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Gorin BI, Tukhovskaya EA, Ismailova AM, Slashcheva GA, Lenina OA, Petrov KA, Kazeev IV, Murashev AN. Differences in bioavailability and cognitive-enhancing activity exerted by different crystal polymorphs of latrepirdine (Dimebon ®). Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1091858. [PMID: 36909182 PMCID: PMC9992171 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1091858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Pharmacokinetic characteristics as well as cognitive-enhancing nootropic activity of latrepirdine (Dimebon®) in relationship with its polymorphic forms have been studied in SD and Wistar rats. Methods: The pharmacokinetics of six polymorphs (A, B, C, D, E, F) of latrepirdine were studied in male SD rats after 7 days of oral administration in corn oil at a dose of 10 mg/kg once a day. Blood and brain samples were taken on the 7th day of administration at 15 min, 30 min, 60 min and 120 min after administration and analyzed for latrepirdine content by LC-MS. The cognitive-enhancing nootropic effect was studied in male and female Wistar rats after 9 days of oral administration in corn oil at a dose of 10 mg/kg, after prior administration of scopolamine, an agent that causes memory impairment similar to that in Alzheimer's disease. The animals' cognitive function was studied in the passive avoidance test. Results: When studying the pharmacokinetics, the highest bioavailability both in the blood and in the brain was demonstrated by polymorph E, whose AUC was the highest relative to other polymorphs. In the study of the cognitive-enhancing nootropic effect, polymorph E also showed the highest activity, whose values of the latent period of entering the dark chamber did not differ from control animals, and differed from other polymorphs. Conclusion: Thus, the crystal structure has been shown to play a key role in the bioavailability and efficacy of latrepirdine, and polymorph E has also been shown to be a promising drug for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases associated with memory impairment, such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena A Tukhovskaya
- Biological Testing Laboratory, Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Alina M Ismailova
- Biological Testing Laboratory, Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Gulsara A Slashcheva
- Biological Testing Laboratory, Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Oksana A Lenina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center of Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia
| | - Konstantin A Petrov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center of Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia
| | - Ilya V Kazeev
- Federal State Budgetary Institution National Medical Research Center of Oncology Named After N.N. N.N. Blokhin» of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Arkady N Murashev
- Biological Testing Laboratory, Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
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2
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Blokland A. Cholinergic models of memory impairment in animals and man: scopolamine vs. biperiden. Behav Pharmacol 2022; 33:231-237. [PMID: 35621168 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Scopolamine has been used as a pharmacologic model for cognitive impairments in dementia and Alzheimer's disease. The validity of this model seems to be limited because findings in animals do not readily translate to novel treatments in humans. Biperiden is also a cholinergic deficit model for cognitive impairments but specifically blocks muscarinic M1 receptors. The effects of scopolamine and biperiden (and pirenzepine) are compared in animal studies and related to findings in humans. It is concluded that the effects on cognitive functions are different for scopolamine and biperiden, and they should be considered as different cognitive deficit models. Scopolamine may model more advanced stages of Alzheimer's disease whereas biperiden may model the early deficits in declarative memory in aging and mild cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan Blokland
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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3
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Meléndez DM, Nordquist RE, Vanderschuren LJMJ, van der Staay FJ. Spatial memory deficits after vincristine-induced lesions to the dorsal hippocampus. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231941. [PMID: 32315349 PMCID: PMC7173870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vincristine is a commonly used cytostatic drug for the treatment of leukemia, neuroblastoma and lung cancer, which is known to have neurotoxic properties. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of vincristine, injected directly into the dorsal hippocampus, in spatial memory using the spatial cone field discrimination task. Long Evans rats were trained in the cone field, and after reaching training criterion received bilateral vincristine infusions into the dorsal hippocampus. Vincristine-treated animals presented unilateral or bilateral hippocampal lesions. Animals with bilateral lesions showed lower spatial working and reference memory performance than control animals, but task motivation was unaffected by the lesions. Working and reference memory of animals with unilateral lesions did not differ from animals with bilateral lesions and control animals. In sum, intrahippocampal injection of vincristine caused profound tissue damage in the dorsal hippocampus, associated with substantial cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela M. Meléndez
- Division of Farm Animal Health, Department of Population Health Sciences, Behaviour and Welfare Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rebecca E. Nordquist
- Division of Farm Animal Health, Department of Population Health Sciences, Behaviour and Welfare Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Louk J. M. J. Vanderschuren
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Franz-Josef van der Staay
- Division of Farm Animal Health, Department of Population Health Sciences, Behaviour and Welfare Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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4
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Simultaneous monitoring of electroencephalographic characteristics in animals subjected to behavioral tests: a preclinical investigation. Behav Pharmacol 2018; 28:661-669. [PMID: 29099402 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced changes in electroencephalographic (EEG) characteristics in animals may be used to predict central activity of drugs in humans. Previous studies have established that drugs affect EEG characteristics in humans and rodents in a similar manner. However, there has been little work to establish correlations between drug effects on behavioral and EEG characteristics in rats. In the current study, we have simultaneously monitored EEG characteristics during a novel object recognition task (NORT) or open field (OF) test in rats. EEG was monitored using telemetric device from epidural and hippocampal regions during the choice trial in the NORT after treatment with scopolamine (0.1 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) alone or in combination with donepezil (0.3 mg/kg, subcutaneous). Power changes across spectral frequency bands during exploration of novel and familiar object were assessed separately. Amphetamine (2 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) was used to monitor effects on locomotor activity and EEG changes in the OF test. In the NORT, scopolamine impaired object recognition, but no differences were observed in the power densities across spectral bands during exploration of novel and familiar objects. Treatment with donepezil reversed scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment, and the power density in the theta frequency band was increased during exploration of the novel object. In OF, amphetamine increased locomotion and produced an overall decrease in the power densities of all frequency bands. Overall, the results indicate that EEG characteristics are closely related to behavioral changes in the NORT and OF in rodents.
