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Arolkar G, Kumar SK, Wang H, Gonzalez KM, Kumar S, Bishnoi B, Rios Coronado PE, Woo YJ, Red-Horse K, Das S. Dedifferentiation and Proliferation of Artery Endothelial Cells Drive Coronary Collateral Development in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:1455-1477. [PMID: 37345524 PMCID: PMC10364966 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.319319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Collateral arteries act as natural bypasses which reroute blood flow to ischemic regions and facilitate tissue regeneration. In an injured heart, neonatal artery endothelial cells orchestrate a systematic series of cellular events, which includes their outward migration, proliferation, and coalescence into fully functional collateral arteries. This process, called artery reassembly, aids complete cardiac regeneration in neonatal hearts but is absent in adults. The reason for this age-dependent disparity in artery cell response is completely unknown. In this study, we investigated if regenerative potential of coronary arteries is dictated by their ability to dedifferentiate. METHODS Single-cell RNA sequencing of coronary endothelial cells was performed to identify differences in molecular profiles of neonatal and adult endothelial cells in mice. Findings from this in silico analyses were confirmed with in vivo experiments using genetic lineage tracing, whole organ immunostaining, confocal imaging, and cardiac functional assays in mice. RESULTS Upon coronary occlusion, neonates showed a significant increase in actively cycling artery cells and expressed prominent dedifferentiation markers. Data from in silico pathway analyses and in vivo experiments suggested that upon myocardial infarction, cell cycle reentry of preexisting neonatal artery cells, the subsequent collateral artery formation, and recovery of cardiac function are dependent on arterial VegfR2 (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2). This subpopulation of dedifferentiated and proliferating artery cells was absent in nonregenerative postnatal day 7 or adult hearts. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that adult artery endothelial cells fail to drive collateral artery development due to their limited ability to dedifferentiate and proliferate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri Arolkar
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India (G.A., S.K.K., S.K., B.B., S.D.)
| | - Sneha K. Kumar
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India (G.A., S.K.K., S.K., B.B., S.D.)
| | - Hanjay Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.W., Y.J.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Karen M. Gonzalez
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (K.M.G., K.R.-H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
- Department of Biology (K.M.G., K.R.-H.), Stanford University, CA
| | - Suraj Kumar
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India (G.A., S.K.K., S.K., B.B., S.D.)
| | - Bhavnesh Bishnoi
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India (G.A., S.K.K., S.K., B.B., S.D.)
| | | | - Y. Joseph Woo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (H.W., Y.J.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Kristy Red-Horse
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (K.M.G., K.R.-H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
- Department of Biology (K.M.G., K.R.-H.), Stanford University, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (K.R.-H.)
| | - Soumyashree Das
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India (G.A., S.K.K., S.K., B.B., S.D.)
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Dhagia V, Kitagawa A, Jacob C, Zheng C, D'Alessandro A, Edwards JG, Rocic P, Gupte R, Gupte SA. G6PD activity contributes to the regulation of histone acetylation and gene expression in smooth muscle cells and to the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H999-H1016. [PMID: 33416454 PMCID: PMC7988761 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00488.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to determine 1) the mechanism(s) that enables glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) to regulate serum response factor (SRF)- and myocardin (MYOCD)-driven smooth muscle cell (SMC)-restricted gene expression, a process that aids in the differentiation of SMCs, and 2) whether G6PD-mediated metabolic reprogramming contributes to the pathogenesis of vascular diseases in metabolic syndrome (MetS). Inhibition of G6PD activity increased (>30%) expression of SMC-restricted genes and concurrently decreased (40%) the growth of human and rat SMCs ex vivo. Expression of SMC-restricted genes decreased (>100-fold) across successive passages in primary cultures of SMCs isolated from mouse aorta. G6PD inhibition increased Myh11 (47%) while decreasing (>50%) Sca-1, a stem cell marker, in cells passaged seven times. Similarly, CRISPR-Cas9-mediated expression of the loss-of-function Mediterranean variant of G6PD (S188F; G6PDS188F) in rats promoted transcription of SMC-restricted genes. G6PD knockdown or inhibition decreased (48.5%) histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity, enriched (by 3-fold) H3K27ac on the Myocd promoter, and increased Myocd and Myh11 expression. Interestingly, G6PD activity was significantly higher in aortas from JCR rats with MetS than control Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Treating JCR rats with epiandrosterone (30 mg/kg/day), a G6PD inhibitor, increased expression of SMC-restricted genes, suppressed Serpine1 and Epha4, and reduced blood pressure. Moreover, feeding SD control (littermates) and G6PDS188F rats a high-fat diet for 4 mo increased Serpine1 and Epha4 expression and mean arterial pressure in SD but not G6PDS188F rats. Our findings demonstrate that G6PD downregulates transcription of SMC-restricted genes through HDAC-dependent deacetylation and potentially augments the severity of vascular diseases associated with MetS.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study gives detailed mechanistic insight about the regulation of smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotype by metabolic reprogramming and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) in diabetes and metabolic syndrome. We demonstrate that G6PD controls the chromatin modifications by regulating histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity, which deacetylates histone 3-lysine 9 and 27. Notably, inhibition of G6PD decreases HDAC activity and enriches H3K27ac on myocardin gene promoter to enhance the expression of SMC-restricted genes. Also, we demonstrate for the first time that G6PD inhibitor treatment accentuates metabolic and transcriptomic reprogramming to reduce neointimal formation in coronary artery and large artery elastance in metabolic syndrome rats.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylation
