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Battaglin W, Bradley P, Weissinger R, Blackwell B, Cavallin J, Villeneuve D, DeCicco L, Kinsey J. Changes in chemical occurrence, concentration, and bioactivity in the Colorado River before and after replacement of the Moab, Utah wastewater treatment plant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166231. [PMID: 37586530 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Long-term (2010-19) water-quality monitoring on the Colorado River downstream from Moab Utah indicated the persistent presence of Bioactive Chemicals (BC), such as pesticides and pharmaceuticals. This stream reach near Canyonlands National Park provides critical habitat for federally endangered species. The Moab wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) outfall discharges to the Colorado River and is the nearest potential point-source to this reach. The original WWTP was replaced in 2018. In 2016-19, a study was completed to determine if the new plant reduced BC input to the Colorado River at, and downstream from, the outfall. Water samples were collected before and after the plant replacement at sites upstream and downstream from the outfall. Samples were analyzed for as many as 243 pesticides, 109 pharmaceuticals, 20 hormones, 51 wastewater indicator chemicals, 20 metals, and 8 nutrients. BC concentrations, hazard quotients (HQs), and exposure activity ratios (EARs) were used to identify and prioritize contaminants for their potential to have adverse biological effects on the health of native and endangered wildlife. There were 22 BC with HQs >1, mostly metals and hormones; and 23 BC with EARs >0.1, mostly hormones and pharmaceuticals. Most high HQs or EARs were associated with samples collected at the WWTP outfall site prior to its replacement. Discharge from the new plant had reduced concentrations of nutrients, hormones, pharmaceuticals, and other BC. For example, all 16 of the hormones detected at the WWTP outfall site had maximum concentrations in samples collected prior to the WWTP replacement. The WWTP replacement had less effect on instream concentrations of metals and pesticides, BC whose sources are less directly tied to domestic wastewater. Study results indicate that improved WWTP technology can create substantial reductions in concentrations of non-regulated BC such as pharmaceuticals, in addition to regulated contaminants such as nutrients.
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Liu M, Li Y, Wang HZ, Wang HJ, Qiao RT, Jeppesen E. Ecosystem complexity explains the scale-dependence of ammonia toxicity on macroinvertebrates. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 226:119266. [PMID: 36323203 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The toxic effect of unionized ammonia (NH3) on aquatic organisms is receiving increasing attention due to the excessive nitrogen discharge to various surface waters. Researches have suggested the scale-dependence of NH3 toxicity, being lower in field than under lab conditions. Such scale-dependence of toxicity is a big challenge to water quality criteria setting as the results solely from lab tests might not apply to natural ecosystems. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the underlying mechanism to understand the difference of toxicity across various spatial scales. In this study, we used the widely distributed gastropod Bellamya aeruginosa as the test animal and performed two 192-h microcosm experiments. Each experiment included a control and an ammonia addition treatment: N0(LC50) & N+(LC50), N0(LC100) & N+(LC100) (96-h LC50 = 0.8 mg NH3N/L, 96-h LC100 = 18.1 mg NH3N/L). Besides water-only, three potential key components (food, sediment, and submersed macrophytes) were included in the various treatments to mimic different complexity levels of aquatic ecosystems (Water, Water + Food, Water + Sediment, Water + Sediment + Macrophytes). The results showed that: 1) food directly improved the survival and growth of gastropods under expected lethal concentration of ammonia (96-h concentration of NH3N = LC20 of the 96-h acute test); 2) sediment and macrophyte quickly decreased the ammonia concentration, mainly by sediment adsorption and macrophyte uptake, to alleviate the ammonia stress to gastropods and permitted them to survive and grow under expected lethal concentration of ammonia (96-h concentration of NH3N = LC10∼LC20 of the 96-h acute test); 3) sediment and macrophyte also provided additional food for gastropods; 4) under extremely high ammonia stress (i.e., 96-h LC100, food was left uneaten and macrophyte died, and gastropods could, therefore, not be released from ammonia stress. Our results demonstrate that under moderate ammonia stress, the introduction of extra ecosystem elements (food, sediment, and macrophytes) significantly improved the survival and growth of gastropods, mainly by enhancing their tolerance and by quickly decreasing the NH3 concentration and thus toxicity. However, these introduced elements had little effect at very high concentration of ammonia (i.e., 96-h LC100). Our findings add to the understanding of the reasons behind the previous observed scale-dependent toxicity of NH3 on aquatic organisms and contribute to better decisions on the role of NH3 in relation to water quality management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
| | - Hong-Zhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
| | - Hai-Jun Wang
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.
