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Hirose K. Review of the sources and behaviors of plutonium isotopes in the atmosphere and ocean. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2024; 277:107466. [PMID: 38838510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2024.107466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Plutonium, as well as fission products such as 137Cs, had been released into the earth environment in 1945 after the first atmospheric nuclear explosion of plutonium bomb in the desert of New Mexico (USA, July 16) and later over Nagasaki (August 9), followed then by many other explosions. Thus, plutonium cycling in the atmosphere and ocean has become a major public concern as a result of the radiological and chemical toxicity of plutonium. However, plutonium isotopes and 137Cs are important transient tracers of biogeochemical and physical processes in the environment, respectively. In this review, we show that both physical and chemical approaches are needed to comprehensively understand the behaviors of plutonium in the atmosphere and ocean. In the atmosphere, plutonium and 137Cs attach with aerosols; thus, plutonium moves according to physical and chemical processes in connection with aerosols; however, since plutonium is a chemically reactive element, its behavior in an aqueous environment is more complicated, because biogeochemical regulatory factors, in addition to geophysical regulatory factors, must be considered. Meanwhile, 137Cs is chemically inert in aqueous environments. Therefore, the biogeochemical characteristics of plutonium can be elucidated through a comparison with those of 137Cs, which show conservative properties and moves according to physical processes. Finally, we suggest that monitoring of both plutonium and 137Cs can help elucidate geophysical and biogeochemical changes from climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Hirose
- Laboratory for Environmental Research at Mount Fuji, Okubo Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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2
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Zhao X, Hou X, Huang Z, Tang L. Source, preservation and re-suspension of 239,240Pu in a well dated peat core collected from northwest China. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 359:142267. [PMID: 38719122 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Owning to the high radiotoxicity in high concentrations, as well as the irreplaceability in quantifying soil erosion rates, demarcating the Anthropocene, and dating of sediment, anthropogenic 239,240Pu have drawn high attention. However, the source in specific areas, preservation characteristics in different environment media, and re-distribution process after the cessation of atmospheric nuclear weapons tests, have not been fully understood, which obscures the exact start year, temporal variation, and deposition flux of 239,240Pu in sedimentary records, and hinders the wide application of 239,240Pu in environment study. A sediment core from the Yiwu peat bog with dominance of atmospheric deposition in the source material, simple sedimentary environment, and high dust deposition flux, was collected to examine the 239,240Pu, and explore the source, preservation, and re-distribution process. The double peaks of 239,240Pu in 1952 CE and 1963 CE, as well as 240Pu/239Pu ratios of 0.163-0.190 with an average of 0.177 ± 0.010 confirmed that the 239,240Pu source originated predominantly from global fallout. The minimal vertical migration of plutonium in the Yiwu peat core was attributed to the near-neutral pH condition. The high inventory of 128 ± 7 Bq m-2, as well as the atypical negative correlation between 239,240Pu concentrations and organic matter content (r = - 0.79, P < 0.01), was attributed to the contribution of 239,240Pu re-suspended with dust from the neighboring Gobi Desert, particularly in the cold and dry years. The total re-suspended 239,240Pu was estimated to be 77 Bq m-2, exceeding the direct fallout level of 51 Bq m-2 during 1945-2016 CE. In this study, the specified deposition pattern of 239,240Pu after the cessation of atmospheric nuclear weapons was established, providing an important standard for multiple environmental studies, and the re-suspended amount of 239,240Pu in a typical arid area was quantified for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, PR China; Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an, 710061, PR China; Open Studio for Oceanic-Continental Climate and Environment Changes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266061, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, PR China; Open Studio for Oceanic-Continental Climate and Environment Changes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266061, PR China.
| | - Zhao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Lu Tang
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an, 710061, PR China
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3
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Guan Y, Guo Z, Chen W, Fan K, He H, Cui L, Huang C, He X, Xu Z, Zhang J, He Y, Wang H. Migration mechanisms of 90Sr and 137Cs on terraces. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2024; 275:107428. [PMID: 38547560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2024.107428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
In order to investigate the impact of environmental conditions on the distribution and migration of 90Sr in the Longji terrace environment, the activity concentrations of 90Sr and 137Cs were determined. The activity concentration ranges of 90Sr and 137Cs in surface soil were 0.15-1.04 Bq/kg and 2.16-6.94 Bq/kg, respectively. These results showed that there was a similar trend between the activity concentration of 90Sr and 137Cs in the surface soil along the runoff path and their activity concentration were influenced by the slope of the terraced terrain. On the other hand, the activity ranges of 90Sr and 137Cs in soil cores were 0.01-2.74 Bq/kg and 0.43-7.19 Bq/kg, respectively. These results indicate that the migration mechanism of 90Sr is different from that of 137Cs. As compared with 137Cs, 90Sr is significantly influenced by the moisture content. In addition, high span of 137Cs/90Sr activity ratios were found in this study, which were attributed to the characteristics of cultivated land and frequent artificial disturbances that intensified the migration of 90Sr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjing Guan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
| | - Zichen Guo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Radiation-Environment Management and Monitoring Station of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi, Nanning, 530222, China
| | - Wu Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Kaidi Fan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Hua He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Liangjia Cui
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Chunping Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Xianwen He
- Radiation-Environment Management and Monitoring Station of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi, Nanning, 530222, China
| | - Zeyue Xu
- Radiation-Environment Management and Monitoring Station of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi, Nanning, 530222, China
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- Radiation-Environment Management and Monitoring Station of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi, Nanning, 530222, China
| | - Ye He
- Radiation-Environment Management and Monitoring Station of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi, Nanning, 530222, China
| | - Huijuan Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
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Jiao X, Dong Z, Baccolo G, Qin X, Wei T, Di J, Shao Y. Quantifying uranium radio-isotope ratios in riverine suspended particulate matter: Insights into natural and anthropogenic influences in the glacial-fed river system of the NE Tibetan Plateau. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132725. [PMID: 37813028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of uranium isotope ratio 235U/238U in environmental media serves as a reliable method to distinguish between natural and anthropogenic sources of uranium, playing a crucial role in assessing the extent of contamination with anthropogenic uranium and disturbances in its biogeochemical cycle. In this study, we focus on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau to examine the atomic ratio of 235U and 238U in riverine suspended particulate matter (SPM) across eight glacial watersheds. Results reveal that the 235U/238U atomic ratio in the suspended load ranges from 0.007247 to 0.007437 (with an average value of 0.00727 ± 0.00003), which closely aligns with the ratio found in natural uranium (0.00725). The highest mean ratio (0.00729 ± 0.00007) is observed in the upper glacial basin of the Ningchan River. Results suggest the negligible influence of isotopically altered in relation to human nuclear activities. When considering different environmental media, such as soil, snow/cryoconite, and riverine suspended particulate matter in the study area, the 235U/238U ratio in surface soil presents the highest values, pointing to a slight enrichment of 235U. This may be attributed to the fact that soil retains the cumulative signals of uranium atmospheric deposition, including the deposition of 235U-enriched airborne particulate matter deposited after atmospheric nuclear tests carried out in the second half of the 20th century. On the contrary, riverine suspended particulate matter and glacial sediments are more influenced by the natural 235U/238U signature under modern environmental conditions. This confirms that the northeastern Tibetan Plateau is still relatively pristine with respect to biogeochemical disturbances related to human activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiwen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Giovanni Baccolo