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase/genetics
- Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase/metabolism
- Hemodynamics
- Histones/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Metabolic Syndrome/enzymology
- Metabolic Syndrome/genetics
- Metabolic Syndrome/pathology
- Metabolic Syndrome/physiopathology
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Mutation
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Myosin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Myosin Heavy Chains/metabolism
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Serum Response Factor/genetics
- Serum Response Factor/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Vascular Remodeling
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidhi Dhagia
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Atsushi Kitagawa
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Christina Jacob
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Connie Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - John G Edwards
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Petra Rocic
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Rakhee Gupte
- Raadysan Biotech., Incorporated, Fishkill, New York
| | - Sachin A Gupte
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
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3
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Wu H, Wu S, Zhu Y, Cheng J, Ye S, Xi Y, Huang Q, Zhang Y, Bu S. Aspirin restores endothelial function by mitigating 17β-estradiol-induced α-SMA accumulation and autophagy inhibition via Vps15 scaffold regulation of Beclin-1 phosphorylation. Life Sci 2020; 259:118383. [PMID: 32896555 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Previous studies have shown that the widespread use of estrogen preparations can cause adverse outcomes such as thrombosis and cardiovascular disease. Autophagy is a biochemical process necessary to maintain cell homeostasis. The present study investigated whether E-2 mediates autophagy-induced endothelial cell dysfunction. The role of aspirin in this process was then studied. MAIN METHODS Western blot, fluorescence microscopy, electron transmission microscopy, plasma construction and transfection, vasoreactivity study in wire myograph are all used in this study. KEY FINDINGS We found that E-2 activated the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway and inhibited the formation of the Atg14L-Beclin1-Vps34-Vps15 complex, thereby inhibiting autophagy. Aspirin promoted Beclin1 phosphorylation in autophagy initiation complexes and enhanced autophagy. Furthermore, E-2 treatment of HAECs resulted in endothelial dysfunction by inhibiting autophagy and leading to accumulation of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). E-2 inhibited the activation of eNOS and reduced the expression of eNOS protein. In the mouse aortic vascular function test, E-2 disrupted endothelium-dependent vasodilation. An α-SMA-shRNA lentivirus eliminated the disruption to endothelium-dependent vasodilation by E-2. Aspirin inhibited α-SMA accumulation by enhancing autophagy, reversed endothelial functional impairment caused by E-2, and promoted endothelium-dependent vasodilation. SIGNIFICANCE This study provides new evidence that E-2 inhibits autophagy and induces abnormal accumulation of α-SMA, resulting in endothelial cell dysfunction and affecting vasodilation. Aspirin can effectively restore the endothelial cell function disrupted E-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangyu Wu
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Siyang Wu
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yingchao Zhu
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiayi Cheng
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Shazhou Ye
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yang Xi
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| | - Qin Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yisheng Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics, Ningbo Medical Center Li Huili Hospital, Ningbo, China.
| | - Shizhong Bu
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
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4
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Vodyanoy V, Pustovyy O, Globa L, Kulesza RJ, Sorokulova I. Hemmule: A Novel Structure with the Properties of the Stem Cell Niche. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020539. [PMID: 31947705 PMCID: PMC7013657 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are nurtured and regulated by a specialized microenvironment known as stem cell niche. While the functions of the niches are well defined, their structure and location remain unclear. We have identified, in rat bone marrow, the seat of hematopoietic stem cells—extensively vascularized node-like compartments that fit the requirements for stem cell niche and that we called hemmules. Hemmules are round or oval structures of about one millimeter in diameter that are surrounded by a fine capsule, have afferent and efferent vessels, are filled with the extracellular matrix and mesenchymal, hematopoietic, endothelial stem cells, and contain cells of the megakaryocyte family, which are known for homeostatic quiescence and contribution to the bone marrow environment. We propose that hemmules are the long sought hematopoietic stem cell niches and that they are prototypical of stem cell niches in other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Vodyanoy
- Department Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (O.P.); (L.G.); (I.S.)
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-334-826-9894
| | - Oleg Pustovyy
- Department Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (O.P.); (L.G.); (I.S.)
| | - Ludmila Globa
- Department Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (O.P.); (L.G.); (I.S.)
| | - Randy J. Kulesza
- Department of Anatomy, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA 16509, USA;
| | - Iryna Sorokulova
- Department Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (O.P.); (L.G.); (I.S.)