| | - Rui-Ting Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Erik Jeppesen
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Silkeborg, Denmark; Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research, Beijing, China; Limnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey; Centre for Ecosystem Research and Implementation (EKOSAM), Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey; Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Mersin, Turkey
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Peng L, You J, Wang L, Xiong S, Huang Q, Yin T. Effect of Respite Time before Live Transportation on Muscle Quality of Blunt Snout (Wuchang) Bream. Foods 2022; 11:foods11152254. [PMID: 35954021 PMCID: PMC9368633 DOI: 10.3390/foods11152254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
To provide scientific support for improving the muscle quality of blunt snout bream, ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography, texture analyzer, and optical electron microscopy were applied to explore the effects of respite time (0, 24, 48, and 72 h) on the muscle quality of blunt snout bream before live transportation. The energy compounds (ATP and glycogen) of muscle significantly decreased with the respite time (p < 0.05). Lactic acid content declined and then increased, leading to a rise and then a fall in pH (p < 0.05). Water-holding capacity of fish muscle increased progressively when the respite time was increased to 48 h and then dramatically decreased when the respite time was further increased to 72 h (p < 0.05). Shear force gradually increased (p < 0.05), while the whiteness and lightness values remained stable (p > 0.05). Both the content of umami compounds (IMP) and bitter compounds (HxR, Hx), and the calculated K value decreased steadily with the respite time (p < 0.05). The extracellular gap of the fish muscles gradually decreased with the respite time. The most uniform and intact cellular structure occurred at 48 h. However, when the respite time was extended to 72 h, the extracellular gap and muscle fragmentation rate of the muscle increased considerably. The findings indicated that a 48 h respite time was suitable to improve the muscle quality of blunt snout bream after live transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Peng
- College of Food Science and Technology, National R&D Branch Center for Conventional Freshwater Fish Processing (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.P.); (J.Y.); (S.X.); (Q.H.)
| | - Juan You
- College of Food Science and Technology, National R&D Branch Center for Conventional Freshwater Fish Processing (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.P.); (J.Y.); (S.X.); (Q.H.)
| | - Lan Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing and Nuclear-Agricultural Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China;
| | - Shanbai Xiong
- College of Food Science and Technology, National R&D Branch Center for Conventional Freshwater Fish Processing (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.P.); (J.Y.); (S.X.); (Q.H.)
| | - Qilin Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology, National R&D Branch Center for Conventional Freshwater Fish Processing (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.P.); (J.Y.); (S.X.); (Q.H.)
| | - Tao Yin
- College of Food Science and Technology, National R&D Branch Center for Conventional Freshwater Fish Processing (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.P.); (J.Y.); (S.X.); (Q.H.)
- Correspondence:
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Li X, Wang S, Zhang M, Yu Y, Li M. Glutamine synthetase (GS) deficiency can affect ammonia tolerance of yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 126:104-112. [PMID: 35613668 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS) plays a crucial role in the regulation of glutamine synthesis in fish which is a very effective ammonia detoxification strategy. In this study, the full-length GS was cloned from the liver of yellow catfish. The full-length cDNA sequence of GS was 1928 bp in length and encoded 371 amino acids. The amino acid sequence of GS showed high homology (99%) with that of channel catfish. The highest mRNA expression of GS was found in the brain of yellow catfish. Acute ammonia stress (96 h LC50) significantly increased ammonia levels in plasma, liver, and brain, and GS gene expression was significantly up-regulated in the liver and brain. RNA interference inhibited the GS mRNA expression level in primary cultured hepatocytes after acute ammonia stress and reduced hepatocyte survival rate. It is suggested that GS plays a key role in ammonia detoxification in yellow catfish by regulating glutamine synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Shidong Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Muzi Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yangping Yu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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Liu M, Wang HJ, Wang HZ, Ma SN, Yu Q, Uddin KB, Li Y, Hollander J, Jeppesen E. Decreasing toxicity of un-ionized ammonia on the gastropod Bellamya aeruginosa when moving from laboratory to field scale. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 227:112933. [PMID: 34700166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Along with a steady increasing use of artificial nitrogen fertilizer, concerns have been raised about the effects that high nitrogen loading may have on ecosystems. Due to the toxicity of unionized ammonia (NH3), tolerance criteria have been proposed for ambient water management in many countries; however, these are mainly based on acute or chronic tests carried out under lab conditions run with purified water. Aiming at understanding the responses of organisms to natural exposure to high ammonia concentrations, a Viviparidae gastropod, Bellamya aeruginosa, was tested at three experimental scales: standard 96-h lab test, one-month cage test in 6 experimental ponds with continuous nitrogen inputs, and intensive investigation of the B. aeruginosa from these ponds in spring and winter. The results were: 1) 96-h LC50 in the standard lab test was 0.56 mg NH3-N/L and 343.3 mg TAN/L (total ammonia expressed as N, standardized at pH 7 and 20 ℃). 2) In the one-month cage test, the survival rate was 97% when NH3-N was 0.61 mg/L (i.e., a higher concentration than the lab 96-h LC50) and the body size of the gastropods actually increased with increasing NH3-N concentrations. 3) In the winter-spring investigation, little effect of ammonia on the standing crops of gastropods was found, and the body size of the gastropods tended to increase with increasing ammonia concentrations (NH3-N concentration range of 0.05 ~ 2.06 mg/L). Thus, B. aeruginosa showed higher tolerance to ammonia exposure (NH3-N concentration < 0.81 mg/L) in the field than under laboratory conditions. Our study points to the necessity of considering the relevant scale when determining criteria for ammonia toxicity in water management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Hai-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.
