Anthocyanin as a therapeutic in Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review of preclinical evidences

Αnti-prion effects of anthocyanins

Prion diseases, also known as Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs), are protein-based neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) affecting humans and animals. They are characterized by the conformational conversion of the normal cellular prion protein, PrPC, into the pathogenic isoform, PrPSc. Prion diseases are invariably fatal and despite ongoing research, no effective prophylactic or therapeutic avenues are currently available. Anthocyanins (ACNs) are unique flavonoid compounds and interest in their use as potential neuroprotective and/or therapeutic agents against NDs, has increased significantly in recent years. Therefore, we investigated the potential anti-oxidant and anti-prion effects of Oenin and Myrtillin, two of the most common anthocyanins, using the most accepted in the field overexpressing PrPScin vitro model and a cell free protein aggregation model. Our results, indicate both anthocyanins as strong anti-oxidant compounds, upregulating the expression of genes involved in the anti-oxidant response, and reducing the levels of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), produced due to pathogenic prion infection, through the activation of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway. Importantly, they showcased remarkable anti-prion potential, as they not only caused the clearance of pathogenic PrPSc aggregates, but also completely inhibited the formation of PrPSc fibrils in the Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) of patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). Therefore, Oenin and Myrtillin possess pleiotropic effects, suggesting their potential use as promising preventive and/or therapeutic agents in prion diseases and possibly in the spectrum of neurodegenerative proteinopathies.

Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside protects Zearalenone-induced in vitro maturation disorders of porcine oocytes by alleviating NOX4-dependent oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress in cumulus cells

Zearalenone (ZEN) is widely found in foodstuffs and has serious harmful effects on female fertility, especially in pigs. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G), a type of anthocyanin, exists in most dark fruits and vegetables; it has many positive dietary effects including as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, or anti-apoptotic agent. However, the beneficial effects of C3G alongside ZEN-induced damage in porcine oocytes and the underlying molecular mechanism have not been investigated. In this work, porcine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were divided into Control (Ctrl), ZEN, ZEN + C3G (Z + C), and C3G, and treated for 44-46 h in vitro. The results showed that C3G could alleviate ZEN-induced disorders of first polar body (PBI) extrusion, abnormalities of spindle assembly, cortical granule distribution, and mitochondrial distribution; these results were produced via restoring transzonal projections (TZPs), and inhibiting nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX4)-dependent oxidative stress and 'glucose regulatory protein 78/protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase/α subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α/activating transcription factor 4/C/EBP-homologous protein' (GRP78/PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP)-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) during oocyte maturation. Moreover, the over-expression of NOX4 in cumulus cells could result in a significant increase in ROS levels and ER fluorescence intensity in oocytes. In conclusion, C3G promoted in vitro maturation of porcine oocytes exposed to ZEN via mitigating NOX4-dependent oxidative stress and ERS in cumulus cells. These results contribute to our comprehension of the molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effects of C3G against ZEN toxicity in porcine oocytes, and they provide a novel theoretical foundation and strategy for future applications of C3G in the improvement of female reproduction.

Cyanidin improves spatial memory and cognition in bisphenol A-induced rat model of Alzheimer's-like neuropathology by restoring canonical Wnt signaling

INTRODUCTION

Research has unveiled the neurotoxicity of Bisphenol A (BPA) linked to neuropathological traits of Alzheimer's disease (AD) through varied mechanisms. This study aims to investigate the neuroprotective properties of cyanidin, an anthocyanin, in an in vivo model of BPA-induced Alzheimer's-like neuropathology.

METHODS

Three-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups: vehicle control, negative control (BPA exposure), low-dose cyanidin treatment (BPA + cyanidin 5 mg/kg), and high-dose cyanidin treatment (BPA + cyanidin 10 mg/kg). Spatial memory was assessed through behavioral tests, including the Y-maze, novel object recognition, and Morris water maze. After behavioral tests, animals were euthanized, and brain regions were examined for acetylcholinesterase inhibition, p-tau, Wnt3, GSK3β, and β-catenin levels, antioxidant activities, and histopathological changes.