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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5
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Baranowski A, Schlemmer L, Förster K, Slotina E, Mickan T, Truffel S, Klein A, Mattyasovszky SG, Hofmann A, Ritz U, Rommens PM. Effects of losartan and atorvastatin on the development of early posttraumatic joint stiffness in a rat model. Drug Des Devel Ther 2019; 13:2603-2618. [PMID: 31440039 PMCID: PMC6679684 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s204135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After a trauma, exuberant tissue healing with fibrosis of the joint capsule can lead to posttraumatic joint stiffness (PTJS). Losartan and atorvastatin have both shown their antifibrotic effects in different organ systems. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was the evaluation of the influence of losartan and atorvastatin on the early development of joint contracture. In addition to joint angles, the change in myofibroblast numbers and the distribution of bone sialoprotein (BSP) were assessed. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS In this randomized and blinded experimental study with 24 rats, losartan and atorvastatin were compared to a placebo. After an initial joint injury, rat knees were immobilized with a Kirschner wire. Rats received either losartan, atorvastatin or a placebo orally daily. After 14 days, joint angle measurements and histological assessments were performed. RESULTS Losartan increased the length of the inferior joint capsule. Joint angle and other capsule length measurements did not reveal significant differences between both drugs and the placebo. At cellular level both losartan and atorvastatin reduced the total number of myofibroblasts (losartan: 191±77, atorvastatin: 98±58, placebo: 319±113 per counting field, p<0.01) and the percentage area of myofibroblasts (losartan: 2.8±1.8% [p<0.05], atorvastatin: 2.5±1.7% [p<0.01], vs control [6.4±4%], respectively). BSP was detectable in equivalent amounts in the joint capsules of all groups with only a trend toward a reduction of the BSP-stained area by atorvastatin. CONCLUSION Both atorvastatin and losartan reduced the number of myofibroblasts in the posterior knee joint capsule of rat knees 2 weeks after trauma and losartan increased the length of the inferior joint capsule. However, these changes at the cellular level did not translate an increase in range of motion of the rats´ knee joints during early contracture development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Baranowski
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Biomatics Group, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ludwig Schlemmer
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Biomatics Group, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Förster
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Biomatics Group, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Slotina
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Biomatics Group, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tim Mickan
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Biomatics Group, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Truffel
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Biomatics Group, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anja Klein
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Biomatics Group, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan G Mattyasovszky
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Biomatics Group, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander Hofmann
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Biomatics Group, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopaedics 1, Westpfalz-Medical Centre Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Ulrike Ritz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Biomatics Group, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Pol M Rommens
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Biomatics Group, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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6
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Aortic α-smooth muscle actin expressions in aortic disorders and coronary artery disease: An immunohistochemical study. Anatol J Cardiol 2019; 19:11-16. [PMID: 29339694 PMCID: PMC5864783 DOI: 10.14744/anatoljcardiol.2017.7839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The is to report immunohistochemical observations of aortic α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) expressions in patients with aortic aneurysm, acute aortic dissection, and coronary artery disease and to discuss phenotypic switching of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of these lesions. Methods: Forty-nine consecutive patients scheduled for surgical treatment for acute type A aortic dissection (20 patients), aortic aneurysm (9 patients), and coronary artery disease (20 patients) were included. Surgical specimens of the aorta were obtained and prepared for hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemical stainings. Results: A comparison of aortic structural changes between the three groups showed that patients with coronary artery disease had the least severe aorta degeneration with the most intense α-SMA positivity. Aortic structural impairment was the most severe in patients with aortic dissection, whereas α-SMA positivity was more intense in patients with aortic dissection than in those with aortic aneurysm. Conclusion: Disparities in α-SMA expressions in the aortic tissues of the three groups represent the extent of SMC degenerations or a phenotypic switching between contractile and synthetic SMCs. The results imply severe SMC degenerations in patients with aortic aneurysm, which may be beneficial because of the production of extracellular matrix necessary for healing of the vascular wall, but severe disruptions in elastic fibers in patients with aortic dissection. Patients with coronary artery disease show slight SMC degeneration and phenotypic switching among the three groups. The possible apoptotic and genetic mechanisms of aortic structural impairments warrant further elaborations.
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7
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Gutiérrez-Vidal R, Delgado-Coello B, Méndez-Acevedo KM, Calixto-Tlacomulco S, Damián-Zamacona S, Mas-Oliva J. Therapeutic Intranasal Vaccine HB-ATV-8 Prevents Atherogenesis and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in a Pig Model of Atherosclerosis. Arch Med Res 2018; 49:456-470. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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8