| | - Hong-Zhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
| | - Shuo-Nan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| | - Qing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Kazi Belal Uddin
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
| | - Johan Hollander
- Global Ocean Institute, World Maritime University (WMU), Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Erik Jeppesen
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Silkeborg, Denmark; Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research, Beijing, China; Limnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey; Centre for Ecosystem Research and Implementation (EKOSAM), Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey; Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Mersin, Turkey.
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Fan B, Li J, Wang X, Chen J, Gao X, Li W, Ai S, Cui L, Gao S, Liu Z. Ammonia spatiotemporal distribution and risk assessment for freshwater species in aquatic ecosystem in China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 207:111541. [PMID: 33254401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia has been of concern for its high toxicity to aquatic species and frequent detection in waters worldwide. This study calculated the national aquatic life criteria for ammonia in China. The temporal and spatial distributions were investigated and the multi-tier ecological risks were assessed for ammonia and un-ionized ammonia (NH3) during 2014-2018 based on a total of 18989 ammonia monitoring data from 110 monitoring sites in seven river basins. The sensitivity comparison of different species taxa to ammonia showed that Perciformes fish should be listed as a priority protected species in the derivation of ammonia criteria. The participation of introduced aquaculture species have no significant impact on the final criteria values (t-test, p > 0.05). The final criterion maximum concentration (CMC) and criterion continuous concentration (CCC) were 10.24 and 3.31 mg/L for ammonia (pH 7.0 and 20 °C). The interannual variation showed that decreasing trends were observed for ammonia and NH3 pollutions in the past five years. However, the increasing trends were observed for ammonia in Liao River basin, for NH3 in Yangtze River and Pearl River basins (2014-2018). The significant seasonal and geographical differences of ammonia and NH3 pollution were found. Moreover, the pollutions of ammonia and NH3 in some monitoring points of Huai River, Yellow River and Songhua River basins at the provincial borders were significant. The result of ecological risk assessment showed that the average exceedance probability for 5% affected species by NH3 in long-term exposure was 28.96% in the past five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Ji Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Jin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiangyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Wenwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Shunhao Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Liang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Shixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhengtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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Burdick SM, Hewitt DA, Martin BA, Schenk L, Rounds SA. Effects of harmful algal blooms and associated water-quality on endangered Lost River and shortnose suckers. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 97:101847. [PMID: 32732045 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic eutrophication contributes to harmful blooms of cyanobacteria in freshwater ecosystems worldwide. In Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, massive blooms of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and smaller blooms of other cyanobacteria are associated with cyanotoxins, hypoxia, high pH, high concentrations of ammonia, and potentially hypercapnia. Recovery of the endangered Lost River sucker Deltistes luxatus and shortnose sucker Chasmistes brevirostris in Upper Klamath Lake is obstructed by low survival in the juvenile life stage. Water quality associated with the harmful algal blooms and their decomposition (crashes) is often singled out as the primary cause of juvenile sucker mortality. We investigated this general hypothesis with a review of relevant literature and data from decades of monitoring in Upper Klamath Lake. Microcystins, hepatotoxins produced by some cyanobacteria, are unlikely to be directly lethal to suckers; potential effects of other cyanotoxins that are present in the lake warrant investigation. Dissolved-oxygen saturation declined following bloom crashes, but was infrequently low enough for long enough in Upper Klamath Lake to cause direct sucker mortality. Hypercapnia could potentially reach lethal concentrations in the fall and winter, but did not appear to be associated with the summer algal blooms. pH was highest during peaks in cyanobacteria growth, but infrequently reached directly lethal levels (> 10.3). However, pH frequently reached an observed sub-lethal effect level for juvenile suckers (10.0). Un-ionized ammonia rarely exceeded even the lowest effect level measured for suckers. Rather than act as a direct cause of large-scale mortality, the available evidence suggests that water quality associated with massive blooms of cyanobacteria in Upper Klamath Lake contributes to chronic stress for juvenile suckers and may increase mortality due to other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Summer M Burdick
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center and Oregon Water Science Center USA; 2795 Anderson Ave. Suite 106, Klamath Falls, OR 97603 USA.
