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Nunes MJ, Carvalho AN, Sá-Lemos C, Colaço M, Cervenka I, Ciraci V, Santos SG, Ribeiro MM, Castanheira M, Jannig PR, Gama MJ, Castro-Caldas M, Rodrigues CMP, Rodrigues E, Ruas JL. Sustained PGC-1α2 or PGC-1α3 expression induces astrocyte dysfunction and degeneration. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151377. [PMID: 38006841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) transcriptional coactivators are key regulators of energy metabolism-related genes and are expressed in energy-demanding tissues. There are several PGC-1α variants with different biological functions in different tissues. The brain is one of the tissues where the role of PGC-1α isoforms remains less explored. Here, we used a toxin-based mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD) and observed that the expression levels of variants PGC-1α2 and PGC-1α3 in the nigrostriatal pathway increases at the onset of dopaminergic cell degeneration. This increase occurs concomitant with an increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein levels. Since PGC-1α coactivators regulate cellular adaptive responses, we hypothesized that they could be involved in the modulation of astrogliosis induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Therefore, we analysed the transcriptome of astrocytes transduced with expression vectors encoding PGC-1α1 to 1α4 by massively parallel sequencing (RNA-seq) and identified the main cellular pathways controlled by these isoforms. Interestingly, in reactive astrocytes the inflammatory and antioxidant responses, adhesion, migration, and viability were altered by PGC-1α2 and PGC-1α3, showing that sustained expression of these isoforms induces astrocyte dysfunction and degeneration. This work highlights PGC-1α isoforms as modulators of astrocyte reactivity and as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of PD and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Nunes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A N Carvalho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - C Sá-Lemos
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M Colaço
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - I Cervenka
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - V Ciraci
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - S G Santos
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M M Ribeiro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M Castanheira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P R Jannig
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M J Gama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M Castro-Caldas
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; UCIBIO, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - C M P Rodrigues
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - E Rodrigues
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J L Ruas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Ding W, Yang X, Lai K, Jiang Y, Liu Y. The potential of therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial biogenesis for the treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Pharm Res 2024; 47:219-248. [PMID: 38485900 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-024-01490-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a persistent metabolic disorder marked by deficiencies in insulin secretion and/or function, affecting various tissues and organs and leading to numerous complications. Mitochondrial biogenesis, the process by which cells generate new mitochondria utilizing existing ones plays a crucial role in energy homeostasis, glucose metabolism, and lipid handling. Recent evidence suggests that promoting mitochondrial biogenesis can alleviate insulin resistance in the liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle while improving pancreatic β-cell function. Moreover, enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis has been shown to ameliorate T2DM symptoms and may contribute to therapeutic effects for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy, cardiomyopathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy. This review summarizes the intricate connection between mitochondrial biogenesis and T2DM, highlighting the potential of novel therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial biogenesis for T2DM treatment and its associated complications. It also discusses several natural products that exhibit beneficial effects on T2DM by promoting mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Xiaoxue Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Kaiyi Lai
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
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Qian L, Zhu Y, Deng C, Liang Z, Chen J, Chen Y, Wang X, Liu Y, Tian Y, Yang Y. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 (PGC-1) family in physiological and pathophysiological process and diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:50. [PMID: 38424050 PMCID: PMC10904817 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01756-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 (PGC-1) family (PGC-1s), consisting of three members encompassing PGC-1α, PGC-1β, and PGC-1-related coactivator (PRC), was discovered more than a quarter-century ago. PGC-1s are essential coordinators of many vital cellular events, including mitochondrial functions, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis, and inflammation. Accumulating evidence has shown that PGC-1s are implicated in many diseases, such as cancers, cardiac diseases and cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, kidney diseases, motor system diseases, and metabolic disorders. Examining the upstream modulators and co-activated partners of PGC-1s and identifying critical biological events modulated by downstream effectors of PGC-1s contribute to the presentation of the elaborate network of PGC-1s. Furthermore, discussing the correlation between PGC-1s and diseases as well as summarizing the therapy targeting PGC-1s helps make individualized and precise intervention methods. In this review, we summarize basic knowledge regarding the PGC-1s family as well as the molecular regulatory network, discuss the physio-pathological roles of PGC-1s in human diseases, review the application of PGC-1s, including the diagnostic and prognostic value of PGC-1s and several therapies in pre-clinical studies, and suggest several directions for future investigations. This review presents the immense potential of targeting PGC-1s in the treatment of diseases and hopefully facilitates the promotion of PGC-1s as new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Qian
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Research for Heart Failure, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yanli Zhu
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Research for Heart Failure, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Chao Deng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Zhenxing Liang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Junmin Chen
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Research for Heart Failure, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yanqing Liu
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Research for Heart Failure, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Research for Heart Failure, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710021, China.
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Research for Heart Failure, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.
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Guo M, Zhang J, Ma Y, Zhu Z, Zuo H, Yao J, Wu X, Wang D, Yu J, Meng M, Liu C, Zhang Y, Chen J, Lu J, Ding S, Hu C, Ma X, Xu L. AAV-Mediated nuclear localized PGC1α4 delivery in muscle ameliorates sarcopenia and aging-associated metabolic dysfunctions. Aging Cell 2023; 22:e13961. [PMID: 37584432 PMCID: PMC10577532 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is characterized of muscle mass loss and functional decline in elder individuals which severely affects human physical activity, metabolic homeostasis, and life quality. Physical exercise is considered effective in combating muscle atrophy and sarcopenia, yet it is not feasible to elders with limited mobility. PGC-1α4, a short isoform of PGC-1α, is strongly induced in muscle under resistance training, and promotes muscle hypertrophy. In the present study, we showed that the transcriptional levels and nuclear localization of PGC1α4 was reduced during aging, accompanied with muscle dystrophic morphology, and gene programs. We thus designed NLS-PGC1α4 and ectopically express it in myotubes to enhance PGC1α4 levels and maintain its location in nucleus. Indeed, NLS-PGC1α4 overexpression increased muscle sizes in myotubes. In addition, by utilizing AAV-NLS-PGC1α4 delivery into gastrocnemius muscle, we found that it could improve sarcopenia with grip strength, muscle weights, fiber size and molecular phenotypes, and alleviate age-associated adiposity, insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis, accompanied with altered gene signatures. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that NLS-PGC-1α4 improved insulin signaling and enhanced glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Besides, via RNA-seq analysis, we identified myokines IGF1 and METRNL as potential targets of NLS-PGC-1α4 that possibly mediate the improvement of muscle and adipose tissue functionality and systemic energy metabolism in aged mice. Moreover, we found a negative correlation between PGC1α4 and age in human skeletal muscle. Together, our results revealed that NLS-PGC1α4 overexpression improves muscle physiology and systematic energy homeostasis during aging and suggested it as a potent therapeutic strategy against sarcopenia and aging-associated metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingwei Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory BiologyInstitute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jun Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory BiologyInstitute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ying Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory BiologyInstitute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhenzhong Zhu
- Department of OrthopedicsSixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Hui Zuo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory BiologyInstitute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jing Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory BiologyInstitute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xia Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory BiologyInstitute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Dongmei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory BiologyInstitute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jian Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory BiologyInstitute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismFengxian Central Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Meiyao Meng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory BiologyInstitute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Caizhi Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismFengxian Central Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes MellitusShanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's HospitalShanghaiChina
| | - Yi Zhang
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes MellitusShanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's HospitalShanghaiChina
| | - Jiangrong Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory BiologyInstitute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jian Lu
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, College of Physical Education and HealthEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shuzhe Ding
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, College of Physical Education and HealthEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Cheng Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismFengxian Central Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes MellitusShanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's HospitalShanghaiChina
| | - Xinran Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory BiologyInstitute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismFengxian Central Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology and School of Life SciencesEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision OpticsChongqing Institute of East China Normal UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Lingyan Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory BiologyInstitute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
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Dent JR, Stocks B, Campelj DG, Philp A. Transient changes to metabolic homeostasis initiate mitochondrial adaptation to endurance exercise. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 143:3-16. [PMID: 35351374 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Endurance exercise is well established to increase mitochondrial content and function in skeletal muscle, a process termed mitochondrial biogenesis. Current understanding is that exercise initiates skeletal muscle mitochondrial remodeling via modulation of cellular nutrient, energetic and contractile stress pathways. These subtle changes in the cellular milieu are sensed by numerous transduction pathways that serve to initiate and coordinate an increase in mitochondrial gene transcription and translation. The result of these acute signaling events is the promotion of growth and assembly of mitochondria, coupled to a greater capacity for aerobic ATP provision in skeletal muscle. The aim of this review is to highlight the acute metabolic events induced by endurance exercise and the subsequent molecular pathways that sense this transient change in cellular homeostasis to drive mitochondrial adaptation and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Dent
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ben Stocks
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dean G Campelj
- Mitochondrial Metabolism and Ageing Laboratory, Healthy Ageing Research Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew Philp
- Mitochondrial Metabolism and Ageing Laboratory, Healthy Ageing Research Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Medical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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Abu Shelbayeh O, Arroum T, Morris S, Busch KB. PGC-1α Is a Master Regulator of Mitochondrial Lifecycle and ROS Stress Response. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051075. [PMID: 37237941 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a major role in ROS production and defense during their life cycle. The transcriptional activator PGC-1α is a key player in the homeostasis of energy metabolism and is therefore closely linked to mitochondrial function. PGC-1α responds to environmental and intracellular conditions and is regulated by SIRT1/3, TFAM, and AMPK, which are also important regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis and function. In this review, we highlight the functions and regulatory mechanisms of PGC-1α within this framework, with a focus on its involvement in the mitochondrial lifecycle and ROS metabolism. As an example, we show the role of PGC-1α in ROS scavenging under inflammatory conditions. Interestingly, PGC-1α and the stress response factor NF-κB, which regulates the immune response, are reciprocally regulated. During inflammation, NF-κB reduces PGC-1α expression and activity. Low PGC-1α activity leads to the downregulation of antioxidant target genes resulting in oxidative stress. Additionally, low PGC-1α levels and concomitant oxidative stress promote NF-κB activity, which exacerbates the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Othman Abu Shelbayeh
- Institute of Integrative Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Tasnim Arroum
- Institute of Integrative Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Silke Morris
- Institute of Integrative Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Karin B Busch
- Institute of Integrative Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany
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PGC-1s in the Spotlight with Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073487. [PMID: 33800548 PMCID: PMC8036867 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders worldwide, characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons mainly localized in the substantia nigra pars compacta. In recent years, the detailed analyses of both genetic and idiopathic forms of the disease have led to a better understanding of the molecular and cellular pathways involved in PD, pointing to the centrality of mitochondrial dysfunctions in the pathogenic process. Failure of mitochondrial quality control is now considered a hallmark of the disease. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 (PGC-1) family acts as a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. Therefore, keeping PGC-1 level in a proper range is fundamental to guarantee functional neurons. Here we review the major findings that tightly bond PD and PGC-1s, raising important points that might lead to future investigations.