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5
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The contribution of transgenic and nontransgenic animal models in Alzheimer's disease drug research and development. Behav Pharmacol 2018; 28:95-111. [PMID: 28177983 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few years, several papers have become available in the literature on both the main hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the several intracellular pathways whose alteration is responsible for its onset and progression. The use of transgenic and nontransgenic animal models has played a key role in achieving such a remarkable amount of preclinical data, allowing researchers to dissect the cellular changes occurring in the AD brain. In addition, the huge amount of preclinical evidence arising from these animal models was necessary for the further clinical development of pharmacological agents capable of interfering with most of the impaired neural pathways in AD patients. In this respect, a significant role is played by the dysfunction of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission responsible for the cognitive and behavioral symptoms described in AD patients. The aim of this review is to summarize the main animal models that contributed toward unraveling the pathological changes in neurotransmitter synthesis, release, and receptor binding in AD preclinical studies. The review also provides an updated description of the current pharmacological agents - still under clinical development - acting on the neurotransmitter systems.
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Košak U, Brus B, Knez D, Žakelj S, Trontelj J, Pišlar A, Šink R, Jukič M, Živin M, Podkowa A, Nachon F, Brazzolotto X, Stojan J, Kos J, Coquelle N, Sałat K, Colletier JP, Gobec S. The Magic of Crystal Structure-Based Inhibitor Optimization: Development of a Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitor with Picomolar Affinity and in Vivo Activity. J Med Chem 2017; 61:119-139. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Urban Košak
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boris Brus
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damijan Knez
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simon Žakelj
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jurij Trontelj
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anja Pišlar
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Roman Šink
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Jukič
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Živin
- Institute
of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Adrian Podkowa
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9 St., 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Florian Nachon
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91223 Brétigny
sur Orge, France
| | - Xavier Brazzolotto
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91223 Brétigny
sur Orge, France
| | - Jure Stojan
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov
trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janko Kos
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nicolas Coquelle
- University Grenoble Alpes, and CNRS and CEA, IBS, F-38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Kinga Sałat
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9 St., 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Stanislav Gobec
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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7
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Abarova S, Koynova R, Tancheva L, Tenchov B. A novel DSC approach for evaluating protectant drugs efficacy against dementia. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2934-2941. [PMID: 28778589 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Differential scanning calorimetry was applied to evaluate the efficacy of preventive treatments with biologically active compounds of plant origin against neurodegenerative disorder in mice. As we reported recently, large differences exist between the heat capacity profiles of water-soluble brain proteome fractions from healthy animals and from animals with scopolamine-induced dementia: the profiles for healthy animals displayed well expressed exothermic event peaking at 40-45°C, by few degrees above body temperature, but still preceding in temperature the proteome endothermic denaturational transitions; the low-temperature exotherm was completely abolished by the scopolamine treatment. Here we explored this signature difference in the heat capacity profiles to assess the efficacy of preventive treatments with protectant drugs anticipated to slow down or block progression of dementia (myrtenal, ellagic acid, lipoic acid and their combinations, including also ascorbic acid). We found that these neuroprotectants counteract the scopolamine effect and partially or completely preserve the 'healthy' thermogram, and specifically the low-temperature exotherm. These results well correlate with the changes in the cognitive functions of the animals assessed using the Step Through Test for learning and memory. The exothermic event is deemed to be associated with a reversible process of fibrillization and/or aggregation of specific water-soluble brain protein fractions preceding their denaturation. Most importantly, the results demonstrate that the effect of scopolamine and its prevention by protectant substances are clearly displayed in the heat capacity profiles of the brain proteome, thus identifying DSC as a powerful method in drug testing and discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silviya Abarova
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical University - Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Lyubka Tancheva
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Boris Tenchov
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical University - Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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8
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Shin KY, Kim KY, Suh YH. Dehydroevodiamine·HCl enhances cognitive function in memory-impaired rat models. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 21:55-64. [PMID: 28066141 PMCID: PMC5214911 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2017.21.1.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Progressive memory impairment such as that associated with depression, stroke, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) can interfere with daily life. In particular, AD, which is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, prominently features a memory and learning impairment that is related to changes in acetylcholine and abnormal β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition in the brain. In the present study, we investigated the effects of dehydroevodiamine·HCl (DHED) on cognitive improvement and the related mechanism in memory-impaired rat models, namely, a scopolamine-induced amnesia model and a Aβ1-42-infused model. The cognitive effects of DHED were measured using a water maze test and a passive avoidance test in the memory-impaired rat models. The results demonstrate that DHED (10 mg/kg, p.o.) and Donepezil (1 mg/kg, p.o.) ameliorated the spatial memory impairment in the scopolamine-induced amnestic rats. Moreover, DHED significantly improved learning and memory in the Aβ1-42-infused rat model. Furthermore, the mechanism of these behavioral effects of DHED was investigated using a cell viability assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurement, and intracellular calcium measurement in primary cortical neurons. DHED reduced neurotoxicity and the production of Aβ-induced ROS in primary cortical neurons. In addition, similar to the effect of MK801, DHED decreased intracellular calcium levels in primary cortical neurons. Our results suggest that DHED has strong protective effects against cognitive impairments through its antioxidant activity and inhibition of neurotoxicity and intracellular calcium. Thus, DHED may be an important therapeutic agent for memory-impaired symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Young Shin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Ka Young Kim