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Xiang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Di
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaping Shao
- Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, Cologne D-50923, Germany
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5
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Tsukada H, Takeda A, Takahashi T, Fukutani S, Akashi M, Takahashi J, Uematsu S, Chyzhevskyi I, Kirieiev S, Kashparov V, Zheleznyak M. Transfer of 137Cs and 90Sr from soil-to-potato: Interpretation of the association from global fallout in Aomori to accidental release in Fukushima and Chornobyl. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 899:165467. [PMID: 37454838 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Ceasium-137 and 90Sr are major artificial radionuclides that have been released into the environment. Soil-to-plant transfer of radionuclides is an important route to food contamination. The radionuclide activity concentrations in crops must be quantitatively predicted for estimating the internal radiation doses from food ingestion. In this study, soil and potato samples were collected from three study sites contaminated with different sources of 137Cs and 90Sr: Aomori Prefecture (global fallout) and two accidental release areas (Fukushima Prefecture and the Chornobyl exclusion zone). The 137Cs activity concentrations in the soil and potato samples widely ranged from 1.0 to 250,000 and from 0.048 to 200,000 Bq kg-1 dry weight, respectively. The soil-to-potato transfer factor of 137Cs also ranged widely (0.0015-1.1) and decreased with increasing concentration of exchangeable K. Meanwhile, the activity concentrations of 90Sr in the soil and potato samples were 0.50-64,000 and 0.027-18,000 Bq kg-1 dry weight respectively, and the soil-to-potato transfer factor of 90Sr was 0.023-0.74, decreasing with increasing concentration of exchangeable Ca. The specific activity ratios of 137Cs/Cs and 90Sr/Sr in the exchangeable fraction were similar to those in potatoes, with a factor of 3 in the ±95 % confidence intervals over six orders of magnitude and a factor of 2 in the ±95 % confidence intervals over five orders of magnitude, respectively. According to the data, the accuracy of predicting the activity concentrations of 137Cs and 90Sr in potatoes can be improved by applying the specific activity ratios of 137Cs/Cs and 90Sr/Sr in the exchangeable fraction. This approach accounts for variable factors such as the effects of K and Ca fertilization and soil characteristics. It also emphasizes the benefit of determining the stable Cs and Sr concentrations in potatoes and other crops prior to possible future contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Tsukada
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima-shi, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan.
| | - Akira Takeda
- Department of Radioecology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 1-7 Ienomae, Obuchi, Rokkasho, Kamikita, Aomori 039-3212, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Takahashi
- Institute for Integrated Radiation Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2 Asashiro-Nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fukutani
- Institute for Integrated Radiation Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2 Asashiro-Nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Makoto Akashi
- Tokyo Healthcare University, 2-5-1 Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8558, Japan
| | - Junko Takahashi
- Center for Research in Isotopes and Environmental Dynamics, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Uematsu
- Center for Research in Isotopes and Environmental Dynamics, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Ihor Chyzhevskyi
- State Specialized Enterprise "Ecocentre" of the State Agency of Ukraine on Exclusion Zone Management, 6, Shkilna Str., Chornobyl, Kyiv Region 07270, Ukraine
| | - Serhii Kirieiev
- State Specialized Enterprise "Ecocentre" of the State Agency of Ukraine on Exclusion Zone Management, 6, Shkilna Str., Chornobyl, Kyiv Region 07270, Ukraine
| | - Valery Kashparov
- Ukrainian Institute of Agricultural Radiology of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Mashinobudivnykiv str. 7, Chabany, Kyiv Region 08162, Ukraine
| | - Mark Zheleznyak
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima-shi, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan
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6
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Zhang F, Wang J, Huang D, Zhong Q, Yu T, Du J. Fresh Groundwater Discharge as a Major Source of 90Sr into the Coastal Ocean. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:12033-12041. [PMID: 37530516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
The behavior and source of 90Sr in the coastal ocean remain uncertain. Here, we investigated the distributions of 90Sr in coastal fresh groundwater, river water, pore water, and seawater in three bays along the southeastern coast of China between 2019 and 2021 and evaluated the potential of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) as a source of coastal 90Sr. The 90Sr activity in coastal fresh groundwater was higher than that in river water and seawater, while the 90Sr activity in pore water was comparable to that in adjacent seawater. In addition, nonconservative mixing behavior of 90Sr along the salinity gradient between river water and seawater was observed. These observations indicated that fresh SGD may serve as an additional source of 90Sr in coastal seawater. Combining our groundwater 90Sr data with the reported fresh SGD flux data, the estimated fresh SGD-derived 90Sr fluxes into the three bays were comparable to or even higher than those supplied by riverine sources. These results revealed that fresh SGD is a major but overlooked source of 90Sr in the coastal ocean. This subterranean pathway for transport of 90Sr to the coastal ocean should be considered in the monitoring and risk assessment of coastal areas, especially those near nuclear facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fule Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jinlong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Dekun Huang
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qiangqiang Zhong
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jinzhou Du
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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7
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Savina MR, Isselhardt BH, Shulaker DZ, Robel M, Conant AJ, Ade BJ. Simultaneous isotopic analysis of fission product Sr, Mo, and Ru in spent nuclear fuel particles by resonance ionization mass spectrometry. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5193. [PMID: 36997559 PMCID: PMC10063544 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32203-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fission product Sr, Mo, and Ru isotopes in six 10-μm particles of spent fuel from a pressurized water reactor were analyzed by resonance ionization mass spectrometry (RIMS) and evaluated for utility in nuclear material characterization. Previous measurements on these same samples showed widely varying U, Pu, and Am isotopic compositions owing to the samples' differing irradiation environments within the reactor. This is also seen in Mo and Ru isotopes, which have the added complication of exsolution from the UO2 fuel matrix. This variability is a hindrance to interpreting data from a collection of particles with incomplete provenance since it is not always possible to assign particles to the same batch of fuel based on isotopic analyses alone. In contrast, the measured 90Sr/88Sr ratios were indistinguishable across all samples. Strontium isotopic analysis can therefore be used to connect samples with otherwise disparate isotopic compositions, allowing them to be grouped appropriately for interpretation. Strontium isotopic analysis also provides a robust chronometer for determining the time since fuel irradiation. Because of the very high sensitivity of RIMS, only a small fraction of material in each of the 10 μm samples was consumed, leaving the vast majority still available for other analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Savina
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Livermore, CA, USA.