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Embryonic exposure to hyper glucocorticoids suppresses brown fat development and thermogenesis via REDD1. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2020; 66:478-489. [PMID: 33936858 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Maternal stress during pregnancy is prevailing worldwide, which exposes fetuses to intrauterine hyper glucocorticoids (GC), programming offspring to obesity and metabolic diseases. Despite the importance of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in maintaining long-term metabolic health, impacts of prenatal hyper GC on postnatal BAT thermogenesis and underlying regulations remain poorly defined. Pregnant mice were administrated with synthetic GC dexamethasone (DEX) at levels comparable to fetal GC exposure of stressed mothers. Prenatal GC exposure dose-dependently reduced BAT thermogenic activity, contributing to lower body temperature and higher mortality of neonates; such difference was abolished under thermoneutrality, underscoring BAT deficiency was the major contributor to adverse changes in postnatal thermogenesis due to excessive GC. Prenatal GC exposure highly activated Redd1 expression and reduced Ppargc1a transcription from the alternative promoter (Ppargc1a-AP) in neonatal BAT. During brown adipocyte differentiation, ectopic Redd1 expression reduced Ppargc1a-AP expression and mitochondrial biogenesis; and the inhibitory effects of GC on mitochondrial biogenesis and Ppargc1a-AP expression were blocked by Redd1 ablation. Redd1 reduced protein kinase A phosphorylation and suppressed cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) -responsive element-binding protein (CREB) binding to the cAMP regulatory element (CRE) in Ppargc1a-AP promoter, leading to Ppargc1a-AP inactivation. In summary, excessive maternal GC exposure during pregnancy dysregulates Redd1-Ppargc1a-AP axis, which impairs fetal BAT development, hampering postnatal thermogenic adaptation and metabolic health of offspring.
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Oka SI, Sabry AD, Cawley KM, Warren JS. Multiple Levels of PGC-1α Dysregulation in Heart Failure. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:2. [PMID: 32083094 PMCID: PMC7002390 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic adaption is crucial for the heart to sustain its contractile activity under various physiological and pathological conditions. At the molecular level, the changes in energy demand impinge on the expression of genes encoding for metabolic enzymes. Among the major components of an intricate transcriptional circuitry, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) plays a critical role as a metabolic sensor, which is responsible for the fine-tuning of transcriptional responses to a plethora of stimuli. Cumulative evidence suggests that energetic impairment in heart failure is largely attributed to the dysregulation of PGC-1α. In this review, we summarize recent studies revealing how PGC-1α is regulated by a multitude of mechanisms, operating at different regulatory levels, which include epigenetic regulation, the expression of variants, post-transcriptional inhibition, and post-translational modifications. We further discuss how the PGC-1α regulatory cascade can be impaired in the failing heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Oka
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Amira D Sabry
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Keiko M Cawley
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Junco S Warren
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Léveillé M, Besse-Patin A, Jouvet N, Gunes A, Sczelecki S, Jeromson S, Khan NP, Baldwin C, Dumouchel A, Correia JC, Jannig PR, Boulais J, Ruas JL, Estall JL. PGC-1α isoforms coordinate to balance hepatic metabolism and apoptosis in inflammatory environments. Mol Metab 2020; 34:72-84. [PMID: 32180561 PMCID: PMC7011010 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The liver is regularly exposed to changing metabolic and inflammatory environments. It must sense and adapt to metabolic need while balancing resources required to protect itself from insult. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) is a transcriptional coactivator expressed as multiple, alternatively spliced variants transcribed from different promoters that coordinate metabolic adaptation and protect against inflammation. It is not known how PGC-1α integrates extracellular signals to balance metabolic and anti-inflammatory outcomes. Methods Primary mouse hepatocytes were used to evaluate the role(s) of different PGC-1α proteins in regulating hepatic metabolism and inflammatory signaling downstream of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). Gene expression and signaling analysis were combined with biochemical measurement of apoptosis using gain- and loss-of-function in vitro and in vivo. Results Hepatocytes expressed multiple isoforms of PGC-1α, including PGC-1α4, which microarray analysis showed had common and isoform-specific functions linked to metabolism and inflammation compared with canonical PGC-1α1. Whereas PGC-1α1 primarily impacted gene programs of nutrient metabolism and mitochondrial biology, TNFα signaling showed several pathways related to innate immunity and cell death downstream of PGC-1α4. Gain- and loss-of-function models illustrated that PGC-1α4 uniquely enhanced expression of anti-apoptotic gene programs and attenuated hepatocyte apoptosis in response to TNFα or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This was in contrast to PGC-1α1, which decreased the expression of a wide inflammatory gene network but did not prevent hepatocyte death in response to cytokines. Conclusions PGC-1α variants have distinct, yet complementary roles in hepatic responses to metabolism and inflammation, and we identify PGC-1α4 as an important mitigator of apoptosis. Multiple isoforms of PGC-1α are expressed in hepatocytes, including PGC-1α4. PGC-1α1 and PGC-1α4 share many metabolic targets, but PGC-1α4 has unique functions linked to hepatic inflammatory signalling. PGC-1α4 attenuates hepatocyte apoptosis in response to TNFα and LPS in vitro and in vivo. Inflammatory signaling influences PGC-1α4 localization in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Léveillé
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montreal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aurèle Besse-Patin
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montreal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Jouvet
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montreal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aysim Gunes
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montreal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sarah Sczelecki
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montreal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stewart Jeromson
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montreal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Naveen P Khan
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montreal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cindy Baldwin
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montreal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Annie Dumouchel
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montreal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jorge C Correia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paulo R Jannig
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Boulais
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montreal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jorge L Ruas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jennifer L Estall
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montreal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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11
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Tong T, Kim M, Park T. α-Ionone attenuates high-fat diet-induced skeletal muscle wasting in mice via activation of cAMP signaling. Food Funct 2019; 10:1167-1178. [PMID: 30734800 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01992d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is a common and debilitating condition that lacks a pharmacological therapy. Our aim was to investigate the potential of α-ionone, a naturally occurring flavoring agent, in preventing muscle atrophy and to delineate the mechanisms involved. We found that α-ionone not only stimulated myogenesis but also attenuated palmitic-acid-induced atrophy of cultured skeletal myotubes, as evidenced by an increased myotube diameter and length, fusion index, and cellular protein content. These beneficial actions of α-ionone were abrogated by cAMP inhibitor. The antiatrophic effects of α-ionone on cultured myotubes were confirmed in a corresponding mouse model. The skeletal muscle mass, muscle protein content, myofiber diameter, and muscle strength were greater in α-ionone-treated mice than in untreated animals fed high-fat diet. Furthermore, α-ionone increased cAMP concentration and enhanced its downstream PKA-CREB signaling in skeletal muscle of mice fed high-fat diet. Thus, α-ionone is a promising agent that may enhance skeletal muscle mass and strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tong
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, South Korea.