| | - David A Hewitt
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center and Oregon Water Science Center USA; 2795 Anderson Ave. Suite 106, Klamath Falls, OR 97603 USA.
| | - Barbara A Martin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center and Oregon Water Science Center USA; 2795 Anderson Ave. Suite 106, Klamath Falls, OR 97603 USA.
| | - Liam Schenk
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center and Oregon Water Science Center USA; 63095 Deschutes Market Rd., Bend, OR 97701 USA.
| | - Stewart A Rounds
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center and Oregon Water Science Center USA; 2130 SW 5th Ave, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
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Hasan R, Koner D, Khongmawloh E, Saha N. Induction of nitric oxide synthesis: a strategy to defend against high environmental ammonia-induced oxidative stress in primary hepatocytes of air-breathing catfish, Clarias magur. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb219626. [PMID: 32220974 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.219626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Air-breathing magur catfish (Clarias magur) regularly face the problem of exposure to high environmental ammonia (HEA) as one of the major pollutants in their natural habitats that causes considerable toxic effects at the cellular level, including that of oxidative stress. The major objective of the present study was to demonstrate the antioxidant activity of endogenously produced nitric oxide (NO) to defend against ammonia-induced oxidative stress in primary hepatocytes of magur catfish during exposure to HEA. Exposure to NH4Cl (5 mmol l-1) led to a significant increase in intracellular ammonia concentration with a sharp rise of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations within 3 h in primary hepatocytes, which decreased gradually at later stages of treatment. This phenomenon was accompanied by a significant increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity as a consequence of induction of corresponding genes. HEA exposure also led to the stimulation of NO production due to induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity, as a consequence of up-regulation of the nos2 gene. Most interestingly, when NO production by hepatocytes under ammonia stress was blocked by adding certain inhibitors [aminoguanidine and 3-(4-methylphenylsulfonyl)-2-propenenitrile] to the culture medium, there was a further rise of H2O2 and MDA concentrations in hepatocytes. These were accompanied by the lowering of SOD and CAT activity with less expression of corresponding genes. Thus, it can be contemplated that magur catfish use the strategy of stimulation of NO production, which ultimately induces the SOD-CAT enzyme system to defend against ammonia-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubaiya Hasan
- Biochemical Adaptation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Debaprasad Koner
- Biochemical Adaptation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Elvis Khongmawloh
- Biochemical Adaptation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Nirmalendu Saha
- Biochemical Adaptation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
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Shrivastava J, Ndugwa M, Caneos W, De Boeck G. Physiological trade-offs, acid-base balance and ion-osmoregulatory plasticity in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles under complex scenarios of salinity variation, ocean acidification and high ammonia challenge. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 212:54-69. [PMID: 31075620 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this era of global climate change, ocean acidification is becoming a serious threat to the marine ecosystem. Despite this, it remains almost unknown how fish will respond to the co-occurrence of ocean acidification with other conventional environmental perturbations typically salinity fluctuation and high ammonia threat. Therefore, the present work evaluated the interactive effects of elevated pCO2, salinity reduction and high environmental ammonia (HEA) on the ecophysiological performance of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Fish were progressively acclimated to seawater (32 ppt), to brackish water (10 ppt) and to hyposaline water (2.5 ppt). Following acclimation to different salinities for at least two weeks, fish were exposed to CO2-induced water acidification representing present-day (control pCO2, 400 μatm, LoCO2) and future (high pCO2, 1000 μatm, HiCO2) sea-surface CO2 level for 3, 7 and 21 days. At the end of each exposure period, fish were challenged with HEA for 6 h (1.18 mM representing 50% of 96 h LC50). Results show that, in