improve the yield of triazoles and their analogues synthesis. Among the improvement in methods, green approaches towards triazole forming biologically active compounds, especially anticancer compounds, would be very important for pharmaceutical industries as well as global research community. In this article, we have reviewed the last five years of green chemistry approaches on click reaction between alkyl azide and alkynes to install 1,2,3-triazole moiety in natural products and synthetic drug-like molecules, such as in colchicine, flavanone cardanol, bisphosphonates, thiabendazoles, piperazine, prostanoid, flavonoid, quinoxalines, C-azanucleoside, dibenzylamine, and aryl-azotriazole. The cytotoxicity of triazole hybrid analogues was evaluated against a panel of cancer cell lines, including multidrug-resistant cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva K Rastogi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - Veronica C Ciliberto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - Monica Z Trevino
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - Brooke A Campbell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - William J Brittain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
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25
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Zhang Y, Wu X, Sun X, Yang J, Liu C, Tang G, Lei X, Huang H, Peng J. The Progress of Small Molecule Targeting BCR-ABL in the Treatment of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:642-663. [PMID: 37855278 DOI: 10.2174/0113895575218335230926070130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a malignant myeloproliferative disease. According to the American Cancer Society's 2021 cancer data report, new cases of CML account for about 15% of all leukemias. CML is generally divided into three stages: chronic phase, accelerated phase, and blast phase. Nearly 90% of patients are diagnosed as a chronic phase. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation and chemotherapeutic drugs, such as interferon IFN-α were used as the earliest treatments for CML. However, they could generate obvious side effects, and scientists had to seek new treatments for CML. A new era of targeted therapy for CML began with the introduction of imatinib, the first-generation BCR-ABL kinase inhibitor. However, the ensuing drug resistance and mutant strains led by T315I limited the further use of imatinib. With the continuous advancement of research, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) and BCR-ABL protein degraders with novel structures and therapeutic mechanisms have been discovered. From biological macromolecules to classical target protein inhibitors, a growing number of compounds are being developed to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia. In this review, we focus on summarizing the current situation of a series of candidate small-molecule drugs in CML therapy, including TKIs and BCR-ABL protein degrader. The examples provided herein describe the pharmacology activity of small-molecule drugs. These drugs will provide new enlightenment for future treatment directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Xueyan Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Guotao Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Xiaoyong Lei
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Honglin Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Junmei Peng
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
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26
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Scheeff S, Wang Y, Lyu MY, Nasiri Ahmadabadi B, Hau SCK, Hui TKC, Zhang Y, Zuo Z, Chan RWY, Ng BWL. Design and Synthesis of Bicyclo[4.3.0]nonene Nucleoside Analogues. Org Lett 2023; 25:9002-9007. [PMID: 38051027 PMCID: PMC10749478 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues are effective antiviral agents, and the continuous emergence of pathogenic viruses demands the development of novel and structurally diverse analogues. Here, we present the design and synthesis of novel nucleoside analogues with a carbobicyclic core, which mimics the conformation of natural ribonucleosides. Employing a divergent synthetic route featuring an intermolecular Diels-Alder reaction, we successfully synthesized carbobicyclic nucleoside analogues with high antiviral efficacy against respiratory syncytial virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Scheeff
- School of
Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese
University of Hong Kong, Shatin , Hong Kong
| | - Yan Wang
- Department
of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The
Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin , Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese
University of Hong Kong, Kowloon
Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Mao-Yun Lyu
- School of
Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese
University of Hong Kong, Shatin , Hong Kong
| | - Behzad Nasiri Ahmadabadi
- Department
of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The
Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin , Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese
University of Hong Kong, Kowloon
Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Sam Chun Kit Hau
- Department
of Chemistry, The Chinese University of
Hong Kong, Shatin , Hong Kong
| | | | - Yufeng Zhang
- School of
Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese
University of Hong Kong, Shatin , Hong Kong
| | - Zhong Zuo
- School of
Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese
University of Hong Kong, Shatin , Hong Kong
| | - Renee Wan Yi Chan
- Department
of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The
Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin , Hong Kong
- Li Ka Shing
Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin , Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese
University of Hong Kong, Kowloon
Bay, Hong Kong
- S.H. Ho Research
Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Billy Wai-Lung Ng
- School of
Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese
University of Hong Kong, Shatin , Hong Kong
- Li Ka Shing
Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin , Hong Kong
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27
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Bartman CR, Faubert B, Rabinowitz JD, DeBerardinis RJ. Metabolic pathway analysis using stable isotopes in patients with cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2023; 23:863-878. [PMID: 37907620 PMCID: PMC11161207 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-023-00632-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is central to malignant transformation and cancer cell growth. How tumours use nutrients and the relative rates of reprogrammed pathways are areas of intense investigation. Tumour metabolism is determined by a complex and incompletely defined combination of factors intrinsic and extrinsic to cancer cells. This complexity increases the value of assessing cancer metabolism in disease-relevant microenvironments, including in patients with cancer. Stable-isotope tracing is an informative, versatile method for probing tumour metabolism in vivo. It has been used extensively in preclinical models of cancer and, with increasing frequency, in patients with cancer. In this Review, we describe approaches for using in vivo isotope tracing to define fuel preferences and pathway engagement in tumours, along with some of the principles that have emerged from this work. Stable-isotope infusions reported so far have revealed that in humans, tumours use a diverse set of nutrients to supply central metabolic pathways, including the tricarboxylic acid cycle and amino acid synthesis. Emerging data suggest that some activities detected by stable-isotope tracing correlate with poor clinical outcomes and may drive cancer progression. We also discuss current challenges in isotope tracing, including comparisons of in vivo and in vitro models, and opportunities for future discovery in tumour metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline R Bartman
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Brandon Faubert
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joshua D Rabinowitz
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Ralph J DeBerardinis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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28
