1
|
Liao Z, Cui X, Luo X, Ma Q, Wei Y, Liang M, Xu H. Exposure of farmed fish to petroleum hydrocarbon pollution and the recovery process: A simulation experiment with tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169743. [PMID: 38163595 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Petroleum hydrocarbon (PH) pollution threatens both wild and farmed marine fish. How this pollution affects the nutrient metabolism in fish and whether this effect can be recovered have not been well-known. The present study aimed to evaluate these effects with a feeding trial on tiger puffer, an important farmed species in Asia. In a 6-week feeding trial conducted in indoor flow-through water, fish were fed a control diet (C) or diets supplemented with diesel oil (0.02 % and 0.2 % of dry matter, named LD and HD, respectively). Following this feeding trial was a 4-week recovery period, during which all fish were fed a same normal commercial feed. At the end of the 6-week feeding trial, dietary PH significantly decreased the fish growth and lipid content. The PH significantly accumulated in fish tissues, in particular the liver, and caused damages in all tissues examined in terms of histology, anti-oxidation status, and serum biochemical changes. Dietary PH also changed the volatile flavor compound profile in the muscle. The hepatic transcriptome assay showed that the HD diet tended to inhibit the DNA replication, cell cycle and lipid synthesis, but to stimulate the transcription of genes related to liver protection/repair and lipid catabolism. The 4-week recovery period to some extent mitigated the damage caused by PH. After the recovery period, the inter-group differences in some parameters disappeared. However, the differences in lipid content, anti-oxidase activity, liver PH concentration, and histological structure still existed. In addition, differences in cellular chemical homeostasis and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction at the transcriptional level can still be observed, indicated by the hepatic transcriptome assay. In conclusion, 6 weeks of dietary PH exposure significantly impaired the growth performance and health status of farmed tiger puffer, and a short-term recovery period (4 weeks) was not sufficient to completely mitigate this impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhangbin Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xishuai Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yuliang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Functional Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshang Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Mengqing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Functional Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshang Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Houguo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Functional Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshang Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Perelló-Amorós M, Fernández-Borràs J, Yu S, Sánchez-Moya A, García de la serrana D, Gutiérrez J, Blasco J. Improving the Aerobic Capacity in Fingerlings of European Sea Bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax) through Moderate and Sustained Exercise: A Metabolic Approach. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:274. [PMID: 38254443 PMCID: PMC10812480 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Sustained swimming induces beneficial effects on growth and energy metabolism in some fish species. However, the absence of a standardized exercise regimen that guarantees an optimal response to physical activity is due to the anatomical, behavioral, and physiological differences among species, and the different conditions of tests applied, which are especially notable for the early stages of cultured species. The objective of this study was to assess the growth and metabolic responses of European sea bass submitted to continuous and moderate exercise exposure, selecting a practical swimming speed from swimming tests of groups of five fingerlings. The exercise-effects trial was carried out with 600 sea bass fingerlings (3-5 g body weight) distributed in two groups (control: voluntary swimming; exercised: under sustained swimming at 1.5 body lengths·s-1). After 6 weeks, growth parameters and proximal composition of both muscles were not altered by sustained swimming, but an increased synthetic capacity (increased RNA/DNA ratio) and more efficient use of proteins (decreased ΔN15) were observed in white muscle. The gene expression of mitochondrial proteins in white and red muscle was not affected by exercise, except for ucp3, which increased. The increase of UCP3 and Cox4 protein expression, as well as the higher COX/CS ratio of enzyme activity in white muscle, pointed out an enhanced oxidative capacity in this tissue during sustained swimming. In the protein expression of red muscle, only CS increased. All these metabolic adaptations to sustained exercise were also reflected in an enhanced maximum metabolic rate (MMR) with higher aerobic scope (AMS) of exercised fish in comparison to the non-trained fish, during a swimming test. These results demonstrated that moderate sustained swimming applied to sea bass fingerlings can improve the physical fitness of individuals through the enhancement of their aerobic capacities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Josefina Blasco
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.P.-A.); (J.F.-B.); (S.Y.); (A.S.-M.); (D.G.d.l.s.); (J.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang Y, Lauder GV. Energetics of collective movement in vertebrates. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245617. [PMID: 37905670 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The collective directional movement of animals occurs over both short distances and longer migrations, and is a critical aspect of feeding, reproduction and the ecology of many species. Despite the implications of collective motion for lifetime fitness, we know remarkably little about its energetics. It is commonly thought that collective animal motion saves energy: moving alone against fluid flow is expected to be more energetically expensive than moving in a group. Energetic conservation resulting from collective movement is most often inferred from kinematic metrics or from computational models. However, the direct measurement of total metabolic energy savings during collective motion compared with solitary movement over a range of speeds has yet to be documented. In particular, longer duration and higher speed collective motion must involve both aerobic and non-aerobic (high-energy phosphate stores and substrate-level phosphorylation) metabolic energy contributions, and yet no study to date has quantified both types of metabolic contribution in comparison to locomotion by solitary individuals. There are multiple challenging questions regarding the energetics of collective motion in aquatic, aerial and terrestrial environments that remain to be answered. We focus on aquatic locomotion as a model system to demonstrate that understanding the energetics and total cost of collective movement requires the integration of biomechanics, fluid dynamics and bioenergetics to unveil the hydrodynamic and physiological phenomena involved and their underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangfan Zhang
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - George V Lauder
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mordecai G, Bass AL, Routledge R, Di Cicco E, Teffer A, Deeg C, Bateman AW, Miller KM. Assessing the role of Piscine orthoreovirus in disease and the associated risk for wild Pacific salmon. BMC Biol 2023; 21:114. [PMID: 37208758 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01548-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper is a response to Polinski, M. P. et al. Innate antiviral defense demonstrates high energetic efficiency in a bony fish. BMC Biology 19, 138 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-021-01069-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Mordecai