| | - Brett H Isselhardt
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Danielle Z Shulaker
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Martin Robel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Andrew J Conant
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Material Security and Counterproliferation, Nuclear Nonproliferation Division, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Brian J Ade
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Research and Test Reactor Physics Group, Nuclear Energy and Fuel Cycle Division, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
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Fan Y, Jiang H, Ren J, Liu X, Lan J, Cheng P, Liu Q, Tan L, Xue C, Sun Y, Hou X. Plutonium-based radiometric dating of rapidly accumulated sediments in the Sanyuan sinkhole, southern Chinese Loess Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 864:160937. [PMID: 36528106 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Radionuclides, such as 210Pb, 137Cs and 239,240Pu, have been widely used for dating recent sediments in terrestrial and marine environments, while 129I, as an important artificial radionuclide in the environment, is also a potential tracer for sediment dating and environmental process studies. However, they were not always successfully applied to sediment dating because of their different sources, half-lives, environmental behaviour and measurement techniques. The dating applicability of these nuclides in a sedimentary environment with rapid accumulation on land was investigated for sinkhole sediment from the southern Chinese Loess Plateau. Our results showed that 210Pb and 137Cs could not be adequately used for dating the sediments due to the difficulties in accurately measuring 137Cs and excess 210Pb (210Pbex) signals caused by the dilution effect of rapid accumulation. 129I is not an ideal dating tracer because of its multisource feature causing no remarkable peak value in the sediment cores. The depth distribution of 239,240Pu in the sediment core showed a single peak corresponding to its maximum fallout in 1963 from the atmospheric nuclear weapons test, suggesting that Pu isotopes have significant advantages in dating recent sediments. The sensitive inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) measurement technique enables the determination of very low levels of 239Pu and 240Pu and makes 239,240Pu a suitable tracer for dating the rapidly accumulated sediment. Based on the 239,240Pu mass balance equation estimation and field observations, we proposed the water-eroded input from soil surrounding the sinkhole as another vital source of the sediments in addition to the aeolian contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AMS Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Centre, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Huan Jiang
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Junli Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xingxing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jianghu Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AMS Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Centre, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AMS Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Centre, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Liangcheng Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Cheng Xue
- School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Youbin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiaolin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AMS Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Centre, Xi'an 710061, China.
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9
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Hinata H, Kuwae M, Tsugeki N, Masumoto I, Tani Y, Hatada Y, Kawamata H, Mase A, Kasamo K, Sukenaga K, Suzuki Y. A 75-year history of microplastic fragment accumulation rates in a semi-enclosed hypoxic basin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 854:158751. [PMID: 36113797 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plastic budgets in the marine environment and their long-term trends are yet to be fully understood. Measuring the accumulation rates in bottom sediments is crucial to solving the riddle of missing ocean plastics. Previous studies based on coastal sediment cores have found that accumulation rates have increased with increases in plastic production and/or regional populations. However, the correlations between the rates and bioactivities or ocean dynamics, which are crucial for modeling the microplastic sinking process, have not been examined. We revealed a 75-year microplastic fragment (0.3-5.0 mm) accumulation rate history in a hypoxic basin, Beppu Bay, Japan, based on multi-core analysis and 210Pb dating of the sediment which was cross-checked by time control with 137Cs radioactivity peaks. We found that a long-term linear increasing trend with an approximately 20-year variation overlapped with significant peaks around 1990 and 2014 with the first polypropylene microplastic fragment detected from a 1958.8-1961.0 CE sediment layer. The maximum rate was 203 pieces m-2 y-1 with an abundance of 86 pieces kg-1-dry in 2014. Smaller fragments in the size range of 0.3-2.0 mm have been consistently dominant in terms of the accumulation rate throughout the 1955-2015 period, accounting for 85.3 % of the total accumulation rate. The three major polymers (polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene) accounted for 96.6 % of the total rate. The rate was highly and positively correlated with the chlorophyll-a accumulation rate and concentration in the sediment. Based on the microplastic accumulation rates and concentration in the seawater, the mean sinking velocity of microplastics was estimated to be in the order of 101 m d-1. Our results will contribute to significant progress in modeling the microplastic sinking process by offering the first field measurement-based mean sinking velocity and significant correlations between the rate and bioactivity-related signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Hinata
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan; Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Michinobu Kuwae
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Narumi Tsugeki
- Faculty of Law, Matsuyama University, 4-2 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8578, Japan
| | - Issei Masumoto
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Yukinori Tani
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hatada
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Hayato Kawamata
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Atsuomi Mase
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Kenki Kasamo
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Kazuya Sukenaga
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Suzuki
- Research Institute of Geology and Geoinformation, Geophysical Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8567, Japan
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10
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Zhou Z, Ren H, Zhou L, Wang P, Lou X, Zou H, Cao Y. Recent Development on Determination of Low-Level 90Sr in Environmental and Biological Samples: A Review. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010090. [PMID: 36615288 PMCID: PMC9821828 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the context of the rapid development of the world's nuclear power industry, it is vital to establish reliable and efficient radioanalytical methods to support sound environment and food radioactivity monitoring programs and a cost-effective waste management strategy. As one of the most import fission products generated during human nuclear activities, 90Sr has been widely determined based on different analytical techniques for routine radioactivity monitoring, emergency preparedness and radioactive waste management. Herein, we summarize and critically review analytical methods developed over the last few decades for the determination of 90Sr in environmental and biological samples. Approaches applied in different steps of the analysis including sample preparation, chemical separation and detection are systematically discussed. The recent development of modern materials for 90Sr concentration and advanced instruments for rapid 90Sr measurement are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yiyao Cao
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-(0571)-87115089
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11
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Cao Y, Zhou L, Ren H, Zou H. Determination, Separation and Application of 137Cs: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191610183. [PMID: 36011815 PMCID: PMC9408292 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In the context of the rapid development of the world's nuclear power industry, it is necessary to establish background data on radionuclides of different samples from different regions, and the premise of obtaining such basic data is to have a series of good sample processing and detection methods. The radiochemical analysis methods of low-level radionuclides 137Cs (Cesium) in environmental and biological samples are introduced and reviewed in detail. The latest research progress is reviewed from the five aspects of sample pretreatment, determination, separation, calculation, application of radioactive cesium and the future is proposed.
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12
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Plutonium isotopes in the North Western Pacific sediments coupled with radiocarbon in corals recording precise timing of the Anthropocene. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10068. [PMID: 35778413 PMCID: PMC9249778 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14179-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plutonium (Pu) has been used as a mid-twentieth century time-marker in various geological archives as a result of atmospheric nuclear tests mainly conducted in 1950s. Advancement of analytical techniques allows us to measure 239Pu and 240Pu more accurately and can thereby reconstruct the Pacific Pu signal that originated from the former Pacific Proving Grounds (PPG) in the Marshall Islands. Here, we propose a novel method that couples annual banded reef building corals and nearshore anoxic marine sediments to provide a marker to precisely determine the start of the nuclear era which is known as a part of the Anthropocene. We demonstrate the efficacy of the methods using sediment obtained from Beppu Bay, Japan, and a coral from Ishigaki Island, Japan. The sedimentary records show a clear Pu increase from 1950, peaking during the 1960s, and then showing a sharp decline during the 1970s. However, a constantly higher isotope ratio between 239Pu and 240Pu suggest an additional contribution other than global fallout via ocean currents. Furthermore, single elevations in 240Pu/239Pu provide supportive evidence of close-in-fallout similar to previous studies. Coral skeletal radiocarbon displays a clear timing with the signatures supporting the reliability of the Beppu Bay sediments as archives and demonstrates the strength of this method to capture potential Anthropocene signatures.
