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Shurrab AM, Shatarat AT, Al-Muhtaseb MH, Badran DH, Salameh MA, Al-Lahham HM, Altaweel RK, Altarawneh I, Al-Qattan D. The effect of irisin on the ultrastructure of the thoracic aorta in rat: A morphometric study. Morphologie 2024; 108:100779. [PMID: 38608628 DOI: 10.1016/j.morpho.2024.100779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most recent hormones to be identified and isolated is irisin, extracted from mouse skeletal muscle in 2012. Irisin has been proven to alter blood pressure, which has an impact on blood vessels, enhance endothelial functions, and prevent injury to endothelial cells. The current study aimed to study the effect of irisin on the ultrastructure of the rat thoracic aorta using the transmission electron microscope (TEM). MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty female rats were recruited for this study and divided into a control group (non-injected), and four experimental groups (injected groups) each consisting of 4 rats. The experimental groups were injected intraperitoneally with different doses of irisin (250ng/mL, 500ng/mL, 1000ng/mL, and 2000ng/mL) twice a week for 4weeks. Then, the descending thoracic aorta of all experimental rats were resected and proceeded with imaging. RESULTS The results of this study showed a change in the thickness of the tunica intima, internal elastic lamina, elastic lamellae, and external elastic lamina concerning increasing injected irisin concentration. While there was a significant increase in the thickness of tunica media (P<0.0001) and smooth muscle cells (P<0.05). Also, the results showed a significant increase in the number of elastic lamellae in the tunica media (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION Irisin had a major impact on the elasticity of the rat thoracic aorta wall, suggesting that it influences the growth factors of the wall and activates smooth muscle cells in addition to endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Shurrab
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, Jordan.
| | - A T Shatarat
- Faculty of Medicine, Aqaba Medical Sciences University, Aqaba, Jordan
| | - M H Al-Muhtaseb
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - D H Badran
- Faculty of Medicine, Ibn Sina University for Medical Sciences, Amman, Jordan
| | - M A Salameh
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, Jordan
| | - H M Al-Lahham
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - R K Altaweel
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - I Altarawneh
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - D Al-Qattan
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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2
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Li S, Zhan J, Wang Y, Oduro PK, Owusu FB, Zhang J, Leng L, Li R, Wei S, He J, Wang Q. Suxiao Jiuxin Pill attenuates acute myocardial ischemia via regulation of coronary artery tone. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1104243. [PMID: 37234713 PMCID: PMC10206061 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1104243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Suxiao Jiuxin Pill (SJP) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine drug used to manage heart diseases. This study aimed at determining the pharmacological effects of SJP in acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and the molecular pathways its active compounds target to induce coronary artery vasorelaxation. Using the AMI rat model, SJP improved cardiac function and elevated ST segment. LC-MS and GC-MS detected twenty-eight non-volatile compounds and eleven volatile compounds in sera from SJP-treated rats. Network pharmacology analysis revealed eNOS and PTGS2 as the key drug targets. Indeed, SJP induced coronary artery relaxation via activation of the eNOS-NO pathway. Several of SJP's main compounds, like senkyunolide A, scopoletin, and borneol, caused concentration-dependent coronary artery relaxation. Senkyunolide A and scopoletin increased eNOS and Akt phosphorylation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Molecular docking and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) revealed an interaction between senkynolide A/scopoletin and Akt. Vasodilation caused by senkyunolide A and scopoletin was inhibited by uprosertib (Akt inhibitor) and eNOS/sGC/PKG axis inhibitors. This suggests that senkyunolide A and scopoletin relax coronary arteries through the Akt-eNOS-NO pathway. In addition, borneol induced endothelium-independent vasorelaxation of the coronary artery. The Kv channel inhibitor 4-AP, KCa2+ inhibitor TEA, and Kir inhibitor BaCl2 significantly inhibited the vasorelaxant effect of borneol in the coronary artery. In conclusion, the results show that Suxiao Jiuxin Pill protects the heart against acute myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiaguo Zhan
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yucheng Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Patrick Kwabena Oduro
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Felix Boahen Owusu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiale Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Ling Leng
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruiqiao Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Shujie Wei
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Qilong Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Endocrinology Department, Fourth Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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3
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Poniedziałek-Czajkowska E, Mierzyński R, Leszczyńska-Gorzelak B. Preeclampsia and Obesity-The Preventive Role of Exercise. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1267. [PMID: 36674022 PMCID: PMC9859423 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is now recognized as a worldwide epidemic. An inadequate diet and reduced physical activity are acknowledged as the leading causes of excess body weight. Despite growing evidence that obesity is a risk factor for unsuccessful pregnancies, almost half of all women who become pregnant today are overweight or obese. Common complications of pregnancy in this group of women are preeclampsia and gestational hypertension. These conditions are also observed more frequently in women with excessive weight gain during pregnancy. Preeclampsia is one of the most serious pregnancy complications with an unpredictable course, which in its most severe forms, threatens the life and health of the mother and her baby. The early identification of the risk factors for preeclampsia development, including obesity, allows for the implementation of prophylaxis and a reduction in maternal and fetal complications risk. Additionally, preeclampsia and obesity are the recognized risk factors for developing cardiovascular disease in later life, so prophylaxis and treating obesity are paramount for their prevention. Thus, a proper diet and physical activity might play an essential role in the prophylaxis of preeclampsia in this group of women. Limiting weight gain during pregnancy and modifying the metabolic risk factors with regular physical exercise creates favorable metabolic conditions for pregnancy development and benefits the elements of the pathogenetic sequence for preeclampsia development. In addition, it is inexpensive, readily available and, in the absence of contraindications to its performance, safe for the mother and fetus. However, for this form of prevention to be effective, it should be applied early in pregnancy and, for overweight and obese women, proposed as an essential part of planning pregnancy. This paper aims to present the mechanisms of the development of hypertension in pregnancy in obese women and the importance of exercise in its prevention.