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Arthur L Bass
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Rick Routledge
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | | | - Amy Teffer
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Christoph Deeg
- Pacific Salmon Foundation, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Andrew W Bateman
- Pacific Salmon Foundation, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kristina M Miller
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Perugini G, Edgar M, Lin F, Kennedy CJ, Farrell AP, Gillis TE, Alderman SL. Age matters: Comparing life-stage responses to diluted bitumen exposure in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 253:106350. [PMID: 36370651 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Millions of liters of diluted bitumen (dilbit), a crude oil product from Canada's oil sands region, is transported through critical Pacific salmon habitat each day. While the toxicity of the water-soluble fraction of dilbit (WSFd) to early life-stages of salmon is known, quantitative data on life-stage differences in sensitivity to WSFd is missing. To fill this knowledge gap, we exposed two juvenile life-stages of coho salmon (O. kisutch) in parallel to very low (parts per billion), environmentally-relevant concentrations of WSFd for acute (48 h) and sub-chronic (4 wk) durations. The relative sensitivities of the two life-stages (fry and parr) were assessed by comparing the timing and magnitude of biological responses using common organismal and molecular endpoints of crude oil exposure. A significant reduction in body condition occurred in both fry and parr after 4 wk exposure to WSFd. Both life-stages also experienced a concentration-dependent decrease in time-to-loss-of-equilibrium during a hypoxia challenge test at both 48 h and 4 wk of exposure. Although organismal responses were similar, molecular responses were distinct between life-stages. In general, unexposed fry had higher baseline values of hepatic phase I biotransformation indicators than unexposed parr, but induction of EROD activity and cyp1a mRNA expression in response to WSFd exposure was greater in parr than in fry. Neither gst nor hsp70 mRNA expression, markers of phase II biotransformation and cell stress, respectively, were reliably altered by WSFd exposure in either life-stage. Taken together, results of this study do not support differential sensitivities of coho fry and parr to WSFd. All the same, the potential for ontogenic differences in the expression and induction of phase I biotransformation need to be considered because age does matter for these endpoints if they are used as bioindicators of exposure in post-spill impact assessments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Perugini
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Mackenzie Edgar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher J Kennedy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anthony P Farrell
- Department of Zoology and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Todd E Gillis
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Sarah L Alderman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Aimon C, Lebigre C, Le Floch S, Claireaux G. Effects of dispersant-treated oil upon behavioural and metabolic parameters of the anti-predator response in juvenile European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 834:155430. [PMID: 35461926 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Acute exposure to oil and oil dispersants can cause a wide range of physiological dysfunctions in marine fish species and evidences for consequences on behaviour are also increasing. In response to the presence of predators or to food availability, the modulation of locomotor activity and schools' behaviour enable fish to maximize their survival rates. However, the degree to which this regulatory process is affected by exposure to oil and/or dispersants is yet unknown. Here we investigated the effect of a 62-h experimental exposure to dispersant-treated oil on the behavioural (shoal cohesion, spontaneous activity) and metabolic (oxygen consumption) responses to simulated predation in juvenile European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax L. Our results suggest that exposure to petroleum hydrocarbons may affect negatively individual fitness through impaired ability to respond to predation. Shoal cohesion was not affected, but fish swimming activity was higher than control individuals under predation pressure and the amplitude of their metabolic response was significantly reduced. Fish recovered from alteration of their metabolic response 7 days post-exposure. Additionally, a strong habituation component was observed in C fish and the absence of such pattern in E fish suggest altered capacity to habituate over time to the surrounding environment and possible impairments of the related cognitive performances. Altogether, our data show that juvenile sea bass exposed to oil exhibit transient physiological dysfunctions and impairments of complex behaviours that may have major population-level consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Aimon
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, LEMAR (UMR 6539), Centre Ifremer de Bretagne, 29280 Plouzané, France; CEDRE, Research Department, 715 rue Alain Colas, CS 41836, Brest 29218-Cedex 2, France.
| | - C Lebigre
- UMR DECOD (Ecosystem Dynamics and Sustainability), Ifremer, INRAE, Institut Agro, Plouzané, France
| | - S Le Floch
- CEDRE, Research Department, 715 rue Alain Colas, CS 41836, Brest 29218-Cedex 2, France
| | - G Claireaux
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, LEMAR (UMR 6539), Centre Ifremer de Bretagne, 29280 Plouzané, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Stavrakidis-Zachou O, Lika K, Pavlidis M, Asaad MH, Papandroulakis N. Metabolic scope, performance and tolerance of juvenile European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax upon acclimation to high temperatures. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272510. [PMID: 35960751 PMCID: PMC9374223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
European sea bass is a species of great commercial value for fisheries and aquaculture. Rising temperatures may jeopardize the performance and survival of the species across its distribution and farming range, making the investigation of its thermal responses highly relevant. In this article, the metabolic scope, performance, and tolerance of juvenile E. sea bass reared under three high water temperatures (24, 28, 33°C), for a period of three months was evaluated via analysis of selected growth performance and physiological indicators. Effects on molecular, hormonal, and biochemical variables were analyzed along with effects of acclimation temperature on the metabolic rate and Critical Thermal maximum (CTmax). Despite signs of thermal stress at 28°C indicated by high plasma cortisol and lactate levels as well as the upregulation of genes coding for Heat Shock Proteins (HSP), E. sea bass can maintain high performance at that temperature which is encouraging for the species culture in the context of a warming ocean. Critical survivability thresholds appear sharply close to 33°C, where the aerobic capacity declines and the overall performance diminishes. European sea bass demonstrates appreciable capacity to cope with acute thermal stress exhibiting CTmax as high as 40°C for fish acclimated at high temperatures, which may indicate resilience to future heatwaves events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orestis Stavrakidis-Zachou
