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Viding E, McCrory E, Baskin-Sommers A, De Brito S, Frick P. An 'embedded brain' approach to understanding antisocial behaviour. Trends Cogn Sci 2024; 28:159-171. [PMID: 37718176 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2023.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Antisocial behaviour (ASB) incurs substantial costs to the individual and society. Cognitive neuroscience has the potential to shed light on developmental risk for ASB, but it cannot achieve this potential in an 'essentialist' framework that focuses on the brain and cognition isolated from the environment. Here, we present the case for studying the social transactional and iterative unfolding of brain and cognitive development in a relational context. This approach, which we call the study of the 'embedded brain', is needed to fully understand how risk for ASB arises during development. Concentrated efforts are required to develop and unify methods to achieve this approach and reap the benefits for improved prevention and intervention of ASB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essi Viding
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Eamon McCrory
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Stephane De Brito
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Paul Frick
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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2
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Glenn AL, Ragno LK, Liu J. Association between postnatal environmental tobacco smoke exposure controlling for prenatal exposure and conduct problems in children: A systematic review. Neurotoxicology 2023; 97:53-64. [PMID: 37211157 PMCID: PMC10527764 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2023.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is commonly associated with conduct problems in children. However, there is limited research on the effects of postnatal ETS exposure on the development of conduct problems, and many studies focusing on the postnatal period fail to control for the effects of prenatal ETS. This systematic review explores the association between postnatal ETS exposure and child conduct problems in studies that control for prenatal ETS exposure. Of the thirteen studies identified, nine reported a significant positive association of postnatal ETS exposure and child conduct-related behavior problems when controlling for prenatal ETS exposure. Results from tests of dose-response relationships were mixed. These findings highlight the significance of postnatal ETS exposure in conferring risk for conduct problems over and above prenatal ETS, and thus provide important information for guiding public health recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Glenn
- University of Alabama, Center for Youth Development and Intervention, Department of Psychology, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Leah K Ragno
- University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jianghong Liu
- University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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3
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Wafula ST, Habermann T, Franke MA, May J, Puradiredja DI, Lorenz E, Brinkel J. What are the pathways between poverty and malaria in sub-Saharan Africa? A systematic review of mediation studies. Infect Dis Poverty 2023; 12:58. [PMID: 37291664 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-023-01110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains a major burden in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). While an association between poverty and malaria has been demonstrated, a clearer understanding of explicit mechanisms through which socioeconomic position (SEP) influences malaria risk is needed to guide the design of more comprehensive interventions for malaria risk mitigation. This systematic review provides an overview of the current evidence on the mediators of socioeconomic disparities in malaria in SSA. METHODS We searched PubMed and Web of Science for randomised controlled trials, cohort, case-control and cross-sectional studies published in English between January 1, 2000 to May 31, 2022. Further studies were identified following reviews of reference lists of the studies included. We included studies that either (1) conducted a formal mediation analysis of risk factors on the causal pathway between SEP and malaria infections or (2) adjusted for these potential mediators as confounders on the association between SEP and malaria using standard regression models. At least two independent reviewers appraised the studies, conducted data extraction, and assessed risk of bias. A systematic overview is presented for the included studies. RESULTS We identified 41 articles from 20 countries in SSA for inclusion in the final review. Of these, 30 studies used cross-sectional design, and 26 found socioeconomic inequalities in malaria risk. Three formal mediation analyses showed limited evidence of mediation of food security, housing quality, and previous antimalarial use. Housing, education, insecticide-treated nets, and nutrition were highlighted in the remaining studies as being protective against malaria independent of SEP, suggesting potential for mediation. However, methodological limitations included the use of cross-sectional data, insufficient confounder adjustment, heterogeneity in measuring both SEP and malaria, and generally low or moderate-quality studies. No studies considered exposure mediator interactions or considered identifiability assumptions. CONCLUSIONS Few studies have conducted formal mediation analyses to elucidate pathways between SEP and malaria. Findings indicate that food security and housing could be more feasible (structural) intervention targets. Further research using well-designed longitudinal studies and improved analysis would illuminate the current sparse evidence into the pathways between SEP and malaria and adduce evidence for more potential targets for effective intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon T Wafula
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
- Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Theresa Habermann
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mara Anna Franke
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- Charité Global Health, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen May
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Borstel-Lubeck-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Tropical Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dewi Ismajani Puradiredja
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva Lorenz
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Borstel-Lubeck-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Johanna Brinkel
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Borstel-Lubeck-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
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4
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Helmus LM, Kyne A. Prevalence, Correlates, and Sequelae of Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) among Indigenous Canadians: Intersections of Ethnicity, Gender, and Socioeconomic Status. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20095727. [PMID: 37174245 PMCID: PMC10178094 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20095727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a severe and concerning public-health problem globally, but some children are at higher risk of experiencing it. The harms caused by colonization and particularly the inter-generational legacy of residential schools would presumably increase the vulnerability of Indigenous children in former British colonies. Among 282 Indigenous participants in Canada recruited from Prime Panels, CSA was reported by 35% of boys, 50% of girls, and 57% of trans and gender non-conforming participants. These rates are substantially higher than global meta-analytic estimates (7.6% of boys and 18.0% of girls). There was evidence of intersectionality based on socioeconomic status. CSA was associated with a variety of other indicators of negative childhood experiences and significantly predicted numerous negative outcomes in adulthood, including mental-health issues (e.g., PTSD), unemployment, and criminal legal-system involvement. Sexual abuse of Indigenous Canadian children is a public-health crisis, and layers of marginalization (e.g., gender, social class) exacerbate this risk. Trauma-informed services to address the harms of colonization are severely needed, in line with recommendations from Canada's Truth and Reconciliation Commission.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Maaike Helmus
- Department of Criminology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Ashley Kyne
- Department of Criminology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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Yue L, Cui N, Golfenshtein N, Cui N, Hao Y, Lyu P. The protective role of mindful parenting against child maltreatment and aggressive behavior: an exploratory study among Chinese parent-adolescent dyads. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2022; 16:72. [PMID: 36042476 PMCID: PMC9429749 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-022-00507-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well-established that child maltreatment practiced by parents is associated with adolescent aggression. Emerging evidence has suggested that higher levels of mindful parenting are associated with fewer negative parenting practices. However, the relationships among mindful parenting, child maltreatment, and adolescent aggression remain unclear. AIM To examine the association between mindful parenting, child maltreatment, and adolescent aggressive behavior among Chinese parent-adolescent dyads. METHODS Survey data from 554 Chinese parent-adolescent dyads were used for the analysis. Parents reported mindful parenting, and adolescents reported three forms of child maltreatment (i.e., physical abuse, psychological aggression, and neglect) by their parents and aggressive behavior. Path models were used to analyze whether higher levels of mindful parenting were associated with decreased likelihood of parent-to-adolescent maltreatment that were further related to lower levels of adolescent aggression. RESULTS Mindful parenting and its two factors (i.e., interaction with full attention and compassion and acceptance) were associated with lower likelihood of physical abuse and psychological aggression, which were related to decreased levels of adolescent aggressive behavior. Stratified analyses by parent gender showed that the path from interaction with full attention to adolescent aggression through psychological aggression was also significant or marginally significant in both mother-adolescent and father-adolescent dyads. Stratified analyses by adolescent gender demonstrated that the paths from interaction with full attention to physical abuse and psychological aggression were significant, which were also significantly correlated with adolescent aggression among male adolescents, whereas the mindful parenting-child maltreatment-adolescent aggression paths were not significant among female adolescents. CONCLUSIONS The findings contributed to the existing literature by assessing mindful parenting as a multifaceted construct and exploring the gender differences in the relationships. Gender-tailored interventions to improve mindful parenting, specifically focusing on the parents' ability of interacting with adolescents providing full attention, compassion, and acceptance may work towards preventing child maltreatment and promoting adolescent behavioral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yue
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012 Shandong China
| | - Naixue Cui
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
| | - Nadya Golfenshtein
- grid.18098.380000 0004 1937 0562Department of Nursing, Faculty of Social Welfare & Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Naisong Cui
- Rizhao Agricultural College, Rizhao, Shandong China
| | - Yinjun Hao
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012 Shandong China
| | - Pingping Lyu
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012 Shandong China
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6
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Liu J, Portnoy J, Raine A, Gladieux M, McGarry P, Chen A. Blood lead levels mediate the relationship between social adversity and child externalizing behavior. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112396. [PMID: 34801542 PMCID: PMC10117419 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The association between social adversity and externalizing behavioral problems in children is well-documented. What is much less researched are biological mechanisms that may mediate such relationships. This study examines the hypothesis that low blood lead mediates the relationship between social adversity and child externalizing behavior problems. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, participants were 131 children aged 11-12 years (mean = 11.90) from Philadelphia, US. A venous fasting blood sample was taken and analyzed for blood lead levels. A social adversity index was calculated based on 10 total indicators derived from a psychosocial interview of the parent and official neighborhood data, while child behavior outcomes (internalizing and externalizing behavior) were assessed using both parent-report and child self-report. RESULTS The mean blood lead level was 2.20 μg/dL. Both relatively higher blood lead levels and higher social adversity scores were associated with higher levels of parent-reported and child self-reported externalizing behaviors. Additionally, blood lead mediated the relationship between social adversity and child-reported externalizing behavior (Indirect effect: B = 0.03, 95% CI: 0.004, 0.09) and partially mediated the relationship between social adversity and parent-reported externalizing behavior (Indirect Effect: B = 0.03, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.07). CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this study is the first to suggest that blood lead levels play a mediating role in the relationship between externalizing behavior problems and social adversity. Findings have potentially important implications for public health and environmental regulation as well as understanding biological mechanisms that link social inequality with health outcomes, especially in youth from low-income, urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghong Liu
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing 418 Curie Blvd., Claire M. Fagin Hall, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Jill Portnoy
- University of Massachusetts Lowell, School of Criminology and Justice Studies, 113 Wilder Street, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA.