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Zhu B, Wang B, Zhao C, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Lin J, Zhao R. Irisin Regulates Cardiac Responses to Exercise in Health and Diseases: a Narrative Review. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2022; 16:430-442. [PMID: 36036861 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-022-10310-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Exercise has been recognized as an important non-pharmacological approach for the prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of cardiovascular diseases, but the mechanisms of exercise in promoting cardiovascular health remain unclear. Exercise generates cardiac benefits via stimulating muscle to secret hundreds of myokines that directly enter circulation and target heart tissue. Therefore, inter-organ communication between skeletal muscle and heart may be one important regulating pattern, and such communication can occur through secretion of molecules, frequently known as myokines. Irisin, a newly identified myokine, is cleaved from fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) and secreted by the stimulation of exercise. Recently, accumulating evidence focusing on the interaction between irisin and cardiac function has been reported. This review highlights the molecular signaling by which irisin regulates the benefits of exercise on cardiac function both in physiological and pathological process, and discusses the clinical potential of irisin in treating heart diseases. Exercise generates various cardiovascular benefits through stimulating skeletal muscle to secrete irisin. The exercise "hormone" irisin, both produced by exercise or recombinant form, exerts therapeutic effects in a group of cardiovascular disorders including heart failure, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis and hypertension. However, the molecular mechanisms involved remain ambiguous.This review highlights the most up-to-date findings to bridge the gap between exercise, irisin and cardiovascular diseases, and discusses the potential clinical prospect of irisin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baishu Zhu
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, 88 South Daxue Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, 88 South Daxue Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, 88 South Daxue Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanxin Wang
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, 88 South Daxue Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yalan Zhou
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, 88 South Daxue Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junjie Lin
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, 88 South Daxue Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Renqing Zhao
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, 88 South Daxue Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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Wang PW, Pang Q, Zhou T, Song XY, Pan YJ, Jia LP, Zhang AH. Irisin alleviates vascular calcification by inhibiting VSMC osteoblastic transformation and mitochondria dysfunction via AMPK/Drp1 signaling pathway in chronic kidney disease. Atherosclerosis 2022; 346:36-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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6
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Norman D, Drott CJ, Carlsson PO, Espes D. Irisin-A Pancreatic Islet Hormone. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020258. [PMID: 35203466 PMCID: PMC8869325 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Irisin is a myokine involved in glucose homeostasis. It is primarily expressed in skeletal muscle, but also in the pancreas. This study aimed to elucidate its presence and role in the islets of Langerhans-i.e., its effect on insulin and glucagon secretion as well as on blood flow in the pancreas. The precursor of irisin, fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), was identified in rat and human islets by both qPCR and immunohistochemistry. Both α- and β-cells stained positive for FNDC5. In human islets, we found that irisin was secreted in a glucose-dependent manner. Neither irisin nor an irisin-neutralizing antibody affected insulin or glucagon secretion from human or rat islets in vitro. The insulin and glucagon content in islets was not altered by irisin. The intravenous infusion of irisin in Sprague Dawley rats resulted in nearly 50% reduction in islet blood flow compared to the control. We conclude that irisin is an islet hormone that has a novel role in pancreatic islet physiology, exerting local vascular effects by diminishing islet blood flow without affecting insulin secretion per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Norman
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; (D.N.); (C.J.D.); (P.-O.C.)
| | - Carl Johan Drott
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; (D.N.); (C.J.D.); (P.-O.C.)
| | - Per-Ola Carlsson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; (D.N.); (C.J.D.); (P.-O.C.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel Espes
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-18-471-4397
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7
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Demirel S, Sahinturk S, Isbil N, Ozyener F. Physiological role of K + channels in irisin-induced vasodilation in rat thoracic aorta. Peptides 2022; 147:170685. [PMID: 34748790 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Irisin, an exercise-induced myokine, has been shown to have a peripheral vasodilator effect. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying its effects. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the vasoactive effects of irisin on rat thoracic aorta, and the hypothesis that voltage-gated potassium (KV) channels, ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels, small-conductance calcium-activated potassium (SKCa) channels, large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (BKCa) channels, intermediate-conductance calcium-activated potassium (IKCa) channels, inward rectifier potassium (Kir) channels, and two-pore domain potassium (K2P) channels may have roles in these effects. Isometric contraction-relaxation responses of isolated thoracic aorta rings were measured with an organ bath model. The steady contraction was induced with both 10-5 M phenylephrine and 45 mM KCl, and then the concentration-dependent responses of irisin (10-9-10-6 M) were examined. Irisin exerted the vasorelaxant effects in both endothelium-intact and -denuded aortic rings at concentrations of 10-8, 10-7, and 10-6 M (p < 0.001). Besides, KV channel blocker 4-aminopyridine, KATP channel blocker glibenclamide, SKCa channel blocker apamin, BKCa channel blockers tetraethylammonium and iberiotoxin, IKCa channel blocker TRAM-34, and Kir channel blocker barium chloride incubations significantly inhibited the irisin-induced relaxation responses. However, incubation of K2P TASK-1 channel blocker anandamide did not cause a significant decrease in the relaxation responses of irisin. In conclusion, the first physiological findings were obtained regarding the functional relaxing effects of irisin in rat thoracic aorta. Furthermore, this study is the first to report that irisin-induced relaxation responses are associated with the activity of KV, KATP, SKCa, BKCa, IKCa, and Kir channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadettin Demirel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Serdar Sahinturk
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Naciye Isbil
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Fadil Ozyener
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Bursa, Turkey.
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8
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Demirel S, Sahinturk S, Isbil N, Ozyener F. Irisin relaxes rat thoracic aorta: MEK1/2 signaling pathway, KV channels, SKCa channels, and BKCa channels are involved in irisin-induced vasodilation. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 100:379-385. [PMID: 34826251 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2021-0500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of irisin on vascular smooth muscle contractility in rat thoracic aorta, and the hypothesis that mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK1/2) signalling pathway, voltage-gated potassium (KV) channels, small-conductance calcium-activated potassium (SKCa) channels, and large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (BKCa) channels may have roles in these effects. Isometric contraction-relaxation responses of isolated thoracic aorta rings were measured with an organ bath model. The steady contraction was induced with 10-5 M phenylephrine (PHE), and then the concentration-dependent responses of irisin (10-9-10-6 M) were examined. Irisin exerted the vasorelaxant effects at concentrations of 10-8, 10-7, and 10-6 M compared to the control group (p<0.001). Besides, MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126, KV channel blocker XE-991, SKCa channel blocker apamin, and BKCa channel blocker tetraethylammonium (TEA) incubations significantly inhibited the irisin-induced relaxation responses. In conclusion, the first physiological findings were obtained regarding the functional relaxing effects of irisin in rat thoracic aorta. The findings demonstrated that irisin induces relaxation responses in endothelium-intact aortic rings in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, this study is the first to report that irisin-induced relaxation responses are related to the activity of the MEK1/2 pathway, KV channels, and calcium-activated K+ (SKCa and BKCa) channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadettin Demirel
- Bursa Uludag University, 37523, Medicine School, Physiology Department, Bursa, Turkey;
| | - Serdar Sahinturk
- Bursa Uludag University, 37523, Medicine School, Physiology Department, Bursa, Turkey;
| | - Naciye Isbil
- Bursa Uludag University, 37523, Medicine School, Physiology Department, Bursa, Turkey;
| | - Fadil Ozyener
- Bursa Uludag University, 37523, Medicine School, Physiology Department, Bursa, Turkey;
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9
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Abstract