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Akhvlediani T, Bernard-Valnet R, Dias SP, Eikeland R, Pfausler B, Sellner J. Neurological side effects and drug interactions of antiviral compounds against SARS-CoV-2. Eur J Neurol 2023; 30:3904-3912. [PMID: 37526048 DOI: 10.1111/ene.16017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), rapidly spread across the globe. Tremendous efforts have been mobilized to create effective antiviral treatment options to reduce the burden of the disease. This article summarizes the available knowledge about the antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 from a neurologist's perspective. METHODS We summarize neurological aspects of antiviral compounds against SARS-CoV-2 with full, conditional, or previous marketing authorization by the European Medicines Agency (EMA). RESULTS Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir targets the SARS-CoV-2 3c-like protease using combinatorial chemistry. Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir levels are affected by medications metabolized by or inducing CYP3A4, including those used in neurological diseases. Dysgeusia with a bitter or metallic taste is a common side effect of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir. Molnupiravir is a nucleotide analog developed to inhibit the replication of viruses. No clinically significant interactions with other drugs have been identified, and no specific considerations for people with neurological comorbidity are required. In the meantime, inconsistent results from clinical trials regarding efficacy have led to the withdrawal of marketing authorization by the EMA. Remdesivir is a viral RNA polymerase inhibitor and interferes with the production of viral RNA. The most common side effect in patients with COVID-19 is nausea. Remdesivir is a substrate for CYP3A4. CONCLUSIONS Neurological side effects and drug interactions must be considered for antiviral compounds against SARS-CoV-2. Further studies are required to better evaluate their efficacy and adverse events in patients with concomitant neurological diseases. Moreover, evidence from real-world studies will complement the current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raphael Bernard-Valnet
- Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sara P Dias
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Randi Eikeland
- Department of Health and Nursing Sciences, University of Agder, Grimstad, Norway
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Tick-Borne Diseases, Sørlandet Hospital Trust, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Bettina Pfausler
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johann Sellner
- Department of Neurology, Landesklinikum Mistelbach-Gänserndorf, Mistelbach, Austria
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29
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Sung K, Aswar VR, Song J, Jarhad DB, Jeong LS. Stereoselective Approach for the Synthesis of Diverse 1'-Modified Carbanucleosides. Org Lett 2023; 25:8377-8381. [PMID: 37947427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
We describe an efficient and stereoselective synthesis of 1'-substituted-β-carbocylic nucleosides 5 via gem-dichlorooxirane intermediate 7, which directly condensed with weak nucleophiles such as pyrimidines or purines. The formation of gem-dichlorooxirane 7 and direct nucleobase condensation exclusively proceeded in protic polar solvents like MeOH. This method provides a general and modular route for the late-stage diversification of 1'-modified nucleosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kisu Sung
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Vikas R Aswar
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jiyoon Song
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Dnyandev B Jarhad
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Lak Shin Jeong
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Liu W, Zhang M, Hu C, Song H, Mei Y, Liu Y, Zhang Q. Remdesivir Derivative VV116 Is a Potential Broad-Spectrum Inhibitor of Both Human and Animal Coronaviruses. Viruses 2023; 15:2295. [PMID: 38140536 PMCID: PMC10748125 DOI: 10.3390/v15122295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses represent a significant threat to both human and animal health, encompassing a range of pathogenic strains responsible for illnesses, from the common cold to more severe diseases. VV116 is a deuterated derivative of Remdesivir with oral bioavailability that was found to potently inhibit SARS-CoV-2. In this work, we investigated the broad-spectrum antiviral activity of VV116 against a variety of human and animal coronaviruses. We examined the inhibitory effects of VV116 on the replication of the human coronaviruses HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E, and HCoV-OC43, as well as the animal coronaviruses MHV, FIPV, FECV, and CCoV. The findings reveal that VV116 effectively inhibits viral replication across these strains without exhibiting cytotoxicity, indicating its potential for safe therapeutic use. Based on the results of a time-of-addition assay and an rNTP competitive inhibition assay, it is speculated that the inhibitory mechanism of VV116 against HCoV-NL63 is consistent with its inhibition of SARS-CoV-2. Our work presents VV116 as a promising candidate for broad-spectrum anti-coronavirus therapy, with implications for both human and animal health, and supports the expansion of its therapeutic applications as backed by detailed experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyong Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (W.L.); (C.H.); (H.S.)
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Third People’s Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430033, China;
| | - Chengxiu Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (W.L.); (C.H.); (H.S.)
| | - Huijuan Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (W.L.); (C.H.); (H.S.)
| | - Yi Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China;
| | - Yingle Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China;
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China;
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Jia W, Ouyang Y, Zhang S, Du X, Zhang P, Huang S. Nanopore Signatures of Nucleoside Drugs. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:9437-9444. [PMID: 37818841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside drugs, which are analogues of natural nucleosides, have been widely applied in the clinical treatment of viral infections and cancers. The development of nucleoside drugs, repurposing of existing drugs, and combined use of multiple drug types have made the rapid sensing of nucleoside drugs urgently needed. Nanopores are emerging single-molecule sensors that have high resolution to resolve even minor structural differences between chemical compounds. Here, an engineered Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A hetero-octamer was used to perform general nucleoside drug analysis. Ten nucleoside drugs were simultaneously detected and fully discriminated. An accuracy of >99.9% was consequently reported. This sensing capacity was further demonstrated in direct nanopore analysis of ribavirin buccal tablets, confirming its sensing reliability against complex samples and environments. No sample separation is needed, however, significantly minimizing the complexity of the measurement. This technique may inspire nanopore applications in pharmaceutical production and pharmacokinetics measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Yusheng Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Shanyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Panke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Shuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
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Khandazhinskaya A, Eletskaya B, Mironov A, Konstantinova I, Efremenkova O, Andreevskaya S, Smirnova T, Chernousova L, Kondrashova E, Chizhov A, Seley-Radtke K, Kochetkov S, Matyugina E. New Flexible Analogues of 8-Aza-7-deazapurine Nucleosides as Potential Antibacterial Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15421. [PMID: 37895100 PMCID: PMC10607158 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of ribo-, 2'-deoxyribo-, and 5'-norcarbocyclic derivatives of the 8-aza-7-deazahypoxanthine fleximer scaffolds were designed, synthesized, and screened for antibacterial activity. Both chemical and chemoenzymatic methods of synthesis for the 8-aza-7-deazainosine fleximers were compared. In the case of the 8-aza-7-deazahypoxanthine fleximer, the transglycosylation reaction proceeded with the formation of side products. In the case of the protected fleximer base, 1-(4-benzyloxypyrimidin-5-yl)pyrazole, the reaction proceeded selectively with formation of only one product. However, both synthetic routes to realize the fleximer ribonucleoside (3) worked with equal efficiency. The new compounds, as well as some 8-aza-7-deazapurine nucleosides synthesized previously, were studied against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and M. tuberculosis. It was shown that 1-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)-4-(2-aminopyridin-3-yl)pyrazole (19) and 1-(2',3',4'-trihydroxycyclopent-1'-yl)-4-(pyrimidin-4(3H)-on-5-yl)pyrazole (9) were able to inhibit the growth of M. smegmatis mc2 155 by 99% at concentrations (MIC99) of 50 and 13 µg/mL, respectively. Antimycobacterial activities were revealed for 4-(4-aminopyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol (10) and 1-(4'-hydroxy-2'-cyclopenten-1'-yl)-4-(4-benzyloxypyrimidin-5-yl)pyrazole (6). At concentrations (MIC99) of 40 and 20 µg/mL, respectively, the compounds resulted in 99% inhibition of M. tuberculosis growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Khandazhinskaya
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (E.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Barbara Eletskaya
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya St. 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (B.E.); (A.M.); (I.K.)
