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Yamamoto K, Scilabra SD, Bonelli S, Jensen A, Scavenius C, Enghild JJ, Strickland DK. Novel insights into the multifaceted and tissue-specific roles of the endocytic receptor LRP1. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107521. [PMID: 38950861 PMCID: PMC11325810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Receptor-mediated endocytosis provides a mechanism for the selective uptake of specific molecules thereby controlling the composition of the extracellular environment and biological processes. The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is a widely expressed endocytic receptor that regulates cellular events by modulating the levels of numerous extracellular molecules via rapid endocytic removal. LRP1 also participates in signalling pathways through this modulation as well as in the interaction with membrane receptors and cytoplasmic adaptor proteins. LRP1 SNPs are associated with several diseases and conditions such as migraines, aortic aneurysms, cardiopulmonary dysfunction, corneal clouding, and bone dysmorphology and mineral density. Studies using Lrp1 KO mice revealed a critical, nonredundant and tissue-specific role of LRP1 in regulating various physiological events. However, exactly how LRP1 functions to regulate so many distinct and specific processes is still not fully clear. Our recent proteomics studies have identified more than 300 secreted proteins that either directly interact with LRP1 or are modulated by LRP1 in various tissues. This review will highlight the remarkable ability of this receptor to regulate secreted molecules in a tissue-specific manner and discuss potential mechanisms underpinning such specificity. Uncovering the depth of these "hidden" specific interactions modulated by LRP1 will provide novel insights into a dynamic and complex extracellular environment that is involved in diverse biological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Yamamoto
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Simone D Scilabra
- Proteomics Group of Ri.MED Foundation, Research Department IRCCS ISMETT, Palermo, Italy
| | - Simone Bonelli
- Proteomics Group of Ri.MED Foundation, Research Department IRCCS ISMETT, Palermo, Italy; Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Anders Jensen
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Carsten Scavenius
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan J Enghild
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dudley K Strickland
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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2
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Reid KM, Brown GC. LRPAP1 is released from activated microglia and inhibits microglial phagocytosis and amyloid beta aggregation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1286474. [PMID: 38035103 PMCID: PMC10687467 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1286474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-associated protein 1 (LRPAP1), also known as receptor associated protein (RAP), is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone and inhibitor of LDL receptor related protein 1 (LRP1) and related receptors. These receptors have dozens of physiological ligands and cell functions, but it is not known whether cells release LRPAP1 physiologically at levels that regulate these receptors and cell functions. We used mouse BV-2 and human CHME3 microglial cell lines, and found that microglia released nanomolar levels of LRPAP1 when inflammatory activated by lipopolysaccharide or when ER stressed by tunicamycin. LRPAP1 was found on the surface of live activated and non-activated microglia, and anti-LRPAP1 antibodies induced internalization. Addition of 10 nM LRPAP1 inhibited microglial phagocytosis of isolated synapses and cells, and the uptake of Aβ. LRPAP1 also inhibited Aβ aggregation in vitro. Thus, activated and stressed microglia release LRPAP1 levels that can inhibit phagocytosis, Aβ uptake and Aβ aggregation. We conclude that LRPAP1 release may regulate microglial functions and Aβ pathology, and more generally that extracellular LRPAP1 may be a physiological and pathological regulator of a wide range of cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guy C. Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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3
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Beenken A, Cerutti G, Brasch J, Guo Y, Sheng Z, Erdjument-Bromage H, Aziz Z, Robbins-Juarez SY, Chavez EY, Ahlsen G, Katsamba PS, Neubert TA, Fitzpatrick AWP, Barasch J, Shapiro L. Structures of LRP2 reveal a molecular machine for endocytosis. Cell 2023; 186:821-836.e13. [PMID: 36750096 PMCID: PMC9993842 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein 2 (LRP2 or megalin) is representative of the phylogenetically conserved subfamily of giant LDL receptor-related proteins, which function in endocytosis and are implicated in diseases of the kidney and brain. Here, we report high-resolution cryoelectron microscopy structures of LRP2 isolated from mouse kidney, at extracellular and endosomal pH. The structures reveal LRP2 to be a molecular machine that adopts a conformation for ligand binding at the cell surface and for ligand shedding in the endosome. LRP2 forms a homodimer, the conformational transformation of which is governed by pH-sensitive sites at both homodimer and intra-protomer interfaces. A subset of LRP2 deleterious missense variants in humans appears to impair homodimer assembly. These observations lay the foundation for further understanding the function and mechanism of LDL receptors and implicate homodimerization as a conserved feature of the LRP receptor subfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Beenken
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gabriele Cerutti
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Julia Brasch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Yicheng Guo
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hediye Erdjument-Bromage
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Zainab Aziz
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Estefania Y Chavez
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Goran Ahlsen
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Phinikoula S Katsamba
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Thomas A Neubert
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Anthony W P Fitzpatrick
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Jonathan Barasch
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA; Columbia University George M. O'Brien Urology Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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4
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Chun H, Kurasawa JH, Olivares P, Marakasova ES, Shestopal SA, Hassink GU, Karnaukhova E, Migliorini M, Obi JO, Smith AK, Wintrode PL, Durai P, Park K, Deredge D, Strickland DK, Sarafanov AG. Characterization of interaction between blood coagulation factor VIII and LRP1 suggests dynamic binding by alternating complex contacts. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:2255-2269. [PMID: 35810466 PMCID: PMC9804390 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficiency in blood coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) results in life-threating bleeding (hemophilia A) treated by infusions of FVIII concentrates. To improve disease treatment, FVIII has been modified to increase its plasma half-life, which requires understanding mechanisms of FVIII catabolism. An important catabolic actor is hepatic low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), which also regulates many other clinically significant processes. Previous studies showed complexity of FVIII site for binding LRP1. OBJECTIVES To characterize binding sites between FVIII and LRP1 and suggest a model of the interaction. METHODS A series of recombinant ligand-binding complement-type repeat (CR) fragments of LRP1 including mutated variants was generated in a baculovirus system and tested for FVIII interaction using surface plasmon resonance, tissue culture model, hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, and in silico. RESULTS Multiple CR doublets within LRP1 clusters II and IV were identified as alternative FVIII-binding sites. These interactions follow the canonical binding mode providing major binding energy, and additional weak interactions are contributed by adjacent CR domains. A representative CR doublet was shown to have multiple contact sites on FVIII. CONCLUSIONS FVIII and LRP1 interact via formation of multiple complex contacts involving both canonical and non-canonical binding combinations. We propose that FVIII-LRP1 interaction occurs via switching such alternative binding combinations in a dynamic mode, and that this mechanism is relevant to other ligand interactions of the low-density lipoprotein receptor family members including LRP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haarin Chun
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and ResearchU.S. Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - James H. Kurasawa
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and ResearchU.S. Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
- Present address:
Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, GaithersburgMarylandUSA
| | - Philip Olivares
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and ResearchU.S. Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Ekaterina S. Marakasova