Irisin, a novel hormone like polypeptide, is cleaved and secreted by an unknown protease from a membrane‐spanning protein, FNDC5 (fibronectin type III domain‐containing protein 5). The current knowledge on the biological functions of irisin includes browning white adipose tissue, regulating insulin use, and anti‐inflammatory and antioxidative properties. Dysfunction of irisin has shown to be involved in cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, and myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury. Moreover, irisin gene variants are also associated with cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on irisin‐mediated regulatory mechanisms and their roles in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjuan Fu
- Department of Cardiology The Third People's Hospital of ChengduAffiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Fangtang Li
- Department of Cardiology The Third People's Hospital of ChengduAffiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Yuanjuan Tang
- Department of Cardiology The Third People's Hospital of ChengduAffiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Lin Cai
- Department of Cardiology The Third People's Hospital of ChengduAffiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Chunyu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology Daping Hospital Third Military Medical University Chongqing China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center Chongqing Institute of Cardiology Chongqing China.,State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury Daping Hospital The Third Military Medical University Chongqing China.,Department of Cardiology of Chongqing General Hospital Cardiovascular Research Center of Chongqing CollegeUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chongqing China
| | - Yongjian Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine The General Hospital of Western Theater Command PLA Chengdu China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
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Jin L, Lorkiewicz P, Xie Z, Bhatnagar A, Srivastava S, Conklin DJ. Acrolein but not its metabolite, 3-Hydroxypropylmercapturic acid (3HPMA), activates vascular transient receptor potential Ankyrin-1 (TRPA1): Physiological to toxicological implications. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 426:115647. [PMID: 34271065 PMCID: PMC8343963 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Acrolein, an electrophilic α,β-unsaturated aldehyde, is present in foods and beverages, and is a product of incomplete combustion, and thus, reaches high ppm levels in tobacco smoke and structural fires. Exposure to acrolein is linked with cardiopulmonary toxicity and cardiovascular disease risk. The hypothesis of this study is the direct effects of acrolein in isolated murine blood vessels (aorta and superior mesenteric artery, SMA) are transient receptor potential ankyrin-1 (TRPA1) dependent. Using isometric myography, isolated aorta and SMA were exposed to increasing levels of acrolein. Acrolein inhibited phenylephrine (PE)-induced contractions (approximately 90%) in aorta and SMA of male and female mice in a concentration-dependent (0.01-100 μM) manner. The major metabolite of acrolein, 3-hydroxypropylmercapturic acid (3HPMA), also relaxed PE-precontracted SMA. As the SMA was 20× more sensitive to acrolein than aorta (SMA EC50 0.8 ± 0.2 μM; aorta EC50 > 29.4 ± 4.4 μM), the mechanisms of acrolein-induced relaxation were studied in SMA. The potency of acrolein-induced relaxation was inhibited significantly by: 1) mechanically-impaired endothelium; 2) Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME); 3) guanylyl cyclase (GC) inhibitor (ODQ); and, 4) a TRPA1 antagonist (A967079). TRPA1 positive immunofluorescence was present in the endothelium. Compared with other known TRPA1 agonists, including allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), cinnamaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, and formaldehyde, acrolein stimulated a more potent TRPA1-dependent relaxation. Acrolein, at high concentration [100 μM], induced tension oscillations (spasms) independent of TRPA1 in precontracted SMA but not in aorta. In conclusion, acrolein is vasorelaxant at low levels (physiological) yet vasotoxic at high levels (toxicological).
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jin
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; American Heart Association-Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - P Lorkiewicz
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; American Heart Association-Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Z Xie
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - A Bhatnagar
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; American Heart Association-Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - S Srivastava
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; American Heart Association-Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - D J Conklin
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; American Heart Association-Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
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11
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Fibronectin type III domain-containing 5 in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases: a promising biomarker and therapeutic target. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:1390-1400. [PMID: 33214697 PMCID: PMC8379181 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-00557-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases are the leading causes of death and disability worldwide and impose a tremendous socioeconomic burden on individuals as well as the healthcare system. Fibronectin type III domain-containing 5 (FNDC5) is a widely distributed transmembrane glycoprotein that can be proteolytically cleaved and secreted as irisin to regulate glycolipid metabolism and cardiovascular homeostasis. In this review, we present the current knowledge on the predictive and therapeutic role of FNDC5 in a variety of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, arrhythmia, metabolic cardiomyopathy, cardiac remodeling, heart failure, diabetes mellitus, and obesity.
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12
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Cheng ZB, Huang L, Xiao X, Sun JX, Zou ZK, Jiang JF, Lu C, Zhang HY, Zhang C. Irisin in atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 522:158-166. [PMID: 34425103 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Irisin, a novel exercise-induced myokine, has been shown to play important roles in increasing white adipose tissue browning, regulating energy metabolism and improving insulin resistance. Growing evidence suggests a direct role for irisin in preventing atherosclerosis (AS) by inhibiting oxidative stress, improving dyslipidemia, facilitating anti-inflammation, reducing cellular damage and recovering endothelial function. In addition, some studies have noted that serum irisin levels play an essential role in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) risk prediction, highlighting that irisin has the potential to be a useful predictive marker and therapeutic target of AS, especially in monitoring therapeutic efficacy. This review summarizes the understanding of irisin-mediated regulation in essential biological pathways and functions in atherosclerosis and prompts further exploitation of the biological properties of irisin in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe-Bin Cheng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China; Research Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China; Departments of Stomatology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Huang
- Research Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Xiao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xiang Sun
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China; Research Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China; Departments of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Kai Zou
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China; Research Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China; Departments of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie-Feng Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China; Research Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China; Departments of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Lu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China; Research Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China; Departments of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Ya Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China; Research Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China; Departments of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Role of Irisin in Myocardial Infarction, Heart Failure, and Cardiac Hypertrophy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082103. [PMID: 34440871 PMCID: PMC8392379 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Irisin is a myokine derived from the cleavage of fibronectin type III domain-containing 5. Irisin regulates mitochondrial energy, glucose metabolism, fatty acid oxidation, and fat browning. Skeletal muscle and cardiomyocytes produce irisin and affect various cardiovascular functions. In the early phase of acute myocardial infarction, an increasing irisin level can reduce endothelial damage by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress. By contrast, higher levels of irisin in the later phase of myocardial infarction are associated with more cardiovascular events. During different stages of heart failure, irisin has various influences on mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, metabolic imbalance, energy expenditure, and heart failure prognosis. Irisin affects blood pressure and controls hypertension through modulating vasodilatation. Moreover, irisin can enhance vasoconstriction via the hypothalamus. Because of these dual effects of irisin on cardiovascular physiology, irisin can be a critical therapeutic target in cardiovascular diseases. This review focuses on the complex functions of irisin in myocardial ischemia, heart failure, and cardiac hypertrophy.