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12
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Bamba J, Parenté A, Duprat N, Forestier L, Blanquet V. Overexpression of both full-length and truncated isoforms of bovine PGC-1alpha enhances myoblasts differentiation. GENE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Rotter D, Peiris H, Grinsfelder DB, Martin AM, Burchfield J, Parra V, Hull C, Morales CR, Jessup CF, Matusica D, Parks BW, Lusis AJ, Nguyen NUN, Oh M, Iyoke I, Jakkampudi T, McMillan DR, Sadek HA, Watt MJ, Gupta RK, Pritchard MA, Keating DJ, Rothermel BA. Regulator of Calcineurin 1 helps coordinate whole-body metabolism and thermogenesis. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:embr.201744706. [PMID: 30389725 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201744706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing non-shivering thermogenesis (NST), which expends calories as heat rather than storing them as fat, is championed as an effective way to combat obesity and metabolic disease. Innate mechanisms constraining the capacity for NST present a fundamental limitation to this approach, yet are not well understood. Here, we provide evidence that Regulator of Calcineurin 1 (RCAN1), a feedback inhibitor of the calcium-activated protein phosphatase calcineurin (CN), acts to suppress two distinctly different mechanisms of non-shivering thermogenesis (NST): one involving the activation of UCP1 expression in white adipose tissue, the other mediated by sarcolipin (SLN) in skeletal muscle. UCP1 generates heat at the expense of reducing ATP production, whereas SLN increases ATP consumption to generate heat. Gene expression profiles demonstrate a high correlation between Rcan1 expression and metabolic syndrome. On an evolutionary timescale, in the context of limited food resources, systemic suppression of prolonged NST by RCAN1 might have been beneficial; however, in the face of caloric abundance, RCAN1-mediated suppression of these adaptive avenues of energy expenditure may now contribute to the growing epidemic of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rotter
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Heshan Peiris
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - D Bennett Grinsfelder
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Alyce M Martin
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jana Burchfield
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Valentina Parra
- Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS) and Center for Exercise Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christi Hull
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Cyndi R Morales
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Claire F Jessup
- Department of Anatomy and Histology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Dusan Matusica
- Department of Anatomy and Histology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Brian W Parks
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ngoc Uyen Nhi Nguyen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Misook Oh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Israel Iyoke
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Tanvi Jakkampudi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - D Randy McMillan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Children's Medical Centre, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Hesham A Sadek
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Matthew J Watt
- The Department of Physiology and Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - Rana K Gupta
- Touchstone Diabetes Center and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Melanie A Pritchard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Damien J Keating
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia .,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Beverly A Rothermel
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA .,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre, Dallas, TX, USA
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14
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Kaarniranta K, Kajdanek J, Morawiec J, Pawlowska E, Blasiak J. PGC-1α Protects RPE Cells of the Aging Retina against Oxidative Stress-Induced Degeneration through the Regulation of Senescence and Mitochondrial Quality Control. The Significance for AMD Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082317. [PMID: 30087287 PMCID: PMC6121367 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PGC-1α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha) is a transcriptional coactivator of many genes involved in energy management and mitochondrial biogenesis. PGC-1α expression is associated with cellular senescence, organismal aging, and many age-related diseases, including AMD (age-related macular degeneration), an important global issue concerning vision loss. We and others have developed a model of AMD pathogenesis, in which stress-induced senescence of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells leads to AMD-related pathological changes. PGC-1α can decrease oxidative stress, a key factor of AMD pathogenesis related to senescence, through upregulation of antioxidant enzymes and DNA damage response. PGC-1α is an important regulator of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), which is targeted in the therapy of wet AMD, the most devastating form of AMD. Dysfunction of mitochondria induces cellular senescence associated with AMD pathogenesis. PGC-1α can improve mitochondrial biogenesis and negatively regulate senescence, although this function of PGC-1α in AMD needs further studies. Post-translational modifications of PGC-1α by AMPK (AMP kinase) and SIRT1 (sirtuin 1) are crucial for its activation and important in AMD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70029 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Jakub Kajdanek
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Jan Morawiec
- Department of General and Colorectal Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, Pl. Hallera 1, 90-647 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Elzbieta Pawlowska
- Department of Orthodontics, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-216 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Janusz Blasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
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15
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Popov DV, Lysenko EA, Makhnovskii PA, Kurochkina NS, Vinogradova OL. Regulation of PPARGC1A gene expression in trained and untrained human skeletal muscle. Physiol Rep 2018; 5. [PMID: 29233908 PMCID: PMC5727290 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Promoter‐specific expression of the PPARGC1A gene in untrained and trained human skeletal muscle was investigated. Ten untrained males performed a one‐legged knee extension exercise (for 60 min) with the same relative intensity both before and after 8 weeks of cycling training. Samples from the m. vastus lateralis of each leg were taken before and after exercise. Postexercise PPARGC1A gene expression via the canonical promoter increased by ~100% (P < 0.05) in exercised and nonexercised untrained muscles, but did not change in either leg after training program. In untrained and trained exercised muscle, PPARGC1A gene expression via the alternative promoter increased by two orders of magnitude (P < 0.01). We found increases in postexercise content of dephosphorylated (activated) CRTC2, a coactivator of CREB1, in untrained exercised muscle and in expression of CREB1‐related genes in untrained and trained exercised muscle (P < 0.01–0.05); this may partially explain the increased expression of PPARGC1A via the alternative promoter. In addition, comparison of the regulatory regions of both promoters revealed unique conserved motifs in the alternative promoter that were associated with transcriptional repressors SNAI1 and HIC1. In conclusion, in untrained muscle, exercise‐induced expression of the PPARGC1A gene via the canonical promoter may be regulated by systemic factors, while in trained muscle the canonical promoter shows constitutive expression at rest and after exercise. Exercise‐induced expression of PPARGC1A via the alternative promoter relates to intramuscular factors and associates with activation of CRTC2‐CREB1. Apparently, expression via the alternative promoter is regulated by other transcription factors, particularly repressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil V Popov
- Laboratory of exercise physiology, Institute of Biomedical problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny A Lysenko
- Laboratory of exercise physiology, Institute of Biomedical problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel A Makhnovskii
- Laboratory of exercise physiology, Institute of Biomedical problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadia S Kurochkina
- Laboratory of exercise physiology, Institute of Biomedical problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga L Vinogradova
- Laboratory of exercise physiology, Institute of Biomedical problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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16
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Popov DV. Adaptation of Skeletal Muscles to Contractile Activity of Varying Duration and Intensity: The Role of PGC-1α. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:613-628. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918060019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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17
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18
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Eldor R, Norton L, Fourcaudot M, Galindo C, DeFronzo RA, Abdul-Ghani M. Increased lipid availability for three days reduces whole body glucose uptake, impairs muscle mitochondrial function and initiates opposing effects on PGC-1α promoter methylation in healthy subjects. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188208. [PMID: 29261667 PMCID: PMC5737973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims FFA and FFA metabolites cause insulin resistance and impair beta cell function. The goal of our research was to examine whether elevation of plasma FFA impairs mitochondrial function and alters PGC-1α promoter methylation. Methods In this uncontrolled, change from baseline study design, insulin sensitivity and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion were measured in 9 normal glucose tolerant subjects before and after 3 day lipid infusion to elevate plasma FFA concentration. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were obtained and mitochondrial function, PGC-1α expression, and PGC-1α promoter methylation were quantitated. Results Increased plasma FFA (440±93 μmol/Lto 997±242 μM, p<0.001) decreased insulin-stimulated total glucose disposal (TGD) by 25% (p = 0.008), impaired suppression of endogenous glucose production (p = 0.01), and reduced mitochondrial ATP synthesis with complex 1 (34%, p<0.05) and complex 2 (30%, p<0.05) substrates. Lipid infusion had no effect on muscle PGC-1α RNA expression, total methylation or non-CpG methylation, but methylation of the alternative PGC-1α promoter decreased (1.30±0.30 to 0.84±0.15% methylated residues/patient•strand, p = 0.055). Within PGC-1α promoter there was demethylation of CpT residues (0.72±0.16 vs. 0.28±0.10 methylated residues/patient•strand) (p = 0.002), which was inversely correlated with PGC-1α mRNA expression (r = -0.94, p<0.0001) and ATP synthesis with complex 1 (r = -0.80, p<0.01) and complex 2 (r = -0.69, p<0.05) substrates. Lipid infusion increased DNMT-3B (methyltransferase associated with PGC-1α promoter non-CpG methylation) mRNA expression (0.87 ± 0.09 to 1.62 ± 0.22 arbitrary units, p = 0.005), which correlated inversely with CpT demethylation (r = 0.67, p<0.05). Conclusion/Interpretation Physiologic plasma FFA elevation in NGT individuals has opposing effects on PGC-1α non-CpG residue methylation (CpT demethylation and increased DNMT-3B expression), which is correlated with changes in PGC-1α expression and skeletal muscle mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Eldor