| | - Anton Mironov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya St. 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (B.E.); (A.M.); (I.K.)
- Institute of Biochemical Technology and Nanotechnology, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia Named after Patrice Lumumba, Miklukho-Maklaya St. 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Konstantinova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya St. 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (B.E.); (A.M.); (I.K.)
| | - Olga Efremenkova
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, Bol’shaya Pirogovskaya St. 11, 119021 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Sofya Andreevskaya
- Central Tuberculosis Research Institute, 2 Yauzskaya Alley, 107564 Moscow, Russia; (S.A.); (T.S.); (L.C.)
| | - Tatiana Smirnova
- Central Tuberculosis Research Institute, 2 Yauzskaya Alley, 107564 Moscow, Russia; (S.A.); (T.S.); (L.C.)
| | - Larisa Chernousova
- Central Tuberculosis Research Institute, 2 Yauzskaya Alley, 107564 Moscow, Russia; (S.A.); (T.S.); (L.C.)
| | - Evgenia Kondrashova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (E.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Alexander Chizhov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Katherine Seley-Radtke
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA;
| | - Sergey Kochetkov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (E.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Elena Matyugina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (E.K.); (S.K.)
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Borcan F, Vlase T, Vlase G, Popescu R, Soica CM. The Influence of an Isocyanate Structure on a Polyurethane Delivery System for 2'-Deoxycytidine-5'-monophosphate. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:526. [PMID: 37888191 PMCID: PMC10607123 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14100526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The delivery of nucleosides represents an interesting research trend in recent years due to their application in various viral infections. The main aims of this study were to develop and to characterize polyurethane particles that are intended to be used for the transport of nucleosides. Three samples have been prepared using aliphatic diisocyanates, a mixture of polyethylene glycol, polycaprolactone, and diols, respectively. The samples were characterized through refractivity measurements, drug loading efficacy, release and penetration rate investigations, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, thermal analyses, Zetasizer, SEM, HDFa cells viability, and irritation tests on mice skin. The results indicate the obtaining of particles with sizes between 132 and 190 nm, positive Zeta potential values (28.3-31.5 mV), and a refractivity index around 1.60. A good thermal stability was found, and SEM images show a medium tendency to agglomerate. The samples' color, pH, and electrical conductivity have changed only to a small extent over time, and the evaluations indicate an almost 70% encapsulation efficacy, a prolonged release, and that around 70% of particles have penetrated an artificial membrane in the first 24 h. The synthesized products should be tested in further clinical trials, and the current tests on cell cultures and mice skin revealed no side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florin Borcan
- Department I, Advanced Instrumental Screening Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 E. Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Titus Vlase
- Research Center “Thermal Analysis in Environmental Problems”, Faculty of Chemistry, Biology, Geography, West University of Timisoara, 16 Pestalozzi Str., 300115 Timisoara, Romania; (T.V.); (G.V.)
| | - Gabriela Vlase
- Research Center “Thermal Analysis in Environmental Problems”, Faculty of Chemistry, Biology, Geography, West University of Timisoara, 16 Pestalozzi Str., 300115 Timisoara, Romania; (T.V.); (G.V.)
| | - Roxana Popescu
- Department II, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 14A T. Vladimirescu Str., 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Codruta M. Soica
- Department II, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 E. Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
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Briski R, Garcia-Manero G, Kantarjian H, Ravandi F. The history of oral decitabine/cedazuridine and its potential role in acute myeloid leukemia. Ther Adv Hematol 2023; 14:20406207231205429. [PMID: 37854355 PMCID: PMC10580721 DOI: 10.1177/20406207231205429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Decitabine, a member of the 5-azanucleosides, has a dose-dependent mechanism of action in vitro: termination of DNA replication at high doses, and inhibition of DNA methyltransferase at low doses. The alteration of DNA methylation patterns by low-dose decitabine is hypothesized to upregulate genes, which promote myeloblast differentiation. In a phase III clinical trial, low-dose decitabine achieved a superior overall response rate (ORR) when compared with 'treatment choice' [consisting of low-dose cytarabine (80%) and supportive care (20%)] as a frontline treatment for elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Despite an improved ORR, the median overall survival (OS) for elderly patients with AML was poor, <1 year. In turn, venetoclax was added to low-dose decitabine, the combination of which significantly improved the ORR and median OS in elderly patients with AML. Currently, hypomethylating agents are being combined with other novel therapies as investigational strategies for elderly and unfit patients with AML. They are also being evaluated as components of maintenance therapy in patients achieving remission. An oral formulation of decitabine has been developed which relies on the concomitant use of oral cedazuridine to protect against first pass metabolism. This oral formulation, which has been approved in myelodysplastic syndrome, is intended to increase convenience of use and therefore compliance in patients. This review characterizes the evolution of decitabine, its oral formulation, and its future in the treatment of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Briski
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Hagop Kantarjian
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Farhad Ravandi
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 428, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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35
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Nguyen M, Aslam MA, Nguyen Y, Javaid HM, Pham L, Huh JY, Kim G. Design and Synthesis of l-1'-Homologated Adenosine Derivatives as Potential Anti-inflammatory Agents. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:36361-36369. [PMID: 37810713 PMCID: PMC10552512 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses are fundamental protective warning mechanisms. However, in certain instances, they contribute significantly to the development of several chronic diseases such as cancer. Based on previous studies of truncated 1'-homologated adenosine derivatives, l-nucleosides and their nucleobase-modified quinolone analogues were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for anti-inflammatory activities. The target molecules were synthesized via the key intramolecular cyclization of monotosylate and Mitsunobu condensation from the natural product, d-ribose. All compounds tested and showed potent anti-inflammatory activities, as indicated by their inhibition of LPS-induced IL-1β secretion from the RAW 264.7 macrophages. Gene expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines showed that all compounds, except 3a and 3b, significantly reduced LPS-induced IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA expressions. The half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 2g and 2h against IL-1β were 1.08 and 2.28 μM, respectively. In contrast, only 2d, 2g, and 3d effectively reversed LPS-induced TNFα mRNA expression. Our mechanistic study revealed that LPS-induced phosphorylation of NF-κB was significantly downregulated by all compounds tested, providing evidence that the NF-κB signaling pathway is involved in their anti-inflammatory activities. Among the compounds tested, 2g and 2h had the most potent anti-inflammatory effects, as shown by the extent of decrease in pro-inflammatory gene expression, protein secretion, and NF-κB phosphorylation. These findings suggest that the l-truncated 1'-homologated adenosine skeleton and its nucleobase-modified analogues have therapeutic potential as treatments for various human diseases by mediating inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yen Nguyen