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14
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Arcidiacono T, Magni G, Macrina L, Sirtori M, Belloni C, Premaschi S, Lanzani C, Simonini M, Citterio L, Locatelli M, Rubinacci A, Vezzoli G. Serum Irisin May Predict Cardiovascular Events in Elderly Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3-5. J Ren Nutr 2021; 32:282-291. [PMID: 34294556 DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Irisin is a circulating myokine released from skeletal muscles after physical exercise. Irisin production decreases during the course of chronic kidney disease (CKD) as a potential consequence of sarcopenia and physical inactivity. METHODS This observational study explored the relationship of serum irisin with cardiovascular outcome in 79 patients with stage 3-5 CKD. RESULTS Serum irisin was significantly higher in healthy subjects (n = 20) than that in CKD patients (7 ± 2 vs. 3.1 ± 0.9 μg/mL; P = .0001) and was higher in patients with CKD stage 3 (3.2 ± 1 μg/mL) than in patients at stage 4 and 5 taken together (n = 36, 2.8 ± 0.7 μg/mL, P = .05). Patients in the lowest serum irisin tertile had lower serum 1,25(OH)2D levels (21 ± 11 pg/mL) than patients in the middle (30 ± 13 pg/mL; P = .005) and the highest tertile (27 ± 14 pg/mL; P = .047). Patients in the highest tertile had lower Kauppila score (10.6 ± 6.9) than patients in the middle (11.8 ± 5.5; P = .007) and the lowest tertile (6.9 ± 6.8; P = .043). Twenty patients suffered from cardiovascular events during a 3-year follow-up. A Cox regression model using age, body weight, presence of diabetes mellitus, gender, Kauppila calcification score, serum values of FGF23 (as logarithm), phosphate, sclerostin, albumin and cholesterol, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and serum irisin tertiles as covariates showed that patients in the highest tertile of serum irisin had a lower cardiovascular risk than patients in the middle tertile (B, 2.38; odds ratio, 10.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.65-58.13; P = .013) or in the lowest tertile (B, 1.61; odds ratio, 5; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-22.83; P = .038). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that serum irisin may be a marker of cardiovascular outcome in patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Arcidiacono
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Genomics of Renal Diseases and Hypertension Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Magni
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Genomics of Renal Diseases and Hypertension Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Postgraduate School of Nephrology, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenza Macrina
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Genomics of Renal Diseases and Hypertension Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Postgraduate School of Nephrology, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcella Sirtori
- Bone Metabolic Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Belloni
- Laboratory Medicine Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Premaschi
- Laboratory Medicine Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Lanzani
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Genomics of Renal Diseases and Hypertension Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Simonini
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Genomics of Renal Diseases and Hypertension Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorena Citterio
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Genomics of Renal Diseases and Hypertension Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Locatelli
- Laboratory Medicine Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Vezzoli
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Genomics of Renal Diseases and Hypertension Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Postgraduate School of Nephrology, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
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15
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Marrano N, Biondi G, Borrelli A, Cignarelli A, Perrini S, Laviola L, Giorgino F, Natalicchio A. Irisin and Incretin Hormones: Similarities, Differences, and Implications in Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity. Biomolecules 2021; 11:286. [PMID: 33671882 PMCID: PMC7918991 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Incretins are gut hormones that potentiate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) after meals. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is the most investigated incretin hormone, synthesized mainly by L cells in the lower gut tract. GLP-1 promotes β-cell function and survival and exerts beneficial effects in different organs and tissues. Irisin, a myokine released in response to a high-fat diet and exercise, enhances GSIS. Similar to GLP-1, irisin augments insulin biosynthesis and promotes accrual of β-cell functional mass. In addition, irisin and GLP-1 share comparable pleiotropic effects and activate similar intracellular pathways. The insulinotropic and extra-pancreatic effects of GLP-1 are reduced in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients but preserved at pharmacological doses. GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are therefore among the most widely used antidiabetes drugs, also considered for their cardiovascular benefits and ability to promote weight loss. Irisin levels are lower in T2D patients, and in diabetic and/or obese animal models irisin administration improves glycemic control and promotes weight loss. Interestingly, recent evidence suggests that both GLP-1 and irisin are also synthesized within the pancreatic islets, in α- and β-cells, respectively. This review aims to describe the similarities between GLP-1 and irisin and to propose a new potential axis-involving the gut, muscle, and endocrine pancreas that controls energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Francesco Giorgino
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, I-70124 Bari, Italy; (N.M.); (G.B.); (A.B.); (A.C.); (S.P.); (L.L.); (A.N.)
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16
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Ou-Yang WL, Guo B, Xu F, Lin X, Li FXZ, Shan SK, Wu F, Wang Y, Zheng MH, Xu QS, Yuan LQ. The Controversial Role of Irisin in Clinical Management of Coronary Heart Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:678309. [PMID: 34276559 PMCID: PMC8281113 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.678309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Irisin, a PGC1α-dependent myokine, was once believed to have beneficial effects induced by exercise. Since its first discovery of adipose browning in 2012, multiple studies have been trying to explore the metabolic functions of irisin, such as glucose and lipid metabolism. However, recently many studies with irisin concentration measuring were doubt for methodological problems, which may account for the continuous inconsistencies. New tools like recombinant irisin and gene-knockout mice are required to reconfirm the questioned functions of irisin. In this paper, we make a critical introduction to the latest researches concerning the relationship between irisin and coronary heart disease, which includes atherosclerosis, stable angina pectoris and acute coronary syndromes. These studies provided various controversial evidence of short and long-term monitoring and therapeutic effect from molecular cellular mechanisms, in vivo experiments and epidemiological investigation. But with ambiguities, irisin still has a long way to go to identify its functions in the clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Lu Ou-Yang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bei Guo
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fu-Xing-Zi Li
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Su-Kang Shan
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming-Hui Zheng
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiu-Shuang Xu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling-Qing Yuan
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Ling-Qing Yuan,
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17
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Swim therapy-induced tissue specific metabolic responses in male rats. Life Sci 2020; 262:118516. [PMID: 33011220 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Swim therapy in the form of moderate physical activity has general health benefits. Regular exercise prevents the progression of chronic diseases affecting the different bodily systems. The metabolic alterations associated with following such lifestyle remain not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the metabolic changes following prolonged swim therapy. Twenty-four Sprague Dawley rats were divided into sedentary and exercise groups. Our results revealed that regular exercise significantly increased the serum levels of growth hormone (GH), glucagon and corticosterone. A reduction in the circulating levels of irisin and insulin hormones, and glucose were noticed alongside with an upregulation in the mRNA expression levels of FNDC5, PGC-1α, GLUT-4 and preptin receptors with downregulation in the expression of Enho gene in the heart of exercised rats. Liver of the exercised rats showed elevation in the transcriptional levels of Enho gene, PPARα, and preptin with reduction in the transcriptional levels of preptin receptors. Exercise induced an increase in the pancreatic mRNA of Enho gene, preptin and preptin receptors, and a reduction in FNDC5, PPARα and PGC-1α. An elevation in the gastrocnemius muscle PGC-1α mRNA expression and a decline in the soleus muscle Enho mRNA were found. Exercise diminishes the activities of SOD, CAT and GPx in the gastrocnemius muscle, liver and pancreas. Myogenin expression increased in all examined skeletal muscles. This study takes into account the complex crosstalk between different signaling pathways in skeletal muscles, heart, liver and pancreas as well as the metabolic alterations in response to regular exercise.