| | - Adrian Raine
- University of Pennsylvania, Departments of Criminology, Psychiatry, and Psychology, 3718 Locust Walk, McNeil Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Margaret Gladieux
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing 418 Curie Blvd., Claire M. Fagin Hall, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Presley McGarry
- University of Massachusetts Lowell, School of Criminology and Justice Studies, 113 Wilder Street, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA.
| | - Aimin Chen
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, 423 Guardian Drive, Blockley Hall, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Jahnke S, Schmidt AF, Klöckner A, Hoyer J. Neurodevelopmental Differences, Pedohebephilia, and Sexual Offending: Findings from Two Online Surveys. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2022; 51:849-866. [PMID: 34993718 PMCID: PMC8888371 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-02228-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The neurodevelopmental theory of pedohebephilia states that sexual interests in children arise from early neurodevelopmental perturbations, as, for example, evidenced by increased non-right-handedness, more childhood head injuries, and reduced intelligence and height. As corroborating evidence largely rests on samples of convicted men, we conducted online surveys among German-speaking (Study 1, N = 199) and English-speaking men (Study 2, N = 632), specifically targeting community members with pedohebephilic or teleiophilic interests. Although we detected theoretically meaningful sexual interest patterns in an embedded viewing time task, we could not detect expected neurodevelopmental differences between teleiophilic and pedohebephilic men in either of the two studies. Strikingly, pedohebephilic men who reported convictions for sexual offenses emerged as shorter and less intelligent than pedohebephilic men without convictions in Study 2. While elucidating possible third variable confounds, results have to be interpreted cautiously because of the methodological problems inherent to non-matched case control designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Jahnke
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Alexander F Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, Social & Legal Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrea Klöckner
- Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hoyer
- Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Micciolo R, Bianconi G, Canal L, Clerici M, Ferla MT, Giugni C, Iozzino L, Sbravati G, Tura GB, Vita A, Zagarese L, de Girolamo G. Young age and the risk of violent behaviour in people with severe mental disorders: prospective, multicentre study. BJPsych Open 2021. [PMCID: PMC8693905 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2021.1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During adolescence and young adulthood people appear to be more prone to violent behaviour. A greater tendency to violent behaviour appears to be associated with hyperactivity, impulsivity and low tolerance for frustration and provocation in social settings. Aims This prospective cohort study aimed to evaluate rates of violent behaviour among young people with mental disorders, compared with older age groups. Method A total of 340 individuals with severe mental disorders (125 living in residential facilities and 215 out-patients) were evaluated at baseline with the SCID-I and II, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Specific Level of Functioning scale, Brown–Goodwin Lifetime History of Aggression scale, Buss–Durkee Hostility Inventory, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale and State–Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2. Aggressive behaviour was rated every 15 days with the Modified Overt Aggression Scale (MOAS). Results The sample comprised 28 individuals aged 18–29 years, 202 aged 30–49 and 110 aged 50 and over. Younger age was associated with a personality disorder diagnosis, substance use disorder, being single and employed. These results were confirmed even controlling for the gender effect. The patterns of the cumulative MOAS mean scores showed that younger (18–29 years old) individuals were significantly more aggressive than older (≥50) ones (P < 0.001). Conclusions This study highlights how young age in people with severe mental disorders is correlated with higher levels of impulsivity, anger and hostility, confirming previous analyses. Our results may assist clinicians in implementing early interventions to improve anger and impulsivity control to reduce the risk of future aggressive behaviours.
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DiLalla LF, Jamnik MR, Marshall RL, Weisbecker R, Vazquez C. Birth Complications and Negative Emotionality Predict Externalizing Behaviors in Young Twins: Moderations with Genetic and Family Risk Factors. Behav Genet 2021; 51:463-475. [PMID: 34047875 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-021-10062-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We examined interactions among genetic, biological, and ecological variables predicting externalizing behaviors in preschool and middle childhood. Specifically, we examined prediction of externalizing behaviors from birth complications and negative emotionality, each moderated by genetic risk for aggression and ecological risk factors of insensitive parenting and low family income. At ages 4 and 5 years, 170 twin pairs and 5 triplet sets (N = 355 children) were tested; 166 of those children were tested again at middle childhood (M = 7.9 years). Multilevel linear modeling results showed generally that children at high genetic risk for aggression or from low-income families were likely to have high scores on externalizing, but for children not at high risk, those with increased birth complications or more negative emotionality had high scores on externalizing. This study underscores the importance of considering biological variables as moderated by both genetic and ecological variables as they predict externalizing behaviors across early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisabeth Fisher DiLalla
- Family and Community Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA.
| | - Matthew R Jamnik
- Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Riley L Marshall
- Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Rachel Weisbecker
- Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Cheyenne Vazquez
- Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
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Perylene Diimide‐Based
Pseudo
‐Crown Ether I: Supramolecular Aggregates for Sensing of Pb
2+
and Diethanolamine. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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The neurobiology of human aggressive behavior: Neuroimaging, genetic, and neurochemical aspects. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 106:110059. [PMID: 32822763 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In modern societies, there is a strive to improve the quality of life related to risk of crimes which inevitably requires a better understanding of brain determinants and mediators of aggression. Neurobiology provides powerful tools to achieve this end. Pre-clinical and clinical studies show that changes in regional volumes, metabolism-function and connectivity within specific neural networks are related to aggression. Subregions of prefrontal cortex, insula, amygdala, basal ganglia and hippocampus play a major role within these circuits and have been consistently implicated in biology of aggression. Genetic variations in proteins regulating the synthesis, degradation, and transport of serotonin and dopamine as well as their signal transduction have been found to mediate behavioral variability observed in aggression. Gene-gene and gene-environment interactions represent additional important risk factors for aggressiveness. Considering the social burden of pathological forms of aggression, more basic and translational studies should be conducted to accelerate applications to clinical practice, justice courts, and policy making.