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- * E-mail:
| | - Konstadia Lika
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Michail Pavlidis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Mohamed H. Asaad
- Beacon Development, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nikos Papandroulakis
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Adams OA, Zhang Y, Gilbert MH, Lawrence CS, Snow M, Farrell AP. An unusually high upper thermal acclimation potential for rainbow trout. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 10:coab101. [PMID: 35492409 PMCID: PMC9040278 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Thermal acclimation, a compensatory physiological response, is central to species survival especially during the current era of global warming. By providing the most comprehensive assessment to date for the cardiorespiratory phenotype of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at six acclimation temperatures from 15°C to 25°C, we tested the hypothesis that, compared with other strains of rainbow trout, an Australian H-strain of rainbow trout has been selectively inbred to have an unusually high and broad thermal acclimation potential. Using a field setting at the breeding hatchery in Western Australia, thermal performance curves were generated for a warm-adapted H-strain by measuring growth, feed conversion efficiency, specific dynamic action, whole-animal oxygen uptake (ṀO2) during normoxia and hypoxia, the critical maximum temperature and the electrocardiographic response to acute warming. Appreciable growth and aerobic capacity were possible up to 23°C. However, growth fell off drastically at 25°C in concert with increases in the time required to digest a meal, its total oxygen cost and its peak ṀO2. The upper thermal tipping points for appetite and food conversion efficiency corresponded with a decrease in the ability to increase heart rate during warming and an increase in the cost to digest a meal. Also, comparison of upper thermal tipping points provides compelling evidence that limitations to increasing heart rate during acute warming occurred well below the critical thermal maximum (CTmax) and that the faltering ability of the heart to deliver oxygen at different acclimation temperatures is not reliably predicted by CTmax for the H-strain of rainbow trout. We, therefore, reasoned the remarkably high thermal acclimation potential revealed here for the Australian H-strain of rainbow trout reflected the existing genetic variation within the founder Californian population, which was then subjected to selective inbreeding in association with severe heat challenges. This is an encouraging discovery for those with conservation concerns for rainbow trout and other fish species. Indeed, those trying to predict the impact of global warming should more fully consider the possibility that the standing intra-specific genetic variation within a fish species could provide a high thermal acclimation potential, similar to that shown here for rainbow trout.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia A Adams
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yangfan Zhang
- Corresponding author: Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Matthew H Gilbert
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Craig S Lawrence
- Faculty of Science, School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Snow
- Aquatic Life Industries, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anthony P Farrell
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Takeshita R, Bursian SJ, Colegrove KM, Collier TK, Deak K, Dean KM, De Guise S, DiPinto LM, Elferink CJ, Esbaugh AJ, Griffitt RJ, Grosell M, Harr KE, Incardona JP, Kwok RK, Lipton J, Mitchelmore CL, Morris JM, Peters ES, Roberts AP, Rowles TK, Rusiecki JA, Schwacke LH, Smith CR, Wetzel DL, Ziccardi MH, Hall AJ. A review of the toxicology of oil in vertebrates: what we have learned following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2021; 24:355-394. [PMID: 34542016 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2021.1975182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the wake of the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill, a number of government agencies, academic institutions, consultants, and nonprofit organizations conducted lab- and field-based research to understand the toxic effects of the oil. Lab testing was performed with a variety of fish, birds, turtles, and vertebrate cell lines (as well as invertebrates); field biologists conducted observations on fish, birds, turtles, and marine mammals; and epidemiologists carried out observational studies in humans. Eight years after the spill, scientists and resource managers held a workshop to summarize the similarities and differences in the effects of DWH oil on vertebrate taxa and to identify remaining gaps in our understanding of oil toxicity in wildlife and humans, building upon the cross-taxonomic synthesis initiated during the Natural Resource Damage Assessment. Across the studies, consistency was found in the types of toxic response observed in the different organisms. Impairment of stress responses and adrenal gland function, cardiotoxicity, immune system dysfunction, disruption of blood cells and their function, effects on locomotion, and oxidative damage were observed across taxa. This consistency suggests conservation in the mechanisms of action and disease pathogenesis. From a toxicological perspective, a logical progression of impacts was noted: from molecular and cellular effects that manifest as organ dysfunction, to systemic effects that compromise fitness, growth, reproductive potential, and survival. From a clinical perspective, adverse health effects from DWH oil spill exposure formed a suite of signs/symptomatic responses that at the highest doses/concentrations resulted in multi-organ system failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Takeshita
- Conservation Medicine, National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Steven J Bursian
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
| | - Kathleen M Colegrove
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Brookfield, Illinois, United States
| | - Tracy K Collier
- Zoological Pathology Program, Huxley College of the Environment, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, United States
| | - Kristina Deak
- College of Marine Sciences, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida, United States
| | | | - Sylvain De Guise
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States
| | - Lisa M DiPinto
- Office of Response and Restoration, NOAA, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Cornelis J Elferink
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Andrew J Esbaugh
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, Texas, United States
| | - Robert J Griffitt
- Division of Coastal Sciences, School of Ocean Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Gulfport, Mississippi, United States
| | - Martin Grosell
- RSMAS, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | | | - John P Incardona
- NOAA Environmental Conservation Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Richard K Kwok
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, North Carolina, United States
| | | | - Carys L Mitchelmore
- University of Maryland Center of Environmental Science, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, Maryland, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Morris
- Health and Environment Division, Abt Associates, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Edward S Peters
- Department of Epidemiology, LSU School of Public Health, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
| | - Aaron P Roberts