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13
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Turbat B, Yoshida K, El-Hameed AA, Ruban Y, Pareniuk O, Rashed Nizam QM, Nagashima K, Benton E, Yasuda N. Verification of historical radiation monitoring data at residential areas for nuclear emergency occurred in a neighboring country. J NUCL SCI TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00223131.2021.1961637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Batgerel Turbat
- Research Institute of Nuclear Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Department of Physics, Mongolian University of Science and Technology, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Kanoko Yoshida
- Research Institute of Nuclear Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Ahmed Abd El-Hameed
- Nuclear Safety and Radiological Emergency Department, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yuliia Ruban
- Department of Radiobiology and Radioecology, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Olena Pareniuk
- Department of Radiobiology and Radioecology, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Kazufumi Nagashima
- Research Institute of Nuclear Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Eric Benton
- Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Nakahiro Yasuda
- Research Institute of Nuclear Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
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14
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Firouzabadi M, Jahromi HJ, Ardakani HA. Determination of 90Sr in sea shell: environmental monitoring. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-07871-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Zhang F, Wang J, Bi Q, Du J. 90Sr in seawater of the East China Sea: Inventory, new potential source, and environmental implications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 764:144266. [PMID: 33401046 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
90Sr is useful for tracing water mass movement in oceans. We collected a suit of seawater samples from the East China Sea (ECS) in the May 2011 to investigate the spatial and vertical distribution of 90Sr and to understand its transportation and fate. To understand the sources and transportation of 90Sr more clearly, published 137Cs data from the same cruise were used to obtain the 90Sr/137Cs activity ratios. The results showed that 90Sr activities were controlled by the circulation system of the ECS, with high values in coastal regions and low values in oceanic waters. The plume with a high 90Sr/137Cs ratio showed that in late spring, the Changjiang Diluted Water could flow southeastward and extend to 126-127° E, which is farther than the previously known value of 124° E. The high 90Sr/137Cs ratios (1.35 ± 0.62) and a long effective half-life of 90Sr (20.0 ± 0.3 y) in the ECS surface water revealed that 90Sr is surplus in comparison with 137Cs. However, historical variations in the 90Sr/137Cs ratio seem to preclude the simple explanation that riverine input causes a 90Sr surplus in the ECS. Groundwater discharge with a high 90Sr but very low 137Cs may be a new potential source. However, it is difficult to quantify the contribution of groundwater discharge at present, and more detailed studies are required in this regard. Additionally, we compiled 90Sr and 137Cs water column inventory data in the western North Pacific and found that the cumulative fallout onto the ocean was different from that on land in the 20-40° N band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fule Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jinlong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Qianqian Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jinzhou Du
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
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16
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Takahashi S, Anh HQ, Watanabe I, Aono D, Kuwae M, Kunisue T. Characterization of mono- to deca-chlorinated biphenyls in a well-preserved sediment core from Beppu Bay, Southwestern Japan: Historical profiles, emission sources, and inventory. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140767. [PMID: 32758843 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Contamination levels and profiles of mono- to deca-chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were characterized in a sediment core dated in 1954-2011 from Beppu Bay, southwestern Japan, providing a comprehensive and detailed picture on the environmental occurrence, temporal trends, and emission sources of these pollutants in the study area. Concentrations of total PCBs in the core ranged from 3.5 to 150 (median 15) ng g-1 dry weight and exhibited depth profile matching with Japanese PCB production and emission patterns (i.e., drastically increasing from the early 1960s, peaking in 1970, and then rapidly decreasing). Origin of PCBs in the studied samples largely associated with Kanechlor mixtures (e.g., KC-300 and KC-400), especially for sediment layers dated between the mid-1960s and early 1970s (i.e., the intensive PCB production period in Japan). In addition, dechlorination and weathering signals and emerging inputs of PCBs were also observed in deeper and shallower sediment segments with notable proportions of some unique congeners such as CB-47/48/51 and CB-11, respectively. Historical fluxes of PCBs in our samples showed quite similar vertical shape as concentrations. In the context of national implementation for complete treatment of PCB-containing waste until 2024, further investigations on spatiotemporal trends and environmental loads of PCBs in Japan are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Takahashi
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan.
| | - Hoang Quoc Anh
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Isao Watanabe
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Daichi Aono
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Michinobu Kuwae
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kunisue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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17
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Hirose K. Atmospheric effects of Fukushima nuclear accident: A review from a sight of atmospheric monitoring. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2020; 218:106240. [PMID: 32421574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2020.106240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident, which occurred in March 2011, has released large amounts of radionuclides (such as radioiodine and radiocesium) into the atmosphere, resulting in the contamination of terrestrial and marine environments. To assess radiological and environmental effects of the FDNPP-derived radionuclides, huge amounts of radioactive monitoring activities have been conducted to environmental samples. In this paper, we review results of atmospheric radioactivity monitoring for the FDNPP accident. Learning from atmospheric radioactivity monitoring of the FDNPP accident is as follows; 1. At the initial stage of accident, large spatiotemporal variability of emitted radionuclides near the FDNPP site occurred at short (less than 1 h) time scale and small (less than 10 km) space scale due to complicated emissions of radionuclides and variable flow of Fukushima radioactive plume, 2. Chemical form of FDNPP-derived radionuclides, in which a typical example is coexistence of 137Cs-bearing submicron particles and 137Cs-bearing large hot particles in the plume, is important to have better understanding of their atmospheric behaviors as do released mechanisms and their fate in environment, 3. Atmospheric effects of the FDNPP accident continue over 8 years, in which high activity levels of the FDNPP-derived 137Cs in surface air and deposition have continued at least until the end of 2018 owing to the post-accident release and resuspension because most of the FDNPP-derived 137Cs deposited on the ground surface still remains in the soil surface as a potential source of atmospheric 137Cs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Hirose
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan.
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18
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Hirayama Y, Okawa A, Nakamachi K, Aoyama T, Okada Y, Oi T, Hirose K, Kikawada Y. Estimation of water seepage rate in the active crater lake system of Kusatsu-Shirane volcano, Japan, using FDNPP-derived radioactive cesium as a hydrological tracer. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2020; 218:106257. [PMID: 32421578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2020.106257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We describe here a first attempt to estimate the water seepage rate of an active crater lake using radioactive cesium dispersed into the environment by the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident in March 2011 as a hydrological tracer. Kusatsu-Shirane volcano is one of the most active volcanoes in Japan and has an active crater lake named Yugama. There is no outflow such as a river from Yugama crater lake. The content level of stable cesium (133Cs) in Yugama water was almost constant at 15-20 nM during the sampling period of Nov. 2011 to Nov. 2014. In contrast to 133Cs, however, the radioactive cesium (134Cs and 137Cs) concentrations in Yugama water decreased at a more rapid rate than expected by radioactive decay. Based on the decreasing rates of activity concentrations of 134Cs and 137Cs in Yugama water during the three years between 2012 and 2014, it is estimated that 700-800 m3 of the Yugama water, which corresponds approximately to 0.1% of the total volume, leaks through the lakebed per day. In the estimation, balance between leakage of radioactive cesium contaminated water though lake bed and geothermal inflow of radioactive cesium-free water in the volcano was taken into account. Consequently, the water seepage rate of the Yugama crater lake was calculated to be 8.1-9.3 L s-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Hirayama
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8554, Japan
| | - Aya Okawa
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8554, Japan
| | - Ko Nakamachi
- Atomic Energy Research Laboratory, Tokyo City University, Ozenji 971, Asao-ku, Kawasaki, 215-0013, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Aoyama
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8554, Japan
| | - Yukiko Okada
- Atomic Energy Research Laboratory, Tokyo City University, Ozenji 971, Asao-ku, Kawasaki, 215-0013, Japan
| | - Takao Oi
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8554, Japan
| | - Katsumi Hirose
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8554, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kikawada
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8554, Japan.