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Tien J, Lewis GD, Liu J. Prenatal risk factors for internalizing and externalizing problems in childhood. World J Pediatr 2020; 16:341-355. [PMID: 31617077 PMCID: PMC7923386 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-019-00319-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of research has documented the effects of prenatal risk factors on a wide spectrum of adverse offspring health outcomes. Childhood behavior problems, such as externalizing and internalizing problems, are no exception. This comprehensive literature review aims to summarize and synthesize current research about commonly experienced prenatal risk factors associated with internalizing and externalizing problems, with a focus on their impact during childhood and adolescence. Potential mechanisms as well as implications are also outlined. DATA SOURCES The EBSCO, Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases were searched for studies examining the association between prenatal risk factors and offspring internalizing/externalizing problems, using keywords "prenatal" or "perinatal" or "birth complications" in combination with "internalizing" or "externalizing". Relevant articles, including experimental research, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, cross-sectional and longitudinal cohort studies, and theoretical literature, were reviewed and synthesized to form the basis of this integrative review. RESULTS Prenatal risk factors that have been widely investigated with regards to offspring internalizing and externalizing problems encompass health-related risk factors, including maternal overweight/obesity, substance use/abuse, environmental toxicant exposure, maternal infection/inflammation, as well as psychosocial risk factors, including intimate partner violence, and anxiety/depression. Collectively, both epidemiological and experimental studies support the adverse associations between these prenatal factors and increased risk of emotional/behavioral problem development during childhood and beyond. Potential mechanisms of action underlying these associations include hormonal and immune system alterations. Implications include prenatal education, screening, and intervention strategies. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal risk factors are associated with a constellation of offspring internalizing and externalizing problems. Identifying these risk factors and understanding potential mechanisms will help to develop effective, evidence-based prevention, and intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Tien
- Department of Family and Community Health, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Gary D Lewis
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jianghong Liu
- Department of Family and Community Health, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Riesch SK, Liu J, Kaufmann PG, Doswell WM, Cohen S, Vessey J. Preventing adverse health outcomes among children and adolescents by addressing screen media practices concomitant to sleep disturbance. Nurs Outlook 2019; 67:492-496. [PMID: 31375198 DOI: 10.1016/j.outlook.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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14
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Fang XY, Strodl E, Liu BQ, Liu L, Yin XN, Wen GM, Sun DL, Xian DX, Jiang H, Jing J, Jin Y, Wu CA, Chen WQ. Association between prenatal exposure to household inhalants exposure and ADHD-like behaviors at around 3 years of age: Findings from Shenzhen Longhua Child Cohort Study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 177:108612. [PMID: 31398562 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to air pollutants has been suggested as a possible etiologic factor for the occurrence of ADHD or ADHD-like behaviors. But we still lack a comprehensive assessment of household air pollutants exposure on the development of ADHD-like behaviors during childhood. OBJECT We aimed to assess whether prenatal household inhalants exposure is associated with preschoolers' ADHD-like behaviors in a nonclinical population. METHODS This study used the baseline data of the Longhua Child Cohort Study. During 2015-2017, we recruited 42,983 mothers and their kindergarten-aged children who enrolled at kindergarten in the Longhua district of Shenzhen, to obtain the demographic data and relevant exposure information through self-administrated questionnaire survey. The source of prenatal household inhalants exposure include cooking fumes, environmental tobacco smoke, mosqutio coils, home renovated and indoor burning incense. Logistic and censored least absolute deviations (CLAD) models were used to reveal the association between prenatal exposure to household air pollutants and hyperactive behaviors in child. RESULTS We found that exposure to five types of household inhalants during pregnancy were independently associated with an increased risk of child hyperactive behaviors. Moreover, we observed a significant interaction between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and cooking fumes during gestation on child hyperactive behaviors in CLAD models. We also found a significant joint effect between burning mosquito coils and incense during gestation for child hyperactive behaviors risk both in CLAD and Logistic models. Furthermore, a household inhalants exposure index was used to demonstrate a dose-response relationship between the cumulative effect of exposure to the five household air pollutants and child hyperactivity. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that prenatal exposure to different household inhalants might increase the risk of children's hyperactive behaviors at around 3 years of age with the presence of interaction effects between some inhalants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Fang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Esben Strodl
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Bin-Quan Liu
- Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Na Yin
- Women's and Children's Hospital of Longhua District of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guo-Min Wen
- Women's and Children's Hospital of Longhua District of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Deng-Li Sun
- Women's and Children's Hospital of Longhua District of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dan-Xia Xian
- Women's and Children's Hospital of Longhua District of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Jing
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Jin
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuan-An Wu
- Women's and Children's Hospital of Longhua District of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei-Qing Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Information Management, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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15
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Fairchild G, Hawes DJ, Frick PJ, Copeland WE, Odgers CL, Franke B, Freitag CM, De Brito SA. Conduct disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2019; 5:43. [PMID: 31249310 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-019-0095-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Conduct disorder (CD) is a common and highly impairing psychiatric disorder that usually emerges in childhood or adolescence and is characterized by severe antisocial and aggressive behaviour. It frequently co-occurs with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and often leads to antisocial personality disorder in adulthood. CD affects ~3% of school-aged children and is twice as prevalent in males than in females. This disorder can be subtyped according to age at onset (childhood-onset versus adolescent-onset) and the presence or absence of callous-unemotional traits (deficits in empathy and guilt). The aetiology of CD is complex, with contributions of both genetic and environmental risk factors and different forms of interplay among the two (gene-environment interaction and correlation). In addition, CD is associated with neurocognitive impairments; smaller grey matter volume in limbic regions such as the amygdala, insula and orbitofrontal cortex, and functional abnormalities in overlapping brain circuits responsible for emotion processing, emotion regulation and reinforcement-based decision-making have been reported. Lower hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and autonomic reactivity to stress has also been reported. Management of CD primarily involves parent-based or family-based psychosocial interventions, although stimulants and atypical antipsychotics are sometimes used, especially in individuals with comorbid ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David J Hawes
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul J Frick
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA and Institute for Learning Science and Teacher Education, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Candice L Odgers
- Department of Psychological Science, School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Barbara Franke
- Departments of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Christine M Freitag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stephane A De Brito
- School of Psychology and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Jones SL, Dufoix R, Laplante DP, Elgbeili G, Patel R, Chakravarty MM, King S, Pruessner JC. Larger Amygdala Volume Mediates the Association Between Prenatal Maternal Stress and Higher Levels of Externalizing Behaviors: Sex Specific Effects in Project Ice Storm. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:144. [PMID: 31156408 PMCID: PMC6528106 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The amygdala is a brain structure involved in emotional regulation. Studies have shown that larger amygdala volumes are associated with behavioral disorders. Prenatal maternal depression is associated with structural changes in the amygdala, which in turn, is predictive of an increase in behavioral problems. Girls may be particularly vulnerable. However, it is not known whether disaster-related prenatal maternal stress (PNMS), or which aspect of the maternal stress experience (i.e., objective hardship, subjective distress, and cognitive appraisal), influences amygdala volumes. Nor is it known whether amygdala volumes mediate the effect of PNMS on behavioral problems in girls and boys. Aims: To assess whether aspects of PNMS are associated with amygdala volume, to determine whether timing of exposure moderates the effect, and to test whether amygdala volume mediates the association between PNMS and internalizing and externalizing problems in 11½ year old children exposed in utero, to varying levels of disaster-related PNMS. Methods: Bilateral amygdala volumes (AGV) and total brain volume (TBV) were acquired using magnetic resonance imaging, from 35 boys and 33 girls whose mothers were pregnant during the January 1998 Quebec Ice Storm. The mothers' disaster-related stress was assessed in June 1998. Child internalizing and externalizing problems were assessed at 11½ years using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Hierarchical regression analyses and mediation analyses were conducted on boys and girls separately, controlling for perinatal and postnatal factors. Results: In boys, subjective distress was associated with larger right AGV/TBV when mothers where exposed during late pregnancy, which in turn explained higher levels of externalizing behavior. However, when adjusting for postnatal factors, the effect was no longer significant. In girls, later gestational exposure to the ice storm was associated with larger AGV/TBV, but here, higher levels of objective PNMS were associated with more externalizing problems, which was, in part, mediated by larger AGV/TBV. No effects were detected on internalizing behaviors. Conclusion: These results suggest that the effects of PNMS on amygdala development and externalizing symptoms, as assessed in boys and girls in early adolescence, can be influenced by the timing of the stress in pregnancy, and the particular aspect of the mother's stress experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri Lee Jones
- Laboratory of Suzanne King, Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Laboratory of Suzanne King, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Romane Dufoix