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Ma ZG, Yuan YP, Wu HM, Zhang X, Tang QZ. Cardiac fibrosis: new insights into the pathogenesis. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:1645-1657. [PMID: 30416379 PMCID: PMC6216032 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.28103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is defined as the imbalance of extracellular matrix (ECM) production and degradation, thus contributing to cardiac dysfunction in many cardiac pathophysiologic conditions. This review discusses specific markers and origin of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs), and the underlying mechanism involved in the development of cardiac fibrosis. Currently, there are no CFs-specific molecular markers. Most studies use co-labelling with panels of antibodies that can recognize CFs. Origin of fibroblasts is heterogeneous. After fibrotic stimuli, the levels of myocardial pro-fibrotic growth factors and cytokines are increased. These pro-fibrotic growth factors and cytokines bind to its receptors and then trigger the activation of signaling pathway and transcriptional factors via Smad-dependent or Smad independent-manners. These fibrosis-related transcriptional factors regulate gene expression that are involved in the fibrosis to amplify the fibrotic response. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for initiation, progression, and amplification of cardiac fibrosis are of great clinical significance to find drugs that can prevent the progression of cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Guo Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, RP China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, RP China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, RP China
| | - Yu-Pei Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, RP China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, RP China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, RP China
| | - Hai-Ming Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, RP China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, RP China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, RP China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, RP China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, RP China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, RP China
| | - Qi-Zhu Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, RP China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, RP China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, RP China
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9
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Thomas JM, Surendran S, Abraham M, Sasankan D, Bhaadri S, Rajavelu A, Kartha CC. Gene expression analysis of nidus of cerebral arteriovenous malformations reveals vascular structures with deficient differentiation and maturation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198617. [PMID: 29897969 PMCID: PMC5999265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are characterised by tangles of dysplastic blood vessels which shunt blood from arteries to veins with no intervening capillary bed. It is not known at what stage of development and differentiation, AVM vessels became aberrant. To address this, we have analysed the expression of vascular differentiation, vascular maturation and brain capillary specific genes in AVM nidus. Methodology We performed immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis of vascular differentiation (HEY2, DLL4, EFNB2, and COUP-TFII), vascular maturation (ENG and KLF2) and brain capillary specific genes (GGTP and GLUT1) on ten surgically excised human brain AVMs and ten normal human brain tissues. Results Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that AVM vessels co-express both artery and vein differentiation genes. H-score analysis revealed that there is statistically significant (P < 0.0001) increase in expression of these proteins in AVM vessels compared to control vessels. These findings were further confirmed by western blot analysis and found to be statistically significant (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.001) for all proteins except Hey2. Both immunostaining and western blot analysis revealed that AVM vessels express GGTP and GLUT1, markers specific to brain capillaries. Immunofluorescent staining demonstrated that expression of KLF2, a vascular maturation marker is significantly (P <0.001) decreased in AVM vessels and was further confirmed by western blot analysis (P < 0.001). Immunohistochemical and western blot analysis demonstrated that another vascular maturation protein Endoglin had high expression in AVM vessels compared to control vessels. The results were found to be statistically significant (P < 0.0001). Summary Our findings suggest that vascular structures of AVMs co-express markers specific for arteries, veins and capillaries. We conclude that AVM nidus constitutes of aberrant vessels which are not terminally differentiated and inadequately matured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Mary Thomas
- Cardio Vascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Poojapura, Thycaud, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sumi Surendran
- Cardio Vascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Poojapura, Thycaud, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Mathew Abraham
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences & Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Dhakshmi Sasankan
- Cardio Vascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Poojapura, Thycaud, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Sridutt Bhaadri
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences & Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Arumugam Rajavelu
- Cardio Vascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Poojapura, Thycaud, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- Tropical Disease Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Poojapura, Thycaud, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- * E-mail: (AR); (CCK)
| | - Chandrasekharan C. Kartha
- Cardio Vascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Poojapura, Thycaud, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- * E-mail: (AR); (CCK)
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10
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Spontaneous activation of a MAVS-dependent antiviral signaling pathway determines high basal interferon-β expression in cardiac myocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2017; 111:102-113. [PMID: 28822807 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Viral myocarditis is a leading cause of sudden death in young adults as the limited turnover of cardiac myocytes renders the heart particularly vulnerable to viral damage. Viruses induce an antiviral type I interferon (IFN-α/β) response in essentially all cell types, providing an immediate innate protection. Cardiac myocytes express high basal levels of IFN-β to help pre-arm them against viral infections, however the mechanism underlying this expression remains unclear. Using primary cultures of murine cardiac and skeletal muscle cells, we demonstrate here that the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) pathway is spontaneously activated in unstimulated cardiac myocytes but not cardiac fibroblasts or skeletal muscle cells. Results suggest that MAVS association with the mitochondrial-associated ER membranes (MAM) is a determinant of high basal IFN-β expression, and demonstrate that MAVS is essential for spontaneous high basal expression of IFN-β in cardiac myocytes and the heart. Together, results provide the first mechanism for spontaneous high expression of the antiviral cytokine IFN-β in a poorly replenished and essential cell type.