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute
of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Hafiz Muhammad
Ahmad Javaid
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute
of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Linh Pham
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute
of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Joo Young Huh
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute
of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Gyudong Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute
of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
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36
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Benčić P, Keppler M, Kuge M, Qiu D, Schütte LM, Häner M, Strack K, Jessen HJ, Andexer JN, Loenarz C. Non-canonical nucleosides: Biomimetic triphosphorylation, incorporation into mRNA and effects on translation and structure. FEBS J 2023; 290:4899-4920. [PMID: 37329249 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in mRNA therapeutics demand efficient toolkits for the incorporation of nucleoside analogues into mRNA suitable for downstream applications. Herein, we report the application of a versatile enzyme cascade for the triphosphorylation of a broad range of nucleoside analogues, including unprotected nucleobases containing chemically labile moieties. Our biomimetic system was suitable for the preparation of nucleoside triphosphates containing adenosine, cytidine, guanosine, uridine and non-canonical core structures, as determined by capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry. This enabled us to establish an efficient workflow for transcribing and purifying functional mRNA containing these nucleoside analogues, combined with mass spectrometric verification of analogue incorporation. Our combined methodology allows for analyses of how incorporation of nucleoside analogues that are commercially unavailable as triphosphates affect mRNA properties: The translational fidelity of the produced mRNA was demonstrated in analyses of how incorporated adenosine analogues impact translational recoding. For the SARS-CoV-2 frameshifting site, analyses of the mRNA pseudoknot structure using circular dichroism spectroscopy allowed insight into how the pharmacologically active 7-deazaadenosine destabilises RNA secondary structure, consistent with observed changes in recoding efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Benčić
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Keppler
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Kuge
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Danye Qiu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lena M Schütte
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Markus Häner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Strack
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Christoph Loenarz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Germany
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Kamzeeva P, Petushkov I, Knizhnik E, Snoeck R, Khodarovich Y, Ryabukhina E, Alferova V, Eshtukov-Shcheglov A, Belyaev E, Svetlova J, Vedekhina T, Kulbachinskiy A, Varizhuk A, Andrei G, Aralov A. Phenotypic Test of Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidinone-Based Nucleoside and Non-Nucleoside Derivatives against DNA and RNA Viruses, Including Coronaviruses. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14540. [PMID: 37834006 PMCID: PMC10572855 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging viruses periodically cause outbreaks and epidemics around the world, which ultimately lead to global events such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, the urgent need for new antiviral drugs is obvious. Over more than a century of antiviral development, nucleoside analogs have proven to be promising agents against diversified DNA and RNA viruses. Here, we present the synthesis and evaluation of the antiviral activity of nucleoside analogs and their deglycosylated derivatives based on a hydroxybenzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-1(2H)-one scaffold. The antiviral activity was evaluated against a panel of structurally and phylogenetically diverse RNA and DNA viruses. The leader compound showed micromolar activity against representatives of the family Coronaviridae, including SARS-CoV-2, as well as against respiratory syncytial virus in a submicromolar range without noticeable toxicity for the host cells. Surprisingly, methylation of the aromatic hydroxyl group of the leader compound resulted in micromolar activity against the varicella-zoster virus without any significant impact on cell viability. The leader compound was shown to be a weak inhibitor of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. It also inhibited biocondensate formation important for SARS-CoV-2 replication. The active compounds may be considered as a good starting point for further structure optimization and mechanistic and preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Kamzeeva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (P.K.); (E.R.); (V.A.); (A.E.-S.)
| | - Ivan Petushkov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Centre ‘Kurchatov Institute’, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (I.P.); (A.K.)
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Knizhnik
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (E.K.); (J.S.); (T.V.); (A.V.)
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Yuri Khodarovich
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (P.K.); (E.R.); (V.A.); (A.E.-S.)
| | - Ekaterina Ryabukhina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (P.K.); (E.R.); (V.A.); (A.E.-S.)
| | - Vera Alferova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (P.K.); (E.R.); (V.A.); (A.E.-S.)
| | - Artur Eshtukov-Shcheglov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (P.K.); (E.R.); (V.A.); (A.E.-S.)
| | - Evgeny Belyaev
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, RAS, 119071 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Julia Svetlova
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (E.K.); (J.S.); (T.V.); (A.V.)
| | - Tatiana Vedekhina
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (E.K.); (J.S.); (T.V.); (A.V.)
| | - Andrey Kulbachinskiy
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Centre ‘Kurchatov Institute’, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (I.P.); (A.K.)
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Varizhuk
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (E.K.); (J.S.); (T.V.); (A.V.)
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Andrey Aralov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (P.K.); (E.R.); (V.A.); (A.E.-S.)