RESULTS

BPA-exposed groups displayed memory impairments, while cyanidin-treated groups showed significant memory improvement (p < 0.0001). Cyanidin down regulated p-tau and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) and restored Wnt3 and β-catenin levels (p < 0.0001). Moreover, cyanidin exhibited antioxidant properties, elevating catalase and superoxide dismutase levels. The intervention significantly reduced the concentrations of acetylcholinesterase in the cortex and hippocampus in comparison to the groups treated with BPA (p < 0.0001). Significant gender-based disparities were not observed.

CONCLUSION

Cyanidin demonstrated potent neuroprotection against BPA-induced Alzheimer's-like neuropathology by enhancing antioxidant defenses, modulating tau phosphorylation by restoring the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and ameliorating spatial memory deficits. This study highlights the therapeutic potential of cyanidin in countering neurotoxicity linked to BPA exposure.

Unleashing light's healing power: an overview of photobiomodulation for Alzheimer's treatment

Aim: Photobiomodulation involves the use of low-level light therapy or near-infrared light therapy found to be useful in the treatment of a wide range of neurological diseases. Objective: The aim is to review the mechanism and clinical applications of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in managing Alzheimer's disease. Methods: To ensure that the consensus statement accurately reflects both the experts' viewpoint and the most recent developments in the field, the expert opinions were recorded and thoroughly reviewed. Results: PBMT elicits reduction of beta-amyloid plaque, restoration of mitochondrial function, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties with a stimulation in ATP synthesis. Conclusion: The PBMT could be helpful in patients non-responsive to traditional pharmacological therapy providing significant aid in the management of Alzheimer's disease when introduced into the medical field.

In silico and pharmacokinetic assessment of echinocystic acid effectiveness in Alzheimer's disease like pathology

Aim: Alzheimer's disease causes dementia which impairs the cognitive domains. Methodology: The pharmacokinetic characteristics and biological activity of echinocystic acid are predicted in this work using in silico or computational approaches, including pkCSM, Swiss ADME, OSIRIS® property explorer, PASS online web resource and MOLINSPIRATION® software. Results & discussion: The compound has lipid metabolism regulating property as major role in decreasing the progression of Alzheimer's disease and it has no major side effects and ADR. The drug also has anti-inflammatory properties which can help in regulating the innate immunity that plays a major role in Alzheimer's disease. Conclusion: From the computational screening, we infer that, echinocystic acid can regulate memory loss, cognitive disability and also slow down the progression of Alzheimer's disease-like pathology.

A role of NLRP3 and MMP9 in migraine progression: a systematic review of translational study

Background

Migraines affect one billion individuals globally, with a higher occurrence among young adults and women. A significant survey in the United States indicated that 17.1% of women and 5.6% of men suffer from migraines. This study seeks to investigate the potential connection between NLRP3 and MMP9 in migraine pathology.

Methods

The research involved searching databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Proquest, with the search concluding on March 31, 2024. Following PRISMA guidelines, PICO data were collected, focusing exclusively on animal models induced by Nitroglycerine (10 mg/kg), while excluding clinical studies.

Results

The study, originally registered in Prospero Reg. No. CRD42022355893, conducted bias analysis using SYRCLE's RoB tool and evaluated author consensus using GraphPad v9.5.1. Out of 7,359 search results, 22 papers met the inclusion criteria. Inter-rater reliability among reviewers was assessed using Cohen's kappa statistics.

Conclusion

This review summarizes 22 preclinical studies on Nitroglycerin (NTG), NLRP3, MMP9, and related biomarkers in migraine. They reveal that NTG, especially at 10 mg/kg, consistently induces migraine-like symptoms in rodents by activating NLRP3 inflammasome and stimulating proinflammatory molecule production.

Systematic Review Registration

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, CRD42022355893.

Assessment of oral toxicity and safety profile of cyanidin: acute and subacute studies on anthocyanin

Aim: Purified anthocyanins lack a detailed safety profile, prompting the need for comprehensive oral toxicity research. Materials & methods: Sprague-Dawley rats aged 8 weeks received 300 mg/kg cyanidin orally for 14 days in acute toxicity (OECD 423). In the subacute study (OECD 407), adult SD rats were administered 7.5, 15 and 30 mg/kg/day cyanidin orally for 28 days. Results: Acute toxicity indicated an LD50 exceeding 300 mg/kg/day without adverse effects. Subacute toxicity at 7.5-30 mg/kg/day showed well-tolerated responses in both genders. No significant alterations in organ weights, hematological parameters, liver/kidney functions or adverse histopathological findings were observed. Conclusion: Oral cyanidin administration demonstrated high safety and tolerance in rats, establishing a NOAEL at 30 mg/kg/day, affirming cyanidin's safety for oral use.