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19
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Wu J, Xiao X, Sun J. Distribution and budget of 137Cs in the China Seas. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8795. [PMID: 32472036 PMCID: PMC7260368 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65280-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cesium-137 is one of the most abundant anthropogenic radionuclides released by atmospheric nuclear testing and nuclear accidents, and accordingly it may significantly impact the health of humans and marine environmental eco-systems. Documenting the distribution and inventory of 137Cs is thus a crucial task. In this study, we collected a large number of datasets with field observations of 137Cs in the China Seas, in order to provide an in-depth understanding of 137Cs budgets and distributions. The activity and inventory of 137Cs in China Seas' sediments showed large spatial variations, related to the 137Cs source, sedimentation rates and the mineral composition of sediments. The 137Cs concentration in sediments decreased with distance from the shore, generally tracing the distribution of sedimentation rates. High 137Cs inventories in the water column indicated a high solubility and long mean residence times. The mean residence times of 137Cs in the China Seas were determined to be 45.6 ± 3.8 years for the South China Sea (SCS), 36.8 ± 3.1 years for the East China Sea (ECS), and 12.0 ± 1.0 years for the Yellow Sea (YS). A 137Cs mass balance suggests that oceanic input from the north Pacific is the dominant 137Cs source to the China Seas, contributing about 96.9% of this substance. Furthermore, the bulk of 137Cs remains dissolved in the SCS water column, while 137Cs is mostly deposited to the sediments of the ECS and the YS. This new compilation of the activity level and inventory of 137Cs help to establish background levels for future 137Cs studies in the China Seas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwen Wu
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 511458, China.
| | - Xiyu Xiao
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Jiang Sun
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
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20
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Hirose K, Povinec PP. 90Sr and 137Cs as tracers of oceanic eddies in the sea of Japan/East sea. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2020; 216:106179. [PMID: 32056788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2020.106179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Vertical distributions of 90Sr and 137Cs in Sea of Japan/East Sea (SOJ/ES) water in the period of 1977-2010 exhibited a typical diffusion shape with surface/subsurface maxima and decreasing values with increasing depth. Apparent vertical diffusion coefficients (AVDCs) and apparent initial surface fluxes (AIFs) of 90Sr and 137Cs, which were estimated using a curve-fitting method from a vertical diffusion model, showed temporal and spatial variability. A diffusion depth introduced for understanding of vertical movements of 90Sr and 137Cs in the SOJ/ES well correlated with corresponding AIFs, suggesting that spatial variations of the 90Sr and 137Cs inventories have been governed by oceanic conditions such as changes in AVDCs, which may be related with eddy field, characterizing the SOJ/ES. The temporal changes of the AVDCs suggest that the production of eddies increased during the 2000s comparing with that in the 1990s. These observations represent the first applications of radionuclides as tracers in production of oceanic eddies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Hirose
- Sophia University, Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Pavel P Povinec
- Comenius University, Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Bratislava, Slovakia
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21
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Di Stefano E, Clemenza M, Baccolo G, Delmonte B, Maggi V. 137Cs contamination in the Adamello glacier: Improving the analytical method. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2019; 208-209:106039. [PMID: 31491585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2019.106039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An alpine ice core, extracted from the Adamello glacier (Central Italian Alps), was analyzed in its entire length through low background γ-spectroscopy, for the detection of 137Cs. Our results show that in glacier ice 137Cs is tightly bound to insoluble particulate matter inside the ice core, and it is therefore possible to restrict γ-spectroscopy analysis to particulate matter only. We show how the sensibility of the detection limit can be improved by almost one order of magnitude by using a well-type detector instead of a coaxial one. Hypothesis on the dating of some radioactive layers are also hereby presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Di Stefano
- Physics Department, University Milano-Bicocca, 20126, Milano, Italy; Milano-Bicocca Section, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, 20126, Milano, Italy; Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy.
| | | | - Giovanni Baccolo
- Environmental and Earth Sciences Department, University Milano-Bicocca, 20126, Milano, Italy; Milano-Bicocca Section, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Barbara Delmonte
- Environmental and Earth Sciences Department, University Milano-Bicocca, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Valter Maggi
- Environmental and Earth Sciences Department, University Milano-Bicocca, 20126, Milano, Italy; Milano-Bicocca Section, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, 20126, Milano, Italy
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22
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Zhang F, Wang J, Liu D, Bi Q, Du J. Distribution of 137Cs in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea: Sources, budgets and environmental implications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 672:1004-1016. [PMID: 30981889 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The transport processes and fate of 137Cs in eastern Chinese seas (ECSs) that consists of the Bohai, Yellow, and East China Seas, have not been well established. In this study, we measured the concentrations of 137Cs in the ECSs water and surface sediments during 2013-2014. Combined with a number of published 137Cs inventory data from drainage basins and sediment accumulation rates in the ECSs, the distribution, sources and budgets of 137Cs in the ECSs were investigated. The 137Cs activity in the water column and surface sediments ranged from 0.03 to 1.92 Bq/m3 and from 0.30 to 5.22 Bq/kg, respectively. No 134Cs signal was observed, suggesting that the Fukushima accident had limited impact on the ECSs during the investigation period. Mass balance of 137Cs suggests that at least 7.4 × 1012 Bq/y of 137Cs imported into the ECSs from the Northwestern Pacific that accounts for 0.7% of the 137Cs transported by the Kuroshio Current, and this value is 5.2 times higher than the sum of atmospheric fallout and total riverine input. The apparent half-lives of 137Cs are estimated to be 15.1 y for the ECS and 7.7 y for the YS. The vertical profiles in the continental shelf edge and the Yangtze River Estuary reveal that the upwelling of the Kuroshio Subsurface Water is the main mechanism of 137Cs import into the ECSs. The high level of 137Cs in oceanic water masses and the low level of 137Cs in riverine and coastal waters make 137Cs a good indicator for tracing water mass movement and interaction. In addition, good correlation between 137Cs activity and mean grain size (φ) indicates that 137Cs can serve as an effective tracer to track dispersal pathways of fine sediments in river-dominated marginal seas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fule Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jinlong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Dantong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Qianqian Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jinzhou Du
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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23
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Belharet M, Charmasson S, Tsumune D, Arnaud M, Estournel C. Numerical modelling of 137Cs content in the pelagic species of the Japanese Pacific coast following the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident using a size-structured food-web model. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212616. [PMID: 30865647 PMCID: PMC6415814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As result of the great east Japan earthquake on March 2011 and the damages of the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP), huge amount of radionuclides, especially 137Cs, were released to the Japanese Pacific coast. By consequence, several marine species have been contaminated by direct uptake of radionuclides from seawater or through feeding on contaminated preys. In the present study we propose a novel radioecological modelling approach aiming to simulate the radionuclides transfer to pelagic marine species by giving to the organism body-size a key role in the model. We applied the model to estimate the 137Cs content in 14 commercially important species of the North-Western Pacific Ocean after the FDNPP accident. Firstly, we validated the model and evaluated its performance using various observed field data, and we demonstrated the importance of using such modelling approach in radioecological studies. Afterwards, we estimated some radioecological metrics, such as the maximum activity concentration, its corresponding time and the ecological half-life, which are important in assessment of the previous, current and future contamination levels of the studied species. Finally, we estimated the time duration required for each species to reach the pre-accident 137Cs activity concentrations. The results showed that the contamination levels in the planktivorous species have generally reached the pre-accident levels since about 5 years after the accident (since 2016). While in the case of the higher trophic level species, although the activity concentrations are much lower than the regulatory limit for radiocesium in seafood in Japan (100 Bq kg-1), these species still require another 6–14 years (2018–2026) to reach the pre-accident levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mokrane Belharet
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE, Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Transferts de radionucléides dans les écosystèmes Aquatiques (LRTA), Saint-Paul Lez Durance, France
- Laboratoire d’Aérologie (LA), UMR 5560, CNRS–Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Sabine Charmasson
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE, Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Transferts de radionucléides dans les écosystèmes Aquatiques (LRTA), Saint-Paul Lez Durance, France
| | - Daisuke Tsumune
- Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Abiko, Japan
| | - Mireille Arnaud
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE, Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Transferts de radionucléides dans les écosystèmes Aquatiques (LRTA), Saint-Paul Lez Durance, France
| | - Claude Estournel
- Laboratoire d’Aérologie (LA), UMR 5560, CNRS–Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
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Sow M, Leblois Y, Gensdarmes F. Experimental study of aerosol release following liquid leaks of fission products concentrates simulants. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2018.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Shao Y, Yang G, Tazoe H, Ma L, Yamada M, Xu D. A review of measurement methodologies and their applications to environmental 90Sr. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2018; 192:321-333. [PMID: 30029206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The high fission yield product 90Sr has been released into the environment in large amounts due to nuclear weapon tests, nuclear power plant accidents, and nuclear fuel reprocessing industries. It is a long half-life radionuclide (28.9 y), with serious consequences to human health; hence, it is desirable to perform routine monitoring of 90Sr in environmental samples. Many 90Sr radiometric methods have been developed in the past decades, which generally require complicated separation and purification steps with a relatively long analytical time. Moreover, some nominally rapid methods usually have high method detection limits, making them unsuitable for the environmental samples with ultra-low 90Sr levels. In this review, some rapid and practical methods for 90Sr routine monitoring are summarized. Different sample pretreatments and major purification procedures for 90Sr developed in recent years, such as variable digestion methods and extraction chromatography using Sr resin or DGA resin, are especially described. Additionally, four conventional and widely used β spectrometric and mass spectrometric methods are demonstrated. Finally, 90Sr evaluations focusing on contaminated soil and seawater samples collected after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, and 90Sr application as tracers for environmental behavior are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shao
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Department of Radiation Chemistry, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan; School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guosheng Yang
- Department of Radiation Chemistry, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Tazoe
- Department of Radiation Chemistry, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Lingling Ma
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Masatoshi Yamada
- Department of Radiation Chemistry, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan.