- Laboratory of Suzanne King, Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Laboratory of Suzanne King, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David P. Laplante
- Laboratory of Suzanne King, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Guillaume Elgbeili
- Laboratory of Suzanne King, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Raihaan Patel
- Computational Brain Anatomy Laboratory (CoBrA Lab), Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Cerebral Imaging Center, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - M. Mallar Chakravarty
- Computational Brain Anatomy Laboratory (CoBrA Lab), Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Cerebral Imaging Center, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Suzanne King
- Laboratory of Suzanne King, Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Laboratory of Suzanne King, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jens C. Pruessner
- Laboratory of Jens Pruessner, Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Lambregtse-van den Berg MP, Tiemeier H, Verhulst FC, Jaddoe V, Tindall E, Vlachos H, Aumayer K, Iles J, Ramchandani PG. Early childhood aggressive behaviour: Negative interactions with paternal antisocial behaviour and maternal postpartum depressive symptoms across two international cohorts. Eur Psychiatry 2018; 54:77-84. [PMID: 30125784 PMCID: PMC6172856 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early childhood aggressive behaviour is a predictor of future violence. Therefore, identifying risk factors for children’s aggressive behaviour is important in understanding underlying mechanisms. Maternal postpartum depression is a known risk factor. However, little research has focused on the influence of paternal behaviour on early childhood aggression and its interaction with maternal postpartum depression. Methods This study was performed in two cohorts: the Fathers Project, in the United Kingdom (n = 143) and the Generation R Study, in The Netherlands (n = 549). In both cohorts, we related paternal antisocial personality (ASP) traits and maternal postpartum depressive (PPD) symptoms to childhood aggressive behaviour at age two (Fathers Project) and age three (Generation R Study). We additionally tested whether the presence of paternal ASP traits increased the association between maternal PPD–symptoms and early childhood aggression. Results The association between paternal ASP traits and early childhood aggressive behaviour, corrected for maternal PPD-symptoms, was similar in magnitude between the cohorts (Fathers Project: standardized β = 0.12, p = 0.146; Generation R: β = 0.14, p = 0.001), although the association was not statistically significant in the Fathers Project. Strikingly, and in contrast to our expectations, there was evidence of a negative interaction between paternal ASP traits and maternal PPD-symptoms on childhood aggressive behaviour (Fathers Project: β = −0.20, p = 0.020; Generation R: β = −0.09, p = 0.043) in both studies. This meant that with higher levels of paternal ASP traits the association between maternal PPD-symptoms and childhood aggressive behaviour was less and vice versa. Conclusions Our findings stress the importance of including both maternal and paternal psychopathology in future studies and interventions focusing on early childhood aggressive behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijke P Lambregtse-van den Berg
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Social and Behavioral Science, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States
| | - Frank C Verhulst
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent Jaddoe
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Haido Vlachos
- Milton Keynes Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service, CNWL NHS Trust, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Aumayer
- Academic Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Iles
- Academic Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; School of Psychology, University of Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Paul G Ramchandani
- Academic Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; PEDAL Centre, Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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18
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Portnoy J, Raine A, Liu J, Hibbeln JR. Reductions of intimate partner violence resulting from supplementing children with omega-3 fatty acids: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, stratified, parallel-group trial. Aggress Behav 2018; 44:491-500. [PMID: 29781086 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 supplementation has been found to reduce externalizing behavior in children. Reciprocal models of parent-child behavior suggest that improving child behavior could lead to improvements in parent behavior, however no study has examined whether omega-3 supplementation in children could reduce intimate partner violence or child maltreatment by their adult caregivers. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, stratified, parallel group trial, a community sample of children were randomized to receive either a fruit drink containing 1 gm of omega-3 fats (Smartfish Recharge; Omega-3 group, n = 100) or the same fruit drink without omega-3's (Placebo group, n = 100). Child participants, adult caregivers, and research staff were blinded to group assignment. Adult caregivers reported inter-partner and child-directed physical assault and psychological aggression at baseline, 6 months (end of treatment) and 12 months (6 months post-treatment) using the Conflicts Tactics Scale. Caregivers of children in the omega-3 group reported long-term reductions in psychological aggression in a group × time interaction. Improvements in adult psychological aggression were correlated with improvements in child externalizing behavior scores. No differences were reported for child maltreatment. This study is the first to show that omega-3 supplementation in children can reduce inter-partner psychological aggression among adult caregivers not receiving supplements. Findings suggest that improving child behavior through omega-3 supplementation could have long-term benefits to the family system as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Portnoy
- School of Criminology and Justice Studies, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
| | - Adrian Raine
- Departments of Criminology, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jianghong Liu
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph R Hibbeln
- Section on Nutritional Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Raine
- Departments of Criminology, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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20
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Denson TF, O'Dean SM, Blake KR, Beames JR. Aggression in Women: Behavior, Brain and Hormones. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:81. [PMID: 29770113 PMCID: PMC5942158 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We review the literature on aggression in women with an emphasis on laboratory experimentation and hormonal and brain mechanisms. Women tend to engage in more indirect forms of aggression (e.g., spreading rumors) than other types of aggression. In laboratory studies, women are less aggressive than men, but provocation attenuates this difference. In the real world, women are just as likely to aggress against their romantic partner as men are, but men cause more serious physical and psychological harm. A very small minority of women are also sexually violent. Women are susceptible to alcohol-related aggression, but this type of aggression may be limited to women high in trait aggression. Fear of being harmed is a robust inhibitor of direct aggression in women. There are too few studies and most are underpowered to detect unique neural mechanisms associated with aggression in women. Testosterone shows the same small, positive relationship with aggression in women as in men. The role of cortisol is unclear, although some evidence suggests that women who are high in testosterone and low in cortisol show heightened aggression. Under some circumstances, oxytocin may increase aggression by enhancing reactivity to provocation and simultaneously lowering perceptions of danger that normally inhibit many women from retaliating. There is some evidence that high levels of estradiol and progesterone are associated with low levels of aggression. We highlight that more gender-specific theory-driven hypothesis testing is needed with larger samples of women and aggression paradigms relevant to women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Denson
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Siobhan M O'Dean
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Khandis R Blake
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Joanne R Beames
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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21
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22
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Murray J, Shenderovich Y, Gardner F, Mikton C, Derzon JH, Liu J, Eisner M. Risk Factors for Antisocial Behavior in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies. CRIME AND JUSTICE (CHICAGO, ILL.) 2018; 47:255-364. [PMID: 30310248 PMCID: PMC6176906 DOI: 10.1086/696590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Violent crime is a major cause of social instability, injury, and death in low- and middle-income countries. Longitudinal studies in high-income countries have provided important evidence on developmental precursors of violence and other antisocial behaviors. However, there may be unique influences or different risk factor effects in other social settings. Extensive searches in seven languages and screening of over 60,000 references identified 39 longitudinal studies of antisocial behavior in low- and middle-income countries. Many risk factors have roughly the same average effects as when studied in high-income countries. Stability of aggression over a 3-year period is almost identical across low- and middle-income countries and high-income countries. Dimensions of comorbid psychopathology such as low self-control, hyperactivity, and sensation seeking are associated with antisocial behavior in low- and middle-income countries, but some early physical health factors have consistently weak or null effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Murray
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | - Frances Gardner
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, Oxford University
| | - Christopher Mikton
- Department of Health and Social Sciences, University of the West of England
| | - James H Derzon
- Center for Advanced Methods Development, Research Triangle Institute
| | - Jianghong Liu
- School of Nursing and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
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23
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Cui N, Deatrick JA, Liu J. Maternal and paternal physical abuse: Unique and joint associations with child behavioral problems. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2018; 76:524-532. [PMID: 28532982 PMCID: PMC6298424 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Although there is a substantial amount of literature documenting the relationship between child abuse and behavioral problems in China, there is, on the other hand, a limited number of studies on the joint and unique associations of maternal and paternal physical abuse with child behaviors within the Chinese context. The present study, using the family systems theory as the theoretical framework, aims to examine these joint and the unique associations of maternal and paternal physical abuse with externalizing and internalizing behaviors among a community sample of Chinese children. A total of 296 children (54.7% boys, mean age 12.31±0.56years) from two-parent families participated in the study, and they reported their physical abuse experience by their mother and father in the previous year using the Chinese version of the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale. Participants, using the Youth Self Report, reported personal externalizing and internalizing behaviors, and, similarly, their mothers, using the Child Behavior Checklist, assessed children's externalizing and internalizing behaviors. Linear mixed effect models with random intercept and slope were used to examine the joint and unique associations of maternal and paternal physical abuse with child externalizing and internalizing behaviors. Results revealed that physically abused children were more likely to be simultaneously abused by both mothers and fathers. Furthermore, when compared with their non-abused counterparts, children with physical abuse that was carried out solely by mothers (externalizing behaviors: β=6.71, 95% CI=2.45-10.98, p<0.01; internalizing behaviors: β=4.52, 95% CI=0.37-8.66, p<0.05) or by both mothers and fathers (externalizing behaviors: β=4.52, 95% CI=1.80-7.24, p<0.001; internalizing behaviors: β=2.98, 95% CI=0.34-5.61, p<0.05) reported more externalizing and internalizing behaviors. Externalizing and internalizing behaviors of children who were physically abused solely by fathers did not significantly differ from those of their non-abused counterparts, which may result from the small sample size. The present findings suggest that maternal physical abuse may have a dominant and unique association with child behaviors, regardless of whether paternal physical abuse occurs within the family. Implications for future research and practice within the Chinese context regarding the subject of child behaviors and parental abuse are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naixue Cui