- Diabetes Unit, Institute for Metabolism, Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
| | - Luke Norton
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Marcel Fourcaudot
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Galindo
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ralph A. DeFronzo
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Muhammad Abdul-Ghani
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
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19
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Shimamoto S, Ijiri D, Kawaguchi M, Nakashima K, Tada O, Inoue H, Ohtsuka A. β 1- and β 2-adrenergic receptor stimulation differ in their effects on PGC-1α and atrogin-1/MAFbx gene expression in chick skeletal muscle. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 211:1-6. [PMID: 28578076 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Adrenaline changes expression of the genes encoding peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α), which is known as a regulator of muscle size, and atrogin-1/muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx), which is a muscle-specific ubiquitin ligase. However, the subtype of β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) involved in regulating these genes in skeletal muscle is not yet well defined. In this study, the effects of intraperitoneal injection of adrenaline and three β1-3-AR selective agonists on chick skeletal muscle metabolism were examined, to evaluate the functions of β-AR subtypes. Adrenaline decreased atrogin-1/MAFbx mRNA levels accompanied by an increase in PGC-1α mRNA and protein levels. However, among the three selective agonists, only the β1-AR agonist, dobutamine, increased PGC-1α mRNA and protein levels, while the β2-AR agonist, clenbuterol, suppressed atrogin-1/MAFbx mRNA levels. In addition, preinjection of the β1-AR antagonist, acebutolol, and the β2-AR antagonist, butoxamine, inhibited the adrenaline-induced increase in PGC-1α mRNA levels and the decrease in atrogin-1/MAFbx mRNA levels, respectively. Compared with adrenaline administration, the β3-AR agonist, BRL37344, decreased PGC-1α mRNA levels and increased atrogin-1/MAFbx mRNA levels. These results suggest that, in chick skeletal muscle, PGC-1α is induced via the β1-AR, while atrogin-1/MAFbx is suppressed via the β2-AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Shimamoto
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Daichi Ijiri
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Mana Kawaguchi
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakashima
- Division of Animal Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba 305-0901, Japan
| | - Osamu Tada
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, Kagoshima Prefectural College, 1-52-1 Shimoishiki, Kagoshima 890-0005, Japan
| | - Hiroki Inoue
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Akira Ohtsuka
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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20
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Koltai E, Bori Z, Chabert C, Dubouchaud H, Naito H, Machida S, Davies KJ, Murlasits Z, Fry AC, Boldogh I, Radak Z. SIRT1 may play a crucial role in overload-induced hypertrophy of skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2017; 595:3361-3376. [PMID: 28251652 PMCID: PMC5451718 DOI: 10.1113/jp273774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Silent mating type information regulation 2 homologue 1 (SIRT1) activity and content increased significantly in overload-induced hypertrophy. SIRT1-mediated signalling through Akt, the endothelial nitric oxide synthase mediated pathway, regulates anabolic process in the hypertrophy of skeletal muscle. The regulation of catabolic signalling via forkhead box O 1 and protein ubiquitination is SIRT1 dependent. Overload-induced changes in microRNA levels regulate SIRT1 and insulin-like growth factor 1 signalling. ABSTRACT Significant skeletal muscle mass guarantees functional wellbeing and is important for high level performance in many sports. Although the molecular mechanism for skeletal muscle hypertrophy has been well studied, it still is not completely understood. In the present study, we used a functional overload model to induce plantaris muscle hypertrophy by surgically removing the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles in rats. Two weeks of muscle ablation resulted in a 40% increase in muscle mass, which was associated with a significant increase in silent mating type information regulation 2 homologue 1 (SIRT1) content and activity (P < 0.001). SIRT1-regulated Akt, endothelial nitric oxide synthase and GLUT4 levels were also induced in hypertrophied muscles, and SIRT1 levels correlated with muscle mass, paired box protein 7 (Pax7), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt) levels. Alternatively, decreased forkhead box O 1 (FOXO1) and increased K48 polyubiquitination also suggest that SIRT1 could be involved in the catabolic process of hypertrophy. Furthermore, increased levels of K63 and muscle RING finger 2 (MuRF2) protein could also be important enhancers of muscle mass. We report here that the levels of miR1 and miR133a decrease in hypertrophy and negatively correlate with muscle mass, SIRT1 and Nampt levels. Our results reveal a strong correlation between SIRT1 levels and activity, SIRT1-regulated pathways and overload-induced hypertrophy. These findings, along with the well-known regulatory roles that SIRT1 plays in modulating both anabolic and catabolic pathways, allow us to propose the hypothesis that SIRT1 may actually play a crucial causal role in overload-induced hypertrophy of skeletal muscle. This hypothesis will now require rigorous direct and functional testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Koltai
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Bori
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Clovis Chabert
- Université Joseph Fourier, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamentale et Appliquée, Grenoble Cedex, 0938041, France
| | - Hervé Dubouchaud
- Université Joseph Fourier, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamentale et Appliquée, Grenoble Cedex, 0938041, France
| | - Hisashi Naito
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science & Medicine, Juntendo University, Japan
| | - Shuichi Machida
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science & Medicine, Juntendo University, Japan
| | - Kelvin Ja Davies
- Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Centre of the Leonard Davis School of Gerontology; and Division of Molecular & Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, of the Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-0191, USA
| | | | - Andrew C Fry
- Osness Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Istvan Boldogh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Zsolt Radak
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
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21
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Popov DV, Lysenko EA, Butkov AD, Vepkhvadze TF, Perfilov DV, Vinogradova OL. AMPK does not play a requisite role in regulation ofPPARGC1Agene expression via the alternative promoter in endurance-trained human skeletal muscle. Exp Physiol 2017; 102:366-375. [DOI: 10.1113/ep086074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniil V. Popov
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology; Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine; M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University; Moscow Russia
| | - Evgeny A. Lysenko
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology; Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine; M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University; Moscow Russia
| | - Alexey D. Butkov
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology; Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
| | - Tatiana F. Vepkhvadze
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology; Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
| | - Dmitriy V. Perfilov
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology; Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
| | - Olga L. Vinogradova
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology; Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine; M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University; Moscow Russia
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22
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Unravelling the mechanisms regulating muscle mitochondrial biogenesis. Biochem J 2016; 473:2295-314. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a tissue with a low mitochondrial content under basal conditions, but it is responsive to acute increases in contractile activity patterns (i.e. exercise) which initiate the signalling of a compensatory response, leading to the biogenesis of mitochondria and improved organelle function. Exercise also promotes the degradation of poorly functioning mitochondria (i.e. mitophagy), thereby accelerating mitochondrial turnover, and preserving a pool of healthy organelles. In contrast, muscle disuse, as well as the aging process, are associated with reduced mitochondrial quality and quantity in muscle. This has strong negative implications for whole-body metabolic health and the preservation of muscle mass. A number of traditional, as well as novel regulatory pathways exist in muscle that control both biogenesis and mitophagy. Interestingly, although the ablation of single regulatory transcription factors within these pathways often leads to a reduction in the basal mitochondrial content of muscle, this can invariably be overcome with exercise, signifying that exercise activates a multitude of pathways which can respond to restore mitochondrial health. This knowledge, along with growing realization that pharmacological agents can also promote mitochondrial health independently of exercise, leads to an optimistic outlook in which the maintenance of mitochondrial and whole-body metabolic health can be achieved by taking advantage of the broad benefits of exercise, along with the potential specificity of drug action.