response to the individual HiCO2 exposure, fish within each salinity compensated for blood acidosis. Fish subjected to HiCO2 were able to maintain ammonia excretion rate (Jamm) within control levels, suggesting that HiCO2 exposure alone had no impact on Jamm at any of the salinities. For 32 and 10 ppt fish, up-regulated expression of Na+/K+-ATPase was evident in all exposure groups (HEA, HiCO2 and HEA/HiCO2 co-exposed), whereas Na+/K+/2Cl- co-transporter was up-regulated mainly in HiCO2 group. Plasma glucose and lactate content were augmented in all exposure conditions for all salinity regimes. During HEA and HEA/HiCO2, Jamm was inhibited at different time points for all salinities, which resulted in a significant build-up of ammonia in plasma and muscle. Branchial expressions of Rhesus glycoproteins (Rhcg isoforms and Rhbg) were upregulated in response to HiCO2 as well as HEA at 10 ppt, with a more moderate response in 32 ppt groups. Overall, our findings denote that the adverse effect of single exposures of ocean acidification or HEA is exacerbated when present together, and suggests that fish are more vulnerable to these environmental threats at low salinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotsna Shrivastava
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE-2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Moses Ndugwa
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Warren Caneos
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gudrun De Boeck
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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Egnew N, Renukdas N, Ramena Y, Yadav AK, Kelly AM, Lochmann RT, Sinha AK. Physiological insights into largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) survival during long-term exposure to high environmental ammonia. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 207:72-82. [PMID: 30530206 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne ammonia is an environmental pollutant that is toxic to all aquatic animals. However, ammonia induced toxicity as well as compensatory mechanisms to defend against high environmental ammonia (HEA) are not well documented at present for largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), a high value fish for culture and sport fisheries in the United States. To provide primary information on the sensitivity of this species to ammonia toxicity, a 96 h-LC50 test was conducted. Thereafter, responses at physiological, ion-regulatory and transcript levels were determined to get insights into the underlying adaptive strategies to ammonia toxicity. For this purpose, fish were progressively exposed to HEA (8.31 mg/L representing 25% of 96 h-LC50) for 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Temporal effects of HEA on oxygen consumption rate (MO2), ammonia and urea dynamics, plasma ions (Na+, Cl- and K+), branchial Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) and H+-ATPase activity, muscle water content (MWC), energy store (glycogen, lipid and protein) as well as branchial mRNA expression of Rhesus (Rh) glycoproteins were assessed. Probit analysis showed that 96 h-LC50 of (total) ammonia (as NH4HCO3) at 25 °C and pH 7.8 was 33.24 mg/L. Results from sub-lethal end-points shows that ammonia excretion rate (Jamm) was strongly inhibited after 7 days of HEA, but was unaffected at 3, 14 and 21 days. At 28 days fish were able to increase Jamm efficiently and concurrently, plasma ammonia re-established to the basal level. Urea production was increased as evidenced by a considerable elevation of plasma urea, but urea excretion rate remained unaltered. Expression of Rhcg isoform (Rhcg2) mRNA was up-regulated in parallel with restored or increased Jamm, suggesting its ammonia excreting role in largemouth bass. Exposure to HEA also displayed pronounced augmentations in NKA activity, exemplified by a rise in plasma [Na+]. Furthermore, [K+], [Cl-] and MWC homeostasis were disrupted followed by recovery to the control levels. H+-ATPase activity was elevated but NKA did not appear to function preferentially as a Na+/NH4+-ATPase. From 14 days onwards MO2 was depressed, potentially an attempt towards minimizing catabolism. Glycogen content in liver and muscle were temporarily depleted, whereas a remarkable increment in protein was evident at the last exposure period. Overall, these data suggest that ammonia induced toxicity can disturb several biological processes in largemouth bass, however, it can adapt to the long-term sub-lethal ammonia concentrations by activating various components of ammonia excretory, ion-regulatory and metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Egnew
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, 1200 North University Drive, Pine Bluff, 71601, AR, USA.