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and ResearchU.S. Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
- Present address:
(1) Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver SpringMarylandUSA
- Present address:
George Mason University, School of Systems Biology, FairfaxVirginiaUSA
| | - Svetlana A. Shestopal
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and ResearchU.S. Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Gabriela U. Hassink
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and ResearchU.S. Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
- Present address:
GSK‐Rockville Center for Vaccines Research, RockvilleMarylandUSA
| | - Elena Karnaukhova
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and ResearchU.S. Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Mary Migliorini
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory DiseasesDepartments of Surgery and PhysiologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Juliet O. Obi
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Maryland School of PharmacyBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Ally K. Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Maryland School of PharmacyBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Patrick L. Wintrode
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Maryland School of PharmacyBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Prasannavenkatesh Durai
- Natural Product Informatics Research CenterKorea Institute of Science and TechnologyGangneungRepublic of Korea
| | - Keunwan Park
- Natural Product Informatics Research CenterKorea Institute of Science and TechnologyGangneungRepublic of Korea
| | - Daniel Deredge
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Maryland School of PharmacyBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Dudley K. Strickland
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory DiseasesDepartments of Surgery and PhysiologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Andrey G. Sarafanov
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and ResearchU.S. Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
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5
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Yamamoto K, Scavenius C, Meschis MM, Gremida AME, Mogensen EH, Thøgersen IB, Bonelli S, Scilabra SD, Jensen A, Santamaria S, Ahnström J, Bou-Gharios G, Enghild JJ, Nagase H. A top-down approach to uncover the hidden ligandome of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 in cartilage. Matrix Biol 2022; 112:190-218. [PMID: 36028175 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is a cell-surface receptor ubiquitously expressed in various tissues. It plays tissue-specific roles by mediating endocytosis of a diverse range of extracellular molecules. Dysregulation of LRP1 is involved in multiple conditions including osteoarthritis (OA) but little information is available about the specific profile of direct binding partners of LRP1 (ligandome) for each tissue, which would lead to a better understanding of its role in disease states. Here, we investigated adult articular cartilage where impaired LRP1-mediated endocytosis leads to tissue destruction. We used a top-down approach involving proteomic analysis of the LRP1 interactome in human chondrocytes, direct binding assays using purified LRP1 and ligand candidates, and validation in LRP1-deficient fibroblasts and human chondrocytes, as well as a novel Lrp1 conditional knockout (KO) mouse model. We found that inhibition of LRP1 and ligand interaction results in cell death, alteration of the entire secretome and transcriptional modulations in human chondrocytes. We identified a chondrocyte-specific LRP1 ligandome consisting of more than 50 novel ligand candidates. Surprisingly, 23 previously reported LRP1 ligands were not regulated by LRP1-mediated endocytosis in human chondrocytes. We confirmed direct LRP1 binding of HGFAC, HMGB1, HMGB2, CEMIP, SLIT2, ADAMTS1, TSG6, IGFBP7, SPARC and LIF, correlation between their affinity for LRP1 and the rate of endocytosis, and some of their intracellular localization. Moreover, a conditional LRP1 KO mouse model demonstrated a critical role of LRP1 in regulating the high-affinity ligands in cartilage in vivo. This systematic approach revealed the specificity and the extent of the chondrocyte LRP1 ligandome and identified potential novel therapeutic targets for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Yamamoto
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, United Kingdom.
| | - Carsten Scavenius
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Maria M Meschis
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, United Kingdom
| | - Abdulrahman M E Gremida
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, United Kingdom
| | - Emilie H Mogensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ida B Thøgersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Simone Bonelli
- Fondazione RiMED - ISMETT via Ernesto Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Simone D Scilabra
- Fondazione RiMED - ISMETT via Ernesto Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Anders Jensen
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, United Kingdom
| | - Salvatore Santamaria
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, W12 0NN, London, United Kingdom
| | - Josefin Ahnström
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, W12 0NN, London, United Kingdom
| | - George Bou-Gharios
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, United Kingdom
| | - Jan J Enghild
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hideaki Nagase
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
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6
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Marakasova E, Olivares P, Karnaukhova E, Chun H, Hernandez NE, Kurasawa JH, Hassink GU, Shestopal SA, Strickland DK, Sarafanov AG. Molecular chaperone RAP interacts with LRP1 in a dynamic bivalent mode and enhances folding of ligand-binding regions of other LDLR family receptors. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100842. [PMID: 34058195 PMCID: PMC8239462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) family of receptors are cell-surface receptors that internalize numerous ligands and play crucial role in various processes, such as lipoprotein metabolism, hemostasis, fetal development, etc. Previously, receptor-associated protein (RAP) was described as a molecular chaperone for LDLR-related protein 1 (LRP1), a prominent member of the LDLR family. We aimed to verify this role of RAP for LRP1 and two other LDLR family receptors, LDLR and vLDLR, and to investigate the mechanisms of respective interactions using a cell culture model system, purified system, and in silico modelling. Upon coexpression of RAP with clusters of the ligand-binding complement repeats (CRs) of the receptors in secreted form in insect cells culture, the isolated proteins had increased yield, enhanced folding, and improved binding properties compared with proteins expressed without RAP, as determined by circular dichroism and surface plasmon resonance. Within LRP1 CR-clusters II and IV, we identified multiple sites comprised of adjacent CR doublets, which provide alternative bivalent binding combinations with specific pairs of lysines on RAP. Mutational analysis of these lysines within each of isolated RAP D1/D2 and D3 domains having high affinity to LRP1 and of conserved tryptophans on selected CR-doublets of LRP1, as well as in silico docking of a model LRP1 CR-triplet with RAP, indicated a universal role for these residues in interaction of RAP and LRP1. Consequently, we propose a new model of RAP interaction with LDLR family receptors based on switching of the bivalent contacts between molecules over time in a dynamic mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Marakasova
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Philip Olivares
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Elena Karnaukhova
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Haarin Chun
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Nancy E Hernandez
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - James H Kurasawa
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Gabriela U Hassink
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Svetlana A Shestopal
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Dudley K Strickland
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrey G Sarafanov
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
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7