Pathological mechanisms and future therapeutic directions of thrombin in intracerebral hemorrhage: a systematic review

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), a common subtype of hemorrhagic stroke, often causes severe disability or death. ICH induces adverse events that might lead to secondary brain injury (SBI), and there is currently a lack of specific effective treatment strategies. To provide a new direction for SBI treatment post-ICH, the systematic review discussed how thrombin impacts secondary injury after ICH through several potentially deleterious or protective mechanisms. We included 39 studies and evaluated them using SYRCLE's ROB tool. Subsequently, we explored the potential molecular mechanisms of thrombin-mediated effects on SBI post-ICH in terms of inflammation, iron deposition, autophagy, and angiogenesis. Furthermore, we described the effects of thrombin in endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes, microglia, and neurons, as well as the harmful and beneficial effects of high and low thrombin concentrations on ICH. Finally, we concluded the current research status of thrombin therapy for ICH, which will provide a basis for the future clinical application of thrombin in the treatment of ICH.

Dietary Sources, Stabilization, Health Benefits, and Industrial Application of Anthocyanins-A Review

Natural phytochemicals are well known to protect against numerous metabolic disorders. Anthocyanins are vacuolar pigments belonging to the parent class of flavonoids. They are well known for their potent antioxidant and gut microbiome-modulating properties, primarily responsible for minimizing the risk of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and several other diseases associated with metabolic syndromes. Berries are the primary source of anthocyanin in the diet. The color and stability of anthocyanins are substantially influenced by external environmental conditions, constraining their applications in foods. Furthermore, the significantly low bioavailability of anthocyanins greatly diminishes the extent of the actual health benefits linked to these bioactive compounds. Multiple strategies have been successfully developed and utilized to enhance the stability and bioavailability of anthocyanins. This review provides a comprehensive view of the recent advancements in chemistry, biosynthesis, dietary sources, stabilization, bioavailability, industrial applications, and health benefits of anthocyanins. Finally, we summarize the prospects and challenges of applications of anthocyanin in foods.

Cyanidin Ameliorates Bisphenol A-Induced Alzheimer's Disease Pathology by Restoring Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Cascade: an In Vitro Study

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder causing memory loss and cognitive decline, linked to amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau protein accumulation in the brain. Environmental pollutant bisphenol A (BPA) has been implicated in AD pathology due to its neurotoxic effects. This study aims to evaluate cyanidin from flower bracts of Musa acuminata Colla (red variety; AAA group) for its neuroprotective properties against BPA-induced AD pathology. The extraction of cyanidin was optimized using 70% ethanol in acidified water, showing promising anti-acetylcholinesterase activity. Cyanidin was effectively purified from the resultant extract and characterized using spectroscopic techniques. Two gradient doses of cyanidin (90 and 10 µg/ml) were determined based on cell viability assay. The role of cyanidin in promoting nerve growth and differentiation was assessed in PC12 cells for up to 72 h. A discernible and statistically significant difference was assessed in neurite extension at both doses at 72 h, followed by pre-treatment with cyanidin. BPA stimulation significantly increased the p-tau expression compared to the control (p < 0.0001). Pre-treatment with cyanidin reduced the tau expression; however, a significant difference was observed compared to control cells (p = 0.0003). Cyanidin significantly enhanced the mRNA expression of Wnt3a (p < 0.0001), β-catenin (p = 0.0004), and NeuroD1 (p = 0.0289), and decreased the expression of WIF1(p = 0.0040) and DKK1 (p < 0.0001), which are Wnt antagonist when compared to cells stimulated with BPA. Conclusively, our finding suggests that cyanidin could agonize nerve growth factor and promote neuronal differentiation, reduce tau-hyperphosphorylation by restoring the Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade, and thereby render its neuroprotective potential against BPA-induced AD pathology.