| | - Nilima Renukdas
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, 1200 North University Drive, Pine Bluff, 71601, AR, USA
| | - Yathish Ramena
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, 1200 North University Drive, Pine Bluff, 71601, AR, USA; Great Salt Lake Brine Shrimp Cooperative, Inc., 1750 W 2450 S, Ogden, 84401, UT, USA
| | - Amit K Yadav
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, 83844, ID, USA
| | - Anita M Kelly
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, 1200 North University Drive, Pine Bluff, 71601, AR, USA
| | - Rebecca T Lochmann
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, 1200 North University Drive, Pine Bluff, 71601, AR, USA
| | - Amit Kumar Sinha
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, 1200 North University Drive, Pine Bluff, 71601, AR, USA.
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Dos Santos Silva MJ, da Costa FFB, Leme FP, Takata R, Costa DC, Mattioli CC, Luz RK, Miranda-Filho KC. Biological responses of Neotropical freshwater fish Lophiosilurus alexandri exposed to ammonia and nitrite. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 616-617:1566-1575. [PMID: 29102194 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate the responses of the Neotropical fish Lophiosilurus alexandri exposed to ammonia and nitrite, following a period of recovering. Acute toxicity tests lasted 96h, subchronic toxicity tests lasted eight days and the detoxification trial lasted four days. Groups of 12 juveniles were maintained in 90-L tanks and treated with increasing concentrations of ammonia and nitrite, except during the recovery test. All treatments were performed with two replicates. The median lethal concentrations (LC50) of 24, 48, 72 and 96h were estimated at 30.12; 24.35; 19.24 and 18.68mg·L-1 TA-N; 5.37; 4.57; 3.75 and 3.66mg·L-1 NH3-N and 20.37; 7.78; 7.09 and 5.86mg·L-1 NO2--N, respectively. The NO2- caused significant decrease in hematocrit and increase in the urea levels during short-term exposure, with recovery of homeostasis after the subchronic and detox period. Acute exposure to ammonia increased the enzyme profile of transaminases, glucose and urea. Urea concentration remained high in the subchronic and detox tests. Histopathologies were observed in animals exposed to ammonia in both toxicity tests. It was highlighted detachment of epithelium, hyperemia and necrosis in the gills. Exposure to NO2- caused epithelium detachment and aneurysm. Vacuolization and swelling of hepatocytes were the most common injury for both nitrogenous compounds. We concluded that the L. alexandri has moderate tolerance to ammonia and nitrite. The recovery period revealed remedial response to ammonia and nitrite exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio José Dos Santos Silva
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais-UFMG, Escola de Veterinária, Departamento de Zootecnia, Laboratório de Aquacultura, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Franklin Fernando Batista da Costa
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais-UFMG, Escola de Veterinária, Departamento de Zootecnia, Laboratório de Aquacultura, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fabiola Paes Leme
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais-UFMG, Escola de Veterinária, Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Takata
- Fundação Instituto de Pesca do Estado do Rio de Janeiro-FIPERJ, Pç. Fonseca Ramos s/n°-Terminal Rodoviário Roberto Silveira, CEP 24030-020 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Deliane Cristina Costa
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais-UFMG, Escola de Veterinária, Departamento de Zootecnia, Laboratório de Aquacultura, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Campos Mattioli
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais-UFMG, Escola de Veterinária, Departamento de Zootecnia, Laboratório de Aquacultura, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ronald Kennedy Luz
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais-UFMG, Escola de Veterinária, Departamento de Zootecnia, Laboratório de Aquacultura, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Kleber Campos Miranda-Filho
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais-UFMG, Escola de Veterinária, Departamento de Zootecnia, Laboratório de Aquacultura, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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12
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Shrivastava J, Sinha AK, Datta SN, Blust R, De Boeck G. Pre-acclimation to low ammonia improves ammonia handling in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) when exposed subsequently to high environmental ammonia. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 180:334-344. [PMID: 27788451 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We tested whether exposing fish to low ammonia concentrations induced acclimation processes and helped fish to tolerate subsequent (sub)lethal ammonia exposure by activating ammonia excretory pathways. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were pre-exposed to 0.27mM ammonia (∼10% 96h LC50) for 3, 7 and 14days. Thereafter, each of these pre-exposed and parallel naïve groups were exposed to 1.35mM high environmental ammonia (HEA, ∼50% 96h LC50) for 12h and 48h to assess the occurrence of ammonia acclimation based on sub-lethal end-points, and to lethal ammonia concentrations (2.7mM, 96h LC50) in order to assess improved survival time. Results show that fish pre-exposed to ammonia for 3 and 7days had a longer survival time than the ammonia naïve fish. However, this effect disappeared after prolonged (14days) pre-exposure. Ammonia excretion rate (Jamm) was strongly inhibited (or even reversed) in the unacclimated groups during HEA. On the contrary, after 3days the pre-exposure fish maintained Jamm while after 7days these pre-acclimated fish were able to increase Jamm efficiently. Again, this effect disappeared after 14days of pre-acclimation. The efficient ammonia efflux in pre-acclimated fish was associated with the up-regulation of branchial mRNA expression of ammonia transporters and exchangers. Pre-exposure with ammonia for 3-7days stimulated an increment in the transcript level of gill Rhcg-a and Rhcg-b mRNA relative to the naïve control group and the up-regulation of these two Rhcg homologs was reinforced during subsequent HEA exposure. No effect of pre-exposure was noted for Rhbg. Relative to unacclimated fish, the transcript level of Na+/H+ exchangers (NHE-3) was raised in 3-7days pre-acclimated fish and remained higher during the subsequent HEA exposure while gill H+-ATPase activities and mRNA levels were not affected by pre-acclimation episodes. Likewise, ammonia pre-acclimated fish with or without HEA exposure displayed pronounced up-regulation in Na+/K+-ATPase activity and mRNA expression relative to the corresponding ammonia naïve groups. Overall, these data suggest that ammonia acclimation was evident for both lethal and the sub-lethal endpoints through priming mechanisms in ammonia excretory transcriptional processes, but these acclimation effects were transient and disappeared after prolonged pre-exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotsna Shrivastava
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Amit Kumar Sinha
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE-2020 Antwerp, Belgium; Aquaculture/Fisheries Center, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, 1200 North University Drive, Pine Bluff - 71601, AR, USA.
| | - Surjya Narayan Datta
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE-2020 Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Fisheries Resource Management, College of Fisheries, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana - 141004, India
| | - Ronny Blust
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gudrun De Boeck
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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Bucking C. A broader look at ammonia production, excretion, and transport in fish: a review of impacts of feeding and the environment. J Comp Physiol B 2016; 187:1-18. [PMID: 27522221 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-016-1026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
For nearly a century, researchers have studied ammonia production and excretion in teleost fish. Stemming from past investigations a body of knowledge now exists on various aspects including biochemical mechanisms of ammonia formation and specific routes and tissues used for ammonia transport, culminating in a current detailed theoretical model of branchial transport, including the molecular identities of the moieties involved. However, typical studies examining ammonia balance use routine laboratory conditions and fasted fish. While avoiding additional variables that influence nitrogen balance, these studies are arguably idealistic and do not reflect the natural variety of conditions that fish encounter. Further studies have revealed the impacts of extrinsic factors (e.g. salinity, pH, temperature) on ammonia handling in fasted fish whereas others have explored intrinsic factors, such as life history and developmental impacts. One routine challenge for ammonia balance that fish encounter is feeding and digestion. Fortunately, many new studies have revealed the impact of feeding and digestion on several aspects of ammonia balance; from production to excretion and to transport, and several have done so incorporating supplemental extrinsic and/or intrinsic factors. Together, these complex studies reveal realistic responses to multifactorial challenges encountered by animals in the wild and begin to provide a holistic view of ammonia balance in freshwater teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Bucking
- Department of Biology, Farquharson Life Science Building, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
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14
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Sinha AK, Zinta G, AbdElgawad H, Asard H, Blust R, De Boeck G. High environmental ammonia elicits differential oxidative stress and antioxidant responses in five different organs of a model estuarine teleost (Dicentrarchus labrax). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 174-175:21-31. [PMID: 26073360 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated oxidative status and antioxidant profile in five tissues (brain, liver, gills, muscle and kidney) of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) when exposed to high environmental ammonia (HEA, 20 mg/L~1.18 mM as NH4HCO3) for 12 h, 2 days, 3.5 days, 7.5 days and 10 days. Results show that HEA triggered ammonia accumulation and induced oxidative stress in all tissues. Unlike other organs, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation in liver were restored to control levels. This recovery was associated with a concomitant augmentation in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), components of glutathione redox cycle (glutathione peroxidase GPX, glutathione reductase, reduced glutathione), ascorbate peroxidase activity and reduced ascorbate content. On the contrary, in brain during prolonged exposure many of these anti-oxidant enzymes