- Advanced Environmental Research Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States
| | - Teresa K Rowles
- NOAA Office of Protected Resources, National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Jennifer A Rusiecki
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Lori H Schwacke
- Conservation Medicine, National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Cynthia R Smith
- Conservation Medicine, National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Dana L Wetzel
- Environmental Laboratory of Forensics, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, Florida, United States
| | - Michael H Ziccardi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California, United States
| | - Ailsa J Hall
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Polinski MP, Zhang Y, Morrison PR, Marty GD, Brauner CJ, Farrell AP, Garver KA. Innate antiviral defense demonstrates high energetic efficiency in a bony fish. BMC Biol 2021; 19:138. [PMID: 34253202 PMCID: PMC8276435 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01069-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Viruses can impose energetic demands on organisms they infect, in part by hosts mounting resistance. Recognizing that oxygen uptake reliably indicates steady-state energy consumption in all vertebrates, we comprehensively evaluated oxygen uptake and select transcriptomic messaging in sockeye salmon challenged with either a virulent rhabdovirus (IHNV) or a low-virulent reovirus (PRV). We tested three hypotheses relating to the energetic costs of viral resistance and tolerance in this vertebrate system: (1) mounting resistance incurs a metabolic cost or limitation, (2) induction of the innate antiviral interferon system compromises homeostasis, and (3) antiviral defenses are weakened by acute stress. Results IHNV infections either produced mortality within 1–4 weeks or the survivors cleared infections within 1–9 weeks. Transcription of three interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) was strongly correlated with IHNV load but not respiratory performance. Instead, early IHNV resistance was associated with a mean 19% (95% CI = 7–31%; p = 0.003) reduction in standard metabolic rate. The stress of exhaustive exercise did not increase IHNV transcript loads, but elevated host inflammatory transcriptional signaling up to sevenfold. For PRV, sockeye tolerated high-load systemic PRV blood infections. ISG transcription was transiently induced at peak PRV loads without associated morbidity, microscopic lesions, or major changes in aerobic or anaerobic respiratory performance, but some individuals with high-load blood infections experienced a transient, minor reduction in hemoglobin concentration and increased duration of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption. Conclusions Contrary to our first hypothesis, effective resistance against life-threatening rhabdovirus infections or tolerance to high-load reovirus infections incurred minimal metabolic costs to salmon. Even robust systemic activation of the interferon system did not levy an allostatic load sufficient to compromise host homeostasis or respiratory performance, rejecting our second hypothesis that this ancient innate vertebrate antiviral defense is itself energetically expensive. Lastly, an acute stress experienced during testing did not weaken host antiviral defenses sufficiently to promote viral replication; however, a possibility for disease intensification contingent upon underlying inflammation was indicated. These data cumulatively demonstrate that fundamental innate vertebrate defense strategies against potentially life-threatening viral exposure impose limited putative costs on concurrent aerobic or energetic demands of the organism. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-021-01069-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Polinski
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, V9T6N7, Canada.
| | - Yangfan Zhang
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, MCML 344-2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Phillip R Morrison
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Gary D Marty
- Animal Health Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries, 1767 Angus Campbell Rd, Abbotsford, V3G2M3, Canada
| | - Colin J Brauner
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Anthony P Farrell
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, MCML 344-2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, V6T1Z4, Canada.,Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Kyle A Garver
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, V9T6N7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hypoxia Performance Curve: Assess a Whole-Organism Metabolic Shift from a Maximum Aerobic Capacity towards a Glycolytic Capacity in Fish. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11070447. [PMID: 34357341 PMCID: PMC8307916 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11070447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The utility of measuring whole-animal performance to frame the metabolic response to environmental hypoxia is well established. Progressively reducing ambient oxygen (O2) will initially limit maximum metabolic rate as a result of a hypoxemic state and ultimately lead to a time-limited, tolerance state supported by substrate-level phosphorylation when the O2 supply can no longer meet basic needs (standard metabolic rate, SMR). The metabolic consequences of declining ambient O2 were conceptually framed for fishes initially by Fry's hypoxic performance curve, which characterizes the hypoxemic state and its consequences to absolute aerobic scope (AAS), and Hochachka's concept of scope for hypoxic survival, which characterizes time-limited life when SMR cannot be supported by O2 supply. Yet, despite these two conceptual frameworks, the toolbox to assess whole-animal metabolic performance remains rather limited. Here, we briefly review the ongoing debate concerning the need to standardize the most commonly used assessments of respiratory performance in hypoxic fishes, namely critical O2 (the ambient O2 level below which maintenance metabolism cannot be sustained) and the incipient lethal O2 (the ambient O2 level at which a fish loses the ability to maintain upright equilibrium), and then we advance the idea that the most useful addition to the toolbox will be the limiting-O2 concentration (LOC) performance curve. Using Fry & Hart's (1948) hypoxia performance curve concept, an LOC curve was subsequently developed as an eco-physiological framework by Neil et al. and derived for a group of fish during a progressive hypoxia trial by Claireaux and Lagardère (1999). In the present review, we show how only minor modifications to available respirometry tools and techniques are needed to generate an LOC curve for individual fish. This individual approach to the LOC curve determination then increases its statistical robustness and importantly opens up the possibility of examining individual variability. Moreover, if peak aerobic performance at a given ambient O2 level of each individual is expressed as a percentage of its AAS, the water dissolved O2 that supports 50% of the individual's AAS (DOAAS-50) can be interpolated much like the P50 for an O2 hemoglobin dissociation curve (when hemoglobin is 50% saturated with O2). Thus, critical O2, incipient lethal O2, DOAAS-50 and P50 and can be directly compared within and across species. While an LOC curve for individual fish represents a start to an ongoing need to seamlessly integrate aerobic to anaerobic capacity assessments in a single, multiplexed respirometry trial, we close with a comparative exploration of some of the known whole-organism anaerobic and aerobic capacity traits to examine for correlations among them and guide the next steps.