Elossaily G, Vellapandian C, Prajapati B. Investigating the Potential Impact of Air Pollution on Alzheimer's Disease and the Utility of Multidimensional Imaging for Early Detection

Pollution is ubiquitous, and much of it is anthropogenic in nature, which is a severe risk factor not only for respiratory infections or asthma sufferers but also for Alzheimer's disease, which has received a lot of attention recently. This Review aims to investigate the primary environmental risk factors and their profound impact on Alzheimer's disease. It underscores the pivotal role of multidimensional imaging in early disease identification and prevention. Conducting a comprehensive review, we delved into a plethora of literature sources available through esteemed databases, including Science Direct, Google Scholar, Scopus, Cochrane, and PubMed. Our search strategy incorporated keywords such as "Alzheimer Disease", "Alzheimer's", "Dementia", "Oxidative Stress", and "Phytotherapy" in conjunction with "Criteria Pollutants", "Imaging", "Pathology", and "Particulate Matter". Alzheimer's disease is not only a result of complex biological factors but is exacerbated by the infiltration of airborne particles and gases that surreptitiously breach the nasal defenses to traverse the brain, akin to a Trojan horse. Various imaging modalities and noninvasive techniques have been harnessed to identify disease progression in its incipient stages. However, each imaging approach possesses inherent limitations, prompting exploration of a unified technique under a single umbrella. Multidimensional imaging stands as the linchpin for detecting and forestalling the relentless march of Alzheimer's disease. Given the intricate etiology of the condition, identifying a prospective candidate for Alzheimer's disease may take decades, rendering the development of a multimodal imaging technique an imperative. This research underscores the pressing need to recognize the chronic ramifications of invisible particulate matter and to advance our understanding of the insidious environmental factors that contribute to Alzheimer's disease.

Effects of in vitro fecal fermentation on the metabolism and antioxidant properties of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside

Anthocyanins' potential health benefits have garnered significant interest. However, due to low bioavailability, the gut microbiota-associated metabolites are suspected to mediate their bioactivity. In this study, cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) was fermented with fecal inoculum to simulate colonic microbiota interaction in vitro. The metabolites and antioxidant properties of pre- (P-C3G) and post-fermentation (F-C3G) were determined. Fermentation significantly increased contents of five metabolites (cyanidin, protocatechuic acid, phloroglucinaldehyde, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid). Additionally, F-C3G demonstrated superior radicals scavenging than P-C3G, as well as to alleviate H2O2-induced damage in HepG2 cell via increasing superoxide dismutase by 43.26% and catalase by 39.83%, reducing malonaldehyde by 16.40% and cellular ROS production, and activating Nrf2 pathway. Moreover, F-C3G significantly extended the survival rate by 20.67% of Caenorhabditis elegans under heat stress by antioxidation in vivo. This study suggested that anthocyanins metabolism by gut microbiota produce specific metabolites, which potentially exerts protection.

Five similar anthocyanidin molecules display distinct disruptive effects and mechanisms of action on Aβ1-42 protofibril: A molecular dynamic simulation study

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) fibrillary aggregates. Disaggregation of Aβ fibrils is considered as one of the promising AD treatments. Recent experimental studies showed that anthocyanidins, one type of flavonoids abundant in fruits/vegetables, can disaggregate Aβ fibrillary aggregates. However, their relative disruptive capacities and underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Herein, we investigated the detailed interactions between five most common anthocyanidins (cyanidin, aurantinidin, peonidin, delphinidin, and pelargonidin) and Aβ protofibril (an intermediate of Aβ fibrillization) by performing microsecond molecular dynamic simulations. We found that all five anthocyanidins can destroy F4-L34-V36 hydrophobic core and K28-A42 salt bridge, leading to Aβ protofibril destabilization. Aurantinidin exhibits the strongest damage to Aβ protofibril (with the most severe disruption on K28-A42 salt bridges), followed by cyanidin (with the most destructive effect on F4-L34-V36 core). Detailed analyses reveal that the protofibril-destruction capacities of anthocyanidins are subtly modulated by the interplay of anthocyanidin-protofibril hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic, aromatic stacking interactions, which are dictated by the number or location of hydroxyl/methyl groups of anthocyanidins. These findings provide important mechanistic insights into Aβ protofibril disaggregation by anthocyanidins, and suggest that aurantinidin/cyanidin may serve as promising starting-points for the development of new drug candidates against AD.