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11
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Jones RS, Chang PH, Perahia T, Harmon KA, Junor L, Yost MJ, Fan D, Eberth JF, Goodwin RL. Design and Fabrication of a Three-Dimensional In Vitro System for Modeling Vascular Stenosis. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2017; 23:859-871. [PMID: 28712382 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927617012302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Vascular stenosis, the abnormal narrowing of blood vessels, arises from defective developmental processes or atherosclerosis-related adult pathologies. Stenosis triggers a series of adaptive cellular responses that induces adverse remodeling, which can progress to partial or complete vessel occlusion with numerous fatal outcomes. Despite its severity, the cellular interactions and biophysical cues that regulate this pathological progression are poorly understood. Here, we report the design and fabrication of a three-dimensional (3D) in vitro system to model vascular stenosis so that specific cellular interactions and responses to hemodynamic stimuli can be investigated. Tubular cellularized constructs (cytotubes) were produced, using a collagen casting system, to generate a stenotic arterial model. Fabrication methods were developed to create cytotubes containing co-cultured vascular cells, where cell viability, distribution, morphology, and contraction were examined. Fibroblasts, bone marrow primary cells, smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and endothelial cells (ECs) remained viable during culture and developed location- and time-dependent morphologies. We found cytotube contraction to depend on cellular composition, where SMC-EC co-cultures adopted intermediate contractile phenotypes between SMC- and EC-only cytotubes. Our fabrication approach and the resulting artery model can serve as an in vitro 3D culture system to investigate vascular pathogenesis and promote the tissue engineering field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S Jones
- 1Biomedical Engineering Program,College of Engineering and Computing,University of South Carolina,Columbia,SC 29208,USA
| | - Pin H Chang
- 1Biomedical Engineering Program,College of Engineering and Computing,University of South Carolina,Columbia,SC 29208,USA
| | - Tzlil Perahia
- 2Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy,School of Medicine,University of South Carolina,Columbia,SC 29209,USA
| | - Katrina A Harmon
- 2Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy,School of Medicine,University of South Carolina,Columbia,SC 29209,USA
| | - Lorain Junor
- 2Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy,School of Medicine,University of South Carolina,Columbia,SC 29209,USA
| | - Michael J Yost
- 3Department of Surgery,Medical University of South Carolina,Charleston,SC 29425,USA
| | - Daping Fan
- 1Biomedical Engineering Program,College of Engineering and Computing,University of South Carolina,Columbia,SC 29208,USA
| | - John F Eberth
- 1Biomedical Engineering Program,College of Engineering and Computing,University of South Carolina,Columbia,SC 29208,USA
| | - Richard L Goodwin
- 4Department of Biomedical Sciences,School of Medicine,University of South Carolina,Greenville,SC 29605,USA
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12
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The Pharmaceutical Device Prisma ® Skin Promotes in Vitro Angiogenesis through Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition during Skin Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081614. [PMID: 28757565 PMCID: PMC5578006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans are polysaccharides of the extracellular matrix supporting skin wound closure. Mesoglycan is a mixture of glycosaminoglycans such as chondroitin-, dermatan-, heparan-sulfate and heparin and is the main component of Prisma® Skin, a pharmaceutical device developed by Mediolanum Farmaceutici S.p.a. Here, we show the in vitro effects of this device in the new vessels formation by endothelial cells, since angiogenesis represents a key moment in wound healing. We found a strong increase of migration and invasion rates of these cells treated with mesoglycan and Prisma® Skin which mediate the activation of the pathway triggered by CD44 receptor. Furthermore, endothelial cells form longer capillary-like structures with a great number of branches, in the presence of the same treatments. Thus, the device, thanks to the mesoglycan, leads the cells to the Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition, suggesting the switch to a fibroblast-like phenotype, as shown by immunofluorescence assays. Finally, we found that mesoglycan and Prisma® Skin inhibit inflammatory reactions such as nitric oxide secretion and NF-κB nuclear translocation in endothelial cells and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α production by macrophages. In conclusion, based on our data, we suggest that Prisma® Skin may be able to accelerate angiogenesis in skin wound healing, and regulate inflammation avoiding chronic, thus pathological, responses.
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13
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Vogel ME, Idelman G, Konaniah ES, Zucker SD. Bilirubin Prevents Atherosclerotic Lesion Formation in Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Deficient Mice by Inhibiting Endothelial VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 Signaling. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.116.004820. [PMID: 28365565 PMCID: PMC5532999 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.004820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Numerous epidemiological studies support an inverse association between serum bilirubin levels and the incidence of cardiovascular disease; however, the mechanism(s) by which bilirubin may protect against atherosclerosis is undefined. The goals of the present investigations were to assess the ability of bilirubin to prevent atherosclerotic plaque formation in low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐deficient (Ldlr−/−) mice and elucidate the molecular processes underlying this effect. Methods and Results Bilirubin, at physiological concentrations (≤20 μmol/L), dose‐dependently inhibits THP‐1 monocyte migration across tumor necrosis factor α–activated human umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayers without altering leukocyte binding or cytokine production. A potent antioxidant, bilirubin effectively blocks the generation of cellular reactive oxygen species induced by the cross‐linking of endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM‐1) or intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM‐1). These findings were validated by treating cells with blocking antibodies or with specific inhibitors of VCAM‐1 and ICAM‐1 signaling. When administered to Ldlr−/− mice on a Western diet, bilirubin (30 mg/kg intraperitoneally) prevents atherosclerotic plaque formation, but does not alter circulating cholesterol or chemokine levels. Aortic roots from bilirubin‐treated animals exhibit reduced lipid and collagen deposition, decreased infiltration of monocytes and lymphocytes, fewer smooth muscle cells, and diminished levels of chlorotyrosine and nitrotyrosine, without changes in VCAM‐1 or ICAM‐1 expression. Conclusions Bilirubin suppresses atherosclerotic plaque formation in Ldlr−/− mice by disrupting endothelial VCAM‐1‐ and ICAM‐1‐mediated leukocyte migration through the scavenging of reactive oxygen species signaling intermediaries. These findings suggest a potential mechanism for the apparent cardioprotective effects of bilirubin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Vogel
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Gila Idelman
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Eddy S Konaniah
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Disease Institute, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Stephen D Zucker
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