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea
| | - Yoo-Hun Suh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Institute (NRI), Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea
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9
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Svoboda J, Popelikova A, Stuchlik A. Drugs Interfering with Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors and Their Effects on Place Navigation. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:215. [PMID: 29170645 PMCID: PMC5684124 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) have been found to regulate many diverse functions, ranging from motivation and feeding to spatial navigation, an important and widely studied type of cognitive behavior. Systemic administration of non-selective antagonists of mAChRs, such as scopolamine or atropine, have been found to have adverse effects on a vast majority of place navigation tasks. However, many of these results may be potentially confounded by disruptions of functions other than spatial learning and memory. Although studies with selective antimuscarinics point to mutually opposite effects of M1 and M2 receptors, their particular contribution to spatial cognition is still poorly understood, partly due to a lack of truly selective agents. Furthermore, constitutive knock-outs do not always support results from selective antagonists. For modeling impaired spatial cognition, the scopolamine-induced amnesia model still maintains some limited validity, but there is an apparent need for more targeted approaches such as local intracerebral administration of antagonists, as well as novel techniques such as optogenetics focused on cholinergic neurons and chemogenetics aimed at cells expressing metabotropic mAChRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Svoboda
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Anna Popelikova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ales Stuchlik
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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10
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Košak U, Brus B, Knez D, Šink R, Žakelj S, Trontelj J, Pišlar A, Šlenc J, Gobec M, Živin M, Tratnjek L, Perše M, Sałat K, Podkowa A, Filipek B, Nachon F, Brazzolotto X, Więckowska A, Malawska B, Stojan J, Raščan IM, Kos J, Coquelle N, Colletier JP, Gobec S. Development of an in-vivo active reversible butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39495. [PMID: 28000737 PMCID: PMC5175178 DOI: 10.1038/srep39495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by severe basal forebrain cholinergic deficit, which results in progressive and chronic deterioration of memory and cognitive functions. Similar to acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) contributes to the termination of cholinergic neurotransmission. Its enzymatic activity increases with the disease progression, thus classifying BChE as a viable therapeutic target in advanced AD. Potent, selective and reversible human BChE inhibitors were developed. The solved crystal structure of human BChE in complex with the most potent inhibitor reveals its binding mode and provides the molecular basis of its low nanomolar potency. Additionally, this compound is noncytotoxic and has neuroprotective properties. Furthermore, this inhibitor moderately crosses the blood-brain barrier and improves memory, cognitive functions and learning abilities of mice in a model of the cholinergic deficit that characterizes AD, without producing acute cholinergic adverse effects. Our study provides an advanced lead compound for developing drugs for alleviating symptoms caused by cholinergic hypofunction in advanced AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban Košak
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boris Brus
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damijan Knez
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Roman Šink
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simon Žakelj
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jurij Trontelj
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anja Pišlar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jasna Šlenc
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martina Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Živin
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Larisa Tratnjek
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martina Perše
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Korytkova 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kinga Sałat
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9 St., 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Adrian Podkowa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9 St., 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Filipek
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9 St., 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Florian Nachon
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91223 Brétigny sur Orge, France
| | - Xavier Brazzolotto
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91223 Brétigny sur Orge, France
| | - Anna Więckowska
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9 St., 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Malawska
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9 St., 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jure Stojan
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Janko Kos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nicolas Coquelle
- University Grenoble Alpes, IBS, F-38044 Grenoble, France.,CNRS, IBS, F-38044 Grenoble, France.,CEA, IBS, F-38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Jacques-Philippe Colletier