Restoring Impaired Neurogenesis and Alleviating Oxidative Stress by Cyanidin against Bisphenol A-induced Neurotoxicity: In Vivo and In Vitro Evidence

BACKGROUND

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a known neurotoxic compound with potentially harmful effects on the nervous system. Cyanidin (CYN) has shown promise as a neuroprotective agent.

OBJECTIVE

The current study aims to determine the efficacy of CYN against BPA-induced neuropathology.

METHODS

In vitro experiments utilized PC12 cells were pre-treated with gradient doses of CYN and further stimulated with 10ng/ml of BPA. DPPH radical scavenging activity, catalase activity, total ROS activity, and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity were done. In vivo assessments employed doublecortin immunohistochemistry of the brain in BPA-exposed Sprague-Dawley rats. Further, In silico molecular docking of CYN with all proteins involved in canonical Wnt signaling was performed using the Autodock v4.2 tool and BIOVIA Discovery Studio Visualizer.

RESULTS

IC50 values of CYN and ascorbic acid were determined using dose-response curves, and it was found to be 24.68 ± 0.563 μg/ml and 20.69 ± 1.591μg/ml, respectively. BPA-stimulated cells pre-treated with CYN showed comparable catalase activity with cells pre-treated with ascorbic acid (p = 0.0287). The reactive species production by CYN-treated cells was significantly decreased compared to BPA-stimulated cells (p <0.0001). Moreover, CYN significantly inhibited nitric oxide production compared to BPA stimulated and the control cells (p < 0.0001). In vivo CYN positively affected immature neuron quantity, correlating with dosage. During molecular docking analysis, CYN exhibited a binding affinity > -7 Kcal/mol with all the key proteins associated with the Wnt/β- catenin signaling cascade.

CONCLUSION

Conclusively, our finding suggests that CYN exhibited promise in counteracting BPAinduced oxidative stress, improving compromised neurogenesis in hippocampal and cortical regions, and displaying notable interactions with Wnt signaling proteins. Thereby, CYN could render its neuroprotective potential against BPA-induced neuropathology.

Alzheimer's disease: the role of extrinsic factors in its development, an investigation of the environmental enigma

In the realm of Alzheimer's disease, the most prevalent form of dementia, the impact of environmental factors has ignited intense curiosity due to its substantial burden on global health. Recent investigations have unveiled these environmental factors as key contributors, shedding new light on their profound influence. Notably, emerging evidence highlights the detrimental role of various environmental contaminants in the incidence and progression of Alzheimer's disease. These contaminants encompass a broad spectrum, including air pollutants laden with ozone, neurotoxic metals like lead, aluminum, manganese, and cadmium, pesticides with their insidious effects, and the ubiquitous presence of plastics and microplastics. By meticulously delving into the intricate web connecting environmental pollutants and this devastating neurological disorder, this comprehensive chapter takes a deep dive into their involvement as significant risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, it explores the underlying molecular mechanisms through which these contaminants exert their influence, aiming to unravel the complex interactions that drive the pathogenesis of the disease. Additionally, this chapter proposes potential strategies to mitigate the detrimental effects of these environmental contaminants on brain health, with the ultimate goal of restoring and preserving typical cognitive function. Through this comprehensive exploration, we aim to enhance our understanding of the multifaceted relationship between neurotoxins and Alzheimer's disease, providing a solid foundation for developing innovative in-vivo models and advancing our knowledge of the intricate pathological processes underlying this debilitating condition.

Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside protects the brain and improves cognitive function in APPswe/PS1ΔE9 transgenic mice model

Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) is a natural anthocyanin with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties. However, as the effects of C3G on the amyloidogenic pathway, autophagy, tau phosphorylation, neuronal cell death, and synaptic plasticity in Alzheimer's disease models have not been reported, we attempted to investigate the same in the brains of APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice were analyzed. After oral administration of C3G (30 mg/kg/day) for 16 weeks, the cortical and hippocampal regions in the brains of APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice were analyzed. C3G treatment reduced the levels of soluble and insoluble Aβ (Aβ40 and Aβ42) peptides and reduced the protein expression of the amyloid precursor protein, presenilin-1, and β-secretase in the cortical and hippocampal regions. And C3G treatment upregulated the expression of autophagy-related markers, LC3B-II, LAMP-1, TFEB, and PPAR-α and downregulated that of SQSTM1/p62, improving the autophagy of Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. In addition, C3G increased the protein expression of phosphorylated-AMPK/AMPK and Sirtuin 1 and decreased that of mitogen-activated protein kinases, such as phosphorylated-Akt/Akt and phosphorylated-ERK/ERK, thus demonstrating its neuroprotective effects. Furthermore, C3G regulated the PI3K/Akt/GSK3β signaling by upregulating phosphorylated-Akt/Akt and phosphorylated-GSK3β/GSK3β expression. C3G administration mitigated tau phosphorylation and improved synaptic function and plasticity by upregulating the expression of synapse-associated proteins synaptophysin and postsynaptic density protein-95. Although the potential of C3G in the APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mouse models has not yet been reported, oral administration of the C3G is shown to protect the brain and improve cognitive behavior.