Collapse
|
12
|
Aimon C, Lebigre C, Le Bayon N, Le Floch S, Claireaux G. Effects of dispersant treated oil upon exploratory behaviour in juvenile European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111592. [PMID: 33396115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Accidental spills are pervasive pollution in aquatic ecosystems. Resorting to chemical dispersant is one of the most implemented strategies in response to oil spills, but it results in an increase in the bio-availability of oil compounds known to disturb fish neurosensory capacities and hence fish habitat use. While it has become well established that acute oil exposure can cause a range of physiological defects, sub-lethal consequences on animal behaviour have only received recent attention. Here we investigated the effect of an exposure to a 62 h- dispersant treated oil on the exploration tendency (exploratory activity, and avoidance of unfamiliar open areas) of juvenile European sea bass. Three different concentrations of chemically dispersed oil were tested, low and medium conditions bracketing the range of likely situations that fish encounter following an oil spill, the high dose representing a more severe condition. Fish recovery capacities were also evaluated during 2 weeks post-exposure. Our results suggest a dose-response relationship; the low dose (0.048 ± 0.007 g L-1 of total petroleum hydrocarbons ([TPH])) had no effect on sea bass behavioural response to a novel environment while medium (0.243 ± 0.012 g L-1 [TPH]) and high (0.902 ± 0.031 g L-1 [TPH]) doses altered fish exploratory activity and their typical avoidance of unfamiliar open areas. Our experiment also suggest signs of recovery capacities in the first 10 days following oil exposure even if fish might need more time to fully recover from observed alterations. We discuss the possibility that observed alterations may result from a neurosensory or physiological known defects of oil exposure, causing anaesthetic-like sedative behaviours. Altogether, this study shows that juvenile sea bass exposed to oil spill exhibit transient behavioural impairments that may have major population-level consequences given the high mortality experienced by juveniles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandre Aimon
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, LEMAR (UMR 6539), Centre Ifremer de Bretagne, 29280 Plouzané, France; CEDRE, Research Department, 715 rue Alain Colas, CS 41836, Brest 29218-Cedex 2, France.
| | - Christophe Lebigre
- Ifremer, Fisheries Science and Technology Unit (STH/LBH), Centre Ifremer de Bretagne, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Nicolas Le Bayon
- Ifremer, LEMAR (UMR 6539), Cezon crude oil impacts the developing hearts of large predntre Ifremer de Bretagne, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Stéphane Le Floch
- CEDRE, Research Department, 715 rue Alain Colas, CS 41836, Brest 29218-Cedex 2, France
| | - Guy Claireaux
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, LEMAR (UMR 6539), Centre Ifremer de Bretagne, 29280 Plouzané, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hook SE. Beyond Thresholds: A Holistic Approach to Impact Assessment Is Needed to Enable Accurate Predictions of Environmental Risk from Oil Spills. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2020; 16:813-830. [PMID: 32729983 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The risk assessment for the environmental impact of oil spills in Australia is often conducted in part using a combination of spill mapping and toxicological thresholds derived from laboratory studies. While this process is useful in planning operational responses, such as where to position equipment stockpiles and whether to disperse oil, and can be used to identify areas near the spill site where impacts are likely to occur, it cannot accurately predict the environmental consequences of an oil spill or the ecosystem recovery times. Evidence of this disconnect between model predictions and observed impacts is the lack of a profound effect of the Deepwater Horizon wellhead blowout on recruitment to fisheries in the northern Gulf of Mexico, contrary to the predictions made in the Natural Resources Damage Assessment and despite the occurrence of impacts of the spill on marine mammals, marshes, and deep water ecosystems. The incongruity between predictions made with the current approach using threshold monitoring and impacts measured in the field results from some of the assumptions included in the oil spill models. The incorrect assumptions include that toxicity is acute, results from dissolved phase exposure, and would be readily reversible. The toxicity tests from which threshold models are derived use members of the ecosystem that are easily studied in the lab but may not represent the ecosystem as a whole. The test species are typically highly abundant plankton or planktonic life stages, and they have life histories that account for rapid changes in environmental conditions. As a consequence, these organisms recover quickly from an oil spill. The interdependence of ecosystem components, including the reliance of organisms on their microbiomes, is often overlooked. Additional research to assess these data gaps conducted using economically and ecologically relevant species, especially in Australia and other understudied areas of the world, and the use of population dynamic models, will improve the accuracy of environmental risk assessment for oil spills. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:813-830. © 2020 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E Hook
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang Y, Gilbert MJH, Farrell AP. Measuring maximum oxygen uptake with an incremental swimming test and by chasing rainbow trout to exhaustion inside a respirometry chamber yields the same results. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 97:28-38. [PMID: 32154581 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study hypothesized that oxygen uptake (ṀO2 ) measured with a novel protocol of chasing rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss to exhaustion inside a static respirometer while simultaneously monitoring ṀO2 (ṀO2chase ) would generate the same and repeatable peak value as when peak active ṀO2 (ṀO2active ) is measured in a critical swimming speed protocol. To reliably determine peak ṀO2chase , and compare to the peak during recovery of ṀO2 after a conventional chase protocol outside the respirometer (ṀO2rec ), this study applied an iterative algorithm and a minimum sampling window duration (i.e., 1 min based on an analysis of the variance in background and exercise ṀO2 ) to account for ṀO2 dynamics. In support of this hypothesis, peak ṀO2active (707 ± 33 mg O2 h-1 kg-1 ) and peak ṀO2chase (663 ± 43 mg O2 h-1 kg-1 ) were similar (P = 0.49) and repeatable (Pearson's and Spearman's correlation test; r ≥ 0.77; P < 0.05) when measured in the same fish. Therefore, estimates of ṀO2max can be independent of whether a fish is exhaustively chased inside a respirometer or swum to fatigue in a swim tunnel, provided ṀO2 is analysed with an iterative algorithm and a minimum but reliable sampling window. The importance of using this analytical approach was illustrated by peak ṀO2chase being 23% higher (P < 0.05) when compared with a conventional sequential interval regression analysis, whereas using the conventional chase protocol (1-min window) outside the respirometer increased this difference to 31% (P < 0.01). Moreover, because peak ṀO2chase was 18% higher (P < 0.05) than peak ṀO2rec , chasing a fish inside a static respirometer may be a better protocol for obtaining maximum ṀO2 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangfan Zhang