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38
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McKay TB, Emmitte KA, German C, Karamichos D. Quercetin and Related Analogs as Therapeutics to Promote Tissue Repair. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1127. [PMID: 37892857 PMCID: PMC10604618 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10101127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Quercetin is a polyphenol of the flavonoid class of secondary metabolites that is widely distributed in the plant kingdom. Quercetin has been found to exhibit potent bioactivity in the areas of wound healing, neuroprotection, and anti-aging research. Naturally found in highly glycosylated forms, aglycone quercetin has low solubility in aqueous environments, which has heavily limited its clinical applications. To improve the stability and bioavailability of quercetin, efforts have been made to chemically modify quercetin and related flavonoids so as to improve aqueous solubility while retaining bioactivity. In this review, we provide an updated overview of the biological properties of quercetin and proposed mechanisms of actions in the context of wound healing and aging. We also provide a description of recent developments in synthetic approaches to improve the solubility and stability of quercetin and related analogs for therapeutic applications. Further research in these areas is expected to enable translational applications to improve ocular wound healing and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina B. McKay
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
| | - Kyle A. Emmitte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA;
| | - Carrie German
- CFD Research Corporation, Computational Biology Division, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA;
| | - Dimitrios Karamichos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA;
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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Borsa BA, Hernandez LI, Jiménez T, Tellapragada C, Giske CG, Hernandez FJ. Therapeutic-oligonucleotides activated by nucleases (TOUCAN): A nanocarrier system for the specific delivery of clinical nucleoside analogues. J Control Release 2023; 361:260-269. [PMID: 37541593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues have been in clinical use since 1960s and they are still used as the first therapeutic option for several cancers and viral infections, due to their high therapeutic efficacy. However, their wide clinical acceptance has been limited due to their high toxicity and severe side effects to patients. Herein, we report on a nanocarrier system that delivers nucleosides analogues in a target-specific manner, making nucleoside-based therapeutics safer and with the possibility to be used in other human conditions. This system, named, Therapeutic OligonUCleotides Activated by Nucleases" (TOUCAN) combines: i) the recognition power of oligonucleotides as substrates, ii) the use of nucleases as enzymatic biomarkers and iii) the clinical efficacy of nucleoside analogues, in a single approach. As a proof-of-concept, we report on a TOUCAN that is activated by a specific nuclease produced by bacteria and releases a therapeutic nucleoside, floxuridine. We demonstrate, for the first time, that, by incorporating a therapeutic nucleoside analogue into oligonucleotide probes, we can specifically inhibit bacterial growth in cultures. In this study, Staphylococcus aureus was selected as the targeted bacteria and the TOUCAN strategy successfully inhibited its growth with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.62 to 40 mg/L across all tested strains. Moreover, our results indicate that the intravenous administration of TOUCANs at a dose of 20 mg/kg over a 24-h period is a highly effective method for treating bacterial infections in a mouse model of pyomyositis. Importantly, no signs of toxicity were observed in our in vitro and in vivo studies. This work can significantly impact the current management of bacterial infections, laying the grounds for the development of a different class of antibiotics. Furthermore, it can provide a safer delivery platform for clinical nucleoside therapeutics in any human conditions, such as cancer and viral infection, where specific nuclease activity has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris A Borsa
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Linköping, Sweden; Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Sweden; Nucleic Acid Technologies Laboratory (NAT-Lab), Linköping, Sweden
| | - Luiza I Hernandez
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE), Linköping University, Sweden; SOMAprobes, Science and Technology Park of Gipuzkoa, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Tania Jiménez
- SOMAprobes, Science and Technology Park of Gipuzkoa, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Chaitanya Tellapragada
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian G Giske
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frank J Hernandez
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Linköping, Sweden; Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Sweden; Nucleic Acid Technologies Laboratory (NAT-Lab), Linköping, Sweden.
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40
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Kamzeeva PN, Aralov AV, Alferova VA, Korshun VA. Recent Advances in Molecular Mechanisms of Nucleoside Antivirals. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:6851-6879. [PMID: 37623252 PMCID: PMC10453654 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45080433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for new drugs has been greatly accelerated by the emergence of new viruses and drug-resistant strains of known pathogens. Nucleoside analogues (NAs) are a prospective class of antivirals due to known safety profiles, which are important for rapid repurposing in the fight against emerging pathogens. Recent improvements in research methods have revealed new unexpected details in the mechanisms of action of NAs that can pave the way for new approaches for the further development of effective drugs. This review accounts advanced techniques in viral polymerase targeting, new viral and host enzyme targeting approaches, and prodrug-based strategies for the development of antiviral NAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vladimir A. Korshun
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (P.N.K.); (A.V.A.); (V.A.A.)
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41
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Grazia Martina M, Giammarino F, Vicenti I, Groaz E, Rozenski J, Incerti M, Sannio F, Docquier JD, Zazzi M, Radi M. Nucleoside Derivatives of 2,6-Diaminopurine Antivirals: Base-Modified Nucleosides with Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Properties. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300200. [PMID: 37221137 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The plethora of viral outbreaks experienced in the last decade, together with the widespread distribution of many re-emerging and newly emerging viruses, emphasize the urgent need for novel broad-spectrum antivirals as tools for early intervention in case of future epidemics. Non-natural nucleosides have been at the forefront for the treatment of infectious diseases for many years and still represent one of the most successful classes of antiviral molecules on the market. In the attempt to explore the biologically relevant chemical space of this class of antimicrobials, we describe herein the development of novel base-modified nucleosides by converting previously identified 2,6-diaminopurine antivirals into the corresponding D/L ribonucleosides, acyclic nucleosides and prodrug derivatives. A phenotypic screening against viruses belonging to different families (Flaviviridae, Coronaviridae, Retroviridae) and against a panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, allowed to identify a few interesting molecules with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Martina
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Federica Giammarino
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Siena, Viale Bracci 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Ilaria Vicenti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Siena, Viale Bracci 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Groaz
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-Box 1041, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Jef Rozenski
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-Box 1041, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matteo Incerti
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Filomena Sannio