| | - Diandou Xu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Maderich V, Bezhenar R, Tateda Y, Aoyama M, Tsumune D. Similarities and differences of 137Cs distributions in the marine environments of the Baltic and Black seas and off the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant in model assessments. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 135:895-906. [PMID: 30301112 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The compartment model POSEIDON-R with an embedded food web model was used to assess 137Cs distributions in the Baltic and Black seas and off the Pacific coast of Japan during 1945-2020 due to the weapon testing and accidents at the Chernobyl and Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plants. The results of simulations conducted with generic parameters agreed well with measurements of 137Cs concentrations in the water, bottom sediments, and in fish. In the Black and Baltic seas, salinity variations affected the transfer of 137Cs through the food web. The contamination of pelagic fish followed the water contamination with some delay, whereas demersal fish depuration was found to be related to decreasing 137Cs concentrations in the upper sediment layer. On the Pacific shelf off Japan, intensive currents and eddies caused the simulated depuration rates in fish to be one-two orders of magnitude larger than those in the semi-enclosed Black and Baltic seas.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Maderich
- Institute of Mathematical Machine and System Problems, Kiev, Ukraine.
| | - R Bezhenar
- Institute of Mathematical Machine and System Problems, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Y Tateda
- Nuclear Risk Research Center, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Chiba, Japan
| | - M Aoyama
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - D Tsumune
- Nuclear Risk Research Center, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Chiba, Japan
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Querfeld R, Schulz W, Neubohn J, Steinhauser G. Anthropogenic radionuclides in water samples from the Chernobyl exclusion zone. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-018-6030-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Long-term monitoring of radiocesium deposition near the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant: effect of interception of radiocesium on vegetables. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-018-5972-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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30
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Kang S, Yoneda M, Shimada Y, Satta N, Fujita Y, Shin IH. Interpreting the deposition and vertical migration characteristics of 137Cs in forest soil after the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:384. [PMID: 28688068 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the deposition and depth distributions of radiocesium in the Takizawa Research Forest, Iwate Prefecture, in order to understand the behavior of radionuclides released from the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant. The deposition distribution and vertical depth distribution of radiocesium in the soil were compared between topographically distinct parts of the forest where two different tree species grow. The results for all investigated locations show that almost 85% of the radiocesium has accumulated in the region of soil from the topmost organic layer to a soil depth of 0-4 cm. However, no activity was detected at depths greater than 20 cm. Analysis of the radiocesium deposition patterns in forest locations dominated by either coniferous or deciduous tree species suggests that radiocesium was sequestered and retained in higher concentrations in coniferous areas. The deposition data showed large spatial variability, reflecting the differences in tree species and topography. The variations in the measured 137Cs concentrations reflected the variability in the characteristics of the forest floor environment and the heterogeneity of the initial ground-deposition of the Fukushima fallout. Sequential extraction experiments showed that most of the 137Cs was present in an un-exchangeable form with weak mobility. Nevertheless, the post-vertical distribution of 137Cs is expected to be governed by the percentage of exchangeable 137Cs in the organic layer and the organic-rich upper soil horizons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongjoo Kang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Minoru Yoneda
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoko Shimada
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoya Satta
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Fujita
- Field Science Center Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Iwate, Japan
| | - In Hwan Shin
- Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon, South Korea
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31
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Dong W, Zheng J, Guo Q. Particle-size speciation of Pu isotopes in surface soils from Inner Mongolia (China) and its implications for Asian Dust monitoring. Appl Radiat Isot 2017; 120:133-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hirose K, Kikawada Y, Igarashi Y, Fujiwara H, Jugder D, Matsumoto Y, Oi T, Nomura M. Plutonium, 137Cs and uranium isotopes in Mongolian surface soils. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2017; 166:97-103. [PMID: 26830016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Plutonium (238Pu and 239,240Pu), 137Cs and plutonium activity ratios (238Pu/239,240Pu) as did uranium isotope ratio (235U/238U) were measured in surface soil samples collected in southeast Mongolia. The 239,240Pu and 137Cs concentrations in Mongolian surface soils (<53 μm of particle size) ranged from 0.42 ± 0.03 to 3.53 ± 0.09 mBq g-1 and from 11.6 ± 0.7 to 102 ± 1 mBq g-1, respectively. The 238Pu/239,240Pu activity ratios in the surface soils (0.013-0.06) coincided with that of global fallout. The 235U/238U atom ratios in the surface soil show the natural one. There was a good correlation between the 239,240Pu and 137Cs concentrations in the surface soils. We introduce the migration depth to have better understanding of migration behaviors of anthropogenic radionuclides in surface soil. We found a difference of the migration behavior between 239,240Pu and 137Cs from 137Cs/239,240Pu - 137Cs plots for the Mongolian and Tsukuba surface soils; plutonium in surface soil is migrated easier than 137Cs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hirose
- Department of Material and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Ciyoda-Ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan.