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Bres EE, Faissner A. Low Density Receptor-Related Protein 1 Interactions With the Extracellular Matrix: More Than Meets the Eye. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:31. [PMID: 30931303 PMCID: PMC6428713 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a biological substrate composed of collagens, proteoglycans and glycoproteins that ensures proper cell migration and adhesion and keeps the cell architecture intact. The regulation of the ECM composition is a vital process strictly controlled by, among others, proteases, growth factors and adhesion receptors. As it appears, ECM remodeling is also essential for proper neuronal and glial development and the establishment of adequate synaptic signaling. Hence, disturbances in ECM functioning are often present in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease. Moreover, mutations in ECM molecules are found in some forms of epilepsy and malfunctioning of ECM-related genes and pathways can be seen in, for example, cancer or ischemic injury. Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (Lrp1) is a member of the low density lipoprotein receptor family. Lrp1 is involved not only in ligand uptake, receptor mediated endocytosis and lipoprotein transport—functions shared by low density lipoprotein receptor family members—but also regulates cell surface protease activity, controls cellular entry and binding of toxins and viruses, protects against atherosclerosis and acts on many cell signaling pathways. Given the plethora of functions, it is not surprising that Lrp1 also impacts the ECM and is involved in its remodeling. This review focuses on the role of Lrp1 and some of its major ligands on ECM function. Specifically, interactions with two Lrp1 ligands, integrins and tissue plasminogen activator are described in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa E Bres
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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8
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Bloem E, Karpf DM, Nørby PL, Johansen PB, Loftager M, Rahbek-Nielsen H, Petersen HH, Blouse GE, Thim L, Kjalke M, Bolt G. Factor VIII with a 237 amino acid B-domain has an extended half-life in F8-knockout mice. J Thromb Haemost 2019; 17:350-360. [PMID: 30525289 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Factor (F)VIII with an intermediate-length B-domain showed higher levels in murine gene therapy. FVIII with different B-domain lengths were analysed. FVIII variants with B-domains between 186 and 240 amino acids (aa) have extended half-life in mice. Reduced cell binding of FVIII with a 237aa B-domain may explain the extended half-life. SUMMARY: Background Factor VIII consists of the A1-domain, A2-domain, B-domain, A3-domain, C1-domain, and C2-domain. FVIII with an intermediate-length B-domain of 226 amino acids (aa) has previously been evaluated in murine gene therapy studies. Objective To characterize FVIII with intermediate-length B-domains in vitro and in vivo in F8-knockout (KO) mice. Methods and results FVIII molecules with B-domains of 186-240aa had longer half-lives in F8-KO mice than FVIII molecules with shorter or longer B-domains. FVIII with a B-domain containing the 225 N-terminal aa fused to the 12 C-terminal aa of the wild-type B-domain (FVIII-237) had a 1.6-fold extended half-life in F8-KO mice as compared with FVIII with a 21aa B-domain (FVIII-21). The in vitro and in vivo activity of FVIII-237 were comparable to those of FVIII-21, as was binding to von Willebrand factor. Cell binding to LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1)-expressing cells was markedly reduced for FVIII-237 as compared with FVIII-21, whereas the affinity for LRP-1 was not reduced in surface plasmon resonance (SPR) studies. FVIII-21 cell binding and internalization could be inhibited by a fragment consisting of the 226 N-terminal aa of the FVIII B-domain, and SPR analysis suggested that this B-domain fragment might bind with weak affinity to FVIII-21. Conclusion Reduced cell binding of FVIII-237 might explain the observed extended half-life in F8-KO mice. This may contribute to the increased FVIII levels measured in murine gene therapy studies using FVIII constructs with similar B-domain lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bloem
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, Måløv, Denmark
| | - D M Karpf
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, Måløv, Denmark
| | - P L Nørby
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, Måløv, Denmark
| | - P B Johansen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, Måløv, Denmark
| | - M Loftager
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, Måløv, Denmark
| | | | - H H Petersen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, Måløv, Denmark
| | - G E Blouse
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, Måløv, Denmark
| | - L Thim
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, Måløv, Denmark
| | - M Kjalke
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, Måløv, Denmark
| | - G Bolt
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, Måløv, Denmark
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9
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Castro-Núñez L, Koornneef JM, Rondaij MG, Bloem E, van der Zwaan C, Mertens K, Meijer AB, Meems H. Cellular uptake of coagulation factor VIII: Elusive role of the membrane-binding spikes in the C1 domain. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 89:34-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Shestopal SA, Hao JJ, Karnaukhova E, Liang Y, Ovanesov MV, Lin M, Kurasawa JH, Lee TK, Mcvey JH, Sarafanov AG. Expression and characterization of a codon-optimized blood coagulation factor VIII. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:709-720. [PMID: 28109042 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Essentials Recombinant factor VIII (FVIII) is known to be expressed at a low level in cell culture. To increase expression, we used codon-optimization of a B-domain deleted FVIII (BDD-FVIII). This resulted in 7-fold increase of the expression level in cell culture. The biochemical properties of codon-optimized BDD-FVIII were similar to the wild-type protein. SUMMARY Background Production of recombinant factor VIII (FVIII) is challenging because of its low expression. It was previously shown that codon-optimization of a B-domain-deleted FVIII (BDD-FVIII) cDNA resulted in increased protein expression. However, it is well recognized that synonymous mutations may affect the protein structure and function. Objectives To compare biochemical properties of a BDD-FVIII variants expressed from codon-optimized and wild-type cDNAs (CO and WT, respectively). Methods Each variant of the BDD-FVIII was expressed in several independent Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines, generated using a lentiviral platform. The proteins were purified by two-step affinity chromatography and analyzed in parallel by PAGE-western blot, mass spectrometry, circular dichroism, surface plasmon resonance, and chromogenic, clotting and thrombin generation assays. Results and conclusion The average yield of the CO was 7-fold higher than WT, whereas both proteins were identical in the amino acid sequences (99% coverage) and very similar in patterns of the molecular fragments (before and after thrombin cleavage), glycosylation and tyrosine sulfation, secondary structures and binding to von Willebrand factor and to a fragment of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1. The CO preparations had on average 1.5-fold higher FVIII specific activity (activity normalized to protein mass) than WT preparations, which was attributed to better preservation of the CO structure as a result of considerably higher protein concentrations during the production. We concluded that the codon-optimization of the BDD-FVIII resulted in significant increase of its expression and did not affect the structure-function properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Shestopal
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - J-J Hao
- Poochon Scientific, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - E Karnaukhova
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Y Liang
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - M V Ovanesov
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - M Lin
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - J H Kurasawa
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - T K Lee
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - J H Mcvey
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Surrey, UK
| | - A G Sarafanov
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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11
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De Nardis C, Lössl P, van den Biggelaar M, Madoori PK, Leloup N, Mertens K, Heck AJR, Gros P. Recombinant Expression of the Full-length Ectodomain of LDL Receptor-related Protein 1 (LRP1) Unravels pH-dependent Conformational Changes and the Stoichiometry of Binding with Receptor-associated Protein (RAP). J Biol Chem 2016; 292:912-924. [PMID: 27956551 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.758862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is a highly modular protein and the largest known mammalian endocytic receptor. LRP1 binds and internalizes many plasma components, playing multiple crucial roles as a scavenger and signaling molecule. One major challenge to studying LRP1 has been that it is difficult to express such a large, highly glycosylated, and cysteine-rich protein, limiting structural studies to LRP1 fragments. Here, we report the first recombinant expression of the complete 61 domains of the full-length LRP1 ectodomain. This advance was achieved with a multistep cloning approach and by using DNA dilutions to improve protein yields. We investigated the binding properties of LRP1 using receptor-associated protein (RAP) as a model ligand due to its tight binding interaction. The LRP1 conformation was studied in its bound and unbound state using mass spectrometry, small-angle X-ray scattering, and negative-stain electron microscopy at neutral and acidic pH. Our findings revealed a pH-dependent release of the ligand associated with a conformational change of the receptor. In summary, this investigation of the complete LRP1 ectodomain significantly advances our understanding of this important receptor and provides the basis for further elucidating the mechanism of action of LRP1 in a whole and integrated system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla De Nardis