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23
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Popov DV, Lysenko EA, Vepkhvadze TF, Kurochkina NS, Maknovskii PA, Vinogradova OL. Promoter-specific regulation of PPARGC1A gene expression in human skeletal muscle. J Mol Endocrinol 2015; 55:159-68. [PMID: 26293291 DOI: 10.1530/jme-15-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to identify unknown transcription start sites of the PPARGC1A (PGC-1α) gene in human skeletal muscle and investigate the promoter-specific regulation of PGC-1α gene expression in human skeletal muscle. Ten amateur endurance-trained athletes performed high- and low-intensity exercise sessions (70 min, 70% or 50% o2max). High-throughput RNA sequencing and exon-exon junction mapping were applied to analyse muscle samples obtained at rest and after exercise. PGC-1α promoter-specific expression and activation of regulators of PGC-1α gene expression (AMPK, p38 MAPK, CaMKII, PKA and CREB1) after exercise were evaluated using qPCR and western blot. Our study has demonstrated that during post-exercise recovery, human skeletal muscle expresses the PGC-1α gene via two promoters only. As previously described, the additional exon 7a that contains a stop codon was found in all samples. Importantly, only minor levels of other splice site variants were found (and not in all samples). Constitutive expression PGC-1α gene occurs via the canonical promoter, independent of exercise intensity and exercise-induced increase of AMPK(Thr172) phosphorylation level. Expression of PGC-1α gene via the alternative promoter is increased of two orders after exercise. This post-exercise expression is highly dependent on the intensity of exercise. There is an apparent association between expression via the alternative promoter and activation of CREB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil V Popov
- Laboratory of Exercise PhysiologyInstitute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Khoroshevskoye shosse, 76A, Moscow 123007, RussiaFaculty of Fundamental MedicineM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovskiy prospect, 31-5, Moscow 119192, RussiaDepartment of GeneticsFaculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-12, Moscow 119991, Russia Laboratory of Exercise PhysiologyInstitute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Khoroshevskoye shosse, 76A, Moscow 123007, RussiaFaculty of Fundamental MedicineM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovskiy prospect, 31-5, Moscow 119192, RussiaDepartment of GeneticsFaculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-12, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Evgeny A Lysenko
- Laboratory of Exercise PhysiologyInstitute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Khoroshevskoye shosse, 76A, Moscow 123007, RussiaFaculty of Fundamental MedicineM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovskiy prospect, 31-5, Moscow 119192, RussiaDepartment of GeneticsFaculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-12, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Tatiana F Vepkhvadze
- Laboratory of Exercise PhysiologyInstitute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Khoroshevskoye shosse, 76A, Moscow 123007, RussiaFaculty of Fundamental MedicineM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovskiy prospect, 31-5, Moscow 119192, RussiaDepartment of GeneticsFaculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-12, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nadia S Kurochkina
- Laboratory of Exercise PhysiologyInstitute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Khoroshevskoye shosse, 76A, Moscow 123007, RussiaFaculty of Fundamental MedicineM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovskiy prospect, 31-5, Moscow 119192, RussiaDepartment of GeneticsFaculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-12, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Pavel A Maknovskii
- Laboratory of Exercise PhysiologyInstitute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Khoroshevskoye shosse, 76A, Moscow 123007, RussiaFaculty of Fundamental MedicineM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovskiy prospect, 31-5, Moscow 119192, RussiaDepartment of GeneticsFaculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-12, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Olga L Vinogradova
- Laboratory of Exercise PhysiologyInstitute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Khoroshevskoye shosse, 76A, Moscow 123007, RussiaFaculty of Fundamental MedicineM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovskiy prospect, 31-5, Moscow 119192, RussiaDepartment of GeneticsFaculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-12, Moscow 119991, Russia Laboratory of Exercise PhysiologyInstitute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Khoroshevskoye shosse, 76A, Moscow 123007, RussiaFaculty of Fundamental MedicineM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovskiy prospect, 31-5, Moscow 119192, RussiaDepartment of GeneticsFaculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-12, Moscow 119991, Russia
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24
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Martínez-Redondo V, Pettersson AT, Ruas JL. The hitchhiker's guide to PGC-1α isoform structure and biological functions. Diabetologia 2015; 58:1969-77. [PMID: 26109214 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3671-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Proteins of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) coactivator 1 (PGC-1) family of transcriptional coactivators coordinate physiological adaptations in many tissues, usually in response to demands for higher nutrient and energy supply. Of the founding members of the family, PGC-1α (also known as PPARGC1A) is the most highly regulated gene, using multiple promoters and alternative splicing to produce a growing number of coactivator variants. PGC-1α promoters are selectively active in distinct tissues in response to specific stimuli. To date, more than ten novel PGC-1α isoforms have been reported to be expressed from a novel promoter (PGC-1α-b, PGC-1α-c), to undergo alternative splicing (NT-PGC-1α) or both (PGC-1α2, PGC-1α3, PGC-1α4). The resulting proteins display differential regulation and tissue distribution and, most importantly, exert specific biological functions. In this review we discuss the structural and functional characteristics of the novel PGC-1α isoforms, aiming to provide an integrative view of this constantly expanding system of transcriptional coactivators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Martínez-Redondo
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177, Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Lipovich L, Hou ZC, Jia H, Sinkler C, McGowen M, Sterner KN, Weckle A, Sugalski AB, Pipes L, Gatti DL, Mason CE, Sherwood CC, Hof PR, Kuzawa CW, Grossman LI, Goodman M, Wildman DE. High-throughput RNA sequencing reveals structural differences of orthologous brain-expressed genes between western lowland gorillas and humans. J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:288-308. [PMID: 26132897 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The human brain and human cognitive abilities are strikingly different from those of other great apes despite relatively modest genome sequence divergence. However, little is presently known about the interspecies divergence in gene structure and transcription that might contribute to these phenotypic differences. To date, most comparative studies of gene structure in the brain have examined humans, chimpanzees, and macaque monkeys. To add to this body of knowledge, we analyze here the brain transcriptome of the western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), an African great ape species that is phylogenetically closely related to humans, but with a brain that is approximately one-third the size. Manual transcriptome curation from a sample of the planum temporale region of the neocortex revealed 12 protein-coding genes and one noncoding-RNA gene with exons in the gorilla unmatched by public transcriptome data from the orthologous human loci. These interspecies gene structure differences accounted for a total of 134 amino acids in proteins found in the gorilla that were absent from protein products of the orthologous human genes. Proteins varying in structure between human and gorilla were involved in immunity and energy metabolism, suggesting their relevance to phenotypic differences. This gorilla neocortical transcriptome comprises an empirical, not homology- or prediction-driven, resource for orthologous gene comparisons between human and gorilla. These findings provide a unique repository of the sequences and structures of thousands of genes transcribed in the gorilla brain, pointing to candidate genes that may contribute to the traits distinguishing humans from other closely related great apes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Lipovich
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201
| | - Zhuo-Cheng Hou
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201.,Department of Animal Genetics, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Jia
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201
| | - Christopher Sinkler
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201
| | - Michael McGowen
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201.,School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kirstin N Sterner
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403
| | - Amy Weckle
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 61801.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 61801
| | - Amara B Sugalski
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201
| | - Lenore Pipes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, 10021
| | - Domenico L Gatti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201
| | - Christopher E Mason
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, 10021
| | - Chet C Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology and the Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York, 10024
| | | | - Lawrence I Grossman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201
| | - Morris Goodman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201
| | - Derek E Wildman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 61801.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 61801
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26
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Lochmann TL, Thomas RR, Bennett JP, Taylor SM. Epigenetic Modifications of the PGC-1α Promoter during Exercise Induced Expression in Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129647. [PMID: 26053857 PMCID: PMC4460005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional coactivator, PGC-1α, is known for its role in mitochondrial biogenesis. Although originally thought to exist as a single protein isoform, recent studies have identified additional promoters which produce multiple mRNA transcripts. One of these promoters (promoter B), approximately 13.7kb upstream of the canonical PGC-1α promoter (promoter A), yields alternative transcripts present at levels much lower than the canonical PGC-1α mRNA transcript. In skeletal muscle, exercise resulted in a substantial, rapid increase of mRNA of these alternative PGC-1α transcripts. Although the β2-adrenergic receptor was identified as a signaling pathway that activates transcription from PGC-1α promoter B, it is not yet known what molecular changes occur to facilitate PGC-1α promoter B activation following exercise. We sought to determine whether epigenetic modifications were involved in this exercise response in mouse skeletal muscle. We found that DNA hydroxymethylation correlated to increased basal mRNA levels from PGC-1α promoter A, but that DNA methylation appeared to play no role in the exercise-induced activation of PGC-1α promoter B. The level of the activating histone mark H3K4me3 increased with exercise 2–4 fold across PGC-1α promoter B, but remained unaltered past the canonical PGC-1α transcriptional start site. Together, these data show that epigenetic modifications partially explain exercise-induced changes in the skeletal muscle mRNA levels of PGC-1α isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L. Lochmann
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ravindar R. Thomas
- Parkinson’s Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - James P. Bennett
- Parkinson’s Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Shirley M. Taylor
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Besseiche A, Riveline JP, Gautier JF, Bréant B, Blondeau B. Metabolic roles of PGC-1α and its implications for type 2 diabetes. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2015; 41:347-57. [PMID: 25753246 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PGC-1α is a transcriptional coactivator expressed in brown adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, kidney, skeletal and cardiac muscles, and the brain. This review presents data illustrating how PGC-1α regulates metabolic adaptations and participates in the aetiology of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Studies in mice have shown that increased PGC-1α expression may be beneficial or deleterious, depending on the tissue: in adipose tissue, it promotes thermogenesis and thus protects against energy overload, such as seen in diabetes and obesity; in muscle, PGC-1α induces a change of phenotype towards oxidative metabolism. In contrast, its role is clearly deleterious in the liver and pancreas, where it induces hepatic glucose production and inhibits insulin secretion, changes that promote diabetes. Previous studies by our group have also demonstrated the role of PGC-1α in the fetal origins of T2D. Overexpression of PGC-1α in β cells during fetal life in mice is sufficient to induce β-cell dysfunction in adults, leading to glucose intolerance. PGC-1α also is associated with glucocorticoid receptors in repressing expression of Pdx1, a key β-cell transcription factor. In conclusion, PGC-1α participates in the onset of diabetes through regulation of major metabolic tissues. Yet, it may not represent a useful target for therapeutic strategies against diabetes as it exerts both beneficial and deleterious actions on glucose homoeostasis, and because PGC-1α modulation is involved in neurodegenerative diseases. However, its role in cellular adaptation shows that greater comprehension of PGC-1α actions is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Besseiche
- Inserm, UMR-S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie - Paris 6, UMR-S 1138, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1138, 75006 Paris, France
| | - J-P Riveline
- Inserm, UMR-S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie - Paris 6, UMR-S 1138, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1138, 75006 Paris, France; University Center of Diabetes and Complications in Lariboisière hospital, Université Paris-Diderot Paris-7, Public Assistance-Paris Hospitals, 75010 Paris, France
| | - J-F Gautier
- Inserm, UMR-S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie - Paris 6, UMR-S 1138, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1138, 75006 Paris, France; University Center of Diabetes and Complications in Lariboisière hospital, Université Paris-Diderot Paris-7, Public Assistance-Paris Hospitals, 75010 Paris, France
| | - B Bréant
- Inserm, UMR-S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie - Paris 6, UMR-S 1138, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1138, 75006 Paris, France
| | - B Blondeau
- Inserm, UMR-S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie - Paris 6, UMR-S 1138, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1138, 75006 Paris, France.