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Siena, Viale Bracci 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Jean Denis Docquier
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Siena, Viale Bracci 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie Moléculaire, Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines, University of Liège, Allée du 6 Août, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Maurizio Zazzi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Siena, Viale Bracci 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Radi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
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Deshpande S, Huo W, Shrestha R, Sparrow K, Wood JM, Evans GB, Harris LD, Kingston RL, Bulloch EMM. Galidesivir Triphosphate Promotes Stalling of Dengue-2 Virus Polymerase Immediately Prior to Incorporation. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:1658-1673. [PMID: 37488090 PMCID: PMC10739630 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Millions of people are infected by the dengue and Zika viruses each year, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Galidesivir is an adenosine nucleoside analog that can attenuate flavivirus replication in cell-based assays and animal models of infection. Galidesivir is converted to the triphosphorylated form by host kinases and subsequently incorporated into viral RNA by viral RNA polymerases. This has been proposed to lead to the delayed termination of RNA synthesis. Here, we report direct in vitro testing of the effects of Galidesivir triphosphate on dengue-2 and Zika virus polymerase activity. Galidesivir triphosphate was chemically synthesized, and inhibition of RNA synthesis followed using a dinucleotide-primed assay with a homopolymeric poly(U) template. Galidesivir triphosphate was equipotent against dengue-2 and Zika polymerases, with IC50 values of 42 ± 12 μM and 47 ± 5 μM, respectively, at an ATP concentration of 20 μM. RNA primer extension assays show that the dengue-2 polymerase stalls while attempting to add a Galidesivir nucleotide to the nascent RNA chain, evidenced by the accumulation of RNA products truncated immediately upstream of Galidesivir incorporation sites. Nevertheless, Galidesivir is incorporated at isolated sites with low efficiency, leading to the subsequent synthesis of full-length RNA with no evidence of delayed chain termination. The incorporation of Galidesivir at consecutive sites is strongly disfavored, highlighting the potential for modulation of inhibitory effects of nucleoside analogs by the template sequence. Our results suggest that attenuation of dengue replication by Galidesivir may not derive from the early termination of RNA synthesis following Galidesivir incorporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandesh Deshpande
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Wenjuan Huo
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Rinu Shrestha
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Kevin Sparrow
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand
| | - James M. Wood
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Gary B. Evans
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Lawrence D. Harris
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Richard L. Kingston
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Esther M. M. Bulloch
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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43
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Meanwell NA. Sub-stoichiometric Modulation of Viral Targets-Potent Antiviral Agents That Exploit Target Vulnerability. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:1021-1030. [PMID: 37583823 PMCID: PMC10424314 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The modulation of oligomeric viral targets at sub-stoichiometric ratios of drug to target has been advocated for its efficacy and potency, but there are only a limited number of documented examples. In this Viewpoint, we summarize the invention of the HIV-1 maturation inhibitor fipravirimat and discuss the emerging details around the mode of action of this class of drug that reflects inhibition of a protein composed of 1,300-1,600 monomers that interact in a cooperative fashion. Similarly, the HCV NS5A inhibitor daclatasvir has been shown to act in a highly sub-stoichiometric fashion, inhibiting viral replication at concentrations that are ∼23,500 lower than that of the protein target.
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44
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Cárdenas EL, O'Rourke RL, Menon A, Meagher J, Stuckey J, Garner AL. Design of Cell-Permeable Inhibitors of Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4E (eIF4E) for Inhibiting Aberrant Cap-Dependent Translation in Cancer. J Med Chem 2023; 66:10734-10745. [PMID: 37471629 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) is an RNA-binding protein that binds to the m7GpppX-cap at the 5' terminus of coding mRNAs to initiate cap-dependent translation. While all cells require cap-dependent translation, cancer cells become addicted to enhanced translational capacity, driving the production of oncogenic proteins involved in proliferation, evasion of apoptosis, metastasis, and angiogenesis, among other cancerous phenotypes. eIF4E is the rate-limiting translation factor, and its activation has been shown to drive cancer initiation, progression, metastasis, and drug resistance. These findings have established eIF4E as a translational oncogene and promising, albeit challenging, anti-cancer therapeutic target. Although significant effort has been put forth toward inhibiting eIF4E, the design of cell-permeable, cap-competitive inhibitors remains a challenge. Herein, we describe our work toward solving this long-standing challenge. By employing an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate prodrug strategy, we report the synthesis of cell-permeable inhibitors of eIF4E binding to capped mRNA to inhibit cap-dependent translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio L Cárdenas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Rachel L O'Rourke
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Arya Menon
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jennifer Meagher
- Life Science Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jeanne Stuckey
- Life Science Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Amanda L Garner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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45
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Yang W, Zhuang J, Li C, Bai C, Cheng G. Insights into the Inhibitory Mechanisms of the Covalent Drugs for DNMT3A. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12652. [PMID: 37628829 PMCID: PMC10454219 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The perturbations of DNA methyltransferase 3 alpha (DNMT3A) may cause uncontrolled gene expression, resulting in cancers and tumors. The DNMT inhibitors Azacytidine (AZA) and Zebularine (ZEB) inhibit the DNMT family with no specificities, and consequently would bring side effects during the treatment. Therefore, it is vital to understand the inhibitory mechanisms in DNMT3A to inform the new inhibitor design for DNMTs. Herein, we carried out molecular dynamics (MD) and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) simulations to investigate the inhibitory mechanisms of the AZA and ZEB. The results were compared to the methyl transfer of cytosine. We showed how the AZA might stop the methyl transfer process, whereas the ZEB might be stuck in a methyl-transferred intermediate (IM3). The IM3 state then fails the elimination due to the unique protein dynamics that result in missing the catalytic water chain. Our results brought atomic-level insights into the mechanisms of the two drugs in DNMT3A, which could benefit the new generation of drug design for the DNMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Jingyuan Zhuang
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Chen Li
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia;
| | - Chen Bai
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Guijuan Cheng
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
- Shenzhen Futian Biomedical Innovation R&D Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518017, China
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46