| | - Y Kikawada
- Department of Material and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Ciyoda-Ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Y Igarashi
- Atmospheric Environment and Applied Meteorology Research Department, Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0052 Japan
| | - H Fujiwara
- Soil Environment Division, National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8601, Japan
| | - D Jugder
- Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, Ulaanbaatar 46, Mongolia
| | - Y Matsumoto
- Department of Material and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Ciyoda-Ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - T Oi
- Department of Material and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Ciyoda-Ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - M Nomura
- Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactors, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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Hirose K. Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Plant accident: Atmospheric and oceanic impacts over the five years. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2016; 157:113-130. [PMID: 27032342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Plant (FDNPP) accident resulted in huge environmental and socioeconomic impacts to Japan. To document the actual environmental and socioeconomic effects of the FDNPP accident, we describe here atmospheric and marine contamination due to radionuclides released from the FDNPP accident using papers published during past five years, in which temporal and spatial variations of FDNPP-derived radionuclides in air, deposition and seawater and their mapping are recorded by local, regional and global monitoring activities. High radioactivity-contaminated area in land were formed by the dispersion of the radioactive cloud and precipitation, depending on land topography and local meteorological conditions, whereas extremely high concentrations of (131)I and radiocesium in seawater occurred due to direct release of radioactivity-contaminated stagnant water in addition to atmospheric deposition. For both of atmosphere and ocean, numerical model simulations, including local, regional and global-scale modeling, were extensively employed to evaluate source terms of the FDNPP-derived radionuclides from the monitoring data. These models also provided predictions of the dispersion and high deposition areas of the FDNPP-derived radionuclides. However, there are significant differences between the observed and simulated values. Then, the monitoring data would give a good opportunity to improve numerical modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Hirose
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Sources of plutonium in the atmosphere and stratosphere-troposphere mixing. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15707. [PMID: 26508010 PMCID: PMC4623714 DOI: 10.1038/srep15707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plutonium isotopes have primarily been injected to the stratosphere by the atmospheric nuclear weapon tests and the burn-up of the SNAP-9A satellite. Here we show by using published data that the stratospheric plutonium exponentially decreased with apparent residence time of 1.5 ± 0.5 years, and that the temporal variations of plutonium in surface air followed the stratospheric trends until the early 1980s. In the 2000s, plutonium and its isotope ratios in the atmosphere varied dynamically, and sporadic high concentrations of 239,240Pu reported for the lower stratospheric and upper tropospheric aerosols may be due to environmental events such as the global dust outbreaks and biomass burning.
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35
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Hirose K. Current trends of 137Cs concentrations in coastal waters near the Fukushima Daiichi NPP. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4537-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Rosenberg BL, Shozugawa K, Steinhauser G. Detection of Fuel Release in a Nuclear Accident: A Method for Preconcentration and Isolation of Reactor-Borne 239Np Using Ion-Specific Extraction Chromatography. Anal Chem 2015; 87:8651-6. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brett L. Rosenberg
- Environmental
and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, 1618
Campus Delivery, 80523 Fort Collins, Colorado United States
| | - Katsumi Shozugawa
- Graduate
School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Georg Steinhauser
- Environmental
and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, 1618
Campus Delivery, 80523 Fort Collins, Colorado United States
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Using 239+240Pu atmospheric deposition and a simplified mass-balance model to re-estimate the soil erosion rate: a case study of Liaodong Bay in China. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4208-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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Ashraf MA, Khan AM, Ahmad M, Akib S, Balkhair KS, Bakar NKA. Release, deposition and elimination of radiocesium ((137)Cs) in the terrestrial environment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2014; 36:1165-1190. [PMID: 24804829 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-014-9620-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Radionuclide contamination in terrestrial ecosystems has reached a dangerous level. The major artificial radionuclide present in the environment is (137)Cs, which is released as a result of weapon production related to atomic projects, accidental explosions of nuclear power plants and other sources, such as reactors, evaporation ponds, liquid storage tanks, and burial grounds. The release of potentially hazardous radionuclides (radiocesium) in recent years has provided the opportunity to conduct multidisciplinary studies on their fate and transport. Radiocesium's high fission yield and ease of detection made it a prime candidate for early radio-ecological investigations. The facility setting provides a diverse background for the improved understanding of various factors that contribute toward the fate and transfer of radionuclides in the terrestrial ecosystem. In this review, we summarize the significant environmental radiocesium transfer factors to determine the damaging effects of radiocesium on terrestrial ecosystem. It has been found that (137)Cs can trace the transport of other radionuclides that have a high affinity for binding to soil particles (silts and clays). Possible remedial methods are also discussed for contaminated terrestrial systems. This review will serve as a guideline for future studies of the fate and transport of (137)Cs in terrestrial environments in the wake of the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant disaster in 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,
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Hirose K. Two-years trend of monthly 137Cs deposition observed in Kanto and south Tohoku areas, Japan: effects of the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant accident. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3480-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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40
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Atmospheric deposition of radionuclides (7Be, 210Pb, 134Cs, 137Cs and 40K) during 2000–2012 at Rokkasho, Japan, and impact of the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3466-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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41
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Maderich V, Bezhenar R, Heling R, de With G, Jung KT, Myoung JG, Cho YK, Qiao F, Robertson L. Regional long-term model of radioactivity dispersion and fate in the Northwestern Pacific and adjacent seas: application to the Fukushima Dai-ichi accident. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2014; 131:4-18. [PMID: 24120972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The compartment model POSEIDON-R was modified and applied to the Northwestern Pacific and adjacent seas to simulate the transport and fate of radioactivity in the period 1945-2010, and to perform a radiological assessment on the releases of radioactivity due to the Fukushima Dai-ichi accident for the period 2011-2040. The model predicts the dispersion of radioactivity in the water column and in sediments, the transfer of radionuclides throughout the marine food web, and subsequent doses to humans due to the consumption of marine products. A generic predictive dynamic food-chain model is used instead of the biological concentration factor (BCF) approach. The radionuclide uptake model for fish has as a central feature the accumulation of radionuclides in the target tissue. The three layer structure of the water column makes it possible to describe the vertical structure of radioactivity in deep waters. In total 175 compartments cover the Northwestern Pacific, the East China and Yellow Seas and the East/Japan Sea. The model was validated from (137)Cs data for the period 1945-2010. Calculated concentrations of (137)Cs in water, bottom sediments and marine organisms in the coastal compartment, before and after the accident, are in close agreement with measurements from the Japanese agencies. The agreement for water is achieved when an additional continuous flux of 3.6 TBq y(-1) is used for underground leakage of contaminated water from the Fukushima Dai-ichi NPP, during the three years following the accident. The dynamic food web model predicts that due to the delay of the transfer throughout the food web, the concentration of (137)Cs for piscivorous fishes returns to background level only in 2016. For the year 2011, the calculated individual dose rate for Fukushima Prefecture due to consumption of fishery products is 3.6 μSv y(-1). Following the Fukushima Dai-ichi accident the collective dose due to ingestion of marine products for Japan increased in 2011 by a factor of 6 in comparison with 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Maderich
- Institute of Mathematical Machine and System Problems, Glushkov av., 42, Kiev 03187, Ukraine.
| | - R Bezhenar
- Ukrainian Center of Water and Environmental Projects, Glushkov av., 42, Kiev 03187, Ukraine.
| | - R Heling
- NRG, Utrechtseweg 310, 6800 ES Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - G de With
- NRG, Utrechtseweg 310, 6800 ES Arnhem, The Netherlands.
| | - K T Jung
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 787, Haean-ro, Ansan 426-744, Republic of Korea.
| | - J G Myoung
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 787, Haean-ro, Ansan 426-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Y-K Cho
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-741, Republic of Korea.
| | - F Qiao
- First Institute of Oceanography, 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao 266061, China.
| | - L Robertson
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, SE-601 76, Norrköping, Sweden.