- University Grenoble Alpes, IBS, F-38044 Grenoble, France.,CNRS, IBS, F-38044 Grenoble, France.,CEA, IBS, F-38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Bhattacharya S, Maelicke A, Montag D. Nasal Application of the Galantamine Pro-drug Memogain Slows Down Plaque Deposition and Ameliorates Behavior in 5X Familial Alzheimer's Disease Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 46:123-36. [PMID: 25720404 DOI: 10.3233/jad-142421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The plant alkaloid galantamine is an established symptomatic drug treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD), providing cognitive and global relief in human patients. However, as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, gastrointestinal side effects limit the dosage and duration of treatment. Memogain (Gln-1062), a pro-drug, liberates galantamine on cleavage by a carboxyesterase in the brain. The possibility to deliver Memogain intranasally may further circumvent side effects, allowing higher dosing compared to galantamine. In this study, the 5X Familial Alzheimer's Disease (5XFAD) mouse model was used to investigate the effect of chronic Memogain treatment on behavior and amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque deposition in the brain. Chronic intranasal dosage of 6 mg/kg body weight twice daily was tolerated well, whereas the double dose caused body weight loss in males and was less effective in some behavioral tests. 8 weeks of chronic treatment resulted in improved performance in behavioral tests, such as open field and light-dark avoidance, and in fear conditioning already at mildly affected stages at the age of 18 weeks compared to untreated controls. Furthermore, after treatment a significantly lower plaque density in the brain, i.e., in the entorhinal cortex (reduction 20% females, 40% males) and the hippocampus (19% females, 31% males) at the age of 18 weeks was observed. These results show that nasal application of Memogain effectively delivers the drug to the brain with the potential to retard plaque deposition and improve behavioral symptoms in AD similar to the approved galantamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumee Bhattacharya
- Neurogenetics Special Laboratory, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Montag
- Neurogenetics Special Laboratory, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
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12
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A comparison of cholinesterase inhibitors in the treatment of quinuclidinyl benzilate-induced behavioural deficit in rats performing the multiple T-maze. J Appl Biomed 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jab.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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13
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Sinha A, Tamboli RS, Seth B, Kanhed AM, Tiwari SK, Agarwal S, Nair S, Giridhar R, Chaturvedi RK, Yadav MR. Neuroprotective Role of Novel Triazine Derivatives by Activating Wnt/β Catenin Signaling Pathway in Rodent Models of Alzheimer’s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:638-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8899-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Szczodry O, van der Staay FJ, Arndt SS. Modelling Alzheimer-like cognitive deficits in rats using biperiden as putative cognition impairer. Behav Brain Res 2014; 274:307-11. [PMID: 25160769 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To enable the development of effective treatments for dementias such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), it is important to establish valid animal models of cognitive impairments. Scopolamine is widely used to induce cognitive deficits in animal models of AD, but also causes non-cognitive side effects. We assessed whether biperiden, a selective antagonist of M1 muscarinic receptors, which are predominantly expressed in brain areas involved in cognitive processes, causes cognitive deficits without inducing peripheral side-effects. Two different doses of biperiden (3 or 10mgkg(-1)) on the acquisition of a spatial cone field task were assessed in male Lister Hooded rats. This task measures, among others, spatial working (WM) - and reference memory (RM) simultaneously. Biperiden did not impair learning of the task. The animals reached asymptotic levels for all variables except reference memory and the number of rewards collected. However, the 10mgkg(-1) dose decreased the tendency of rats to use searching strategies to solve the task and made them slower to start searching and completing the task. In conclusion, though no effects on WM and RM performance were seen, the present study cannot conclude that biperiden acts as a more selective cognition impairer than scopolamine in other rats strains and/or other doses than those tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Szczodry
- Division of Animal Welfare & Laboratory Animal Science, Department of Animals in Science and Society, Veterinary Faculty, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80166, 3508TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Franz Josef van der Staay
- Emotion and Cognition Group, Department of Farm Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80151, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia S Arndt
- Division of Animal Welfare & Laboratory Animal Science, Department of Animals in Science and Society, Veterinary Faculty, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80166, 3508TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Kroker KS, Rast G, Giovannini R, Marti A, Dorner-Ciossek C, Rosenbrock H. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and phosphodiesterase-9A has differential effects on hippocampal early and late LTP. Neuropharmacology 2012; 62:1964-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Xiang GQ, Tang SS, Jiang LY, Hong H, Li Q, Wang C, Wang XY, Zhang TT, Yin L. PPARγ agonist pioglitazone improves scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 2012; 64:589-96. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01432.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of exposure to pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist, on cognitive impairment induced by scopolamine, a muscarinic antagonist, in mice.
Methods
Pioglitazone (9 mg/kg, 18 mg/kg) was orally administered for 9 days at 30 min before intraperitoneal injection with scopolamine (0.8 mg/kg, i.p.). Cognitive function was evaluated by the passive avoidance test and the Morris water maze test on the 10th day after treatment. Changes in cholinergic system reactivity were also examined by measuring the acetylcholine, acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase in the hippocampus and cortex.
Key findings
Scopolamine injection induced impaired performance in the passive avoidance test and the water maze test and severe decrease of cholinergic system reactivity, as indicated by reduced acetylcholine levels, decreased choline acetyltransferase activity and increased acetylcholinesterase activity. Daily administration of pioglitazone significantly increased step-through latency in passive avoidance test, and significantly decreased the escape latency, and increased the time spent in the platform quadrant in the Morris water maze test. Pioglitazone also protected against scopolamine-induced cholinergic system deficit, including reduced acetylcholine levels, decreased choline acetyltransferase activity and increased acetylcholinesterase activity in the hippocampus or cortex.