- From the Crystal & Structural Chemistry Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht
| | - Philip Lössl
- the Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry & Proteomics Group and Netherlands Proteomics Center, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht
| | | | - Pramod K Madoori
- From the Crystal & Structural Chemistry Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht
| | - Nadia Leloup
- From the Crystal & Structural Chemistry Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht
| | - Koen Mertens
- the Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research, 1006 AN Amsterdam, and.,the Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- the Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry & Proteomics Group and Netherlands Proteomics Center, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht
| | - Piet Gros
- From the Crystal & Structural Chemistry Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht,
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12
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Young PA, Migliorini M, Strickland DK. Evidence That Factor VIII Forms a Bivalent Complex with the Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Receptor-related Protein 1 (LRP1): IDENTIFICATION OF CLUSTER IV ON LRP1 AS THE MAJOR BINDING SITE. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:26035-26044. [PMID: 27794518 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.754622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemophilia A is a bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency in coagulation factor VIII (fVIII) that affects 1 in 5,000 males. Current prophylactic replacement therapy, although effective, is difficult to maintain due to the cost and frequency of injections. Hepatic clearance of fVIII is mediated by the LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), a member of the LDL receptor family. Although it is well established that fVIII binds LRP1, the molecular details of this interaction are unclear as most of the studies have been performed using fragments of fVIII and LRP1. In the current investigation, we examine the binding of intact fVIII to full-length LRP1 to gain insight into the molecular interaction. Chemical modification studies confirm the requirement for lysine residues in the interaction of fVIII with LRP1. Examination of the ionic strength dependence of the interaction of fVIII with LRP1 resulted in a Debye-Hückel plot with a slope of 1.8 ± 0.5, suggesting the involvement of two critical charged residues in the interaction of fVIII with LRP1. Kinetic studies utilizing surface plasmon resonance techniques reveal that the high affinity of fVIII for LRP1 results from avidity effects mediated by the interactions of two sites in fVIII with complementary sites on LRP1 to form a bivalent fVIII·LRP1 complex. Furthermore, although fVIII bound avidly to soluble forms of clusters II and IV from LRP1, only soluble cluster IV competed with the binding of fVIII to full-length LRP1, revealing that cluster IV represents the major fVIII binding site in LRP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Young
- From the Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Disease and the Departments of Surgery and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Mary Migliorini
- From the Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Disease and the Departments of Surgery and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Dudley K Strickland
- From the Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Disease and the Departments of Surgery and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
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Tine M, Kuhl H, Teske PR, Tschöp MH, Jastroch M. Diversification and coevolution of the ghrelin/growth hormone secretagogue receptor system in vertebrates. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:2516-35. [PMID: 27066235 PMCID: PMC4797157 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut hormone ghrelin is involved in numerous metabolic functions, such as the stimulation of growth hormone secretion, gastric motility, and food intake. Ghrelin is modified by ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) or membrane-bound O-acyltransferase domain-containing 4 (MBOAT4) enabling action through the growth hormone secretagogue receptors (GHS-R). During the course of evolution, initially strong ligand/receptor specificities can be disrupted by genomic changes, potentially modifying physiological roles of the ligand/receptor system. Here, we investigated the coevolution of ghrelin, GOAT, and GHS-R in vertebrates. We combined similarity search, conserved synteny analyses, phylogenetic reconstructions, and protein structure comparisons to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the ghrelin system. Ghrelin remained a single-gene locus in all vertebrate species, and accordingly, a single GHS-R isoform was identified in all tetrapods. Similar patterns of the nonsynonymous (dN) and synonymous (dS) ratio (dN/dS) in the vertebrate lineage strongly suggest coevolution of the ghrelin and GHS-R genes, supporting specific functional interactions and common physiological pathways. The selection profiles do not allow confirmation as to whether ghrelin binds specifically to GOAT, but the ghrelin dN/dS patterns are more similar to those of GOAT compared to MBOAT1 and MBOAT2 isoforms. Four GHS-R isoforms were identified in teleost genomes. This diversification of GHS-R resulted from successive rounds of duplications, some of which remained specific to the teleost lineage. Coevolution signals are lost in teleosts, presumably due to the diversification of GHS-R but not the ghrelin gene. The identification of the GHS-R diversity in teleosts provides a molecular basis for comparative studies on ghrelin's physiological roles and regulation, while the comparative sequence and structure analyses will assist translational medicine to determine structure-function relationships of the ghrelin/GHS-R system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mbaye Tine
- Genome Centre at Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10D-50829 Köln Germany; Molecular Zoology Laboratory Department of Zoology University of Johannesburg Kingsway Campus Auckland Park 2006 South Africa
| | - Heiner Kuhl
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics Ihnestrasse 63-73 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Peter R Teske
- Molecular Zoology Laboratory Department of Zoology University of Johannesburg Kingsway Campus Auckland Park 2006 South Africa
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center & German Diabetes Center (DZD) Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases Technische Universität München 80333 Munich Germany
| | - Martin Jastroch
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center & German Diabetes Center (DZD) Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases Technische Universität München 80333 Munich Germany
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14
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A novel chemical footprinting approach identifies critical lysine residues involved in the binding of receptor-associated protein to cluster II of LDL receptor-related protein. Biochem J 2015; 468:65-72. [PMID: 25728577 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Tandem mass tags (TMTs) were utilized in a novel chemical footprinting approach to identify lysine residues that mediate the interaction of receptor-associated protein (RAP) with cluster II of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) receptor (LDLR)-related protein (LRP). The isolated RAP D3 domain was modified with TMT-126 and the D3 domain-cluster II complex with TMT-127. Nano-LC-MS analysis revealed reduced modification with TMT-127 of peptides including Lys(256), Lys(270) and Lys(305)-Lys(306) suggesting that these residues contribute to cluster II binding. This agrees with previous findings that Lys(256) and Lys(270) are critical for binding cluster II sub-domains [Fisher, Beglova and Blacklow (2006) Mol. Cell 22, 277-283]. Cluster II-binding studies utilizing D3 domain variants K(256)A, K(305)A and K(306)A now showed that Lys(306) contributes to cluster II binding as well. For full-length RAP, we observed that peptides including Lys(60), Lys(191), Lys(256), Lys(270) and Lys(305)-Lys(306) exhibited reduced modification with TMT in the RAP-cluster II complex. Notably, Lys(60) has previously been implicated to mediate D1 domain interaction with cluster II. Our results suggest that also Lys(191) of the D2 domain contributes to cluster II binding. Binding studies employing the RAP variants K(191)A, K(256)A, K(305)A and K(306)A, however, revealed a modest reduction in cluster II binding for the K(256)A variant only. This suggests that the other lysine residues can compensate for the absence of a single lysine residue for effective complex assembly. Collectively, novel insight has been obtained into the contribution of lysine residues of RAP to cluster II binding. In addition, we propose that TMTs can be utilized to identify lysine residues critical for protein complex formation.