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Anthropogenic radionuclides in atmospheric air over Switzerland during the last few decades. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3030. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Ohta T, Mahara Y, Kubota T, Igarashi T. Aging effect of 137Cs obtained from 137Cs in the Kanto loam layer from the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident and in the Nishiyama loam layer from the Nagasaki A-bomb explosion. ANAL SCI 2013; 29:941-7. [PMID: 24107558 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.29.941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We measured (134)Cs and (137)Cs in the surface soil of the Kanto loam in the eastern Tokyo metropolitan area and the Nishiyama loam in Nagasaki, Japan. The observed (137)Cs deposition in the Kanto loam from the Fukushima nuclear power plant (NPP) accident ranged from 4.0 to 77 kBq m(-2), which corresponds to 0.3-5 times of that in the Nishiyama loam. The (137)Cs retardation factor in the Kanto loam obtained seven months after the Fukusima NPP accident and in the Nishiyama loam after 36 and 38 years from the detonation of the Pu atomic bomb (A-bomb) ranged from 180 to 260 and 2000 to 10,000, respectively. This difference in the retardation factors is attributed to an aging effect that corresponds to seven months and 36 to 38 years after the deposition of (137)Cs occurred on the soil minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Ohta
- Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University
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44
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Hirose K. Temporal variation of monthly ¹³⁷Cs deposition observed in Japan: effects of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident. Appl Radiat Isot 2013; 81:325-9. [PMID: 23602585 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Monthly (137)Cs depositions from March 2011 to April 2012 were reported at monitoring stations within about 250 km from the Fukushima Daiichi NPP. The monthly (137)Cs deposition at each station decreased with apparent half-lives of 11-14 d during the period from March to June 2011, and after July 2011 its decrease rates changed. Second peaks of the monthly (137)Cs deposition occurred in February-April 2012, which may be supported by resuspension of (137)Cs bearing particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Hirose
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioicho, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan.
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45
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Endo S, Kajimoto T, Shizuma K. Paddy-field contamination with 134Cs and 137Cs due to Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident and soil-to-rice transfer coefficients. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2013; 116:59-64. [PMID: 23103577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2012.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The transfer coefficient (TF) from soil to rice plants of (134)Cs and (137)Cs in the form of radioactive deposition from the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident in March 2011 was investigated in three rice paddy fields in Minami-Soma City. Rice crops were planted in the following May and harvested at the end of September. Soil cores of 30-cm depth were sampled from rice-planted paddy fields to measure (134)Cs and (137)Cs radioactivity at 5-cm intervals. (134)Cs and (137)Cs radioactivity was also measured in rice ears (rice with chaff), straws and roots. The rice ears were subdivided into chaff, brown rice, polished rice and rice bran, and the (134)Cs and (137)Cs radioactivity concentration of each plant part was measured to calculate the respective TF from the soil. The TF of roots was highest at 0.48 ± 0.10 in the field where the (40)K concentration in the soil core was relatively low, in comparison with TF values of 0.31 and 0.38 in other fields. Similar trends could be found for the TF of whole rice plants, excluding roots. The TF of rice ears was relatively low at 0.019-0.026. The TF of chaff, rice bran, brown rice and polished rice was estimated to be 0.049, 0.10-0.16, 0.013-0.017 and 0.005-0.013, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Endo
- Quantum Energy Applications, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan.
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Hirose K. 2011 Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant accident: summary of regional radioactive deposition monitoring results. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2012; 111:13-17. [PMID: 22119330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
After the Great East Japan Earthquake and resulting Tsunami on March 11, 2011, serious accident of the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant has been occurred. Huge amounts of radionuclides were released in atmosphere and ocean. Japanese prefectural governments have carried out environmental radioactivity monitoring; external dose rate, radioactivity measurements in environmental samples and others. Since March 18, 2011, daily and monthly deposition samples were collected in 45 stations covering Japanese Islands and radionuclides in the deposition samples were determined. We summarize radioactive deposition data reported by Japanese Government and study the depositional behaviors of the Fukushima-derived radionuclides. The results revealed that Fukushima-derived radioactive cloud dominantly affected in the central and eastern part of Honshu-Island, although it affected all of Japanese land area and also western North Pacific. The temporal change of the Fukushima-derived (137)Cs revealed that the apparent atmospheric residence time of the Fukushima-derived (137)Cs in sites within 300 km from the Fukushima Dai-ichi NPPis about 10 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Hirose
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioicho, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan.
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Hirose K, Kikawada Y, Igarashi Y. Temporal variation and provenance of thorium deposition observed at Tsukuba, Japan. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2012; 108:24-28. [PMID: 22082975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Revised: 09/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Temporal variations of monthly thorium (Th) deposition observed at Tsukuba, Japan during the period 1990-2007, comparing with plutonium deposition, was studied. The monthly (232)Th deposition as did (239,240)Pu, varied according to season and inter-annually. In particular, (232)Th deposition increased significantly in spring coinciding with Asian dust (Kosa) events. The (230)Th/(232)Th activity ratios vary according to sources and can therefore be used to differentiate between locally derived and remotely derived (232)Th. The (230)Th/(232)Th activity ratios in deposition samples showed large variability with high ratios occurring in early spring. These high (230)Th/(232)Th ratios in deposition can be attributed to local dust storms, especially in early spring, that cause resuspension of soils from cultivated fields which are characterized by high (230)Th/(232)Th activity ratios. The results reveal that both locally and remotely derived (232)Th deposition showed seasonal variations with maxima in spring, although the remotely derived fraction is dominant rather than the locally derived one. The (232)Th deposition maxima later in spring is attributable to the remotely derived fraction, corresponding to the Kosa events. Annual (232)Th deposition exhibited an increasing trend, suggesting the presence of sources other than soil dust such as fly ash from increasing coal burning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Hirose
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioichou Chiyodaku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Pan SM, Xu YH, Wang A, Povinec PP. The 137Cs distribution in sediment profiles from the Yangtze River estuary: a comparison of modeling and experimental results. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-011-1605-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Endo S, Tanaka K, Shizuma K, Hoshi M, Imanaka T. Estimation of beta-ray skin dose from exposure to fission fallout from the Hiroshima atomic bomb. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2012; 149:84-90. [PMID: 22042969 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncr407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Beta-ray skin dose due to the fission fallout from the Hiroshima atomic bomb is potentially related to the epilation in the black rain area. The absorbed dose to the skin from beta-rays emitted by fission fallout has been estimated for an initial ¹³⁷Cs deposition of 1 kBq m⁻² on the ground at 0.5 h after the explosion. The estimated skin dose takes into account both external exposure from fission fallout radionuclides uniformly distributed in 1 mm of soil on the surface of the ground and from a 26 μm thickness of contaminated soil on the skin, using the Monte Carlo radiation transport code MCNP-4C. The cumulative skin dose for 1 month after the explosion is taken as the representative value. The estimated skin dose for an initial ¹³⁷Cs deposition of 1 kBq m⁻² was determined to be about 500 mSv.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Endo
- Quantum Energy Applications, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan.
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Du JZ, Zhang J, Baskaran M. Applications of Short-Lived Radionuclides (7Be, 210Pb, 210Po, 137Cs and 234Th) to Trace the Sources, Transport Pathways and Deposition of Particles/Sediments in Rivers, Estuaries and Coasts. ADVANCES IN ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-10637-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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