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | - Jianghong Liu
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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24
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Singh P, Mittal LS, Kumar K, Sharma P, Bhargava G, Kumar S. Multifunctional metallo-supramolecular interlocked hexagonal microstructures for the detection of lead and thiols in water. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:9482-9485. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05814h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report metallo-supramolecular interlocked hexagonal self-assembly associated with the near-IR detection of Pb2+ ions and thiols in water using a perylene diimide probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhpreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- UGC Centre for Advanced Studies-II
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar 143 005
- India
| | - Lalit Singh Mittal
- Department of Chemistry
- UGC Centre for Advanced Studies-II
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar 143 005
- India
| | - Kapil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- UGC Centre for Advanced Studies-II
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar 143 005
- India
| | - Poonam Sharma
- Department of Chemistry
- UGC Centre for Advanced Studies-II
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar 143 005
- India
| | - Gaurav Bhargava
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- IK Gujral Punjab Technical University
- Kapurthala-144601
- India
| | - Subodh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- UGC Centre for Advanced Studies-II
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar 143 005
- India
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Specker J, Focquaert F, Sterckx S, Schermer MHN. Forensic practitioners’ expectations and moral views regarding neurobiological interventions in offenders with mental disorders. BIOSOCIETIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1057/s41292-017-0069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Shlafer RJ, Stang J, Dallaire D, Forestell CA, Hellerstedt W. Best Practices for Nutrition Care of Pregnant Women in Prison. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2017; 23:297-304. [PMID: 28656820 DOI: 10.1177/1078345817716567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 3% to 4% of women are pregnant upon their admission to prison. Pregnant inmates present unique challenges for correctional health providers, including meeting the nutritional needs for healthy pregnancy outcomes. The authors outline six recommendations for nutrition care for pregnant inmates, including (1) test for pregnancy; (2) prescribe prenatal vitamins; (3) follow nutrition recommendations outlined by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics; (4) provide additional food, monitor over time, and allow for modifications to meet pregnancy needs; (5) ensure regular access to water; and (6) provide inmates with resources and education on healthy diet. The degree to which correctional facilities address the nutritional needs of pregnant women may have short- and long-term consequences for the health of women and their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jamie Stang
- 1 University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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27
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Liu J, Raine A. Nutritional status and social behavior in preschool children: the mediating effects of neurocognitive functioning. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2017; 13:e12321. [PMID: 27133006 PMCID: PMC5675074 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Early malnutritional status has been associated with reduced cognitive ability in childhood. However, there are almost no studies on the effect of malnutrition on positive social behavior, and no tests of possible mediating mechanisms. This study tests the hypothesis that poor nutritional status is associated with impaired social functioning in childhood, and that neurocognitive ability mediates this relationship. We assessed 1553 male and female 3-year-olds from a birth cohort on measures of malnutrition, social behavior and verbal and spatial neurocognitive functions. Children with indicators of malnutrition showed impaired social behavior (p < .0001) as compared with children in the control group with adequate nutritional status. These associations even persisted after controlling for social adversity and parental education. Findings were not moderated by gender or ethnicity, and there was no interaction effect with parental education. A dose-response relationship was observed between degree of malnutrition and degree of social behavior, with increased malnutrition associated with more impaired social behavior. Neurocognitive ability was found to mediate the nutrition-social behavior relationship. The mediation effect of neurocognitive functioning suggests that poor nutrition negatively impacts brain areas that play important roles in developing positive social behavior. Findings suggest that reducing poor nutrition, alternatively promoting good nutrition, may help promote positive social behavior in early childhood during a critical period for social and neurocognitive development, with implications for improving positive health in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghong Liu
- School of NursingUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Adrian Raine
- Departments of Criminology, Psychiatry and PsychologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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Zhang Y, Ming QS, Yi JY, Wang X, Chai QL, Yao SQ. Gene-Gene-Environment Interactions of Serotonin Transporter, Monoamine Oxidase A and Childhood Maltreatment Predict Aggressive Behavior in Chinese Adolescents. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:17. [PMID: 28203149 PMCID: PMC5285338 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene-environment interactions that moderate aggressive behavior have been identified independently in the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene and monoamine oxidase A gene (MAOA). The aim of the present study was to investigate epistasis interactions between MAOA-variable number tandem repeat (VNTR), 5-HTTlinked polymorphism (LPR) and child abuse and the effects of these on aggressive tendencies in a group of otherwise healthy adolescents. A group of 546 Chinese male adolescents completed the Child Trauma Questionnaire and Youth self-report of the Child Behavior Checklist. Buccal cells were collected for DNA analysis. The effects of childhood abuse, MAOA-VNTR, 5-HTTLPR genotypes and their interactive gene-gene-environmental effects on aggressive behavior were analyzed using a linear regression model. The effect of child maltreatment was significant, and a three-way interaction among MAOA-VNTR, 5-HTTLPR and sexual abuse (SA) relating to aggressive behaviors was identified. Chinese male adolescents with high expression of the MAOA-VNTR allele and 5-HTTLPR “SS” genotype exhibited the highest aggression tendencies with an increase in SA during childhood. The findings reported support aggression being a complex behavior involving the synergistic effects of gene-gene-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Medical Psychological Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China; Medical College, North West University for NationalitiesLanzhou, China
| | - Qing-Sen Ming
- Medical Psychological Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha, China
| | - Jin-Yao Yi
- Medical Psychological Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Medical Psychological Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha, China
| | - Qiao-Lian Chai
- Medical Psychological Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha, China
| | - Shu-Qiao Yao
- Medical Psychological Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha, China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental research has shown that nutrition influences behavioral deviance. OBJECTIVES The current project addresses the impact of nutrition on problem alcohol and drug use in a nationally representative sample of US adults. METHODS The study relies on the daily dietary nutrition data and the substance use measures in the 2007-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. RESULTS The findings generally show that macronutrients increase the odds of substance use and micronutrients decrease the odds of substance use, especially among females. In addition, nutrient imbalance is a particularly strong predictor of substance use for both males and females. Depression partially accounts for the relationship between dietary nutrition consumption and substance use. CONCLUSIONS Nutrition represents a promising extension of the biosocial perspective in substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Schroeder
- a Department of Sociology , University of Louisville , Louisville , Kentucky , USA
| | - George E Higgins
- b Department of Criminal Justice , University of Louisville , Louisville , Kentucky , USA
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Chng GS, Chu CM, Zeng G, Li D, Ting MH. A Latent Class Analysis of Family Characteristics Linked to Youth Offending Outcomes. THE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN CRIME AND DELINQUENCY 2016; 53:765-787. [PMID: 28736458 PMCID: PMC5499730 DOI: 10.1177/0022427816644947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There were two aims to this study: firstly, to identify family subtypes of Singaporean youth offenders based on eight family variables. Secondly, the associations of these family subtypes with youth offending outcomes were tested. METHODS With a sample of 3,744 youth, a latent class analysis was first conducted based on eight family variables. Multivariate analyses and a Cox regression were subsequently performed to analyze the associations of the family classes with age at first arrest, age at first charge, and recidivism. RESULTS A three-class solution was found to have the best fit to the data: (1) intact functioning families had little family risk; (2) families with criminality had higher probabilities of family criminality, of drug/alcohol abuse, and of being nonintact; and (3) poorly managed families received the poorest parenting and were more likely to be nonintact. Youth offenders from the latter two classes were arrested and charged at younger ages. Additionally, they reoffended at a quicker rate. CONCLUSIONS Family backgrounds matter for youth offending outcomes. Interventions have to be multifaceted and targeted at the family in order to mitigate the risk of young offenders from developing into pathological adult criminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace S. Chng
- Centre for Research on Rehabilitation and Protection, Ministry of Social and Family Development, Singapore, Singapore
- Grace S. Chng, Centre for Research on Rehabilitation and Protection, Rehabilitation and Protection Group, Ministry of Social and Family Development, 512 Thomson Road, MSF Building, #12-00, Singapore 298136, Singapore.