Conclusions
Pioglitazone demonstrates a significant neuroprotective effect against scopolamine-induced cholinergic system deficit and cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Qing Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Su Su Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Ying Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Yun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Ting Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Yin
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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van der Staay FJ, Gieling ET, Pinzón NE, Nordquist RE, Ohl F. The appetitively motivated “cognitive” holeboard: A family of complex spatial discrimination tasks for assessing learning and memory. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:379-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Webster SJ, Wilson CA, Lee CH, Mohler EG, Terry AV, Buccafusco JJ. The acute effects of dimebolin, a potential Alzheimer's disease treatment, on working memory in rhesus monkeys. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 164:970-8. [PMID: 21486290 PMCID: PMC3195919 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01432.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dimebolin (latrepirdine), a compound with multiple potential drug targets, is being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and preliminary results suggest it can slow the disease process. There is also evidence that dimebolin directly improves aspects of cognition. Here we examined the acute effect of dimebolin on components of working memory in non-human primates, young adult (11-17 years old) and aged (20-31 years old) rhesus macaques. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effects of dimebolin (3.9-118 µg kg(-1)) on working memory, as measured by performance on delayed matching-to-sample (DMTS), were examined in the normal young adult monkeys and aged adult monkeys. All the monkeys studied were proficient in the performance of a computer-assisted DMTS task. In a subsequent experiment in the same subjects, dimebolin was administered 15 min before a cognitively-impairing dose (20 µg kg(-1)) of scopolamine. KEY RESULTS In both the young adult and aged monkeys, dimebolin significantly increased the DMTS task accuracies. In young adults, the task improvement was associated with long (retention/retrieval) delay trials, and a protracted enhancement was observed for sessions run 24 h post administration of a single dose. Dimebolin did not significantly attenuate the scopolamine-induced impairment. In the aged monkeys, dimebolin significantly improved the reduced task accuracies associated with long delay intervals. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Here we demonstrated that dimebolin is able to improve components of working memory in monkeys and to induce a protracted response for at least 24 h after administration of a single dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Webster
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alzheimer's Research Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, USA
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19
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Deiana S, Platt B, Riedel G. The cholinergic system and spatial learning. Behav Brain Res 2011; 221:389-411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Huperzine A activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling and enhances the nonamyloidogenic pathway in an Alzheimer transgenic mouse model. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36:1073-89. [PMID: 21289607 PMCID: PMC3077275 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2010.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Huperzine A (HupA) is a reversible and selective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and it has multiple targets when used for Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapy. In this study, we searched for new mechanisms by which HupA could activate Wnt signaling and reduce amyloidosis in AD brain. A nasal gel containing HupA was prepared. No obvious toxicity of intranasal administration of HupA was found in mice. HupA was administered intranasally to β-amyloid (Aβ) precursor protein and presenilin-1 double-transgenic mice for 4 months. We observed an increase in ADAM10 and a decrease in BACE1 and APP695 protein levels and, subsequently, a reduction in Aβ levels and Aβ burden were present in HupA-treated mouse brain, suggesting that HupA enhances the nonamyloidogenic APP cleavage pathway. Importantly, our results further showed that HupA inhibited GSK3α/β activity, and enhanced the β-catenin level in the transgenic mouse brain and in SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing Swedish mutation APP, suggesting that the neuroprotective effect of HupA is not related simply to its AChE inhibition and antioxidation, but also involves other mechanisms, including targeting of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in AD brain.
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Sharma S, Rakoczy S, Brown-Borg H. Assessment of spatial memory in mice. Life Sci 2010; 87:521-36. [PMID: 20837032 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Improvements in health care have greatly increased life span in the United States. The focus is now shifting from physical well-being to improvement in mental well-being or maintenance of cognitive function in old age. It is known that elderly people suffer from cognitive impairment, even without neurodegeneration, as a part of 'normal aging'. This 'age-associated memory impairment' (AAMI), can have a devastating impact on the social and economic life of an individual as well as the society. Scientists have been experimenting to find methods to prevent the memory loss associated with aging. The major factor involved in these experiments is the use of animal models to assess hippocampal-based spatial memory. This review describes the different types of memory including hippocampal-based memory that is vulnerable to aging. A detailed overview of various behavioral paradigms used to assess spatial memory including the T-maze, radial maze, Morris water maze, Barnes maze and others is presented. The review also describes the molecular basis of memory in hippocampus called as 'long-term potentiation'. The advantages and limitations of the behavioral models in assessing memory and the link to the long-term potentiation are discussed. This review should assist investigators in choosing suitable methods to assess spatial memory in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Sharma
- University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
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22
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Gonadal hormones modulate the potency of the disruptive effects of donepezil in male rats responding under a nonspatial operant learning and performance task. Behav Pharmacol 2010; 21:121-34. [PMID: 20177375 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e328337be3a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to estrogen in female rats, testosterone in male rats may decrease cholinergic activity in the brain, thereby attenuating behaviors mediated by the cholinergic system. To investigate this possibility, the interactive effects of the gonadal hormones and donepezil, an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, on the responding of male rats were examined under a multiple schedule of repeated acquisition and performance of response sequences and on AChE activity in specific brain regions. Donepezil dose-effect curves (0.56-10 mg/kg) were determined in males that were gonadally intact, gonadectomized (GX), GX with testosterone replacement (GX+T) or GX with estradiol replacement (GX+E). In all four groups, donepezil produced dose-dependent rate-decreasing and error-increasing effects in the acquisition and performance components. However, disruptions of response rate and accuracy in both components occurred at lower doses in GX and GX+E males than in intact males. The GX+E males also had the highest percentage of errors under control (saline) conditions in the acquisition components. In terms of AChE activity, GX males had higher levels in the prefrontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus, but lower levels in the midbrain, compared with intact males; hypothalamic and cortical levels were comparable for the GX and intact groups. Together, these results in male rats indicate that the potency of donepezil's disruptive effects on the responding under a complex operant procedure requiring learning and performance of response sequences depends upon the gonadal hormone status, and that the effects of testosterone on cholinergic activity vary among brain regions.