Mapping new pharmacological interventions for cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials

Background and Objective: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, that is, characterized by cognitive decline. To date, there are no effective treatments for AD. Therefore, the objective of this study was to map new perspectives on the effects of pharmacological treatment on cognitive function and the overall psychological state in patients with AD. Methods: Two independent researchers searched for randomized clinical trials (RCTs) exploring new pharmacological approaches related to cognition in Alzheimer's disease in adults from 2018 to 2023 in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases. A total of 17 RCTs were included in this review. Results: The results show that in recent years, new drugs have been tested in patients with Alzheimer's disease, including masitinib, methylphenidate, levetiracetam, Jiannao Yizhi, and Huannao Yicong formulas. Most studies have been conducted in populations with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. Conclusion: Although some of the drugs found suggested improvement in cognitive function, the scarcity of available studies highlights the need for further research in this area. Systematic review registration: [www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero], identifier [CRD42023409986].

Dietary Intake of Anthocyanidins and Renal Cancer Risk: A Prospective Study

Evidence on the association between anthocyanidin intake and renal cancer risk is limited. The aim of this study was to assess the association of anthocyanidin intake with renal cancer risk in the large prospective Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial. The cohort for this analysis consisted of 101,156 participants. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and the 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A restricted cubic spline model with three knots (i.e., 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles) was used to model a smooth curve. A total of 409 renal cancer cases were identified over a median follow-up of 12.2 years. In the categorical analysis with a fully adjusted model, a higher dietary anthocyanidin consumption was associated with a lower risk of renal cancer (HR_Q4vsQ1: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.51-0.92; p for trend < 0.010). A similar pattern was obtained when anthocyanidin intake was analyzed as a continuous variable. The HR of one-SD increment in the anthocyanidin intake for renal cancer risk was 0.88 (95% CI: 0.77-1.00, p = 0.043). The restricted cubic spline model revealed a reduced risk of renal cancer with a higher intake of anthocyanidins and there was no statistical evidence for nonlinearity (p for nonlinearity = 0.207). In conclusion, in this large American population, a higher dietary anthocyanidin consumption was associated with a lower risk of renal cancer. Future cohort studies are warranted to verify our preliminary findings and to explore the underlying mechanisms in this regard.

Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants against Alzheimer's Disease: Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive memory loss and cognitive decline. Although substantial research has been conducted to elucidate the complex pathophysiology of AD, the therapeutic approach still has limited efficacy in clinical practice. Oxidative stress (OS) has been established as an early driver of several age-related diseases, including neurodegeneration. In AD, increased levels of reactive oxygen species mediate neuronal lipid, protein, and nucleic acid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic damage, and inflammation. Thus, the identification of novel antioxidant molecules capable of detecting, preventing, and counteracting AD onset and progression is of the utmost importance. However, although several studies have been published, comprehensive and up-to-date overviews of the principal anti-AD agents harboring antioxidant properties remain scarce. In this narrative review, we summarize the role of vitamins, minerals, flavonoids, non-flavonoids, mitochondria-targeting molecules, organosulfur compounds, and carotenoids as non-enzymatic antioxidants with AD diagnostic, preventative, and therapeutic potential, thereby offering insights into the relationship between OS and neurodegeneration.