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28
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Abstract
Maximizing metabolic stress at a given level of mechanical stress can improve the adaptive response to endurance training, decrease injury, and potentially improve performance. Calcium and metabolic stress, in the form of heat, decreases in the adenosine triphosphate/adenosine diphosphate ratio, glycogen depletion, caloric restriction, and oxidative stress, are the primary determinants of the adaptation to training. These stressors increase the activity and amount of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α), a protein that can directly induce the primary adaptive responses to endurance exercise: mitochondrial biogenesis, angiogenesis, and increases in fat oxidation. The activity of PGC-1α is regulated by its charge (phosphorylation and acetylation), whereas its transcription is regulated by proteins that bind to myocyte enhancing factor 2, enhancer box, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element sites within the PGC-1α promoter. This brief review will describe what is known about the control of PGC-1α by these metabolic stressors. As the duration of calcium release and the amount of metabolic stress, and therefore the activation of PGC-1α, can be directly modulated by training and nutrition, a simple strategy can be generated to maximize the adaptive response to endurance training.
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29
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Perry CGR. Is muscle hypertrophy following resistance exercise regulated by truncated splice variants of PGC-1α? Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 212:122-4. [PMID: 25042237 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. G. R. Perry
- School of Kinesiology & Health Science; Muscle Health Research Centre; York University; Toronto ON Canada
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30
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Effect of exercise intensity on isoform-specific expressions of NT-PGC-1 α mRNA in mouse skeletal muscle. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:402175. [PMID: 25136584 PMCID: PMC4106048 DOI: 10.1155/2014/402175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PGC-1α is an inducible transcriptional coactivator that regulates mitochondrial biogenesis and cellular energy metabolism in skeletal muscle. Recent studies have identified two additional PGC-1α transcripts that are derived from an alternative exon 1 (exon 1b) and induced by exercise. Given that the PGC-1α gene also produces NT-PGC-1α transcript by alternative 3′ splicing between exon 6 and exon 7, we have investigated isoform-specific expression of NT-PGC-1α mRNA in mouse skeletal muscle during physical exercise with different intensities. We report here that NT-PGC-1α-a mRNA expression derived from a canonical exon 1 (exon 1a) is increased by high-intensity exercise and AMPK activator AICAR in mouse skeletal muscle but not altered by low- and medium-intensity exercise and β2-adrenergic receptor agonist clenbuterol. In contrast, the alternative exon 1b-driven NT-PGC-1α-b (PGC-1α4) and NT-PGC-1α-c are highly induced by low-, medium-, and high-intensity exercise, AICAR, and clenbuterol. Ectopic expression of NT-PGC-1α-a in C2C12 myotube cells upregulates myosin heavy chain (MHC I, MHC II a) and Glut4, which represent oxidative fibers, and promotes the expression of mitochondrial genes (Cyc1, COX5B, and ATP5B). In line with gene expression data, citrate synthase activity was significantly increased by NT-PGC-1α-a in C2C12 myotube cells. Our results indicate the regulatory role for NT-PGC-1α-a in mitochondrial biogenesis and adaptation of skeletal muscle to endurance exercise.
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31
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Bruno NE, Kelly KA, Hawkins R, Bramah-Lawani M, Amelio AL, Nwachukwu JC, Nettles KW, Conkright MD. Creb coactivators direct anabolic responses and enhance performance of skeletal muscle. EMBO J 2014; 33:1027-43. [PMID: 24674967 PMCID: PMC4193935 DOI: 10.1002/embj.201386145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During the stress response to intense exercise, the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) induces rapid catabolism of energy reserves through the release of catecholamines and subsequent activation of protein kinase A (PKA). Paradoxically, chronic administration of sympathomimetic drugs (β-agonists) leads to anabolic adaptations in skeletal muscle, suggesting that sympathetic outflow also regulates myofiber remodeling. Here, we show that β-agonists or catecholamines released during intense exercise induce Creb-mediated transcriptional programs through activation of its obligate coactivators Crtc2 and Crtc3. In contrast to the catabolic activity normally associated with SNS function, activation of the Crtc/Creb transcriptional complex by conditional overexpression of Crtc2 in the skeletal muscle of transgenic mice fostered an anabolic state of energy and protein balance. Crtc2-overexpressing mice have increased myofiber cross-sectional area, greater intramuscular triglycerides and glycogen content. Moreover, maximal exercise capacity was enhanced after induction of Crtc2 expression in transgenic mice. Collectively these findings demonstrate that the SNS-adrenergic signaling cascade coordinates a transient catabolic stress response during high-intensity exercise, which is followed by transcriptional reprogramming that directs anabolic changes for recovery and that augments subsequent exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson E Bruno
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps FloridaJupiter, FL, USA
- The Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps FloridaJupiter, FL, USA
| | - Kimberly A Kelly
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps FloridaJupiter, FL, USA
| | - Richard Hawkins
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps FloridaJupiter, FL, USA
| | - Mariam Bramah-Lawani
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps FloridaJupiter, FL, USA
| | - Antonio L Amelio
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps FloridaJupiter, FL, USA
| | - Jerome C Nwachukwu
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps FloridaJupiter, FL, USA
| | - Kendall W Nettles
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps FloridaJupiter, FL, USA
| | - Michael D Conkright
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps FloridaJupiter, FL, USA
- The Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps FloridaJupiter, FL, USA
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32
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Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the largest organ in the body and contributes to innumerable aspects of organismal biology. Muscle dysfunction engenders numerous diseases, including diabetes, cachexia, and sarcopenia. At the same time, skeletal muscle is also the main engine of exercise, one of the most efficacious interventions for prevention and treatment of a wide variety of diseases. The transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α has emerged as a key driver of metabolic programming in skeletal muscle, both in health and in disease. We review here the many aspects of PGC-1α function in skeletal muscle, with a focus on recent developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mun Chun Chan
- Cardiovascular Institute and Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School
| | - Zolt Arany
- Cardiovascular Institute and Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School.