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18
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Byun K, Lee S. The Potential Role of Irisin in Vascular Function and Atherosclerosis: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197184. [PMID: 33003348 PMCID: PMC7583934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise is an effective intervention for both the prevention and the treatment of obesity and insulin resistance because skeletal muscle secretes many bioactive proteins that contribute to the beneficial effect of exercise. It has been revealed that irisin plays an important role in metabolic homeostasis and both acute and chronic exercises increase circulating irisin in experimental animal models and in humans. Although previous studies have reported that the irisin-related signaling mechanism may play a beneficial role in the treatment of metabolic diseases including obesity, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus, studies on whether irisin plays a key role in vascular function and vascular complications are still insufficient. Therefore, the current review aims to summarize the accumulating evidence showing the potential role of irisin, especially in vascular reactivity and vascular abnormalities such as atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeongho Byun
- Division of Sport Science, College of Arts & Physical Education, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea;
- Sport Science Institute, College of Arts & Physical Education, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Sewon Lee
- Division of Sport Science, College of Arts & Physical Education, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea;
- Sport Science Institute, College of Arts & Physical Education, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-32-835-8572
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19
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Jin L, Jagatheesan G, Lynch J, Guo L, Conklin DJ. Crotonaldehyde-induced vascular relaxation and toxicity: Role of endothelium and transient receptor potential ankyrin-1 (TRPA1). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 398:115012. [PMID: 32320793 PMCID: PMC7375699 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Crotonaldehyde (CR) is an electrophilic α,β-unsaturated aldehyde present in foods and beverages and is a minor metabolite of 1,3-butadiene. CR is a product of incomplete combustion, and is at high levels in smoke of cigarettes and structural fires. Exposure to CR has been linked to cardiopulmonary toxicity and cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the direct effects of CR in murine blood vessels (aorta and superior mesenteric artery, SMA) using an in vitro system. METHODS AND RESULTS CR induced concentration-dependent (1-300 μM) relaxations (75-80%) in phenylephrine (PE) precontracted aorta and SMA. Because the SMA was 20× more sensitive to CR than aorta (SMA EC50 3.8 ± 0.5 μM; aorta EC50 76.0 ± 2.0 μM), mechanisms of CR relaxation were studied in SMA. The CR-induced relaxation at low concentrations (1-30 μM) was inhibited by: 1) mechanically-impaired endothelium; 2) Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME); 3) guanylyl cyclase (GC) inhibitor (ODQ); 4) transient receptor potential ankyrin-1 (TRPA1) antagonist (A967079); and, 5) by non-vasoactive level of nicotine (1 μM). Similarly, a TRPA1 agonist, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC; mustard oil), stimulated SMA relaxation dependent on TRPA1, endothelium, NO, and GC. Consistent with these mechanisms, TRPA1 was present in the SMA endothelium. CR, at higher concentrations (100-300 μM), induced tension oscillations (spasms) and irreversibly impaired contractility (a vasotoxic effect enhanced by impaired endothelium). CONCLUSIONS CR relaxation depends on a functional endothelium and TRPA1, whereas vasotoxicity is enhanced by endothelium dysfunction. Thus, CR is both vasoactive and vasotoxic along a concentration continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; American Heart Association-Tobacco Regulation Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - G Jagatheesan
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; American Heart Association-Tobacco Regulation Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - J Lynch
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; American Heart Association-Tobacco Regulation Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - L Guo
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; American Heart Association-Tobacco Regulation Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - D J Conklin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; American Heart Association-Tobacco Regulation Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
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20
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Jin L, Lorkiewicz P, Malovichko MV, Bhatnagar A, Srivastava S, Conklin DJ. Acetaldehyde Induces an Endothelium-Dependent Relaxation of Superior Mesenteric Artery: Potential Role in Postprandial Hyperemia. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1315. [PMID: 31695624 PMCID: PMC6817488 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetaldehyde (AA) is a small, ubiquitous compound present in foods, beverages, as a gas phase combustion product, and also endogenously generated from metabolism as from ethanol (EtOH). Acetate is a short chain fatty acid derived from AA oxidation, and acetate levels were significantly higher in urine collected overnight with food provided ad libitum compared with urine collected after 9 h fasting. Feeding increases gastrointestinal blood flow, and thus, we explored the direct effects of AA (and acetate) in isolated murine superior mesenteric artery (SMA). Over the concentration range of 1–100 mM, AA strongly, and reversibly relaxed agonist-induced contractions of SMA including phenylephrine (PE), thromboxane A2 analog (U46,619) and high potassium (High K+) without toxicity. The sensitivity (EC50) but not the efficacy (>90% relaxation of PE-precontraction) of AA-induced relaxations was dependent on blood vessel (SMA was 3× more sensitive than aorta) and contractile agonist (PE EC50 = 3.3 ± 0.4 mM; U46,619 EC50 = 14.9 ± 1.5 mM; and High K+ EC50 = 17.7 ± 0.5 mM) yet independent of circadian cycle and sex. The most sensitive component of the AA-induced relaxation was inhibited significantly by: (1) a mechanically impaired endothelium; (2) nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor (L-NAME); and (3) a guanylyl cyclase (GC) inhibitor (ODQ). Both acetate and EtOH stimulated much weaker relaxations in SMA than did AA, yet these relaxations were significantly inhibited by L-NAME as well. Neither EtOH nor acetate relaxed pre-contracted aorta. Although neither cyanamide, a non-specific aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) enzyme inhibitor, nor Alda-1, a specific activator of ALDH2 activity, had any effect on either sensitivity or efficacy of AA-induced relaxation in SMA, cyanamide significantly blocked both EtOH- and acetate-induced relaxations in SMA implicating a role of ALDH activity in vasorelaxation. These data show that AA relaxes SMA via an endothelium- and NO-dependent mechanism indicating that AA may be one component of the complex post-prandial hyperemia reflex via vasodilatation of mesenteric vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexiao Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Pawel Lorkiewicz
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Marina V Malovichko
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,American Heart Association-Tobacco Regulation Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,American Heart Association-Tobacco Regulation Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Sanjay Srivastava
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,American Heart Association-Tobacco Regulation Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Daniel J Conklin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,American Heart Association-Tobacco Regulation Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
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21
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Fiuza-Luces C, Santos-Lozano A, Joyner M, Carrera-Bastos P, Picazo O, Zugaza JL, Izquierdo M, Ruilope LM, Lucia A. Exercise benefits in cardiovascular disease: beyond attenuation of traditional risk factors. Nat Rev Cardiol 2019; 15:731-743. [PMID: 30115967 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-018-0065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite strong scientific evidence supporting the benefits of regular exercise for the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease (CVD), physical inactivity is highly prevalent worldwide. In addition to merely changing well-known risk factors for systemic CVD, regular exercise can also improve cardiovascular health through non-traditional mechanisms. Understanding the pathways through which exercise influences different physiological systems is important and might yield new therapeutic strategies to target pathophysiological mechanisms in CVD. This Review includes a critical discussion of how regular exercise can have antiatherogenic effects in the vasculature, improve autonomic balance (thereby reducing the risk of malignant arrhythmias), and induce cardioprotection against ischaemia-reperfusion injury, independent of effects on traditional CVD risk factors. This Review also describes how exercise promotes a healthy anti-inflammatory milieu (largely through the release of muscle-derived myokines), stimulates myocardial regeneration, and ameliorates age-related loss of muscle mass and strength, a frequently overlooked non-traditional CVD risk factor. Finally, we discuss how the benefits of exercise might also occur via promotion of a healthy gut microbiota. We argue, therefore, that a holistic view of all body systems is necessary and useful when analysing the role of exercise in cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Fiuza-Luces