- Department of Zoology & Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Matthew J H Gilbert
- Department of Zoology & Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anthony P Farrell
- Department of Zoology & Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Avey SR, Kennedy CJ, Farrell AP, Gillis TE, Alderman SL. Effects of diluted bitumen exposure on Atlantic salmon smolts: Molecular and metabolic responses in relation to swimming performance. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 221:105423. [PMID: 32006756 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Canada's oil sands industry continues to expand and the volume of diluted bitumen (dilbit) transported across North America is increasing, adding to spill risk and environmental contamination. Dilbit exposure is known to cause adverse effects in fish, but linking molecular and cellular changes with ecologically-relevant individual performance metrics is needed to better understand the potential consequences of a dilbit spill into the aquatic environment. Therefore, this study examined the effects of dilbit exposure on subcellular responses in cardiac and skeletal muscle in relation to swimming performance in a migratory fish species at risk of exposure, Atlantic salmon. Smolts were exposed subchronically to environmentally relevant concentrations of the water-soluble fraction of dilbit (WSFd) for 24 d, and then a subset of exposed fish underwent a depuration period of 7 or 14 d, for a total of 3 experimental time points. At each time point, repeat swimming performance was assessed using sequential critical swimming speed tests (Ucrit) separated by a 24 h rest period, and then several tissues were collected to determine biotransformation enzyme activation, energetic responses, and gene expression changes. Ucrit was unaffected in fish exposed to 67.9 μg/L total initial polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC), but fish showed a decreased reliance on lipid metabolism for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the heart that was maintained through 7 d depuration. In contrast, Ucrit increased in fish exposed to 9.65 μg/L PAC, corresponding to an increased reliance on anaerobic metabolic pathways in cardiac and red skeletal muscle, with partial recovery after 7 d depuration. As expected, at both concentrations WSFd hepatic cyp 1A-mediated biotransformation reactions increased, as measured by EROD activity, which remained elevated for 7 d but not after 14 d depuration. Transcript abundance of cyp1a was also increased in muscle tissue and recovered by 14 d depuration. The expression of other stress-related genes increased in white muscle of dilbit-exposed fish, but were largely unchanged in cardiac and red muscle. The transcriptional profile of cardiac tissue was compared to that of sockeye salmon similarly exposed to WSFd in a previous experiment, and is provided in supplemental text. Combined, these results demonstrate that dilbit exposure alters gene expression and enzyme activities related to xenobiotic exposure, cellular stress, and muscle energetics in juvenile Atlantic salmon without impairing swimming performance, and that most of these changes are recoverable within 14 d depuration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Avey
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher J Kennedy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anthony P Farrell
- Department of Zoology and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Todd E Gillis
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah L Alderman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kraskura K, Nelson JA. Hypoxia tolerance is unrelated to swimming metabolism of wild, juvenile striped bass ( Morone saxatilis). J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb217125. [PMID: 32098876 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.217125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile striped bass residing in Chesapeake Bay are likely to encounter hypoxia that could affect their metabolism and performance. The ecological success of this economically valuable species may depend on their ability to tolerate hypoxia and perform fitness-dependent activities in hypoxic waters. We tested whether there is a link between hypoxia tolerance (HT) and oxygen consumption rate (ṀO2 ) of juvenile striped bass measured while swimming in normoxic and hypoxic water, and to identify the interindividual variation and repeatability of these measurements. HT (loss of equilibrium) of fish (N=18) was measured twice collectively, 11 weeks apart, between which ṀO2 was measured individually for each fish while swimming in low flow (10.2 cm s-1) and high flow (∼67% of critical swimming speed, Ucrit) under normoxia and hypoxia. Both HT and ṀO2 varied substantially among individuals. HT increased across 11 weeks while the rank order of individual HT was significantly repeatable. Similarly, ṀO2 increased in fish swimming at high flow in a repeatable fashion, but only within a given level of oxygenation. ṀO2 was significantly lower when fish were swimming against high flow under hypoxia. There were no clear relationships between HT and ṀO2 while fish were swimming under any conditions. Only the magnitude of increase in HT over 11 weeks and an individual's ṀO2 under low flow were correlated. The results suggest that responses to the interacting stressors of hypoxia and exercise vary among individuals, and that HT and change in HT are not simple functions of aerobic metabolic rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krista Kraskura
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Jay A Nelson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jerde CL, Kraskura K, Eliason EJ, Csik SR, Stier AC, Taper ML. Strong Evidence for an Intraspecific Metabolic Scaling Coefficient Near 0.89 in Fish. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1166. [PMID: 31616308 PMCID: PMC6763608 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As an example of applying the evidential approach to statistical inference, we address one of the longest standing controversies in ecology, the evidence for, or against, a universal metabolic scaling relationship between metabolic rate and body mass. Using fish as our study taxa, we curated 25 studies with measurements of standard metabolic rate, temperature, and mass, with 55 independent trials and across 16 fish species and confronted this data with flexible random effects models. To quantify the body mass - metabolic rate relationship, we perform model selection using the Schwarz Information Criteria (ΔSIC), an established evidence function. Further, we formulate and justify the use of ΔSIC intervals to delineate the values of the metabolic scaling relationship that should be retained for further consideration. We found strong evidence for a metabolic scaling coefficient of 0.89 with a ΔSIC interval spanning 0.82 to 0.99, implying that mechanistically derived coefficients of 0.67, 0.75, and 1, are not supported by the data. Model selection supports the use of a random intercepts and random slopes by species, consistent with the idea that other factors, such as taxonomy or ecological or lifestyle characteristics, may be critical for discerning the underlying process giving rise to the data. The evidentialist framework applied here, allows for further refinement given additional data and more complex models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L. Jerde