A Comprehensive Review of the Pharmacological Importance of Dietary Flavonoids as Hepatoprotective Agents

The liver is a crucial organ that is involved in various kinds of metabolic activity and a very stable accessory gland for the digestive system. Long-term or persistent inflammation and oxidative stress due to any reasons have a substantial impact on the beginning and continuation of chronic diseases such as hepatocellular carcinoma, liver cirrhosis, liver fibrosis, and other hepatic conditions. There are many sources which can help the liver to be healthy and enhance its metabolic potential of the liver. Since the diet is rich origin of bioactive along with antioxidant chemicals including flavonoids and polyphenols, it can control different stages of inflammation and hepatic diseases. Numerous food sources, notably vegetables, nuts, fruits, cereals, beverages, and herbal medicinal plants, are rich in bioactive chemicals called flavonoids and their derivatives like Flavones, Anthocyanins, Iso-flavonoid, Flavanones, Flavanols, and Flavan-3-ols. Most recently occurred research on flavonoids has demonstrated that they can regulate hepatoprotective properties. This is because they are essential parts of pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products due to their hepatoprotective, antioxidative, and immune-modulating characteristics. However, the characteristics of their hepatoprotective impact remain unclear. The purpose of this comprehensive review is to survey the flavonoid structure and enriched sources for their hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects concerning liver toxicity or injury.

Comprehensive metabolomics and lipidomics profiling uncovering neuroprotective effects of Ginkgo biloba L. leaf extract on Alzheimer's disease

Introduction: Ginkgo biloba L. leaf extract (GBLE) has been reported to be effective for alleviating cognitive and memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nevertheless, the potential mechanism remains unclear. Herein, this study aimed to explore the neuroprotective effects of GBLE on AD and elaborate the underlying therapeutic mechanism. Methods: Donepezil, the most widely prescribed drug for AD, was used as a positive control. An integrated metabolomics and lipidomics approach was adopted to characterize plasma metabolic phenotype of APP/PS1 double transgenic mice and describe the metabolomic and lipidomic fingerprint changes after GBLE intervention. The Morris water maze test and immunohistochemistry were applied to evaluate the efficacy of GBLE. Results: As a result, administration of GBLE significantly improved the cognitive function and alleviated amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition in APP/PS1 mice, showing similar effects to donepezil. Significant alterations were observed in metabolic signatures of APP/PS1 mice compared with wild type (WT) mice by metabolomic analysis. A total of 60 markedly altered differential metabolites were identified, including 28 lipid and lipid-like molecules, 13 organic acids and derivatives, 11 organic nitrogen compounds, and 8 other compounds, indicative of significant changes in lipid metabolism of AD. Further lipidomic profiling showed that the differential expressed lipid metabolites between APP/PS1 and WT mice mainly consisted of phosphatidylcholines, lysophosphatidylcholines, triglycerides, and ceramides. Taking together all the data, the plasma metabolic signature of APP/PS1 mice was primarily characterized by disrupted sphingolipid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, glycerolipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. Most of the disordered metabolites were ameliorated after GBLE treatment, 19 metabolites and 24 lipids of which were significantly reversely regulated (adjusted-p<0.05), which were considered as potential therapeutic targets of GBLE on AD. The response of APP/PS1 mice to GBLE was similar to that of donepezil, which significantly reversed the levels of 23 disturbed metabolites and 30 lipids. Discussion: Our data suggested that lipid metabolism was dramatically perturbed in the plasma of APP/PS1 mice, and GBLE might exert its neuroprotective effects by restoring lipid metabolic balance. This work provided a basis for better understanding the potential pathogenesis of AD and shed new light on the therapeutic mechanism of GBLE in the treatment of AD.

Perspectives of ozone induced neuropathology and memory decline in Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review of preclinical evidences

This systematic review aims to discover the plausible mechanism of Ozone in A.D., to boost translational research. The main focus of our review lies in understanding the effects of ozone pollution on the human brain and causing degenerative disease. Owing to the number of works carried out as preclinical evidence in association with oxidative stress and Alzheimer's disease and the lack of systematic review or meta-analysis prompted us to initiate a study on Alzheimer's risk due to ground-level ozone. We found relevant studies from PubMed, ScienceDirect, Proquest, DOAJ, and Scopus, narrowing to animal studies and the English language without any time limit. The searches will be re-run before the final analysis. This work was registered in Prospero with Reg ID CRD42022319360, followed the PRISMA-P framework, and followed the PICO approach involving Population, Intervention/Exposure, Comparison, and Outcomes data. Bibliographic details of 16 included studies were studied for Exposure dose of ozone, duration, exposure, and frequency with control and exposure groups. Primary and secondary outcomes were assessed based on pathology significance, and results were significant in inducing Alzheimer-like pathology by ozone. In conclusion, ozone altered oxidative stress, metabolic pathway, and amyloid plaque accumulation besides endothelial stress response involving mitochondria as the critical factor in ATP degeneration, caspase pathway, and neuronal damage. Thus, ozone is a criteria pollutant to be focused on in mitigating Alzheimer's Disease pathology.