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15
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Genetic variations in sites of affinity between FVIII and LRP1 are not associated with high FVIII levels in venous thromboembolism. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9246. [PMID: 25782371 PMCID: PMC4363825 DOI: 10.1038/srep09246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased factor VIII (FVIII) levels are a prevalent and independent risk factor for venous thromboembolism (VTE). The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) has been associated with FVIII catabolism. After a median of 10 years of the first thrombotic episode, we evaluated FVIII activity levels in 75 patients with VTE and high FVIII levels and in 74 healthy controls. Subsequently, we evaluated the regions of F8 and LRP1 genes coding sites of affinity between these proteins, with the objective of determining genetic alterations associated with plasma FVIII levels. After a median time of 10 years after the VTE episode, FVIII levels were significantly higher in patients when compared to controls (158.6 IU/dL vs. 125.8 IU/dL; P ≤ 0.001]. Despite the fact that we found 14 genetic variations in F8 and LRP1 genes, no relationship was found between FVIII levels with these variations. We demonstrated a persistent increase of FVIII levels in patients with VTE, but in a much lower magnitude after 10 years when compared to 3-years after the episode. Moreover, we observed no relationship of genetic variations in the gene regions coding affinity sites between LRP1 and FVIII with FVIII levels.
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16
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Kurasawa JH, Shestopal SA, Woodle SA, Ovanesov MV, Lee TK, Sarafanov AG. Cluster III of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 binds activated blood coagulation factor VIII. Biochemistry 2014; 54:481-9. [PMID: 25486042 DOI: 10.1021/bi5011688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP) mediates clearance of blood coagulation factor VIII (FVIII). In LRP, FVIII binds the complement-type repeats (CRs) of clusters II and IV, which also bind a majority of other LRP ligands. No ligand is known for LRP cluster I, and only three ligands, including the LRP chaperone alpha-2 macroglobulin receptor-associated protein (RAP), bind cluster III. Using surface plasmon resonance, we found that in addition to clusters II and IV, activated FVIII (FVIIIa) binds cluster III. The specificity of this interaction was confirmed using an anti-FVIII antibody fragment, which inhibited the binding. Recombinant fragments of cluster III and its site-directed mutagenesis were used to localize the cluster's site for binding FVIIIa to CR.14-19. The interactive site of FVIIIa was localized within its A1/A3'-C1-C2 heterodimer (HDa), which is a major physiological remnant of FVIIIa. In mice, the clearance of HDa was faster than that of FVIII and prolonged in the presence of RAP, which is known to inhibit interactions of LRP with its ligands. In accordance with this, the cluster III site for RAP (CR.15-19) was found to overlap that for FVIIIa. Altogether, our findings support the involvement of LRP in FVIIIa catabolism and suggest a greater significance of the biological role of cluster III compared to that previously known.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Kurasawa
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, Maryland 20993-0002, United States
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17
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Kang HS, Kim J, Lee HJ, Kwon BM, Lee DK, Hong SH. LRP1-dependent pepsin clearance induced by 2'-hydroxycinnamaldehyde attenuates breast cancer cell invasion. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 53:15-23. [PMID: 24796846 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
2'-Hydroxycinnamaldehyde inhibits breast cancer cell invasion. This study examined whether 2'-hydroxycinnamaldehyde, acting as a Michael acceptor, interferes with the ligand binding of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 to mediate breast cancer cell invasion. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1, one of the direct molecular targets of 2'-hydroxycinnamaldehyde, is a multifunctional endocytic receptor. Changes in the thiol oxidation status of cell surface receptor proteins may function as a molecular switch, influencing ligand(s) binding. The oxidation status of extracellular cysteine thiol groups in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells was examined using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter with thiol-specific fluorescent probes; Matrigel invasion and wound-healing assays were performed to determine the effects of 2'-hydroxycinnamaldehyde on in vitro cell migration. The molecular mechanisms by which 2'-hydroxycinnamaldehyde acts were evaluated by transient knockdown using siRNA or inhibition of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 by receptor-associated protein treatment. 2'-Hydroxycinnamaldehyde increased α-2-macroglobulin binding to low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1, which was alleviated by pretreatment of cells with N-acetylcystein. 2'-Hydroxycinnamaldehyde decreased the extracellular pepsin concentration significantly in a low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1- and α-2-macroglobulin-dependent manner. The anti-invasive effect of 2'-hydroxycinnamaldehyde was mitigated with receptor-associated protein pretreatment, suggesting that low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 is essential for the effects of 2'-hydroxycinnamaldehyde. From these data, we suggest that 2'-hydroxycinnamaldehyde increases the cysteine thiol oxidation status of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 extracellular domains, which results in α-2-macroglobulin ligand binding stimulation. Therefore, pepsin clearance in a low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1-α-2-macroglobulin-dependent manner might be an important molecular mechanism in 2'-hydroxycinnamaldehyde exerting its anti-invasive action on breast cancer cells. Furthermore, our data may provide an opportunity to promote the importance of the thiol oxidation status of cell surface receptor proteins for regulating cellular signaling pathways that are important in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Suk Kang
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-412, South Korea; Global Research Laboratory for RNAi Medicine, Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, South Korea
| | - JinKyoung Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-412, South Korea
| | - Heon-Jin Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-412, South Korea
| | - Byoung-Mog Kwon
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Genomics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology in Korea, Daejon 305-806, South Korea
| | - Dong-Ki Lee
- Global Research Laboratory for RNAi Medicine, Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, South Korea
| | - Su-Hyung Hong
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-412, South Korea.