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Krista Kraskura
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Erika J. Eliason
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Samantha R. Csik
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Adrian C. Stier
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Mark L. Taper
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang Y, Gilbert MJH, Farrell AP. Finding the peak of dynamic oxygen uptake during fatiguing exercise in fish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.196568. [PMID: 31053645 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.196568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
As fish approach fatigue at high water velocities in a critical swimming speed (U crit) test, their swimming mode and oxygen cascade typically move to an unsteady state because they adopt an unsteady, burst-and-glide swimming mode despite a constant, imposed workload. However, conventional rate of oxygen uptake (Ṁ O2 ) sampling intervals (5-20 min) tend to smooth any dynamic fluctuations in active Ṁ O2 (Ṁ O2active) and thus likely underestimate the peak Ṁ O2active Here, we used rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to explore the dynamic nature of Ṁ O2active near U crit using various sampling windows and an iterative algorithm. Compared with a conventional interval regression analysis of Ṁ O2active over a 10-min period, our new analytical approach generated a 23% higher peak Ṁ O2active Therefore, we suggest that accounting for such dynamics in Ṁ O2active with this new analytical approach may lead to more accurate estimates of maximum Ṁ O2 in fishes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangfan Zhang
- Department of Zoology & Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T1Z4
| | - Matthew J H Gilbert
- Department of Zoology & Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T1Z4
| | - Anthony P Farrell
- Department of Zoology & Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T1Z4
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Khursigara AJ, Ackerly KL, Esbaugh AJ. Oil toxicity and implications for environmental tolerance in fish. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 220:52-61. [PMID: 30878452 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Crude oil and its constituent chemicals are common environmental toxicants in aquatic environments worldwide, and have been the subject of intense research for decades. Importantly, aquatic environments are also the sites of numerous other environmental disturbances that can impact the endemic fauna. While there have been a number of attempts to explore the potential additive and synergistic effects of oil exposure and environmental stressors, many of these efforts have focused on the cumulative effects on typical toxicological endpoints (e.g. survival, growth, reproduction and cellular damage). Fewer studies have investigated the impact that oil exposure may have on the ability of exposed animals to tolerate typically encountered environmental stressors, despite the fact that this is an important consideration when placing oil spills in an ecological context. Here we review the available data and highlight potentially understudied areas relating to how oil exposure may impair organismal responses to common environmental stressors in fishes. We focused on four common environmental stressors in aquatic environments - hypoxia, temperature, salinity and acid-base disturbances - while also considering social stress and impacts on the hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal axis. Overall, we believe the evidence supports treating the impacts of oil exposure on environmental tolerance as an independent endpoint of toxicity in fishes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis J Khursigara
- The University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channelview Drive, Port Aransas, TX, USA.
| | - Kerri L Ackerly
- The University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channelview Drive, Port Aransas, TX, USA
| | - Andrew J Esbaugh
- The University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channelview Drive, Port Aransas, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Johansen JL, Esbaugh AJ. Oil-induced responses of cardiac and red muscle mitochondria in red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 219:35-41. [PMID: 30738211 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute exposure to crude oil and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) can severely impair cardiorespiratory function and swim performance of larval, juvenile and adult fish. Interestingly, recent work has documented an oil induced decoupling of swim performance (Ucrit) and maximum metabolic rate (MMR) whereby oil causes a decline in Ucrit without a parallel reduction in MMR. We hypothesize that this uncoupling is due to impaired mitochondrial function in swimming muscles that results in increased proton leak, and thus less ATP generated per unit oxygen. Using high resolution mitochondrial respirometry, we assessed 11 metrics of mitochondrial performance in red and cardiac muscle from permeabilized fibers isolated from red drum following control or 24 h crude oil (high energy water accommodated fractions) exposure. Two experimental series were performed, a Deepwater Horizon relevant low dose (29.6 ± 7.4 μg L-1 ∑PAH50) and a proof-of-concept high dose (64.5 ± 8.9 μg L-1 ∑PAH50). No effects were observed on any mitochondrial parameter in either tissue at the low oil dose; however, high dose exposure provided evidence of impairment in the OXPHOS respiratory control ratio and OXPHOS spare capacity in red muscle following oil exposure, as well as a shift from Complex I to Complex II during OXPHOS respiration. No effects of the high dose oil treatment were observed in cardiac muscle. As such, mitochondrial dysfunction is unlikely to be the underlying mechanism for decoupling of Ucrit and MMR following acute oil exposure in red drum. Furthermore, mitochondrial dysfunction does not appear to be a relevant toxicological impairment in juvenile red drum with respect to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, although impairments may be observed under higher dose exposure scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Johansen
- University of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA.