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Kaczmarek R, Radzikowska-Cieciura E, Królewska-Golińska K, Dolot R, Wheeler KA, Chavez FA, Dembinski R. Synthesis and Determination of Anticancer Activity of Dicobalt Hexacarbonyl 2'-Deoxy-5-alkynylfuropyrimidines. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:962-969. [PMID: 37465308 PMCID: PMC10351056 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Dicobalt hexacarbonyl 5-alkynyl furopyrimidine nucleoside analogs, with 4-methylphenyl (p-tolyl) and 4-pentylphenyl substituents attached at the C-6 base position, designed in the form of ribose acetyl esters, were synthesized (42-96%). Attached at the C-5 position were propargyl alcohol, its methyl ether and acetate derivatives, butynol, and the 4-methylphenyl- (p-tolyl) and 4-pentylphenyl-substituted alkynyl groups, which were coordinated to a dicobalt hexacarbonyl unit. The structure of 5-(3-acetoxyprop-1-yn-1-yl)-6-p-tolyl-2'-deoxyribofuranosyl-furo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-one was determined by X-ray crystallography. Density functional theory calculations performed on the corresponding derivative yielded geometric parameters for the dicobalt hexacarbonyl adduct of this ligand. The cytotoxic activity of each of dicobalt modified nucleosides on cancer cells of different phenotypes was determined in vitro. The investigated compounds showed antiproliferative effects with median inhibitory concentration (IC50) values in the ranges of 14-90 and 9-50 μM for HeLa and K562 cells, respectively. The formation of reactive oxygen species in the presence of modified nucleosides was determined in K562 cells. The results indicate that the mechanism of action for the studied compounds may be related to the induction of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Kaczmarek
- Centre
of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Ewa Radzikowska-Cieciura
- Centre
of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Karolina Królewska-Golińska
- Centre
of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Rafał Dolot
- Centre
of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Kraig A. Wheeler
- Department
of Chemistry, Whitworth University, 300 W. Hawthorne Rd., Spokane, Washington 99251, United States
| | - Ferman A. Chavez
- Department
of Chemistry, Oakland University, 146 Library Dr., Rochester, Michigan 48309-4479, United States
| | - Roman Dembinski
- Centre
of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
- Department
of Chemistry, Oakland University, 146 Library Dr., Rochester, Michigan 48309-4479, United States
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47
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Cardoza S, Shrivash MK, Riva L, Chatterjee AK, Mandal A, Tandon V. Multistep Synthesis of Analogues of Remdesivir: Incorporating Heterocycles at the C-1' Position. J Org Chem 2023; 88:9105-9122. [PMID: 37276453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies suggest that the 1'β-CN moiety in remdesivir sterically clashes with the Ser861 residue of the RNA-dependent-RNA polymerase (RdRp), causing a delayed chain termination in the RNA replication process. Replacing C1'β-CN with 5-membered heterocycles such as tetrazoles, oxadiazoles, and triazoles can augment the inhibitory activity and pharmacokinetic profile of C-nucleotides. Synthesis of tetrazole-, triazole-, and oxadiazole-integrated C1' analogues of remdesivir was attempted using general synthetic routes. The final compounds 26, 28, and 29 did not inhibit viral replication; however, the synthetic intermediates, i.e., 27 and 50, exhibited an IC90 = 14.1 μM each. The trifluoromethyl-substituted 1,2,4-oxadiazole 59 showed an IC90 of 33.5 μM. This work adds to the growing evidence of the beneficial medicinal impact of C1,1'-disubstituted C-nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savio Cardoza
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Shrivash
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Allahabad 211012, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Laura Riva
- Calibr, Scripps Research, La Jolla, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road Suite 100, California 92037, United States
| | - Arnab K Chatterjee
- Calibr, Scripps Research, La Jolla, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road Suite 100, California 92037, United States
| | - Ajay Mandal
- Symbol Discovery Ltd, ASPIRE-TBI, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Vibha Tandon
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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48
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Romanowski EG, Yates KA, Gordon YJ. Cyclopentenylcytosine (CPE-C): In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation as an Antiviral against Adenoviral Ocular Infections. Molecules 2023; 28:5078. [PMID: 37446740 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses are the major cause of ocular viral infections worldwide. Currently, there is no approved antiviral treatment for these eye infections. Cyclopentenylcytosine (CPE-C) is an antiviral that has demonstrated activity against more than 20 viruses. The goals of the current study were to determine the in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity of CPE-C as well as its ocular toxicity. Antiviral activity was evaluated in vitro using standard plaque reduction assays to determine the 50% effective concentrations (EC50s) and in vivo in the Ad5/NZW rabbit ocular replication model. Ocular toxicity was determined in uninfected rabbit eyes following topical ocular application. The in vitro EC50s for CPE-C ranged from 0.03 to 0.059 μg/mL for nine adenovirus types that commonly infect the eye. Ocular toxicity testing determined CPE-C to be non-irritating or practically non-irritating by Draize scoring. In vivo, 3% CPE-C topically administered 4X or 2X daily for 7 days to adenovirus-infected eyes demonstrated effective antiviral activity compared with the negative control and comparable antiviral activity to the positive control, 0.5% cidofovir, topically administered twice daily for 7 days. We conclude CPE-C was relatively non-toxic to rabbit eyes and demonstrated potent anti-adenoviral activity in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G Romanowski
- The Charles T. Campbell Ophthalmic Microbiology Laboratory, UPMC Vision Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kathleen A Yates
- The Charles T. Campbell Ophthalmic Microbiology Laboratory, UPMC Vision Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Y Jerold Gordon
- The Charles T. Campbell Ophthalmic Microbiology Laboratory, UPMC Vision Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Ugwu EO, Eleje GU, Ugwu AO, Nwagha UI, Ikechebelu JI, Umeh UA, Okafor HU. Antivirals for prevention of hepatitis B virus mother-to-child transmission in human immunodeficiency virus positive pregnant women co-infected with hepatitis B virus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 6:CD013653. [PMID: 37306558 PMCID: PMC10259198 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013653.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection promotes an aggressive disease course of HBV infection. In the only available non-Cochrane systematic review on antiviral therapy during pregnancy for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HBV, none of the women studied had HBV-HIV co-infection but were either HBV- or HIV-seropositive. Treatment of HBV alone may develop HIV-strains that are resistant to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Accordingly, co-treatment of the HIV infection is recommended. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the benefits and harms of tenofovir-based antiviral combination regimens versus placebo, tenofovir alone, or non-tenofovir-based antiviral regimen either alone or in combination with HBV for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HBV in HIV-positive pregnant women co-infected with HBV. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group Controlled Trials Register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE Ovid, Embase Ovid, LILACS (Bireme), Science Citation Index Expanded (Web of Science), and Conference Proceedings Citation Index-Science (Web of Science) on 30 January 2023. We manually searched the reference lists of included trials, searched on-line trial registries, and contacted experts in the field and pharmaceutical companies for any further potential trials. SELECTION CRITERIA We aimed to include randomised clinical trials comparing tenofovir-based antiviral combination regimens (anti-HIV regimen with lopinavir-ritonavir therapy, or any other antiviral therapy, and two drugs with activity against HBV, specifically, tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), plus lamivudine or emtricitabine) with placebo alone, or tenofovir alone, or non-tenofovir-based antiviral regimen (zidovudine, lamivudine, telbivudine, emtricitabine, entecavir, lopinavir-ritonavir, or any other antiviral therapy) either alone or in combination with at least two other antivirals. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. Primary outcomes included all-cause infant mortality, proportion of infants with serious adverse events, proportion of infants with HBV mother-to-child transmission, all-cause maternal mortality, and proportion of mothers with serious adverse events. Secondary outcomes included proportion of infants with adverse events not considered serious, proportion of mothers with detectable HBV DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) (before delivery), maternal hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) to HBe-antibody seroconversion (before delivery) and maternal adverse events not considered serious. We used RevMan Web to carry out analyses and presented results, where feasible, using a random-effects model and risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We performed sensitivity analysis. We assessed risk of bias using predefined domains, assessed the certainty of the evidence using GRADE, controlled risk of random errors with Trial Sequential Analysis, and presented outcome results in a summary of findings table. MAIN RESULTS Five completed trials were included, of which four trials contributed data to one or more of the outcomes. They included a total of 533 participants randomised to tenofovir-based antiviral combination regimens (196 participants) versus control (337 participants). The control groups received non-tenofovir-based antiviral regimens either as zidovudine alone (three trials) or as a combination of zidovudine, lamivudine and lopinavir-ritonavir (five trials). None of the trials used placebo or tenofovir alone. All trials were at unclear risk of bias. Four trials used intention-to-treat analyses. In the remaining trial, two participants in the intervention group and two in the control group were lost to follow-up. However, the outcomes of these four participants were not described. Tenofovir-based antiviral combination regimen versus control We are very uncertain about the effect of a tenofovir-based antiviral combination regimen versus control on all-cause infant mortality (RR 2.24, 95% CI 0.72 to 6.96; participants = 132; trials = 1; very low-certainty evidence); proportion of infants with serious adverse events (RR 1.76, 95% CI 1.27 to 2.43; participants = 132; trials = 1; very low-certainty evidence), and proportion of mothers with serious adverse events (RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.62 to 1.32; participants = 262; trials = 2; very low-certainty evidence). No trial reported data on the proportion of infants with HBV mother-to-child transmission and all-cause maternal mortality. We are also very uncertain about the effect of tenofovir-based antiviral combination regimens versus control on the proportion of infants with adverse events not considered serious (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.06 to 13.68; participants = 31; trials = 1; very low-certainty evidence), and proportion of mothers with detectable HBV DNA (before delivery) (RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.42 to 1.02; participants = 169; trials = 2; very low-certainty evidence). No trial reported data on maternal hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) to HBe-antibody seroconversion (before delivery) and maternal adverse events not considered serious. All trials received support from industry. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We do not know what the effects of tenofovir-based antiviral combination regimens are on all-cause infant mortality, proportion of infants with serious adverse events and proportion of mothers with serious adverse events, proportion of infants with adverse events not considered serious, and proportion of mothers with detectable HBV DNA before delivery because the certainty of evidence was very low. Only one or two trials, with insufficient power, contributed data for analyses. We lack randomised clinical trials at low risk of systematic and random errors, and fully reporting all-cause infant mortality, serious adverse events and reporting on clinical and laboratory outcomes, such as infants with HBV mother-to-child transmission, all-cause maternal mortality, maternal hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) to HBe-antibody seroconversion before delivery and maternal adverse events not considered serious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel O Ugwu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Nsukka/University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - George U Eleje
- Effective Care Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, PMB 5001, Nnewi, Nigeria
| | - Angela O Ugwu
- Department of Haematology and Immunolology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Nsukka/University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Ituku Ozalla, Enugu State, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Uchenna I Nwagha
- Department of Haematology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Nsukka/University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Joseph I Ikechebelu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria
| | - Uchenna A Umeh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical Science, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus/University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Henrietta U Okafor
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus/University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, Enugu, Nigeria
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De Castro F, Ciardullo G, Fanizzi FP, Prejanò M, Benedetti M, Marino T. Incorporation of N7-Platinated Guanines into Thermus Aquaticus (Taq) DNA Polymerase: Atomistic Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9849. [PMID: 37372996 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we elucidated some key aspects of the mechanism of action of the cisplatin anticancer drug, cis-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2], involving direct interactions with free nucleotides. A comprehensive in silico molecular modeling analysis was conducted to compare the interactions of Thermus aquaticus (Taq) DNA polymerase with three distinct N7-platinated deoxyguanosine triphosphates: [Pt(dien)(N7-dGTP)] (1), cis-[Pt(NH3)2Cl(N7-dGTP)] (2), and cis-[Pt(NH3)2(H2O)(N7-dGTP)] (3) {dien = diethylenetriamine; dGTP = 5'-(2'-deoxy)-guanosine-triphosphate}, using canonical dGTP as a reference, in the presence of DNA. The goal was to elucidate the binding site interactions between Taq DNA polymerase and the tested nucleotide derivatives, providing valuable atomistic insights. Unbiased molecular dynamics simulations (200 ns for each complex) with explicit water molecules were performed on the four ternary complexes, yielding significant findings that contribute to a better understanding of experimental results. The molecular modeling highlighted the crucial role of a specific α-helix (O-helix) within the fingers subdomain, which facilitates the proper geometry for functional contacts between the incoming nucleotide and the DNA template needed for incorporation into the polymerase. The analysis revealed that complex 1 exhibits a much lower affinity for Taq DNA polymerase than complexes 2-3. The affinities of cisplatin metabolites 2-3 for Taq DNA polymerase were found to be quite similar to those of natural dGTP, resulting in a lower incorporation rate for complex 1 compared to complexes 2-3. These findings could have significant implications for the cisplatin mechanism of action, as the high intracellular availability of free nucleobases might promote the competitive incorporation of platinated nucleotides over direct cisplatin attachment to DNA. The study's insights into the incorporation of platinated nucleotides into the Taq DNA polymerase active site suggest that the role of platinated nucleotides in the cisplatin mechanism of action may have been previously underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica De Castro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, Centro Ecotekne, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Giada Ciardullo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Laboratorio PROMOCS cubo 14C, Università della Calabria, I-87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Fanizzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, Centro Ecotekne, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Mario Prejanò
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Laboratorio PROMOCS cubo 14C, Università della Calabria, I-87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Michele Benedetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, Centro Ecotekne, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Tiziana Marino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Laboratorio PROMOCS cubo 14C, Università della Calabria, I-87036 Rende, Italy
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