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18
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Bloem E, van den Biggelaar M, Wroblewska A, Voorberg J, Faber JH, Kjalke M, Stennicke HR, Mertens K, Meijer AB. Factor VIII C1 domain spikes 2092-2093 and 2158-2159 comprise regions that modulate cofactor function and cellular uptake. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:29670-9. [PMID: 24009077 PMCID: PMC3795264 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.473116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The C1 domain of factor VIII (FVIII) has been implicated in binding to multiple constituents, including phospholipids, von Willebrand factor, and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP). We have previously described a human monoclonal antibody called KM33 that blocks these interactions as well as cellular uptake by LRP-expressing cells. To unambiguously identify the apparent "hot spot" on FVIII to which this antibody binds, we have employed hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. The results showed that KM33 protects FVIII regions 2091-2104 and 2157-2162 from hydrogen-deuterium exchange. These comprise the two C1 domain spikes 2092-2093 and 2158-2159. Spike 2092-2093 has been demonstrated recently to contribute to assembly with lipid membranes with low phosphatidylserine (PS) content. Therefore, spike 2158-2159 might serve a similar role. This was assessed by replacement of Arg-2159 for Asn, which introduces a motif for N-linked glycosylation. Binding studies revealed that the purified, glycosylated R2159N variant had lost its interaction with antibody KM33 but retained substantial binding to von Willebrand factor and LRP. Cellular uptake of the R2159N variant was reduced both by LRP-expressing U87-MG cells and by human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. FVIII activity was virtually normal on membranes containing 15% PS but reduced at low PS content. These findings suggest that the C1 domain spikes 2092-2093 and 2158-2159 together modulate FVIII membrane assembly by a subtle, PS-dependent mechanism. These findings contribute evidence in favor of an increasingly important role of the C1 domain in FVIII biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Bloem
- From the Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Aleksandra Wroblewska
- From the Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Voorberg
- From the Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johan H. Faber
- the Biopharmaceutical Research Unit, Novo Nordisk A/S, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark, and
| | - Marianne Kjalke
- the Biopharmaceutical Research Unit, Novo Nordisk A/S, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark, and
| | - Henning R. Stennicke
- the Biopharmaceutical Research Unit, Novo Nordisk A/S, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark, and
| | - Koen Mertens
- From the Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- the Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander B. Meijer
- From the Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- the Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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19
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Kurasawa JH, Shestopal SA, Karnaukhova E, Struble EB, Lee TK, Sarafanov AG. Mapping the binding region on the low density lipoprotein receptor for blood coagulation factor VIII. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:22033-41. [PMID: 23754288 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.468108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) was shown to mediate clearance of blood coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) from the circulation. To elucidate the mechanism of interaction of LDLR and FVIII, our objective was to identify the region of the receptor necessary for binding FVIII. Using surface plasmon resonance, we found that LDLR exodomain and its cluster of complement-type repeats (CRs) bind FVIII in the same mode. This indicated that the LDLR site for FVIII is located within the LDLR cluster. Similar results were obtained for another ligand of LDLR, α-2-macroglobulin receptor-associated protein (RAP), a common ligand of receptors from the LDLR family. We further generated a set of recombinant fragments of the LDLR cluster and assessed their structural integrity by binding to RAP and by circular dichroism. A number of fragments overlapping CR.2-5 of the cluster were positive for binding RAP and FVIII. The specificity of these interactions was tested by site-directed mutagenesis of conserved tryptophans within the LDLR fragments. For FVIII, the specificity was also tested using a single-chain variable antibody fragment directed against the FVIII light chain as a competitor. Both cases resulted in decreased binding, thus confirming its specificity. The mutagenic study also showed an importance of the conserved tryptophans in LDLR for both ligands, and the competitive binding results showed an involvement of the light chain of FVIII in its interaction with LDLR. In conclusion, the region of CR.2-5 of LDLR was defined as the binding site for FVIII and RAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Kurasawa
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
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20
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Sagare AP, Bell RD, Srivastava A, Sengillo JD, Singh I, Nishida Y, Chow N, Zlokovic BV. A lipoprotein receptor cluster IV mutant preferentially binds amyloid-β and regulates its clearance from the mouse brain. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:15154-66. [PMID: 23580652 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.439570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (sLRP1) binds ~70% of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) in human plasma. In Alzheimer disease (AD) and individuals with mild cognitive impairment converting to AD, plasma sLRP1 levels are reduced and sLRP1 is oxidized, which results in diminished Aβ peripheral binding and higher levels of free Aβ in plasma. Experimental studies have shown that free circulating Aβ re-enters the brain and that sLRP1 and/or its recombinant wild type cluster IV (WT-LRPIV) prevent Aβ from entering the brain. Treatment of Alzheimer APPsw(+/0) mice with WT-LRPIV has been shown to reduce brain Aβ pathology. In addition to Aβ, LRPIV binds multiple ligands. To enhance LRPIV binding for Aβ relative to other LRP1 ligands, we generated a library of LRPIV-derived fragments and full-length LRPIV variants with glycine replacing aspartic acid residues 3394, 3556, and 3674 in the calcium binding sites. Compared with WT-LRPIV, a lead LRPIV-D3674G mutant had 1.6- and 2.7-fold higher binding affinity for Aβ40 and Aβ42 in vitro, respectively, and a lower binding affinity for other LRP1 ligands (e.g. apolipoprotein E2, E3, and E4 (1.3-1.8-fold), tissue plasminogen activator (2.7-fold), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (4.1-fold), and Factor Xa (3.8-fold)). LRPIV-D3674G cleared mouse endogenous brain Aβ40 and Aβ42 25-27% better than WT-LRPIV. A 3-month subcutaneous treatment of APPsw(+/0) mice with LRPIV-D3674G (40 μg/kg/day) reduced Aβ40 and Αβ42 levels in the hippocampus, cortex, and cerebrospinal fluid by 60-80% and improved cerebral blood flow responses and hippocampal function at 9 months of age. Thus, LRPIV-D3674G is an efficient new Aβ clearance therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay P Sagare
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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Sagare AP, Bell RD, Zlokovic BV. Neurovascular defects and faulty amyloid-β vascular clearance in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2013; 33 Suppl 1:S87-100. [PMID: 22751174 PMCID: PMC4416477 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2012-129037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The evidence that neurovascular dysfunction is an integral part of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis has continued to emerge in the last decade. Changes in the brain vasculature have been shown to contribute to the onset and progression of the pathological processes associated with AD, such as microvascular reductions, blood brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, and faulty clearance of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) from the brain. Herein, we review the role of the neurovascular unit and molecular mechanisms in cerebral vascular cells behind the pathogenesis of AD. In particular, we focus on molecular pathways within cerebral vascular cells and the systemic circulation that contribute to BBB dysfunction, brain hypoperfusion, and impaired clearance of Aβ from the brain. We aim to provide a summary of recent research findings implicated in neurovascular defects and faulty Aβ vascular clearance contributing to AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay P. Sagare
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert D. Bell
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Berislav V. Zlokovic