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Blokland A, Boess F. Use of behavioural and long-term potentiation models in the development of memory-improving drugs. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2008; 3:1067-80. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.3.9.1067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Buccafusco JJ, Terry AV, Webster SJ, Martin D, Hohnadel EJ, Bouchard KA, Warner SE. The scopolamine-reversal paradigm in rats and monkeys: the importance of computer-assisted operant-conditioning memory tasks for screening drug candidates. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 199:481-94. [PMID: 17657478 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-007-0887-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The scopolamine-reversal model is enjoying a resurgence of interest in clinical studies as a reversible pharmacological model for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The cognitive impairment associated with scopolamine is similar to that in AD. The scopolamine model is not simply a cholinergic model, as it can be reversed by drugs that are noncholinergic cognition-enhancing agents. OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to determine relevance of computer-assisted operant-conditioning tasks in the scopolamine-reversal model in rats and monkeys. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were evaluated for their acquisition of a spatial reference memory task in the Morris water maze. A separate cohort was proficient in performance of an automated delayed stimulus discrimination task (DSDT). Rhesus monkeys were proficient in the performance of an automated delayed matching-to-sample task (DMTS). RESULTS The AD drug donepezil was evaluated for its ability to reverse the decrements in accuracy induced by scopolamine administration in all three tasks. In the DSDT and DMTS tasks, the effects of donepezil were delay (retention interval)-dependent, affecting primarily short delay trials. Donepezil produced significant but partial reversals of the scopolamine-induced impairment in task accuracies after 2 mg/kg in the water maze, after 1 mg/kg in the DSDT, and after 50 microg/kg in the DMTS task. CONCLUSIONS The two operant-conditioning tasks (DSDT and DMTS) provided data most in keeping with those reported in clinical studies with these drugs. The model applied to nonhuman primates provides an excellent transitional model for new cognition-enhancing drugs before clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry J Buccafusco
- Alzheimer's Research Center, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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25
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Abstract
The adverse effects of antimicrobial, antiviral and anthelmintic agents on cognitive function have attracted substantial research interest in the last three decades. There are sporadic individual reports of negative effects on cognition by penicillin, amoxycillin, cloxacillin, cephalothin, cephazolin, cefuroxime, ceftazidime, tobramycin, doxycycline, chloramphenicol, lomefloxacin, pefloxacin, isoniazid, amphotericin B, acyclovir, chloroquine, clioquinol, metronidazole, sulfasalazine among other antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial and antiprotozoal agents reported to affect consciousness in particular are amoxycillin, cloxacillin, ticarcillin, cephalothin, cephazolin, ceftazidime, cefuroxime, tobramycin, lomefloxacin, pefloxacin, amphotericin B, acyclovir, chloroquine, clioquinol, and metronidazole. The relationship between some other antimicrobial, antiviral and anthelmintic agents and cognition is yet to be clearly established due to the existence of controversial reports. Few antimicrobial, antiviral or anthelmintic agents have been found to be devoid of any effect on memory. A few others may enhance cognitive performance. This review focuses on this issue, summarizing the published clinical and experimental studies relevant to this area of research and discussing its clinical implications. Suggested mechanisms responsible for the adverse effects of different antimicrobial, antiviral, and anthelmintic agents on cognitive function are reported. Future recommendations point to immense research opportunities to investigate the cognitive profile of newly discovered antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Khalifa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ain Shams University Cairo, Egypt.
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26
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Cognitive performance of healthy young rats following chronic donepezil administration. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 197:661-73. [PMID: 18309476 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1084-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Experimental studies have investigated the effects of chronic donepezil treatment on the behavioral deficits elicited by reduced activity or the loss of cholinergic neurons that occurs in aging or in models of dementia. However, few studies have analyzed the effects of chronic donepezil treatment on the cognitive functions of intact animals. OBJECTIVES The cognitive functions of healthy young rats treated chronically with the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil were evaluated using a wide behavioral test battery. RESULTS Chronic treatment with donepezil ameliorated memory functions and explorative strategies, speeded up the acquisition of localizing knowledge, augmented responsiveness to the context, and reduced anxiety levels. However, it did not affect spatial span, modify motivational levels, or influence associative learning. CONCLUSIONS The present findings show the specific profile of donepezil action on cognitive functions in the presence of unaltered cholinergic neurotransmission systems.