| | - Chi Meng Chu
- Centre for Research on Rehabilitation and Protection, Ministry of Social and Family Development, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gerald Zeng
- Centre for Research on Rehabilitation and Protection, Ministry of Social and Family Development, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dongdong Li
- Centre for Research on Rehabilitation and Protection, Ministry of Social and Family Development, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ming Hwa Ting
- Centre for Research on Rehabilitation and Protection, Ministry of Social and Family Development, Singapore, Singapore
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Mansournia M, Rafizadeh S, Hosseinpour-Mashkani SM, Motaghedifard MH. Novel room temperature synthesis of ZnO nanosheets, characterization and potentials in light harvesting applications and electrochemical devices. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 65:303-12. [PMID: 27157756 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanosheets (ZnONSs) were successfully synthesized using Zn(NO3)2·4H2O as the starting reagent in ammonia atmosphere at room temperature by a novel gas-solution precipitation method. XRD and EDS patterns indicated that pure ZnONSs were produced only in 15min reaction time. Besides, investigating the optical properties of the as-prepared ZnO nanosheets using UV-Vis diffused reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) exhibited their semiconducting property by revealing one optical band gap in 3.3eV. Moreover, rhodamine B and methylene blue degradation were used as a probe reaction to test the as-synthesized ZnONSs photoactivity. Furthermore, a possible reaction mechanism for ZnONSs formation was discussed. On the other hand, operation of ZnONSs in Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) was investigated by current density-voltage (Jsc-Voc) curve. Finally, a pencil graphite electrode was decorated using ZnONSs and pure MWCNT to provide an electrochemical device for Pb(+2) ions sensing. This modified electrode showed agreeable responses to trace amounts of Pb(+2) in NaOAC/HOAC buffer solutions. The limit of detection was found to be 0.112nmolL(-1) for Pb(+2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Mansournia
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, P.O. Box 87317-51167, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Somayeh Rafizadeh
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, P.O. Box 87317-51167, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - S Mostafa Hosseinpour-Mashkani
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, P.O. Box 87317-51167, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Motaghedifard
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, P.O. Box 87317-51167, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran
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Su J, Cui N, Zhou G, Ai Y, Sun G, Zhao SR, Liu J. Hemoglobin Status and Externalizing Behavioral Problems in Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13080758. [PMID: 27472352 PMCID: PMC4997444 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13080758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Still considered one of the most prevalent nutritional problems in the world, anemia has been shown in many studies to have deleterious effects on neurobehavioral development. While most research efforts have focused on investigating the effects of anemia on social and emotional development of infants by using a cross-sectional design, research is still needed to investigate whether early childhood anemia, beyond infantile years, is linked with behavioral problems. OBJECTIVE This study assessed whether (1) hemoglobin (Hb) levels in early childhood are associated with externalizing behavior; and (2) this relationship is confounded by social adversity. METHODS Hemoglobin levels were taken from children (N = 98) of the China Jintan Cohort Study at age 4 years, and externalizing behaviors (attention and aggression) were assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist (ASEBA-CBCL) at age 6 years (mean age 5.77 ± 0.39 years old). RESULTS Compared with other children in the sample, children with relatively lower Hb levels at age 4 had more behavioral problems in both attention and aggression at age 6, independent of social adversity. For boys, this association was significant for attention problems, which did not interact with social adversity. For girls, the association was significant for aggression, which interacted with social adversity. While girls on average exhibited higher social adversity than boys, the main effect of Hb was only significant in girls with low social adversity. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that there is an inverse association between hemoglobin levels and later behavioral problems. Findings of this study suggest that regular monitoring of children's hemoglobin levels and appropriate intervention may help with early identification of behavioral problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Su
- Department of Neurology, The Jintan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, 16 Nanmen Street, Jintan, Changzhou 213200, China.
| | - Naixue Cui
- Schools of Nursing and Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 418 Curie Blvd., Room 426, Claire M. Fagin Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Guoping Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Jintan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, 16 Nanmen Street, Jintan, Changzhou 213200, China.
| | - Yuexian Ai
- Department of Neurology, The Jintan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, 16 Nanmen Street, Jintan, Changzhou 213200, China.
| | - Guiju Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Room #508, 87, DingJiaqiao, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Sophie R Zhao
- Schools of Nursing and Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 418 Curie Blvd., Room 426, Claire M. Fagin Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Jianghong Liu
- Schools of Nursing and Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 418 Curie Blvd., Room 426, Claire M. Fagin Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Younan D, Tuvblad C, Li L, Wu J, Lurmann F, Franklin M, Berhane K, McConnell R, Wu AH, Baker L, Chen JC. Environmental Determinants of Aggression in Adolescents: Role of Urban Neighborhood Greenspace. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2016; 55:591-601. [PMID: 27343886 PMCID: PMC4924128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neighborhood greenspace improves mental health of urban-dwelling populations, but its putative neurobehavioral benefits in adolescents remain unclear. We conducted a prospective study on urban-dwelling adolescents to examine the association between greenspace in residential neighborhood and aggressive behaviors. METHOD Participants (n = 1,287) of the Risk Factors for Antisocial Behavior Study, a multi-ethnic cohort of twins and triplets born in 1990 to 1995 and living in Southern California, were examined in 2000 to 2012 (aged 9-18 years) with repeated assessments of their aggressive behaviors by the parent-reported Child Behavior Checklist. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) derived from satellite imagery was used as a proxy for residential neighborhood greenspace aggregated over various spatiotemporal scales before each assessment. Multilevel mixed-effects models were used to estimate the effects of greenspace on aggressive behaviors, adjusting for within-family/within-individual correlations and other potential confounders. RESULTS Both short-term (1- to 6-month) and long-term (1- to 3-year) exposures to greenspace within 1,000 meters surrounding residences were associated with reduced aggressive behaviors. The benefit of increasing vegetation over the range (∼0.12 in NDVI) commonly seen in urban environments was equivalent to approximately 2 to 2.5 years of behavioral maturation. Sociodemographic factors (e.g., age, gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status) and neighborhood quality did not confound or modify these associations, and the benefits remained after accounting for temperature. CONCLUSION Our novel findings support the benefits of neighborhood greenspace in reducing aggressive behaviors of urban-dwelling adolescents. Community-based interventions are needed to determine the efficacy of greenspace as a preemptive strategy to reduce aggressive behaviors in urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Younan
- Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
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Li Y, Cui N, Cao F, Liu J. Children's Bonding with Parents and Grandparents and Its Associated Factors. CHILD INDICATORS RESEARCH 2016; 9:551-564. [PMID: 27284385 PMCID: PMC4894324 DOI: 10.1007/s12187-015-9328-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous literature has focused on the importance of both parental and grandparental bonding. However, few studies have been conducted to measure children's bonding with parents and grandparents simultaneously, especially tested by the same instrument that offers more comparable results. Therefore, we studied the relationships between parental and grandparental bonding using the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), and possible associations between these bonds and sociodemographic variables in 905 Chinese children aged 10-14 years. Children's bonding with mother, father, and grandparents were positively correlated, and the final mixed-effect model showed that several sociodemographic factors (e.g., gender, only children, parents' marital status, and mother's occupation) were associated with parental and grandparental bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Li
- School of Nursing, Shandong University, P.R. China and School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Naixue Cui
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Fenglin Cao
- School of Nursing, Shandong University, P.R. China
| | - Jianghong Liu
- Corresponding Author: Dr. Jianghong Liu, PhD, RN, University of Pennsylvania Schools of Nursing and Medicine, 418 Curie Blvd., Room 426, Claire M. Fagin Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6096, Tel: (215) 898-8293,
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Robertson MM. Tourette syndrome in children and adolescents: aetiology, presentation and treatment. BJPSYCH ADVANCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1192/apt.bp.114.014092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
SummaryTourette syndrome is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder of juvenile onset, characterised by motor and phonic tics. It is associated with a number of comorbid psychiatric conditions and a reduced quality of life in the young person and with parenting stress, caregiver burden and psychopathology in the parents. The global prevalence (about 1%) is higher than previously thought, with a strong male preponderance. Evidence is emerging that Tourette syndrome is not a unified disorder; rather, it encompasses a number of subtypes, characterised by complexity of tics and the simultaneous presence of other behaviours or disorders. This article discusses the aetiology of the syndrome, and examines its clinical features and comorbid psychiatric conditions and psychopathologies. Assessment and diagnosis are also discussed. Psychoeducation is a cornerstone of management, augmented with behavioural and/or pharmacological treatments. Newer therapies, such as deep brain stimulation, offer tantalising possibilities, but further research is still needed.