were either unaffected or inhibited, which resulted in persistent over-accumulation of H2O2 and MDA. Branchial and renal tissue both involved in osmo-regulation, revealed an entirely dissimilar compensatory response; the former rely mainly on the ascorbate dependent defensive system while the glutathione catalytic pathway was activated in the latter. In muscle, GPX activity first rose (3.5 days) followed by a subsequent drop, counterbalanced by simultaneous increment of CAT. HEA resulted in a relatively mild oxidative stress in the muscle and kidney, probably explaining the modest anti-oxidative responses. Our findings exemplify that oxidative stress as well as antioxidant potential are qualitatively diverse amongst different tissues, thereby demonstrating that for biomonitoring studies the screening of adaptive responses at organ level should be preferred over whole body response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Sinha
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE-2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Gaurav Zinta
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biotechnology group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, BE-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biotechnology group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, BE-2020 Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Beni-Sueif, Beni-Sueif 62511, Egypt
| | - Han Asard
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biotechnology group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, BE-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ronny Blust
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gudrun De Boeck
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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15
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Sinha AK, Rasoloniriana R, Dasan AF, Pipralia N, Blust R, De Boeck G. Interactive effect of high environmental ammonia and nutritional status on ecophysiological performance of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) acclimated to reduced seawater salinities. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 160:39-56. [PMID: 25625520 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the interactive effect of ammonia toxicity, salinity challenge and nutritional status on the ecophysiological performance of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Fish were progressively acclimated to normal seawater (32ppt), to brackish water (20ppt and 10ppt) and to hyposaline water (2.5ppt). Following acclimation to different salinities for two weeks, fish were exposed to high environmental ammonia (HEA, 20mg/L ∼1.18mM representing 50% of 96h LC50 value for ammonia) for 12h, 48h, 84h and 180h, and were either fed (2% body weight) or fasted (unfed for 7 days prior to HEA exposure). Biochemical responses such as ammonia (Jamm) and urea excretion rate, plasma ammonia, urea and lactate, plasma ions (Na(+), Cl(-) and K(+)) and osmolality, muscle water content (MWC) and liver and muscle energy budget (glycogen, lipid and protein), as well as branchial Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (NKA) and H(+)-ATPase activity, and branchial mRNA expression of NKA and Na(+)/K(+)/2Cl(-) co-transporter (NKCC1) were investigated in order to understand metabolic and ion- osmoregulatory consequences of the experimental conditions. During HEA, Jamm was inhibited in fasted fish at 10ppt, while fed fish were still able to excrete efficiently. At 2.5ppt, both feeding groups subjected to HEA experienced severe reductions and eventually a reversion in Jamm. Overall, the build-up of plasma ammonia in HEA exposed fed fish was much lower than fasted ones. Unlike fasted fish, fed fish acclimated to lower salinities (10ppt-2.5ppt) could maintain plasma osmolality, [Na(+)], [Cl(-)] and MWC during HEA exposure. Thus fed fish were able to sustain ion-osmotic homeostasis which was associated with a more pronounced up-regulation in NKA expression and activity. At 2.5ppt both feeding groups activated H(+)-ATPase. The expression of NKCC1 was down-regulated at lower salinities in both fed and fasted fish, but was upregulated within each salinity after a few days of HEA exposure. Though an increment in plasma lactate content and a decline in energy stores were noted for both feeding regimes, the effect was more severe in feed deprived fish. Overall, several different physiological processes were disturbed in fasted sea bass during HEA exposure while feeding alleviated adverse effects of high ammonia and salinity challenge. This suggests that low food availability can render fish more vulnerable to external ammonia, especially at reduced seawater salinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Sinha
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE-2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Rindra Rasoloniriana
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Antony Franklin Dasan
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nitin Pipralia
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ronny Blust
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gudrun De Boeck
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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16
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Moyson S, Liew HJ, Diricx M, Sinha AK, Blust R, De Boeck G. The combined effect of hypoxia and nutritional status on metabolic and ionoregulatory responses of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 179:133-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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