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. .,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alejandro Santos-Lozano
- i+HeALTH Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, European University Miguel de Cervantes, Valladolid, Spain.,Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael Joyner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Pedro Carrera-Bastos
- Centre for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.,NutriScience - Education and Consulting, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Oscar Picazo
- NutriScience - Education and Consulting, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José L Zugaza
- Achucarro - Basque Center for Neuroscience, Bilbao, Spain.,Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Navarrabiomed, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Luis M Ruilope
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
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22
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Abd El-Mottaleb NA, Galal HM, El Maghraby KM, Gadallah AI. Serum irisin level in myocardial infarction patients with or without heart failure. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 97:932-938. [PMID: 30958967 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2018-0736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess serum irisin level in myocardial infarction (MI) with or without heart failure (HF) and the possible relation between irisin and cardiac markers, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and lipid profile. Eighty-six subjects were included (33 patients had MI, 33 patients had MI with HF, and 20 controls). Body mass index (BMI), waist/hip ratio (WHR), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), heart rate, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were measured. Blood samples were withdrawn on admission for measuring irisin, cardiac markers, TNF-α, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentration (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentration (HDL-C). Patients with MI and HF had reduced serum irisin, LVEF, and HDL-C and higher levels of BMI, WHR, SBP, DBP, troponin-I, creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), TNF-α, TC, TGs, and LDL-C compared with control. Negative correlations were observed between irisin and BMI, WHR, SBP, DBP, troponin-I, CK-MB, TNF-α, TC, TGs, and LDL-C. However, positive association was noticed between irisin and LVEF and HDL-C. Irisin might be a useful biomarker in diagnosis of MI with or without HF. It could have anti-inflammatory and hypolipidemic effects. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of irisin as a promising prophylactic or therapeutic agent in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heba M Galal
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt.,Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jouf University, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Aml I Gadallah
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt
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23
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Jin L, Jagatheesan G, Guo L, Nystoriak M, Malovichko M, Lorkiewicz P, Bhatnagar A, Srivastava S, Conklin DJ. Formaldehyde Induces Mesenteric Artery Relaxation via a Sensitive Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin-1 (TRPA1) and Endothelium-Dependent Mechanism: Potential Role in Postprandial Hyperemia. Front Physiol 2019; 10:277. [PMID: 30984013 PMCID: PMC6448550 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA), the smallest aldehyde, is generated endogenously, and is widespread in the environment in foods, beverages and as a gas phase product of incomplete combustion. The main metabolite of FA, formate, was increased significantly in murine urine (∼3×) after overnight feeding. Because feeding increases mesenteric blood flow, we explored the direct effects of FA in isolated murine superior mesenteric artery (SMA). Over the concentration range of 30–1,200 μM, FA strongly and reversibly relaxed contractions of SMA induced by three different agonists: phenylephrine (PE), thromboxane A2 analog (U46,619) and high potassium (60K, 60 mM K+). Formate (to 1.5 mM) induced a modest relaxation. FA (>1,500 μM) irreversibly depressed vascular function in SMA indicating vasotoxicity. The sensitivity (EC50) but not the efficacy (% relaxation) of FA-induced relaxations was dependent on blood vessel type (SMA << aorta) and contractile agonist (PE, EC50= 52 ± 14 μM; U46,619, EC50= 514 ± 129 μM; 60K, EC50= 1,093 ± 87 μM). The most sensitive component of FA vasorelaxation was within physiological levels (30–150 μM) and was inhibited significantly by: (1) mechanically impaired endothelium; (2) Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME); (3) transient receptor potential ankyrin-1 (TRPA1) antagonist (A967079); (4) guanylyl cyclase (GC) inhibitor (ODQ); and, (5) K+ channel inhibitor (BaCl2). A similar mechanism of SMA vasorelaxation was stimulated by the TRPA1 agonist cinnamaldehyde. Positive TRPA1 immunofluorescent staining and gene-specific sequence were present in SMA but not in aorta. These data indicate FA, but not formate, robustly relaxes SMA via a sensitive TRPA1- and endothelium-dependent mechanism that is absent in aorta. Thus, as FA levels increase with feeding, FA likely contributes to the physiological reflex of post-prandial hyperemia via SMA vasodilatation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - G Jagatheesan
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - L Guo
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - M Nystoriak
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - M Malovichko
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - P Lorkiewicz
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - A Bhatnagar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - S Srivastava
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - D J Conklin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
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24
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Asadi Y, Gorjipour F, Behrouzifar S, Vakili A. Irisin Peptide Protects Brain Against Ischemic Injury Through Reducing Apoptosis and Enhancing BDNF in a Rodent Model of Stroke. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1549-1560. [PMID: 29882126 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2569-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Evidence has shown therapeutic potential of irisin in cerebral stroke. The present study aimed to assess the effects of recombinant irisin on the infarct size, neurological outcomes, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, apoptosis and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in a mouse model of stroke. Transient focal cerebral ischemia was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 45 min and followed reperfusion for 23 h in mice. Recombinant irisin was administrated at doses of 0.1, 0.5, 2.5, 7.5, and 15 µg/kg, intracerebroventricularly (ICV), on the MCAO beginning. Neurological outcomes, infarct size, brain edema and BBB permeability were evaluated by modified neurological severity score (mNSS), 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and Evans blue (EB) extravasation methods, respectively, at 24 h after ischemia. Apoptotic cells and BDNF protein were detected by TUNEL assay and immunohistochemistry techniques. The levels of Bcl-2, Bax and caspase-3 proteins were measured by immunoblotting technique. ICV irisin administration at doses of 0.5, 2.5, 7.5 and 15 µg/kg, significantly reduced infarct size, whereas only in 7.5 and 15 µg/kg improved neurological outcome (P < 0.001). Treatment with irisin (7.5 µg/kg) reduced brain edema (P < 0.001) without changing BBB permeability (P > 0.05). Additionally, irisin (7.5 µg/kg) significantly diminished apoptotic cells and increased BDNF immunoreactivity in the ischemic brain cortex (P < 0.004). Irisin administration significantly downregulated the Bax and caspase-3 expression and upregulated the Bcl-2 protein. The present study indicated that irisin attenuates brain damage via reducing apoptosis and increasing BDNF protein of brain cortex in the experimental model of stroke in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Asadi
- Research Center and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Fazel Gorjipour
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Behrouzifar
- Research Center and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Abedin Vakili
- Research Center and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
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25
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Mahgoub MO, D'Souza C, Al Darmaki RSMH, Baniyas MMYH, Adeghate E. An update on the role of irisin in the regulation of endocrine and metabolic functions. Peptides 2018; 104:15-23. [PMID: 29608940 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Irisin is a novel myokine and adipokine that has gained much attention recently due to its mechanisms of action. Irisin is secreted following proteolytic cleavage of its precursor fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (FNDC5). Following its release, irisin exerts its major action by increasing the expression of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP 1), which facilitates the conversion of white adipose tissue (WAT) into beige adipose tissue. Irisin is distributed in various body tissues and several actions have been attributed to its presence in those tissues. It has been suggested that it plays a role in metabolic diseases, ageing, inflammation and neurogenesis. However, the circulating levels of irisin are modulated by several factors such as diet, obesity, exercise, pharmacological agents and different pathological conditions. In this review, we have discussed the mechanisms by which irisin influences the functions of different body systems and how external factors in turn affect the circulating level of irisin. In conclusion, modification of circulating irisin level may help in the management of a variety of endocrine and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Omer Mahgoub