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33
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Hatazawa Y, Tadaishi M, Nagaike Y, Morita A, Ogawa Y, Ezaki O, Takai-Igarashi T, Kitaura Y, Shimomura Y, Kamei Y, Miura S. PGC-1α-mediated branched-chain amino acid metabolism in the skeletal muscle. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91006. [PMID: 24638054 PMCID: PMC3956461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) is a coactivator of various nuclear receptors and other transcription factors, which is involved in the regulation of energy metabolism, thermogenesis, and other biological processes that control phenotypic characteristics of various organ systems including skeletal muscle. PGC-1α in skeletal muscle is considered to be involved in contractile protein function, mitochondrial function, metabolic regulation, intracellular signaling, and transcriptional responses. Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism mainly occurs in skeletal muscle mitochondria, and enzymes related to BCAA metabolism are increased by exercise. Using murine skeletal muscle overexpressing PGC-1α and cultured cells, we investigated whether PGC-1α stimulates BCAA metabolism by increasing the expression of enzymes involved in BCAA metabolism. Transgenic mice overexpressing PGC-1α specifically in the skeletal muscle had increased the expression of branched-chain aminotransferase (BCAT) 2, branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKDH), which catabolize BCAA. The expression of BCKDH kinase (BCKDK), which phosphorylates BCKDH and suppresses its enzymatic activity, was unchanged. The amount of BCAA in the skeletal muscle was significantly decreased in the transgenic mice compared with that in the wild-type mice. The amount of glutamic acid, a metabolite of BCAA catabolism, was increased in the transgenic mice, suggesting the activation of muscle BCAA metabolism by PGC-1α. In C2C12 cells, the overexpression of PGC-1α significantly increased the expression of BCAT2 and BCKDH but not BCKDK. Thus, PGC-1α in the skeletal muscle is considered to significantly contribute to BCAA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukino Hatazawa
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Miki Tadaishi
- Department of Food Function and Labeling, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Nagaike
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Akihito Morita
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ogawa
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Ezaki
- Department of Human Health and Design, Showa Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takako Takai-Igarashi
- Department of Health Record Informatics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kitaura
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Shimomura
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasutomi Kamei
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail: (YS); (SM)
| | - Shinji Miura
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
- * E-mail: (YS); (SM)
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Abstract
Type II diabetes and its complications are a tremendous health burden throughout the world. Our understanding of the changes that lead to glucose imbalance and insulin resistance and ultimately diabetes remain incompletely understood. Many signaling and transcriptional pathways have been identified as being important to maintain normal glucose balance, including that of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator (PGC-1) family. This family of transcriptional coactivators strongly regulates mitochondrial and metabolic biology in numerous organs. The use of genetic models of PGC-1s, including both tissue-specific overexpression and knock-out models, has helped to reveal the specific roles that these coactivators play in each tissue. This review will thus focus on the PGC-1s and recently developed genetic rodent models that have highlighted the importance of these molecules in maintaining normal glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn C. Rowe
- Cardiovascular Institute and Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02215, USA
| | - Zolt Arany
- Cardiovascular Institute and Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02215, USA
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35
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Miura S, Tadaishi M, Kamei Y, Ezaki O. Mechanisms of exercise- and training-induced fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL FITNESS AND SPORTS MEDICINE 2014. [DOI: 10.7600/jpfsm.3.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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36
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Functional crosstalk of PGC-1 coactivators and inflammation in skeletal muscle pathophysiology. Semin Immunopathol 2013; 36:27-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-013-0406-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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37
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Ydfors M, Fischer H, Mascher H, Blomstrand E, Norrbom J, Gustafsson T. The truncated splice variants, NT-PGC-1α and PGC-1α4, increase with both endurance and resistance exercise in human skeletal muscle. Physiol Rep 2013; 1:e00140. [PMID: 24400142 PMCID: PMC3871455 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, a truncated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) splice variant, PGC-1α4, that originates from the alternative promoter was shown to be induced by resistance exercise and to elicit muscle hypertrophy without coactivation of “classical” PGC-1α targets involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and angiogenesis. In order to test if distinct physiological adaptations are characterized by divergent induction of PGC-1α splice variants, we investigated the expression of truncated and nontruncated PGC-1α splice variants and PGC-1α transcripts originating from the alternative and the proximal promoter, in human skeletal muscle in response to endurance and resistance exercise. Both total PGC-1α and truncated PGC-1α mRNA expression were increased 2 h after endurance (P < 0.01) and resistance exercise (P < 0.01), with greater increases after endurance exercise (P < 0.05). Expression of nontruncated PGC-1α increased significantly in both exercise groups (P < 0.01 for both groups) without any significant differences between the groups. Both endurance and resistance exercise induced truncated as well as nontruncated PGC-1α transcripts from both the alternative and the proximal promoter. Further challenging the hypothesis that induction of distinct PGC-1α splice variants controls exercise adaptation, both nontruncated and truncated PGC-1α transcripts were induced in AICAR-treated human myotubes (P < 0.05). Thus, contrary to our hypothesis, resistance exercise did not specifically induce the truncated forms of PGC-1α. Induction of truncated PGC-1α splice variants does not appear to underlie distinct adaptations to resistance versus endurance exercise. Further studies on the existence of numerous splice variants originating from different promoters are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Ydfors
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helene Fischer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Mascher
- The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Blomstrand
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden ; The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jessica Norrbom
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Gustafsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
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38
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Ruas JL, White JP, Rao RR, Kleiner S, Brannan KT, Harrison BC, Greene NP, Wu J, Estall JL, Irving BA, Lanza IR, Rasbach KA, Okutsu M, Nair KS, Yan Z, Leinwand LA, Spiegelman BM. A PGC-1α isoform induced by resistance training regulates skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Cell 2013; 151:1319-31. [PMID: 23217713 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PGC-1α is a transcriptional coactivator induced by exercise that gives muscle many of the best known adaptations to endurance-type exercise but has no effects on muscle strength or hypertrophy. We have identified a form of PGC-1α (PGC-1α4) that results from alternative promoter usage and splicing of the primary transcript. PGC-1α4 is highly expressed in exercised muscle but does not regulate most known PGC-1α targets such as the mitochondrial OXPHOS genes. Rather, it specifically induces IGF1 and represses myostatin, and expression of PGC-1α4 in vitro and in vivo induces robust skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Importantly, mice with skeletal muscle-specific transgenic expression of PGC-1α4 show increased muscle mass and strength and dramatic resistance to the muscle wasting of cancer cachexia. Expression of PGC-1α4 is preferentially induced in mouse and human muscle during resistance exercise. These studies identify a PGC-1α protein that regulates and coordinates factors involved in skeletal muscle hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L Ruas
- Department of Cell Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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39
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Abstract
Endurance training induces the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α in skeletal muscle, promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and skeletal muscle remodeling. In a recent issue of Cell, Ruas et al. (2012) show that resistance training regulates the splicing of a novel isoform of PGC-1α (PGC-1α4), which is sufficient to stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas P. Millay
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Eric N. Olson
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Correspondence:
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40
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Chang JS, Fernand V, Zhang Y, Shin J, Jun HJ, Joshi Y, Gettys TW. NT-PGC-1α protein is sufficient to link β3-adrenergic receptor activation to transcriptional and physiological components of adaptive thermogenesis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:9100-11. [PMID: 22282499 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.320200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PGC-1α is an inducible transcriptional coactivator that regulates cellular energy metabolism and adaptation to environmental and nutritional stimuli. In tissues expressing PGC-1α, alternative splicing produces a truncated protein (NT-PGC-1α) corresponding to the first 267 amino acids of PGC-1α. Brown adipose tissue also expresses two novel exon 1b-derived isoforms of PGC-1α and NT-PGC-1α, which are 4 and 13 amino acids shorter in the N termini than canonical PGC-1α and NT-PGC-1α, respectively. To evaluate the ability of NT-PGC-1α to substitute for PGC-1α and assess the isoform-specific role of NT-PGC-1α, adaptive thermogenic responses of adipose tissue were evaluated in mice lacking full-length PGC-1α (FL-PGC-1(-/-)) but expressing slightly shorter but functionally equivalent forms of NT-PGC-1α (NT-PGC-1α(254)). At room temperature, NT-PGC-1α and NT-PGC-1α(254) were produced from conventional exon 1a-derived transcripts in brown adipose tissue of wild type and FL-PGC-1α(-/-) mice, respectively. However, cold exposure shifted transcription to exon 1b, increasing exon 1b-derived mRNA levels. The resulting transcriptional responses produced comparable increases in energy expenditure and maintenance of core body temperature in WT and FL-PGC-1α(-/-) mice. Moreover, treatment of the two genotypes with a selective β(3)-adrenergic receptor agonist produced similar increases in energy expenditure, mitochondrial DNA, and reductions in adiposity. Collectively, these findings illustrate that the transcriptional and physiological responses to sympathetic input are unabridged in FL-PGC-1α(-/-) mice, and that NT-PGC-1α is sufficient to link β(3)-androgenic receptor activation to adaptive thermogenesis in adipose tissue. Furthermore, the transcriptional shift from exon 1a to 1b supports isoform-specific roles for NT-PGC-1α in basal and adaptive thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Suk Chang
- Laboratory of Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, USA
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41
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TRPV1 activation improves exercise endurance and energy metabolism through PGC-1α upregulation in mice. Cell Res 2011; 22:551-64. [PMID: 22184011 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2011.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired aerobic exercise capacity and skeletal muscle dysfunction are associated with cardiometabolic diseases. Acute administration of capsaicin enhances exercise endurance in rodents, but the long-term effect of dietary capsaicin is unknown. The capsaicin receptor, the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) cation channel has been detected in skeletal muscle, the role of which remains unclear. Here we report the function of TRPV1 in cultured C2C12 myocytes and the effect of TRPV1 activation by dietary capsaicin on energy metabolism and exercise endurance of skeletal muscles in mice. In vitro, capsaicin increased cytosolic free calcium and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) expression in C2C12 myotubes through activating TRPV1. In vivo, PGC-1α in skeletal muscle was upregulated by capsaicin-induced TRPV1 activation or genetic overexpression of TRPV1 in mice. TRPV1 activation increased the expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial respiration, promoted mitochondrial biogenesis, increased oxidative fibers, enhanced exercise endurance and prevented high-fat diet-induced metabolic disorders. Importantly, these effects of capsaicin were absent in TRPV1-deficient mice. We conclude that TRPV1 activation by dietary capsaicin improves energy metabolism and exercise endurance by upregulating PGC-1α in skeletal muscles. The present results indicate a novel therapeutic strategy for managing metabolic diseases and improving exercise endurance.