| | - A J Esbaugh
- University of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang Y, Polinski MP, Morrison PR, Brauner CJ, Farrell AP, Garver KA. High-Load Reovirus Infections Do Not Imply Physiological Impairment in Salmon. Front Physiol 2019; 10:114. [PMID: 30930782 PMCID: PMC6425399 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent ubiquitous detection of PRV among salmonids has sparked international concern about the cardiorespiratory performance of infected wild and farmed salmon. Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) has been shown to create substantial viremia in salmon by targeting erythrocytes for principle replication. In some instances, infections develop into heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) or other pathological conditions affecting the respiratory system. Critical to assessing the seriousness of PRV infections are controlled infection studies that measure physiological impairment to critical life support systems. Respiratory performance is such a system and here multiple indices were measured to test the hypothesis that a low-virulence strain of PRV from Pacific Canada compromises the cardiorespiratory capabilities of Atlantic salmon. Contrary to this hypothesis, the oxygen affinity and carrying capacity of erythrocytes were unaffected by PRV despite the presence of severe viremia, minor heart pathology and transient cellular activation of antiviral response pathways. Similarly, PRV-infected fish had neither sustained nor appreciable differences in respiratory capabilities compared with control fish. The lack of functional harm to salmon infected with PRV in this instance highlights that, in an era of unprecedented virus discovery, detection of viral infection does not necessarily imply bodily harm and that viral load is not always a suitable predictor of disease within a host organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangfan Zhang
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mark P Polinski
- Aquatic Diagnostics and Genomics Division, Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Phillip R Morrison
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Colin J Brauner
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anthony P Farrell
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kyle A Garver
- Aquatic Diagnostics and Genomics Division, Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Morozov S, McCairns RJS, Merilä J. FishResp: R package and GUI application for analysis of aquatic respirometry data. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 7:coz003. [PMID: 30746152 PMCID: PMC6364290 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Intermittent-flow respirometry is widely used to measure oxygen uptake rates and subsequently estimate aerobic metabolic rates of aquatic animals. However, the lack of a standard quality-control software to detect technical problems represents a potential impediment to comparisons across studies in the field of evolutionary and conservation physiology. Here, we introduce 'FishResp', a versatile R package and its graphical implementation for quality-control and filtering of raw respirometry data. Our goal is to provide a straightforward, cross-platform and free software to help improve the quality and comparability of metabolic rate estimates for reducing methodological fragmentation in the field of aquatic respirometry. FishResp accepts data from various respirometry systems, allows users to detect potential mechanical problems which can occur during oxygen uptake measurements (e.g. chamber leaking, poor water circulation), and offers six options to correct raw data for microbial oxygen consumption. The software performs filtering of raw data based on user criteria, and produces accurate and unbiased estimates of absolute and mass-specific metabolic rates. Using data from three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata), we demonstrate the virtues of FishResp, highlighting the importance of detecting mechanical problems and correcting measurements for background respiration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Morozov
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R J Scott McCairns
- ESE, Ecology and Ecosystem Health, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, France
| | - Juha Merilä
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Alderman SL, Lin F, Gillis TE, Farrell AP, Kennedy CJ. Developmental and latent effects of diluted bitumen exposure on early life stages of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 202:6-15. [PMID: 29966910 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The early life stages of Pacific salmon are at risk of environmental exposure to diluted bitumen (dilbit) as Canada's oil sands industry continues to expand. The toxicity and latent effects of dilbit exposure were assessed in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) exposed to water-soluble fractions of dilbit (WSFd) from fertilization to the swim-up stage, and then reared in clean water for 8 months. Mortality was significantly higher in WSFd-exposed embryos, with cumulative mortality up to 4.6-fold higher in exposed relative to unexposed embryos. The sublethal effects of WSFd exposure included transcriptional up-regulation of cyp1a, a concentration-dependent delay in the onset and progression of hatching, as well as increased prevalence of developmental deformities at total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (TPAH) concentrations ≥35 μg L-1. Growth and body composition were negatively affected by WSFd exposure, including a concentration-specific decrease in soluble protein concentration and increases in total body lipid and triglyceride concentrations. Mortality continued during the first 2 months after transferring fish to clean water, reaching 53% in fish exposed to 100 μg L-1 TPAH; but there was no latent impact on swimming performance, heart mass, or heart morphology in surviving fish after 8 months. A latent effect of WSFd exposure on brain morphology was observed, with fish exposed to 4 μg L-1 TPAH having significantly larger brains compared to other treatment groups after 8 months in clean water. This study provides comprehensive data on the acute, sub-chronic, and latent impacts of dilbit exposure in early life stage sockeye, information that is critical for a proper risk analysis of the impact of a dilbit spill on this socioeconomically important fish species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Alderman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Todd E Gillis
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony P Farrell
- Department of Zoology and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher J Kennedy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pan YK, Khursigara AJ, Johansen JL, Esbaugh AJ. The effects of oil induced respiratory impairment on two indices of hypoxia tolerance in Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus). CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 200:143-150. [PMID: 29477763 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Gulf of Mexico was home to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, and is also known to exhibit seasonal declines in oxygen availability. Oil exposure in fish is known to impact oxygen uptake through cardiac impairment, which raises questions about the additive effects of these two stressors. Here we explore this question on the Atlantic croaker using two measures of hypoxia tolerance: critical oxygen threshold (Pcrit), and time to loss of equilibrium (LOE). We first demonstrated that 24 h exposure to 10.1 and 23.2 μg l-1 ΣPAH50 significantly impaired oxygen uptake. There was no effect of exposure on Pcrit or LOE. Exposure did result in significantly different repeatability between pre- and post-exposure Pcrit, suggesting that hypoxia tolerant individual may see greater impacts following exposure. These results suggest oil exposure does not have wide scale detrimental outcomes for hypoxia tolerance in fish, yet there may be fine scale impairments of ecological significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yihang K Pan
- University of Texas Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Dr., Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
| | - Alexis J Khursigara
- University of Texas Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Dr., Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
| | - Jacob L Johansen
- University of Texas Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Dr., Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
| | - Andrew J Esbaugh
- University of Texas Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Dr., Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhang Y, Healy TM, Vandersteen W, Schulte PM, Farrell AP. A rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss strain with higher aerobic scope in normoxia also has superior tolerance of hypoxia. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2018; 92:487-503. [PMID: 29431223 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study compared parr from three strains of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss to examine intraspecific variation in metabolic traits, hypoxia tolerance and upper thermal tolerance in this species. At the strain level, variation in absolute aerobic scope (AAS), critical oxygen level (O2crit ), incipient lethal oxygen saturation (ILOS) and critical thermal maximum (CTmax ) generally exhibited consistent differences among the strains, suggesting the possibility of functional associations among these traits. This possibility was further supported at the individual level by a positive correlation between ILOS and O2crit and a negative correlation between O2crit and AAS. These results indicate that intraspecific differences in hypoxia tolerance among strains of O. mykiss may be primarily determined by differences in the ability to maintain oxygen uptake in hypoxia and that variation in aerobic scope in normoxia probably plays a role in determining the ability of these fish to sustain metabolism aerobically as water oxygen saturation is reduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - T M Healy
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - W Vandersteen
- Miracle Springs Inc., Fraser Valley, British Columbia V2V 0A6, Canada
| | - P M Schulte
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - A P Farrell
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|