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Leclercq A, Veillat V, Loriot S, Spuul P, Madonna F, Roques X, Génot E. A Methodology for Concomitant Isolation of Intimal and Adventitial Endothelial Cells from the Human Thoracic Aorta. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143144. [PMID: 26599408 PMCID: PMC4658207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aortic diseases are diverse and involve a multiplicity of biological systems in the vascular wall. Aortic dissection, which is usually preceded by aortic aneurysm, is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in modern societies. Although the endothelium is now known to play an important role in vascular diseases, its contribution to aneurysmal aortic lesions remains largely unknown. The aim of this study was to define a reliable methodology for the isolation of aortic intimal and adventitial endothelial cells in order to throw light on issues relevant to endothelial cell biology in aneurysmal diseases. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We set up protocols to isolate endothelial cells from both the intima and the adventitia of human aneurysmal aortic vessel segments. Throughout the procedure, analysis of cell morphology and endothelial markers allowed us to select an endothelial fraction which after two rounds of expansion yielded a population of >90% pure endothelial cells. These cells have the features and functionalities of freshly isolated cells and can be used for biochemical studies. The technique was successfully used for aortic vessel segments of 20 patients and 3 healthy donors. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This simple and highly reproducible method allows the simultaneous preparation of reasonably pure primary cultures of intimal and adventitial human endothelial cells, thus providing a reliable source for investigating their biology and involvement in both thoracic aneurysms and other aortic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Leclercq
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, U1045, Bordeaux, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (AL); (EG)
| | - Véronique Veillat
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, U1045, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sandrine Loriot
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- SFR TransBioMed, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pirjo Spuul
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, U1045, Bordeaux, France
| | - Francesco Madonna
- Service de chirurgie cardiaque et vasculaire, Hôpital Haut-L’Evêque, Pessac, France
| | - Xavier Roques
- Service de chirurgie cardiaque et vasculaire, Hôpital Haut-L’Evêque, Pessac, France
| | - Elisabeth Génot
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, U1045, Bordeaux, France
- * E-mail: (AL); (EG)
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15
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Huber B, Volz AC, Kluger PJ. How do culture media influence in vitro perivascular cell behavior? Cell Biol Int 2015; 39:1395-407. [PMID: 26179857 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Perivascular cells are multilineage cells located around the vessel wall and important for wall stabilization. In this study, we evaluated a stem cell media and a perivascular cell-specific media for the culture of primary perivascular cells regarding their cell morphology, doubling time, stem cell properties, and expression of cell type-specific markers. When the two cell culture media were compared to each other, perivascular cells cultured in the stem cell medium had a more elongated morphology and a faster doubling rate and cells cultured in the pericyte medium had a more typical morphology, with several filopodia, and a slower doubling rate. To evaluate stem cell properties, perivascular cells, CD146(-) cells, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were differentiated into the adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic lineages. It was seen that perivascular cells, as well as CD146(-) cells and MSCs, cultured in stem cell medium showed greater differentiation than cells cultured in pericyte-specific medium. The expression of pericyte-specific markers CD146, neural/glial antigen 2 (NG2), platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFR-β), myosin, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) could be found in both pericyte cultures, as well as to varying amounts in CD146(-) cells, MSCs, and endothelial cells. The here presented work shows that perivascular cells can adapt to their in vitro environment and cell culture conditions influence cell functionality, such as doubling rate or differentiation behavior. Pericyte-specific markers were shown to be expressed also from cells other than perivascular cells. We can further conclude that CD146(+) perivascular cells are inhomogeneous cell population probably containing stem cell subpopulations, which are located perivascular around capillaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Huber
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstraße 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ann-Cathrin Volz
- Process Analysis & Technology (PA&T), Reutlingen University, Alteburgstraße 150, 72762, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Petra Juliane Kluger
- Process Analysis & Technology (PA&T), Reutlingen University, Alteburgstraße 150, 72762, Reutlingen, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstraße 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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16
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Xia M, Chen D, Endresz V, Lantos I, Szabo A, Kakkar V, Lu X. Modulation of recombinant antigenic constructs containing multi-epitopes towards effective reduction of atherosclerotic lesion in B6;129S-Ldlr(tm1Her)Apob(tm2Sgy)/J mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123393. [PMID: 25830298 PMCID: PMC4382319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is increasingly recognized as a complex chronic inflammatory disease. Many more studies have extended vaccination against atherosclerosis by using epitopes from self-antigens or beyond and demonstrated that vaccination with antigens or derivatives could reduce the extent of the lesions in atherosclerosis-prone mice. Our previous study has demonstrated that construct AHHC [ApoB100688-707 + hHSP60303-312 + hHSP60153-163 + Cpn derived peptide (C)] significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesion. The aim of this study was to investigate whether AHHC can be modulated towards increased lesion reduction in mice by creating two other derivatives with a sequential epitope-substitution named RHHC in which A was replaced by an "R" (C5aR1-31) and RPHC with a further "H" (hHSP60303-312) conversion into "P" (protease-activated receptor-142-55) in mice. Antigenic epitopes were incorporated into a dendroaspin scaffold. Immunization of B6;129S-Ldlrtm1HerApobtm2Sgy/J mice with three constructs elicited production of high levels of antibodies against each epitope (apart from hHSP60153-163 and P which induced a low antibody response). Histological analyses demonstrated that the mice immunized with either RPHC or RHHC showed significant reductions in the size of atherosclerostic lesions compared to those with AHHC (69.5±1.1% versus 55.7±3.4%, P<0.01 or 65.6±1.3% versus 55.7±3.4%, P<0.01). Reduction of plaque size in the aortic sinus and descending aorta correlated with alterations in cellular immune responses when compared with controls. We conclude that a recombinant construct RPHC may provide new antigenic and structural features which are favorable for significant reduction in atherosclerotic lesion formation. This approach offers a novel strategy for developing anti-atherosclerotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xia
- The Mary and Garry Weston Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Thrombosis Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daxin Chen
- The Mary and Garry Weston Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Thrombosis Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valeria Endresz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ildiko Lantos
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Andrea Szabo
- Institute of Surgical Research, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Vijay Kakkar
- The Mary and Garry Weston Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Thrombosis Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Thrombosis Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Xinjie Lu