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McGinty EE, Choksy S, Wintemute GJ. The Relationship Between Controlled Substances and Violence. Epidemiol Rev 2016; 38:5-31. [DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxv008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Bersted KA, DiLalla LF. The influence of DRD4 genotype and perinatal complications on preschoolers' negative emotionality. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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SHANG D, ZHAO Y, ZHAI Y, NING J, DUAN D, ZHOU Y. Direct Determination of Lead in Foods by Solid Sampling Electrothermal Vaporization Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry. ANAL SCI 2016; 32:1007-10. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.32.1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Derong SHANG
- Yellow Sea Fishery Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences
| | - Yanfang ZHAO
- Yellow Sea Fishery Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences
| | - Yuxiu ZHAI
- Yellow Sea Fishery Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences
| | - Jinsong NING
- Yellow Sea Fishery Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences
| | - Delin DUAN
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Liu J, Cao S, Chen Z, Raine A, Hanlon A, Ai Y, Zhou G, Yan C, Leung PW, McCauley L, Pinto-Martin J. Cohort Profile Update: The China Jintan Child Cohort Study. Int J Epidemiol 2015; 44:1548, 1548a-1548al. [PMID: 26323725 PMCID: PMC4707195 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyv119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The China Jintan Child Cohort study began in 2004 with 1656 pre-school participants and a research focus on studying the impact of environmental exposures, such as lead, on children's neurobehavioural outcomes. This population cohort now includes around 1000 of the original participants, who have been assessed three times over a period of 10 years. Since the original IJE cohort profile publication in 2010, participants have experienced a critical developmental transition from pre-school to school age and then adolescence. The study has also witnessed an increase in breadth and depth of data collection from the original aim of risk assessment. This cohort has added new directions to investigate the mechanisms and protective factors for the relationship between early health factors and child physical and mental health outcomes, with an emphasis on neurobehavioural consequences. The study now encompasses 11 domains, composed of repeated measures of the original variables and new domains of biomarkers, sleep, psychophysiology, neurocognition, personality, peer relationship, mindfulness and family dynamics. Depth of evaluation has increased from parent/teacher report to self/peer report and intergenerational family report. Consequently, the cohort has additional directions to include: (i) classmates of the original cohort participants for peer relationship assessment; and (ii) parental and grandparental measures to assess personality and dynamics within families. We welcome interest in our study and ask investigators to contact the corresponding author for additional information on data acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghong Liu
- Schools of Nursing and Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,
| | - Siyuan Cao
- Schools of Nursing and Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zehang Chen
- Schools of Nursing and Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adrian Raine
- Schools of Nursing and Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alexandra Hanlon
- Schools of Nursing and Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Chonghuai Yan
- Xinhua Hospital, MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China
| | | | - Linda McCauley
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Liu J, Zhao SR, Reyes T. Neurological and Epigenetic Implications of Nutritional Deficiencies on Psychopathology: Conceptualization and Review of Evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:18129-48. [PMID: 26251900 PMCID: PMC4581239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160818129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, a role for epigenetic modifications in the pathophysiology of disease has received significant attention. Many studies are now beginning to explore the gene-environment interactions, which may mediate early-life exposure to risk factors, such as nutritional deficiencies and later development of behavioral problems in children and adults. In this paper, we review the current literature on the role of epigenetics in the development of psychopathology, with a specific focus on the potential for epigenetic modifications to link nutrition and brain development. We propose a conceptual framework whereby epigenetic modifications (e.g., DNA methylation) mediate the link between micro- and macro-nutrient deficiency early in life and brain dysfunction (e.g., structural aberration, neurotransmitter perturbation), which has been linked to development of behavior problems later on in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghong Liu
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, 418 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Sophie R Zhao
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, 418 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Teresa Reyes
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, 418 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Murray J, Maughan B, Menezes AMB, Hickman M, MacLeod J, Matijasevich A, Gonçalves H, Anselmi L, Gallo EAG, Barros FC. Perinatal and sociodemographic factors at birth predicting conduct problems and violence to age 18 years: comparison of Brazilian and British birth cohorts. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2015; 56:914-22. [PMID: 25471542 PMCID: PMC4508966 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many low- and middle-income countries have high levels of violence. Research in high-income countries shows that risk factors in the perinatal period are significant precursors of conduct problems which can develop into violence. It is not known whether the same early influences are important in lower income settings with higher rates of violence. This study compared perinatal and sociodemographic risk factors between Brazil and Britain, and their role in explaining higher rates of conduct problems and violence in Brazil. METHODS Prospective population-based birth cohort studies were conducted in Pelotas, Brazil (N = 3,618) and Avon, Britain (N = 4,103). Eleven perinatal and sociodemographic risk factors were measured in questionnaires completed by mothers during the perinatal period. Conduct problems were measured in questionnaires completed by mothers at age 11, and violence in self-report questionnaires completed by adolescents at age 18. RESULTS Conduct problems were predicted by similar risk factors in Brazil and Britain. Female violence was predicted by several of the same risk factors in both countries. However, male violence in Brazil was associated with only one risk factor, and several risk factor associations were weaker in Brazil than in Britain for both females and males. Almost 20% of the higher risk for conduct problems in Brazil compared to Britain was explained by differential exposure to risk factors. The percentage of the cross-national difference in violence explained by early risk factors was 15% for females and 8% for males. CONCLUSIONS A nontrivial proportion of cross-national differences in antisocial behaviour are related to perinatal and sociodemographic conditions at the start of life. However, risk factor associations are weaker in Brazil than in Britain, and influences in other developmental periods are probably of particular importance for understanding male youth violence in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK,Correspondence Joseph Murray, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge CB2 8AH, UK;
| | - Barbara Maughan
- MRC Social, Developmental and Genetic Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Ana M B Menezes
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of PelotasPelotas, Brazil
| | - Matthew Hickman
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of BristolBristol, UK
| | - John MacLeod
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of BristolBristol, UK
| | - Alicia Matijasevich
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of PelotasPelotas, Brazil,Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helen Gonçalves
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of PelotasPelotas, Brazil
| | - Luciana Anselmi
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of PelotasPelotas, Brazil
| | - Erika A G Gallo
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of PelotasPelotas, Brazil
| | - Fernando C Barros
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of PelotasPelotas, Brazil,Postgraduate Program in Health and Behavior, Universidade Católica de PelotasPelotas, Brazil
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Abstract
Mediation statistical models help clarify the relationship between independent predictor variables and dependent outcomes of interest by assessing the impact of third variables. This type of statistical analysis is applicable for many clinical nursing research questions, yet its use within nursing remains low. Indeed, mediational analyses may help nurse researchers develop more effective and accurate prevention and treatment programs as well as help bridge the gap between scientific knowledge and clinical practice. In addition, this statistical approach allows nurse researchers to ask - and answer - more meaningful and nuanced questions that extend beyond merely determining whether an outcome occurs. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to provide a brief tutorial on the use of mediational analyses in clinical nursing research by briefly introducing the technique and, through selected empirical examples from the nursing literature, demonstrating its applicability in advancing nursing science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghong Liu
- a School of Nursing, Faculty Member of MPH, School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , 418 Curie Blvd., Room 426, Claire M. Fagin Hall, Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6096
| | - Connie Ulrich
- a School of Nursing, Faculty Member of MPH, School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , 418 Curie Blvd., Room 426, Claire M. Fagin Hall, Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6096