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Post Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Crystal D'Souza
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Post Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Reem S M H Al Darmaki
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Post Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - May M Y H Baniyas
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Post Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ernest Adeghate
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Post Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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26
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Ozel A, Davutoglu EA, Firat A, Erenel H, Karslı MF, Korkmaz SÖ, Madazli R. Maternal serum irisin levels in early and late-onset pre-eclamptic and healthy pregnancies. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2018; 38:642-646. [DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2017.1399260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aysegul Ozel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebru Alici Davutoglu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Asuman Firat
- Department of Biochemistry, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hakan Erenel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Fatih Karslı
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevim Özge Korkmaz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Riza Madazli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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27
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Polyzos SA, Anastasilakis AD, Efstathiadou ZA, Makras P, Perakakis N, Kountouras J, Mantzoros CS. Irisin in metabolic diseases. Endocrine 2018; 59:260-274. [PMID: 29170905 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1476-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Irisin is a myokine/adipokine induced by the exercise in mice and humans, which is proposed to induce "browning" of white adipose tissue, its primary target, thus increasing thermogenesis and energy expenditure. Since its identification, irisin has been linked to favorable effects on metabolic diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), lipid metabolism and cardiovascular disease (CVD), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and metabolic bone diseases. Generally, despite the promising profile of irisin in rodents, its effects on human are less recognized. REVIEW Most, but not all studies show a positive association between irisin and indices of adiposity. In T2DM, NAFLD, and CVD, most observational studies reported lower irisin levels in patients than controls. Regarding metabolic bone diseases, irisin is positively associated with bone mineral density and strength in athletes, and inversely associated with osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal osteoporosis. In PCOS, data remain largely conflicting. Irisin does not seem to be further reduced when two metabolic diseases, e.g., T2DM and NAFLD, or obesity and NAFLD exist though more data are needed. Furthermore, it seems that diverse confounders may have affected the results of different clinical studies. CONCLUSION Irisin remains an appealing molecule from a pathophysiological point of view and an appealing therapeutic target for metabolic diseases, albeit much research is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stergios A Polyzos
- First Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | | | - Zoe A Efstathiadou
- Department of Endocrinology, Ippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Polyzois Makras
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Perakakis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jannis Kountouras
- Second Medical Clinic, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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28
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Fernández-Alfonso MS, Somoza B, Tsvetkov D, Kuczmanski A, Dashwood M, Gil-Ortega M. Role of Perivascular Adipose Tissue in Health and Disease. Compr Physiol 2017; 8:23-59. [PMID: 29357124 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is cushion of fat tissue surrounding blood vessels, which is phenotypically different from other adipose tissue depots. PVAT is composed of adipocytes and stromal vascular fraction, constituted by different populations of immune cells, endothelial cells, and adipose-derived stromal cells. It expresses and releases an important number of vasoactive factors with paracrine effects on vascular structure and function. In healthy individuals, these factors elicit a net anticontractile and anti-inflammatory paracrine effect aimed at meeting hemodynamic and metabolic demands of specific organs and regions of the body. Pathophysiological situations, such as obesity, diabetes or hypertension, induce changes in its amount and in the expression pattern of vasoactive factors leading to a PVAT dysfunction in which the beneficial paracrine influence of PVAT is shifted to a pro-oxidant, proinflammatory, contractile, and trophic environment leading to functional and structural cardiovascular alterations and cardiovascular disease. Many different PVATs surrounding a variety of blood vessels have been described and exhibit regional differences. Both protective and deleterious influence of PVAT differs regionally depending on the specific vascular bed contributing to variations in the susceptibility of arteries and veins to vascular disease. PVAT therefore, might represent a novel target for pharmacological intervention in cardiovascular disease. © 2018 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:23-59, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatriz Somoza
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dmitry Tsvetkov
- Department of Anestesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, HELIOS Klinikum, Berlin-Buch GmbH, Germany.,Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, and Interfaculty Center of Pharmacogenomics and Drug Research, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Artur Kuczmanski
- Department of Anestesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, HELIOS Klinikum, Berlin-Buch GmbH, Germany
| | - Mick Dashwood
- Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Gil-Ortega
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
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Ye L, Xu M, Hu M, Zhang H, Tan X, Li Q, Shen B, Huang J. TRPV4 is involved in irisin-induced endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 495:41-45. [PMID: 29097199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.10.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Irisin, an exercise-induced myokine, induces conversion of white into brown adipocytes, promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and energy expenditure. Irisin has a vascular protective effect on endothelial function in animals, including humans. Defects in irisin signaling pathways result in endothelial dysfunction in obesity and diabetes. However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of irisin on endothelial function have not been elucidated. Transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 4 (TRPV4) channels are one of the most important Ca2+-permeable cation channels in vascular endothelial cells. In this study, we hypothesized that irisin may induce endothelium-dependent vasodilation by activating Ca2+ influx into endothelial cells via TRPV4 channels. In primary cultured rat mesenteric artery endothelial cells, irisin caused an increase in [Ca2+]i due to extracellular Ca2+ influx rather than release from Ca2+ stores. Moreover, irisin-induced increases in [Ca2+]i were completely abolished by a TRPV4 inhibitor. In addition, irisin induced endothelium-dependent vasodilation of rat mesenteric arteries. However, irisin had no effect on endothelium-independent vasodilation. Furthermore, irisin-induced vasodilation was fully abolished in the presence of a TRPV4 inhibitor, indicating the involvement of TRPV4 channels in endothelium-dependent vasodilation. This study provides the first evidence that irisin-induced endothelium-dependent vasodilation is related to the stimulation of extracellular Ca2+ influx via TRPV4 channels in rat mesenteric arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ye
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Mengnan Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Min Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sports and Health Promotion, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hai Zhang
- Department of Physical Education, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, China
| | - Xianming Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sports and Health Promotion, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing Li
- Central Laboratory of Medical Research Center, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Bing Shen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.