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Sagare AP, Bell RD, Zlokovic BV. Neurovascular dysfunction and faulty amyloid β-peptide clearance in Alzheimer disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2012; 2:cshperspect.a011452. [PMID: 23028132 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a011452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurovascular dysfunction is an integral part of Alzheimer disease (AD). Changes in the brain vascular system may contribute in a significant way to the onset and progression of cognitive decline and the development of a chronic neurodegenerative process associated with accumulation of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) in brain and cerebral vessels in AD individuals and AD animal models. Here, we review the role of the neurovascular unit and molecular mechanisms in cerebral vascular cells behind the pathogenesis of AD. In particular, we focus on blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, decreased cerebral blood flow, and impaired vascular clearance of Aβ from brain. The data reviewed here support an essential role of the neurovascular and BBB mechanisms in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay P Sagare
- Center for Neurodegenerative and Vascular Brain Disorders and Interdisciplinary Program in Dementia Research, Arthur Kornberg Medical Research Building, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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Sagare AP, Deane R, Zlokovic BV. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1: a physiological Aβ homeostatic mechanism with multiple therapeutic opportunities. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 136:94-105. [PMID: 22820095 PMCID: PMC3432694 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) is the main cell surface receptor involved in brain and systemic clearance of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) toxin amyloid-beta (Aβ). In plasma, a soluble form of LRP1 (sLRP1) is the major transport protein for peripheral Aβ. LRP1 in brain endothelium and mural cells mediates Aβ efflux from brain by providing a transport mechanism for Aβ across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). sLRP1 maintains a plasma 'sink' activity for Aβ through binding of peripheral Aβ which in turn inhibits re-entry of free plasma Aβ into the brain. LRP1 in the liver mediates systemic clearance of Aβ. In AD, LRP1 expression at the BBB is reduced and Aβ binding to circulating sLRP1 is compromised by oxidation. Cell surface LRP1 and circulating sLRP1 represent druggable targets which can be therapeutically modified to restore the physiological mechanisms of brain Aβ homeostasis. In this review, we discuss how increasing LRP1 expression at the BBB and liver with lifestyle changes, statins, plant-based active principles and/or gene therapy on one hand, and how replacing dysfunctional plasma sLRP1 on the other regulate Aβ clearance from brain ultimately controlling the onset and/or progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay P. Sagare
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration at the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Rashid Deane
- Department of Neurosurgery, Arthur Kornberg Medical Research Building, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Berislav V. Zlokovic
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration at the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
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Spuch C, Ortolano S, Navarro C. LRP-1 and LRP-2 receptors function in the membrane neuron. Trafficking mechanisms and proteolytic processing in Alzheimer's disease. Front Physiol 2012; 3:269. [PMID: 22934024 PMCID: PMC3429044 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) belongs to the low-density lipoprotein receptor family, generally recognized as cell surface endocytic receptors, which bind and internalize extracellular ligands for degradation in lysosomes. Neurons require cholesterol to function and keep the membrane rafts stable. Cholesterol uptake into the neuron is carried out by ApoE via LRPs receptors on the cell surface. In neurons the most important are LRP-1 and LRP-2, even it is thought that a causal factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the malfunction of this process which cause impairment intracellular signaling as well as storage and/or release of nutrients and toxic compounds. Both receptors are multifunctional cell surface receptors that are widely expressed in several tissues including neurons and astrocytes. LRPs are constituted by an intracellular (ICD) and extracellular domain (ECD). Through its ECD, LRPs bind at least 40 different ligands ranging from lipoprotein and protease inhibitor complex to growth factors and extracellular matrix proteins. These receptors has also been shown to interact with scaffolding and signaling proteins via its ICD in a phosphorylation-dependent manner and to function as a co-receptor partnering with other cell surface or integral membrane proteins. Thus, LRPs are implicated in two major physiological processes: endocytosis and regulation of signaling pathways, which are both involved in diverse biological roles including lipid metabolism, cell growth processes, degradation of proteases, and tissue invasion. Interestingly, LRPs were also localized in neurons in different stages, suggesting that both receptors could be implicated in signal transduction during embryonic development, neuronal outgrowth or in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Spuch
- Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital of VigoVigo, Spain
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Abstract
This review will focus on the systematization of knowledge about structure of macroglobulin signaling system, which includes macroglobulin family proteins (alpha-2-macroglobulin, alpha-2-glycoprotein, pregnancy associated plasma protein A), their receptors (LRP, grp78), ligands (proteinases, cytokines, hormones, lipids, et al.) transforming and transcriptional factors for regulation of macroglobulins synthesis. After reviewing the functions of macroglobulin signaling system, and mechanisms of their realization, we discuss the complex and significant role of this system in different physiological and pathological processes.
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Uptake of blood coagulation factor VIII by dendritic cells is mediated via its C1 domain. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 129:501-9, 509.e1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Meems H, van den Biggelaar M, Rondaij M, van der Zwaan C, Mertens K, Meijer AB. C1 domain residues Lys 2092 and Phe 2093 are of major importance for the endocytic uptake of coagulation factor VIII. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 43:1114-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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A single lysine of the two-lysine recognition motif of the D3 domain of receptor-associated protein is sufficient to mediate endocytosis by low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 43:431-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zlokovic BV, Deane R, Sagare AP, Bell RD, Winkler EA. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1: a serial clearance homeostatic mechanism controlling Alzheimer's amyloid β-peptide elimination from the brain. J Neurochem 2010; 115:1077-89. [PMID: 20854368 PMCID: PMC2972355 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07002.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1), a member of the low-density lipoprotein receptor family, has major roles in the cellular transport of cholesterol, endocytosis of 40 structurally diverse ligands, transcytosis of ligands across the blood-brain barrier, and transmembrane and nuclear signaling. Recent evidence indicates that LRP1 regulates brain and systemic clearance of Alzheimer's disease (AD) amyloid β-peptide (Aβ). According to the two-hit vascular hypothesis for AD, vascular damage precedes cerebrovascular and brain Aβ accumulation (hit 1) which then further amplifies neurovascular dysfunction (hit 2) preceding neurodegeneration. In this study, we discuss the roles of LRP1 during the hit 1 and hit 2 stage of AD pathogenesis and describe a three-level serial LRP1-dependent homeostatic control of Aβ clearance including (i) cell-surface LRP1 at the blood-brain barrier and cerebrovascular cells mediating brain-to-blood Aβ clearance (ii) circulating LRP1 providing a key endogenous peripheral 'sink' activity for plasma Aβ which prevents free Aβ access to the brain, and (iii) LRP1 in the liver mediating systemic Aβ clearance. Pitfalls in experimental Aβ brain clearance measurements with the concurrent use of peptides/proteins such as receptor-associated protein and aprotinin are also discussed. We suggest that LRP1 has a critical role in AD pathogenesis and is an important therapeutic target in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berislav V Zlokovic
- Center for Neurodegenerative and Vascular Brain Disorders, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642,, USA.