- The Mary and Garry Weston Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Thrombosis Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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17
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Xiao L, Kim DJ, Davis CL, McCann JV, Dunleavey JM, Vanderlinden AK, Xu N, Pattenden SG, Frye SV, Xu X, Onaitis M, Monaghan-Benson E, Burridge K, Dudley AC. Tumor Endothelial Cells with Distinct Patterns of TGFβ-Driven Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Cancer Res 2015; 75:1244-54. [PMID: 25634211 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) occurs during development and underlies the pathophysiology of multiple diseases. In tumors, unscheduled EndMT generates cancer-associated myofibroblasts that fuel inflammation and fibrosis, and may contribute to vascular dysfunction that promotes tumor progression. We report that freshly isolated subpopulations of tumor-specific endothelial cells (TEC) from a spontaneous mammary tumor model undergo distinct forms of EndMT in response to TGFβ stimulation. Although some TECs strikingly upregulate α smooth muscle actin (SMA), a principal marker of EndMT and activated myofibroblasts, counterpart normal mammary gland endothelial cells (NEC) showed little change in SMA expression after TGFβ treatment. Compared with NECs, SMA(+) TECs were 40% less motile in wound-healing assays and formed more stable vascular-like networks in vitro when challenged with TGFβ. Lineage tracing using ZsGreen(Cdh5-Cre) reporter mice confirmed that only a fraction of vessels in breast tumors contain SMA(+) TECs, suggesting that not all endothelial cells (EC) respond identically to TGFβ in vivo. Indeed, examination of 84 TGFβ-regulated target genes revealed entirely different genetic signatures in TGFβ-stimulated NEC and TEC cultures. Finally, we found that basic FGF (bFGF) exerts potent inhibitory effects on many TGFβ-regulated genes but operates in tandem with TGFβ to upregulate others. ECs challenged with TGFβ secrete bFGF, which blocks SMA expression in secondary cultures, suggesting a cell-autonomous or lateral-inhibitory mechanism for impeding mesenchymal differentiation. Together, our results suggest that TGFβ-driven EndMT produces a spectrum of EC phenotypes with different functions that could underlie the plasticity and heterogeneity of the tumor vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xiao
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Dae Joong Kim
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Clayton L Davis
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - James V McCann
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - James M Dunleavey
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Alissa K Vanderlinden
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nuo Xu
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Samantha G Pattenden
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Stephen V Frye
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Xia Xu
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Mark Onaitis
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Elizabeth Monaghan-Benson
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Keith Burridge
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. McAllister Heart Institute, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Andrew C Dudley
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. McAllister Heart Institute, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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Stefanska M, Costa G, Lie-A-Ling M, Kouskoff V, Lacaud G. Smooth muscle cells largely develop independently of functional hemogenic endothelium. Stem Cell Res 2014; 12:222-32. [PMID: 24270161 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells represent a major component of the cardiovascular system. In vitro studies have shown that FLK1(+) cells derived from embryonic stem (ES) cells can differentiate into both endothelial and smooth muscle cells. These FLK1(+) cells also contain a mesodermal precursor, the hemangioblast, able to produce endothelial, blood and smooth muscle cells. The generation of blood precursors from the hemangioblast was recently shown to occur through a transient cell population of specialised endothelium, a hemogenic endothelium. To date, the lineage relationship between this cell population and smooth muscle cell progenitors has not been investigated. In this study, we generated a reporter ES cell line in which expression of the fluorescent protein H2B-VENUS is driven by the α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) regulatory sequences. We demonstrated that this reporter cell line efficiently trace smooth muscle development during ES cell differentiation. Although some smooth muscle cells are associated with broad endothelial development, we established that smooth muscle cells are mostly generated independently from a specialised functional hemogenic endothelium. This study provides new and important insights into hematopoietic and vascular development, which may help in driving further progress towards the development of bioengineered vascular grafts for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Stefanska
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Guilherme Costa
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Michael Lie-A-Ling
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Valerie Kouskoff
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Hematopoiesis Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Georges Lacaud
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Barclay GR, Tura O, Samuel K, Hadoke PW, Mills NL, Newby DE, Turner ML. Systematic assessment in an animal model of the angiogenic potential of different human cell sources for therapeutic revascularization. Stem Cell Res Ther 2012; 3:23. [PMID: 22759659 PMCID: PMC3580461 DOI: 10.1186/scrt114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) capable of initiating or augmenting vascular growth were recently identified within the small population of CD34-expressing cells that circulate in human peripheral blood and which are considered hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC). Soon thereafter human HPC began to be used in clinical trials as putative sources of EPC for therapeutic vascular regeneration, especially in myocardial and critical limb ischemias. However, unlike HPC where hematopoietic efficacy is related quantitatively to CD34+ cell numbers implanted, there has been no consensus on how to measure EPC or how to assess cellular graft potency for vascular regeneration. We employed an animal model of spontaneous neovascularization to simultaneously determine whether human cells incorporate into new vessels and to quantify the effect of different putative angiogenic cells on vascularization in terms of number of vessels generated. We systematically compared competence for therapeutic angiogenesis in different sources of human cells with putative angiogenic potential, to begin to provide some rationale for optimising cell procurement for this therapy. METHODS Human cells employed were mononuclear cells from normal peripheral blood and HPC-rich cell sources (umbilical cord blood, mobilized peripheral blood, bone marrow), CD34+ enriched or depleted subsets of these, and outgrowth cell populations from these. An established sponge implant angiogenesis model was adapted to determine the effects of different human cells on vascularization of implants in immunodeficient mice. Angiogenesis was quantified by vessel density and species of origin by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS CD34+ cells from mobilized peripheral blood or umbilical cord blood HPC were the only cells to promote new vessel growth, but did not incorporate into vessels. Only endothelial outgrowth cells (EOC) incorporated into vessels, but these did not promote vessel growth. CONCLUSIONS These studies indicate that, since EPC are very rare, any benefit seen in clinical trials of HPC in therapeutic vascular regeneration is predominantly mediated by indirect proangiogenic effects rather than through direct incorporation of any rare EPC contained within these sources. It should be possible to produce autologous EOC for therapeutic use, and evaluate the effect of EPC distinct from, or in synergy with, the proangiogenic effects of HPC therapies.