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42
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Skeletal muscle-specific expression of PGC-1α-b, an exercise-responsive isoform, increases exercise capacity and peak oxygen uptake. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28290. [PMID: 22174785 PMCID: PMC3234261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) predicts mortality and is associated with endurance performance. Trained subjects have a high VO2max due to a high cardiac output and high metabolic capacity of skeletal muscles. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), a nuclear receptor coactivator, promotes mitochondrial biogenesis, a fiber-type switch to oxidative fibers, and angiogenesis in skeletal muscle. Because exercise training increases PGC-1α in skeletal muscle, PGC-1α-mediated changes may contribute to the improvement of exercise capacity and VO2max. There are three isoforms of PGC-1α mRNA. PGC-1α-b protein, whose amino terminus is different from PGC-1α-a protein, is a predominant PGC-1α isoform in response to exercise. We investigated whether alterations of skeletal muscle metabolism by overexpression of PGC-1α-b in skeletal muscle, but not heart, would increase VO2max and exercise capacity. Methodology/Principal Findings Transgenic mice showed overexpression of PGC-1α-b protein in skeletal muscle but not in heart. Overexpression of PGC-1α-b promoted mitochondrial biogenesis 4-fold, increased the expression of fatty acid transporters, enhanced angiogenesis in skeletal muscle 1.4 to 2.7-fold, and promoted exercise capacity (expressed by maximum speed) by 35% and peak oxygen uptake by 20%. Across a broad range of either the absolute exercise intensity, or the same relative exercise intensities, lipid oxidation was always higher in the transgenic mice than wild-type littermates, suggesting that lipid is the predominant fuel source for exercise in the transgenic mice. However, muscle glycogen usage during exercise was absent in the transgenic mice. Conclusions/Significance Increased mitochondrial biogenesis, capillaries, and fatty acid transporters in skeletal muscles may contribute to improved exercise capacity via an increase in fatty acid utilization. Increases in PGC-1α-b protein or function might be a useful strategy for sedentary subjects to perform exercise efficiently, which would lead to prevention of life-style related diseases and increased lifespan.
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43
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Johri A, Starkov AA, Chandra A, Hennessey T, Sharma A, Orobello S, Squitieri F, Yang L, Beal MF. Truncated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α splice variant is severely altered in Huntington's disease. NEURODEGENER DIS 2011; 8:496-503. [PMID: 21757867 DOI: 10.1159/000327910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC1α) gene expression has been observed in striatal cell lines, transgenic mouse models of Huntington's disease (HD), and brain tissue from HD patients. As this protein is a key transcription regulator of the expression of many mitochondrial proteins, these observations strongly support the role of aberrant mitochondrial function in the pathogenesis of HD. The PGC1α protein undergoes posttranslational modifications that affect its transcriptional activity. The N-truncated splice variant of PGC1α (NT-PGC1α) is produced in tissues, but the role of truncated splice variants of PGC1α in HD and in the regulation of mitochondrial gene expression has not been elucidated. OBJECTIVE To examine the expression and modulation of expression of NT-PGC1α levels in HD. METHODS AND RESULTS We found that the NT-PGC1α protein, a splice variant of ∼38 kDa, but not full-length PGC1α is severely and consistently altered in human HD brain, human HD myoblasts, mouse HD models, and HD striatal cells. NT-PGC1α levels were significantly upregulated in HD cells and mouse brown fat by physiologically relevant stimuli that are known to upregulate PGC1α gene expression. This resulted in an increase in mitochondrial gene expression and cytochrome c content. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that NT-PGC1α is an important component of the PGC1α transcriptional network, which plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashu Johri
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA. asj2002 @ med.cornell.edu
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Tadaishi M, Miura S, Kai Y, Kawasaki E, Koshinaka K, Kawanaka K, Nagata J, Oishi Y, Ezaki O. Effect of exercise intensity and AICAR on isoform-specific expressions of murine skeletal muscle PGC-1α mRNA: a role of β₂-adrenergic receptor activation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 300:E341-9. [PMID: 21098736 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00400.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
There are three isoforms of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) mRNA, which promotes mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscles. Compared with PGC-1α-a mRNA, PGC-1α-b or PGC-1α-c mRNA is transcribed by a different exon 1 of the PGC-1α gene. In this study, effects of exercise intensity and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1β-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR) on isoform-specific expressions of PGC-1α were investigated. All isoforms were increased in proportion to exercise intensity of treadmill running (10-30 m/min for 30 min). Preinjection of β₂-adrenergic receptor (AR) antagonist (ICI 118551) inhibited the increase in PGC-1α-b and PGC-1α-c mRNAs, but not the increase in PGC-1α-a mRNA, in response to high-intensity exercise. Although high-intensity exercise activated α2-AMP-activated protein kinase (α2-AMPK) in skeletal muscles, inactivation of α2-AMPK activity did not affect high-intensity exercise-induced mRNA expression of all PGC-1α isoforms, suggesting that activation of α2-AMPK is not mandatory for an increase in PGC-1α mRNA by high-intensity exercise. A single injection in mice of AICAR, an AMPK activator, increased mRNAs of all PGC-1α isoforms. AICAR increased blood catecholamine concentrations, and preinjection of β₂-AR antagonist inhibited the increase in PGC-1α-b and PGC-1α-c mRNAs but not the increase in PGC-1α-a mRNA. Direct exposure of epitrochlearis muscle to AICAR increased PGC-1α-a but not the -b isoform. These data indicate that exercise-induced PGC-1α expression was dependent on the intensity of exercise. Exercise or AICAR injection increased PGC-1α-b and PGC-1α-c mRNAs via β₂-AR activation, whereas high-intensity exercise increased PGC-1α-a expression by a multiple mechanism in which α2-AMPK is one of the signaling pathways.
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MESH Headings
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacology
- Aminoimidazole Carboxamide/analogs & derivatives
- Aminoimidazole Carboxamide/pharmacology
- Animals
- Catecholamines/blood
- Exons/genetics
- Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology
- Isomerism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Models, Genetic
- Motor Activity/physiology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha
- Physical Conditioning, Animal/physiology
- Propanolamines/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/metabolism
- Ribonucleotides/pharmacology
- Trans-Activators/biosynthesis
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Transcription Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Tadaishi
- National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
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45
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Abstract
Skeletal muscle phenotype plays a critical role in human performance and health, and skeletal muscle oxidative capacity is a key determinant of exercise tolerance. More recently, defective muscle oxidative metabolism has been implicated in a number of conditions associated with the metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease and muscle-wasting disorders. AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) is a critical regulator of cellular and organismal energy balance. AMPK has also emerged as a key regulator of skeletal muscle oxidative function, including metabolic enzyme expression, mitochondrial biogenesis and angiogenesis. AMPK mediates these processes primarily through alterations in gene expression. The present review examines the role of AMPK in skeletal muscle transcription and provides an overview of the known transcriptional substrates mediating the effects of AMPK on skeletal muscle phenotype.
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Barrès R, Osler ME, Yan J, Rune A, Fritz T, Caidahl K, Krook A, Zierath JR. Non-CpG methylation of the PGC-1alpha promoter through DNMT3B controls mitochondrial density. Cell Metab 2009; 10:189-98. [PMID: 19723495 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2009.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Revised: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic modification through DNA methylation is implicated in metabolic disease. Using whole-genome promoter methylation analysis of skeletal muscle from normal glucose-tolerant and type 2 diabetic subjects, we identified cytosine hypermethylation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1alpha) in diabetic subjects. Methylation levels were negatively correlated with PGC-1alpha mRNA and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Bisulfite sequencing revealed that the highest proportion of cytosine methylation within PGC-1alpha was found within non-CpG nucleotides. Non-CpG methylation was acutely increased in human myotubes by exposure to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) or free fatty acids, but not insulin or glucose. Selective silencing of the DNA methyltransferase 3B (DNMT3B), but not DNMT1 or DNMT3A, prevented palmitate-induced non-CpG methylation of PGC-1alpha and decreased mtDNA and PGC-1alpha mRNA. We provide evidence for PGC-1alpha hypermethylation, concomitant with reduced mitochondrial content in type 2 diabetic patients, and link DNMT3B to the acute fatty-acid-induced non-CpG methylation of PGC-1alpha promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Barrès
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section for Integrative Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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