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30
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Jensen JK, Dolmer K, Gettins PGW. Specificity of binding of the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein to different conformational states of the clade E serpins plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and proteinase nexin-1. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:17989-97. [PMID: 19439404 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.009530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) is the principal clearance receptor for serpins and serpin-proteinase complexes. The ligand binding regions of LRP consist of clusters of cysteine-rich approximately 40-residue complement-like repeats (CR), with cluster II being the principal ligand-binding region. To better understand the specificity of binding at different sites within the cluster and the ability of LRP to discriminate in vivo between uncomplexed and proteinase-complexed serpins, we have systematically examined the affinities of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and proteinase nexin-1 (PN-1) in their native, cleaved, and proteinase-complexed states to (CR)(2) and (CR)(3) fragments of LRP cluster II. A consistent blue shift of the CR domain tryptophan fluorescence suggested a common mode of serpin binding, involving lysines on the serpin engaging the acidic region around the calcium binding site of the CR domain. High affinity binding of non-proteinase-complexed PAI-1 and PN-1 occurred to all fragments containing three CR domains (3-59 nm) and most that contain only two CR domains, although binding energies to different (CR)(3) fragments differed by up to 18% for PAI-1 and 9% for PN-1. No detectable difference in affinity was seen between native and cleaved serpin. However, the presence of proteinase in complex with the serpin enhanced affinity modestly and presumably nonspecifically. This may be sufficient to give preferential binding of such complexes in vivo at the relevant physiological concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan K Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
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31
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Deane R, Bell RD, Sagare A, Zlokovic BV. Clearance of amyloid-beta peptide across the blood-brain barrier: implication for therapies in Alzheimer's disease. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2009; 8:16-30. [PMID: 19275634 PMCID: PMC2872930 DOI: 10.2174/187152709787601867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The main receptors for amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) from brain to blood and blood to brain are low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein-1 (LRP1) and receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), respectively. In normal human plasma a soluble form of LRP1 (sLRP1) is a major endogenous brain Abeta 'sinker' that sequesters some 70 to 90 % of plasma Abeta peptides. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), the levels of sLRP1 and its capacity to bind Abeta are reduced which increases free Abeta fraction in plasma. This in turn may increase brain Abeta burden through decreased Abeta efflux and/or increased Abeta influx across the BBB. In Abeta immunotherapy, anti-Abeta antibody sequestration of plasma Abeta enhances the peripheral Abeta 'sink action'. However, in contrast to endogenous sLRP1 which does not penetrate the BBB, some anti-Abeta antibodies may slowly enter the brain which reduces the effectiveness of their sink action and may contribute to neuroinflammation and intracerebral hemorrhage. Anti-Abeta antibody/Abeta immune complexes are rapidly cleared from brain to blood via FcRn (neonatal Fc receptor) across the BBB. In a mouse model of AD, restoring plasma sLRP1 with recombinant LRP-IV cluster reduces brain Abeta burden and improves functional changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and behavioral responses, without causing neuroinflammation and/or hemorrhage. The C-terminal sequence of Abeta is required for its direct interaction with sLRP and LRP-IV cluster which is completely blocked by the receptor-associated protein (RAP) that does not directly bind Abeta. Therapies to increase LRP1 expression or reduce RAGE activity at the BBB and/or restore the peripheral Abeta 'sink' action, hold potential to reduce brain Abeta and inflammation, and improve CBF and functional recovery in AD models, and by extension in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Deane
- Center for Neurodegenerative and Vascular Brain Disorders, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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32
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Rich RL, Myszka DG. Survey of the year 2007 commercial optical biosensor literature. J Mol Recognit 2008; 21:355-400. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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33
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Deane R, Sagare A, Zlokovic BV. The role of the cell surface LRP and soluble LRP in blood-brain barrier Abeta clearance in Alzheimer's disease. Curr Pharm Des 2008; 14:1601-5. [PMID: 18673201 DOI: 10.2174/138161208784705487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein-1 (LRP) is a member of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor family which has been linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) by biochemical and genetic evidence. Levels of neurotoxic amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) in the brain are elevated in AD contributing to the disease process and neuropathology. Faulty Abeta clearance from the brain appears to mediate focal Abeta accumulations in AD. Central and peripheral production of Abeta from Abeta-precursor protein (APP), transport of peripheral Abeta into the brain across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) via receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), enzymatic Abeta degradation, Abeta oligomerization and aggregation, neuroinflammatory changes and microglia activation, and Abeta elimination from brain across the BBB by cell surface LRP; all may control brain Abeta levels. Recently, we have shown that a soluble form of LRP (sLRP) binds 70 to 90 % of plasma Abeta, preventing its access to the brain. In AD individuals, the levels of LRP at the BBB are reduced, as are levels of Abeta binding to sLRP in plasma. This, in turn, may increase Abeta brain levels through a decreased efflux of brain Abeta at the BBB and/or reduced sequestration of plasma Abeta associated with re-entry of free Abeta into the brain via RAGE. Thus, therapies which increase LRP expression at the BBB and/or enhance the peripheral Abeta "sink" activity of sLRP, hold potential to control brain Abeta accumulations, neuroinflammation and cerebral blood flow reductions in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Deane
- Center for Neurodegenerative and Vascular Brain Disorders, University of Rochester, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Isbell SL, Haslam SB, Dennis SJ, Nash JA, Zankel TC. Functional mimicry of the LDL receptor-associated protein through multimerization of a minimized third domain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 364:614-9. [PMID: 17963731 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The LDL receptor-associated protein (RAP) is a ligand for the LDL receptor-related protein (LRP1). The first and third domains of RAP can each bind to one of many sequence-related pairs of complement-type repeats (CR) found within the LRP1 ectodomain. Multiple sites of interaction between the multivalent RAP ligand and the multivalent LRP1 receptor yield strong binding avidity for the complex. The third domain of RAP can be significantly truncated, with material retention of monovalent CR pair-binding affinity, provided that the minimized sequence is stabilized with an intramolecular disulfide bond. We demonstrate that the avidity of full-length RAP for LRP1 in vitro can be partially reconstituted by assembly of truncated, disulfide-linked RAP peptides on tetravalent streptavidin or bivalent immunoglobulin scaffolds. The peptide complex with streptavidin shows pronounced hepatotropism in vivo, replicating the biodistribution of full-length RAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L Isbell
- Raptor Pharmaceutical Inc., 9 Commercial Boulevard, Suite 200, Novato, CA 94949, USA
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