Mechanistic Insights into the Neuroprotective Potential of Sacred Ficus Trees

Ficus religiosa (Bo tree or sacred fig) and Ficus benghalensis (Indian banyan) are of immense spiritual and therapeutic importance. Various parts of these trees have been investigated for their antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticonvulsant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, hepatoprotective, dermoprotective, and nephroprotective properties. Previous reviews of Ficus mostly discussed traditional usages, photochemistry, and pharmacological activities, though comprehensive reviews of the neuroprotective potential of these Ficus species extracts and/or their important phytocompounds are lacking. The interesting phytocompounds from these trees include many bengalenosides, carotenoids, flavonoids (leucopelargonidin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, leucopelargonidin-3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside, lupeol, cetyl behenate, and α-amyrin acetate), flavonols (kaempferol, quercetin, myricetin), leucocyanidin, phytosterols (bergapten, bergaptol, lanosterol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol), terpenes (α-thujene, α-pinene, β-pinene, α-terpinene, limonene, β-ocimene, β-bourbonene, β-caryophyllene, α-trans-bergamotene, α-copaene, aromadendrene, α-humulene, alloaromadendrene, germacrene, γ-cadinene, and δ-cadinene), and diverse polyphenols (tannin, wax, saponin, leucoanthocyanin), contributing significantly to their pharmacological effects, ranging from antimicrobial action to neuroprotection. This review presents extensive mechanistic insights into the neuroprotective potential, especially important phytochemicals from F. religiosa and F. benghalensis. Owing to the complex pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs), the currently existing drugs merely alleviate the symptoms. Hence, bioactive compounds with potent neuroprotective effects through a multitarget approach would be of great interest in developing pharmacophores for the treatment of NDDs.

The Link between Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Neuroinflammation in the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease: Therapeutic Implications and Future Perspectives

Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, has increasing incidence, increasing mortality rates, and poses a huge burden on healthcare. None of the currently approved drugs for the treatment of AD influence disease progression. Many clinical trials aiming at inhibiting amyloid plaque formation, increasing amyloid beta clearance, or inhibiting neurofibrillary tangle pathology yielded inconclusive results or failed. Meanwhile, research has identified many interlinked vicious cascades implicating oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and chronic neuroinflammation, and has pointed to novel therapeutic targets such as improving mitochondrial bioenergetics and quality control, diminishing oxidative stress, or modulating the neuroinflammatory pathways. Many novel molecules tested in vitro or in animal models have proven efficient, but their translation into clinic needs further research regarding appropriate doses, delivery routes, and possible side effects. Cell-based therapies and extracellular vesicle-mediated delivery of messenger RNAs and microRNAs seem also promising strategies allowing to target specific signaling pathways, but need further research regarding the most appropriate harvesting and culture methods as well as control of the possible tumorigenic side effects. The rapidly developing area of nanotechnology could improve drug delivery and also be used in early diagnosis.

Quantitative Analysis of Anthocyanins in Grapes by UPLC-Q-TOF MS Combined with QAMS

A method for quantifying the anthocyanins in grapes was firstly developed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOFMS) combined with quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker (QAMS). A total of 10 main anthocyanins were analyzed by using peonidin 3-O-glucoside as the reference standard. The accuracy of this method was evaluated by an established and validated external standard quantification method with 10 reference compounds. The standard method difference (SMDs) of the quantification results between QAMS and the external standard methodwasless than 15%. Furthermore, the QAMS method was used to analyzefour batches of grapes and the data was compared with those obtained using the external standard method. No significant difference wasobtained in the results obtained by both methods. These results indicated that the QAMS method could accurately determine the anthocyanins in grapes. This method can provide a basis to address the absence of reference standards for analyzing anthocyanins in other foods.