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20
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Deletion of RBP-J in adult mice leads to the onset of aortic valve degenerative diseases. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:3837-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1162-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Dong HM, Ichimura K, Sakai T. Structural organization of hepatic portal vein in rat with special reference to musculature, intimal folds, and endothelial cell alignment. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2011; 293:1887-95. [PMID: 20830687 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Structural organization of hepatic portal vein (HPV) was examined in adult rats by means of light and electron microscopy. Three characteristic features were found in the wall structure of rat HPV. (1) Tunica media consisted of two kinds of smooth muscle. The inner circular smooth muscle (CSM) was composed with one or two layer of smooth muscle cells, and was found in the entire length of the HPV and its tributaries. The outer longitudinal smooth muscle (LSM) was limited to a specific region of HPV; in particular it was well-developed at distal half of HPV. CSM counteracts luminal hydrostatic pressure to prevent circumferential hyperextension of venous wall, whereas LSM is likely to counteract a tractive force produced by gravity and movement of small intestine. (2) Intima of HPV showed a unique feature, intimal folds, which protruded into the lumen and were aligned almost circumferentially. Intimal folds were found only at the same region where the LSM was well-developed. Thus, LSM is presumably involved in the formation of intimal folds. (3) The endothelial cells between intimal folds were circumferentially aligned along the folds, although those in the other regions of HPV were arrayed along the longitudinal axis of HPV or the direction of blood flow as reported in other kinds of blood vessel. This finding implied that the circumferential blood flow locally occurs on the surface of intima between the intimal folds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ming Dong
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Krenning G, Zeisberg EM, Kalluri R. The origin of fibroblasts and mechanism of cardiac fibrosis. J Cell Physiol 2010; 225:631-7. [PMID: 20635395 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 466] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblasts are at the heart of cardiac function and are the principal determinants of cardiac fibrosis. Nevertheless, cardiac fibroblasts remain poorly characterized in molecular terms. Evidence is evolving that the cardiac fibroblast is a highly heterogenic cell population, and that such heterogeneity is caused by the distinct origins of fibroblasts in the heart. Cardiac fibroblasts can derive either from resident fibroblasts, from endothelial cells via an endothelial-mesenchynmal transition or from bone marrow-derived circulating progenitor cells, monocytes and fibrocytes. Here, we review the function and origin of fibroblasts in cardiac fibrosis.NB. The information given is correct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Krenning
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Zorzi P, Aplin AC, Smith KD, Nicosia RF. Technical Advance: The rat aorta contains resident mononuclear phagocytes with proliferative capacity and proangiogenic properties. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:1051-9. [PMID: 20628067 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0310178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis in the aortic ring model is preceded by activation of the immune system and impaired by ablation of adventitial macrophages. Treatment of aortic cultures with M-CSF induced extensive periaortic outgrowth of CD45(+) CD68(+) mononuclear cells with ultrastructural features of macrophages and DCs. Periaortic lysis of collagen caused many CD45(+) CD68(+) cells to attach to the bottom of the culture dish. Lifting the collagen gels left behind patches of CD45(+) CD68(+) cells, which focally organized into branching cords. These cells also expressed CD14, CD169, F4/80, and α-SMA but not CD31, vWF, desmin, or CD163. DNA synthesis studies showed that M-CSF-stimulated cells were actively proliferating. Aortic patch cells showed phagocytic properties and responded to IL-4 and GM-CSF by expressing MHC II, differentiating into DCs, and forming multinucleated giant cells. They also stimulated angiogenesis and VEGF production in aortic ring cultures. This study demonstrates that the rat aorta contains a distinct subset of immature immunocytes capable of proliferating, differentiating into macrophages and DCs, and stimulating angiogenesis. Isolation of these cells in patches from M-CSF-stimulated aortic rings provides a reproducible system to study the biology and angiogenic role of the resident immune system of the aortic wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Zorzi
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
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