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Shin KY, Lee GH, Park CH, Kim HJ, Park SH, Kim S, Kim HS, Lee KS, Won BY, Lee HG, Choi JH, Suh YH. A novel compound, maltolyl p-coumarate, attenuates cognitive deficits and shows neuroprotective effects in vitro and in vivo dementia models. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:2500-11. [PMID: 17600377 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
To develop a novel and effective drug that could enhance cognitive function and neuroprotection, we newly synthesized maltolyl p-coumarate by the esterification of maltol and p-coumaric acid. In the present study, we investigated whether maltolyl p-coumarate could improve cognitive decline in scopolamine-injected rats and in amyloid beta peptide(1-42)-infused rats. Maltolyl p-coumarate was found to attenuate cognitive deficits in both rat models using passive avoidance test and to reduce apoptotic cell death observed in the hippocampus of the amyloid beta peptide(1-42)-infused rats. We also examined the neuroprotective effects of maltolyl p-coumarate in vitro using SH-SY5Y cells. Cells were pretreated with maltolyl p-coumarate, before exposed to amyloid beta peptide(1-42), glutamate or H2O2. We found that maltolyl p-coumarate significantly decreased apoptotic cell death and reduced reactive oxygen species, cytochrome c release, and caspase 3 activation. Taking these in vitro and in vivo results together, our study suggests that maltolyl p-coumarate is a potentially effective candidate against Alzheimer's disease that is characterized by wide spread neuronal death and progressive decline of cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Young Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Creative Research Initiative Center for Alzheimer's Dementia and Neuroscience Research Institute, MRC, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Sambeth A, Riedel WJ, Smits LT, Blokland A. Cholinergic drugs affect novel object recognition in rats: relation with hippocampal EEG? Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 572:151-9. [PMID: 17659275 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Revised: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the role of cognitively enhancing cholinergic drugs on both object memory and brain activity in rats, as well as the possible relation between the two measures. A group of twenty-four animals was used for assessing object recognition. In another group of eight rats, an electrode was implanted into the dorsal hippocampus to record an electroencephalogram (EEG) and auditory evoked potentials (AEP). In both groups, animals were treated with saline, 0.1 mg/kg scopolamine, 0.1 mg/kg methylscopolamine, 3 mg/kg donepezil, donepezil combined with scopolamine, 0.1 mg/kg nicotine, and nicotine combined with scopolamine. Scopolamine, but not methylscopolamine, impaired object recognition. Both donepezil and nicotine reversed this impairment. The N1 and N2 components of the AEP became closer to baseline after scopolamine, which was not reversed by donepezil or nicotine. Scopolamine increased the theta frequency in the EEG. When combined with donepezil, theta increased even more. Conversely, nicotine reversed the theta increment to control level. It is suggested that scopolamine caused a decrement in arousal in this study. Furthermore, the current results suggest a relation between EEG and object memory after cholinergic drug treatment. However, there was a clear dissociation between memory performance and EEG after combined treatment with drugs, which makes additional research where EEG and performance measures are co-registered imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Sambeth
- Faculty of Psychology and Brain and Behavior Institute, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
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Yamamoto Y, Adachi Y, Fujii Y, Kamei C. Ginkgo biloba extract improves spatial memory in rats mainly but not exclusively via a histaminergic mechanism. Brain Res 2007; 1129:161-5. [PMID: 17157275 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.08.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2005] [Revised: 08/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In order to clarify the mechanism of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) on learning and memory, we studied the effect of GBE on spatial memory deficits induced by diphenhydramine, pyrilamine and scopolamine using the eight-arm radial maze performance of rats, in comparison with donepezil. Total error (TE), reference memory error (RME) and working memory error (WME) were used as indices of spatial memory deficits. Both GBE and donepezil caused a potent antagonistic effect on the increase in TE, RME and WME induced by diphenhydramine. GBE and donepezil also antagonized scopolamine-induced spatial memory deficits. Although the antagonistic effect of GBE on pyrilamine-induced spatial memory deficits was weak, a significant difference was observed with TE and WME. However, donepezil caused no antagonistic effect on pyrilamine-induced memory deficits. From these findings, we concluded that the effects of GBE are mainly contributable to cholinergic activity and perhaps partly due to a histaminergic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Yamamoto
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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30
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Kuc KA, Gregersen BM, Gannon KS, Dodart JC. Holeboard discrimination learning in mice. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2006; 5:355-63. [PMID: 16716205 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2005.00168.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have adapted to mice a holeboard-learning task, which allows simultaneous assessment of spatial working and reference-memory performance. The holeboard apparatus consists of an open-field chamber with a 16-hole floor insert. Across trials, animals have to learn that the same four holes of 16 are always baited. Here, we show that C57BL/6 mice readily acquire this task within 4 days when submitted to six trials per day or within 8 days when submitted to only four trials per day. We also show that C57BL/6, Swiss-Webster, CD-1 and DBA/2 mice acquire this task similarly, despite the fact that some differences could be observed in measures of exploratory activity during habituation and training. Moreover, the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine disrupts learning at doses of 0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg, although the highest dose appeared to have side-effects. Lastly, we found that amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice have a selective disruption in their working-memory performance only during reversal training (i.e. after a change in the configuration of the baited holes). Overall, our data indicate that this spatial learning task is well adapted to mice and will be useful to characterize spatial memory in various genetic or pharmacological mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Kuc