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Chu W, Zhang Y, Li D, Barrow CJ, Wang H, Yang W. A biomimetic sensor for the detection of lead in water. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 67:621-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Raine A, Portnoy J, Liu J, Mahoomed T, Hibbeln J. Reduction in behavior problems with omega-3 supplementation in children aged 8-16 years: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, stratified, parallel-group trial. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2015; 56:509-20. [PMID: 25146492 PMCID: PMC4336833 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While limited evidence suggests that omega-3 supplementation may reduce antisocial behavior in children, studies have not reported on posttreatment follow-up and most treatment periods have been of short duration. This study tests the hypothesis that omega-3 supplementation over 6 months will reduce behavior problems in children both at the end of treatment and at 6 months post treatment. METHODS In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, stratified, parallel-group trial, a community sample of 8-16 year old children were randomized into a treatment group (N = 100) and a placebo-control group (N = 100). The supplementation consisted of a fruit drink containing 1 g/day of omega-3 or a placebo consisting of the same fruit drink without omega-3. Participants, caregivers, and research assistants were blinded to group assignment. The primary outcome measures of externalizing and internalizing behavior problems were reported by both caregivers and their children in a laboratory setting at 0 months (baseline), 6 months (end of treatment) and 12 months (6 months post treatment), together with the secondary outcome measures of parental antisocial behavior. Data were analyzed on an intention-to-treat basis including all participants. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02016079?term=mauritius&rank=2 RESULTS: Significant group × time interactions were observed with the treatment group showing long-term improvements in child behavior problems. The average posttreatment effect size was d = -.59. Effects were documented for parent reports, but with the exception of proactive and reactive aggression, child-report data were nonsignificant. Parents whose children took omega-3 showed significant posttreatment reductions in their own antisocial and aggressive behavior. This improvement in caregiver behavior partly mediated the improvements observed in child behavior. CONCLUSIONS Findings provide initial evidence that omega-3 supplementation can produce sustained reductions in externalizing and internalizing behavior problems. Results are the first to report improvements in caregiver behavior, and to establish this improvement as a part-mechanism for the efficacy of omega-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Raine
- Departments of Criminology, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Jill Portnoy
- Departments of Criminology, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Joseph Hibbeln
- Section on Nutritional Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
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Murray J, Menezes AMB, Hickman M, Maughan B, Gallo EAG, Matijasevich A, Gonçalves H, Anselmi L, Assunção MCF, Barros FC, Victora CG. Childhood behaviour problems predict crime and violence in late adolescence: Brazilian and British birth cohort studies. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2015; 50:579-89. [PMID: 25319112 PMCID: PMC4361758 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-014-0976-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Most children live in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), many of which have high levels of violence. Research in high-income countries (HICs) shows that childhood behaviour problems are important precursors of crime and violence. Evidence is lacking on whether this is also true in LMICs. This study examines prevalence rates and associations between conduct problems and hyperactivity and crime and violence in Brazil and Britain. METHODS A comparison was made of birth cohorts in Brazil and Britain, including measures of behaviour problems based on parental report at age 11, and self-reports of crime at age 18 (N = 3,618 Brazil; N = 4,103 Britain). Confounders were measured in the perinatal period and at age 11 in questionnaires completed by the mother and, in Brazil, searches of police records regarding parental crime. RESULTS Conduct problems, hyperactivity and violent crime were more prevalent in Brazil than in Britain, but nonviolent crime was more prevalent in Britain. Sex differences in prevalence rates were larger where behaviours were less common: larger for conduct problems, hyperactivity, and violent crime in Britain, and larger for nonviolent crime in Brazil. Conduct problems and hyperactivity predicted nonviolent and violent crime similarly in both countries; the effects were partly explained by perinatal health factors and childhood family environments. CONCLUSIONS Conduct problems and hyperactivity are similar precursors of crime and violence across different social settings. Early crime and violence prevention programmes could target these behavioural difficulties and associated risks in LMICs as well as in HICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK,
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Chen C, Liu C, Chen C, Moyzis R, Chen W, Dong Q. Genetic variations in the serotoninergic system and environmental factors contribute to aggressive behavior in Chinese adolescents. Physiol Behav 2014; 138:62-8. [PMID: 25447480 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Aggressive behavior is a major public health problem worldwide and has been associated with many gene variants, especially those related to the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) system, and environmental factors. However, the overall contribution of serotonin-related genes to aggressive behavior is not well understood. With a sample of 478 healthy Chinese volunteers, this study investigated the relation between aggressive behavior and genetic variations of the serotoninergic system (as characterized by 129 representative polymorphisms) interacting with environmental factors (parental warmth and acceptance; stressful life events). We adopted a system-level approach to identify SNPs and environmental factors associated with aggressive behavior, and estimated their overall contribution to aggressive behavior using multiple regression, which was then verified by permutation analysis. We identified 12 SNPs that made statistically significant contributions to aggressive behavior. Next, main effects, interactions among these SNPs, and interactions between these SNPs and environmental factors were assessed using multiple regression. The final model accounted for approximately 19% of the variance for aggressive behavior. Permutation analysis confirmed that the probability of obtaining these findings by chance was low (p=0.045, permuted for 1000 times). These results showed that genetic variations in the serotoninergic system, combined with environmental risk factors, made a moderate contribution to individual differences in aggressive behavior among a healthy population sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Robert Moyzis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Wen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
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Abstract
Research links air pollution mostly to respiratory and cardiovascular disease. The effects of air pollution on the central nervous system (CNS) are not broadly recognized. Urban outdoor pollution is a global public health problem particularly severe in megacities and in underdeveloped countries, but large and small cities in the United States and the United Kingom are not spared. Fine and ultrafine particulate matter (UFPM) defined by aerodynamic diameter (<2.5-μm fine particles, PM2.5, and <100-nm UFPM) pose a special interest for the brain effects given the capability of very small particles to reach the brain. In adults, ambient pollution is associated to stroke and depression, whereas the emerging picture in children show significant systemic inflammation, immunodysregulation at systemic, intratechal and brain levels, neuroinflammation and brain oxidative stress, along with the main hallmarks of Alzheimer and Parkinson's diseases: hyperphosphorilated tau, amyloid plaques and misfolded α-synuclein. Animal models exposed to particulate matter components show markers of both neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Epidemiological, cognitive, behavioral and mechanistic studies into the association between air pollution exposures and the development of CNS damage particularly in children are of pressing importance for public health and quality of life. Primary health providers have to include a complete prenatal and postnatal environmental and occupational history to indoor and outdoor toxic hazards and measures should be taken to prevent or reduce further exposures.
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Torres-Jardón R, Kulesza RJ, Park SB, D'Angiulli A. Air pollution and detrimental effects on children's brain. The need for a multidisciplinary approach to the issue complexity and challenges. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:613. [PMID: 25161617 PMCID: PMC4129915 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Millions of children in polluted cities are showing brain detrimental effects. Urban children exhibit brain structural and volumetric abnormalities, systemic inflammation, olfactory, auditory, vestibular and cognitive deficits v low-pollution controls. Neuroinflammation and blood-brain-barrier (BBB) breakdown target the olfactory bulb, prefrontal cortex and brainstem, but are diffusely present throughout the brain. Urban adolescent Apolipoprotein E4 carriers significantly accelerate Alzheimer pathology. Neurocognitive effects of air pollution are substantial, apparent across all populations, and potentially clinically relevant as early evidence of evolving neurodegenerative changes. The diffuse nature of the neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration forces to employ a weight of evidence approach incorporating current clinical, cognitive, neurophysiological, radiological and epidemiological research. Pediatric air pollution research requires extensive multidisciplinary collaborations to accomplish a critical goal: to protect exposed children through multidimensional interventions having both broad impact and reach. Protecting children and teens from neural effects of air pollution should be of pressing importance for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Structural and Functional Neurosciences, University of Montana Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Ricardo Torres-Jardón
- Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Randy J Kulesza
- Auditory Research Center, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine Erie, PA, USA
| | - Su-Bin Park
- Neuroscience, NICER Lab (Neuroscience of Imagery Cognition and Emotion Research Lab), Carleton University Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Amedeo D'Angiulli
- Neuroscience, NICER Lab (Neuroscience of Imagery Cognition and Emotion Research Lab), Carleton University Ottawa, ON, Canada
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayashri Kulkarni
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Australia
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