- Eli Lilly and Company, Neuroscience Discovery Research, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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31
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van der Staay FJ, Bouger P, Lehmann O, Lazarus C, Cosquer B, Koenig J, Stump V, Cassel JC. Long-term effects of immunotoxic cholinergic lesions in the septum on acquisition of the cone-field task and noncognitive measures in rats. Hippocampus 2006; 16:1061-79. [PMID: 17016816 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In rats, nonspecific mechanical or neurotoxic lesions of the septum impair spatial memory in, e.g., Morris water- and radial-maze tasks. Unfortunately, the lack of specificity of such lesions limits inferences about the role of the cholinergic hippocampal projections in spatial cognition. We therefore tested the effects of septal lesions produced by 192 IgG-saporin in rats, which is highly selective for basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, on home cage activity, noncognitive tests (modified Irwin test, open field and forced swimming tests, and various sensorimotor tasks), and the cone-field spatial learning task. The immunotoxic lesion reduced acetylcholine (ACh) levels in the septum (-61%) and hippocampus (>-75%). Rats with lesions showed mild home-cage hyperactivity at 4 weeks postlesion, but no noncognitive deficits at 13 weeks postsurgery. In the cone-field task, rats with septal lesions made more working- and reference-memory errors than the controls, but acquisition curves were parallel in both groups. The speed of visiting cones was faster in the rats with lesions, indicative of disturbed attention or increased motivation. These data support the growing evidence that involvement of the septohippocampal cholinergic system in spatial learning and memory may have been overestimated in studies that used lesions with poor selectivity.
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Samsam TE, Hunter DL, Bushnell PJ. Effects of chronic dietary and repeated acute exposure to chlorpyrifos on learning and sustained attention in rats. Toxicol Sci 2005; 87:460-8. [PMID: 16033991 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfi264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive and motor impairment often follow acute poisoning with an organophosphorous (OP) pesticide. However, the persistence of these effects and the conditions necessary for their appearance are not clear: two specific concerns are whether symptomatic poisoning is necessary for persistent effects, and whether inhibition of cholinesterase (ChE) activity is a protective metric of OP exposure. This study examined the effects of chronic dietary and repeated high-level acute exposure to the pesticide chlorpyrifos (diethyl 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothionate, CPF) on learning and attention. Beginning at 3 months of age, male Long-Evans rats received dietary CPF at a daily dose of 0, 1, or 5 mg/kg for 1 year. Half of each dietary group also received an acute oral dose of CPF (initial dose at 60 mg/kg, 5 doses at 45 mg/kg) every 2 months. Beginning 2 weeks before the fourth acute dose, behavioral assessments were conducted on the eight rats in each of the six exposure groups (0-Oil, 0-CPF, 1-Oil, 1-CPF, 5-Oil, and 5-CPF). Using an auto-shaping procedure, the groups learned to press a lever for food in the following order: 5-Oil, 5-CPF, 1-Oil, and 0-Oil. The 0-CPF and 1-CPF groups did not learn the response in three 50-trial sessions. Chronic CPF did not affect acquisition of other behaviors required by a signal detection task (SDT) designed to assess sustained attention. The sixth acute CPF dose significantly disrupted the SDT in all dosed groups. Two months after the end of dosing, performance of the SDT was impaired in the 5-CPF group. These data suggest that learning the contingency between an action and reward may be accelerated by chronic exposure to CPF and inhibited by previous symptomatic exposure to CPF, and that persistent cognitive impairment may follow if CPF exposure inhibits brain ChE activity and is accompanied by acute doses sufficient to induce signs of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey E Samsam
- Neurotoxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
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Bouger PCM, van der Staay FJ. Rats with scopolamine- or MK-801-induced spatial discrimination deficits in the cone field task: animal models for impaired spatial orientation performance. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2005; 15:331-46. [PMID: 15820423 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2004.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2004] [Revised: 11/11/2004] [Accepted: 11/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Spatial cognition appears to be compromised in elderly and in patients suffering from dementia. These deficits are believed to be modelled, at least partly, by the administration of scopolamine or MK-801 in normal adult animals. In order to establish an animal model suited for the evaluation of putative cognition enhancers, we assessed the effects of scopolamine (0.3, 0.5, 0.7 mg kg(-1), i.p.) and MK-801 (0.07, 0.08, 0.09 mg kg(-1), s.c.) in rats trained in the cone field. This task allows the simultaneous investigation of working memory (WM), reference memory (RM) and search strategies. Scopolamine and MK-801 reliably induced spatial cognition deficits in the cone field without inducing behavioural side effects. This task appears to be suited for assessing the effects of putative cognition-enhancing compounds on spatial cognition.
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