| | - Junhao Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sports and Health Promotion, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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30
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Anastasilakis AD, Koulaxis D, Kefala N, Polyzos SA, Upadhyay J, Pagkalidou E, Economou F, Anastasilakis CD, Mantzoros CS. Circulating irisin levels are lower in patients with either stable coronary artery disease (CAD) or myocardial infarction (MI) versus healthy controls, whereas follistatin and activin A levels are higher and can discriminate MI from CAD with similar to CK-MB accuracy. Metabolism 2017; 73:1-8. [PMID: 28732565 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several myokines are produced by cardiac muscle. We investigated changes in myokine levels at the time of acute myocardial infarction (MI) and following reperfusion in relation to controls. METHODS Patients with MI (MI Group, n=31) treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were compared to patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) subjected to scheduled PCI (CAD Group, n=40) and controls with symptoms mimicking CAD without stenosis in angiography (Control Group, n=43). The number and degree of stenosis were recorded. Irisin, follistatin, follistatin-like 3, activin A and B, ALT, AST, CK and CK-MB were measured at baseline and 6 or 24h after the intervention. RESULTS MI and CAD patients had lower irisin than controls (p<0.001). MI patients had higher follistatin, activin A, CK, CK-MB and AST than CAD patients and controls (all p≤0.001). None of the myokines changed following reperfusion. Circulating irisin was associated with the degree of stenosis in all patients (p=0.05). Irisin was not inferior to CK-MB in predicting MI while folistatin and activin A could discriminate MI from CAD patients with similar to CK-MB accuracy. None of these myokines was altered following PCI in contrast to CK-MB. CONCLUSIONS Irisin levels are lower in MI and CAD implying that their production may depend on myocadial blood supply. Follistatin and activin A are higher in MI than in CAD suggesting increased release due to myocardial necrosis. They can predict MI with accuracy similar to CK-MB and their role in the diagnosis of MI remains to be confirmed by prospective large clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimitrios Koulaxis
- Department of Cardiology, 424 General Military Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikoleta Kefala
- Department of Cardiology, 424 General Military Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Cardiology, Skaraborg Hospital, Skovde, Sweden
| | - Stergios A Polyzos
- Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Jagriti Upadhyay
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eirini Pagkalidou
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Fotios Economou
- Department of Cardiology, 424 General Military Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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31
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Boa BCS, Yudkin JS, van Hinsbergh VWM, Bouskela E, Eringa EC. Exercise effects on perivascular adipose tissue: endocrine and paracrine determinants of vascular function. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3466-3481. [PMID: 28147449 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global epidemic, accompanied by increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Adipose tissue hypertrophy is associated with adipose tissue inflammation, which alters the secretion of adipose tissue-derived bioactive products, known as adipokines. Adipokines determine vessel wall properties such as smooth muscle tone and vessel wall inflammation. Exercise is a mainstay of prevention of chronic, non-communicable diseases, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in particular. Aside from reducing adipose tissue mass, exercise has been shown to reduce inflammatory activity in this tissue. Mechanistically, contracting muscles release bioactive molecules known as myokines, which alter the metabolic phenotype of adipose tissue. In adipose tissue, myokines induce browning, enhance fatty acid oxidation and improve insulin sensitivity. In the past years, the perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) which surrounds the vasculature, has been shown to control vascular tone and inflammation through local release of adipokines. In obesity, an increase in mass and inflammation of PVAT culminate in dysregulation of adipokine secretion, which contributes to vascular dysfunction. This review describes our current understanding of the mechanisms by which active muscles interact with adipose tissue and improve vascular function. Aside from the exercise-dependent regulation of canonical adipose tissue function, we will focus on the interactions between skeletal muscle and PVAT and the role of novel myokines, such as IL-15, FGF21 and irisin, in these interactions. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Perivascular Adipose Tissue - Potential Pharmacological Targets? To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.20/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C S Boa
- Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Research on Vascular Biology (BioVasc), Biomedical Center, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J S Yudkin
- Department of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - V W M van Hinsbergh
- Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Bouskela
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Research on Vascular Biology (BioVasc), Biomedical Center, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - E C Eringa
- Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Fu J, Han Y, Wang J, Liu Y, Zheng S, Zhou L, Jose PA, Zeng C. Irisin Lowers Blood Pressure by Improvement of Endothelial Dysfunction via AMPK-Akt-eNOS-NO Pathway in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:e003433. [PMID: 27912206 PMCID: PMC5210324 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.003433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise is a major nonpharmacological treatment for hypertension, but its underlying mechanisms are still not completely elucidated. Irisin, a polypeptide containing 112 amino acids, which is secreted mainly by skeletal muscle cells during exercise, exerts a protective role in metabolic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus and obesity. Because of the close relationship between irisin and metabolic diseases, we hypothesized that irisin may play a role in the regulation of blood pressure. METHODS AND RESULTS Blood pressures of male Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were monitored through the carotid artery. Our study found that acute intravenous injection of irisin reduced blood pressure in SHRs, but not WKY rats. Irisin, by itself, had no direct vasorelaxing effect in phenylephrine-preconstricted mesenteric arteries from SHRs. However, irisin augmented the acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation in mesenteric arteries from SHRs that could be reversed by Nω-nitro-l-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME; 100 μmol/L), indicating a role of nitric oxide (NO) in this action. Indeed, irisin increased NO production and phosphorylation of endothelial nirtic oxide synthase (eNOS) in endothelial cells. 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was involved in the vasorelaxing effect of irisin because compound C (20 μmol/L), an AMPK inhibitor, blocked the irisin-mediated increase in phosphorylation of eNOS and protein kinase B (Akt) in endothelial cells and vasodilation in mesenteric arteries. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that acute administration of irisin lowers blood pressure of SHRs by amelioration of endothelial dysfunction of the mesenteric artery through the AMPK-Akt-eNOS-NO signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjuan Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jialiang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yukai Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuo Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Chunyu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Zhang Y, Song H, Zhang Y, Wu F, Mu Q, Jiang M, Wang F, Zhang W, Li L, Shao L, Li S, Yang L, Zhang M, Wu Q, Tang D. Irisin Inhibits Atherosclerosis by Promoting Endothelial Proliferation Through microRNA126-5p. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:JAHA.116.004031. [PMID: 27671318 PMCID: PMC5079047 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.004031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Irisin is a newly discovered myokine that has been considered a promising candidate for the treatment of cardiovascular disease through improving endothelial function. However, little is known about the role of irisin in the progression of atherosclerosis. Methods and Results We used a carotid partial ligation model of apolipoprotein E–deficient mice fed on a high‐cholesterol diet to test the anti‐atherosclerosis effect of irisin. Irisin treatment significantly suppressed carotid neointima formation. It was associated with increased endothelial cell proliferation. In addition, irisin promoted human umbilical vein endothelial cell survival via upregulating microRNA126‐5p expression through the ERK signaling pathway. Inhibition of microRNA126‐5p using the microRNA126‐5p inhibitor abolished the prosurvival effect. The same results were demonstrated in vivo as the expression of microRNA126‐5p noticeably increased in ligated carotid artery after irisin treatment. Furthermore, in vivo blockade of microRNA126‐5p expression using the antagomir abolished the inhibitory effects of irisin on neointima formation, lesional lipid deposition, macrophage area, and the pro‐proliferation effects on endothelial cells. Conclusions Taken together, our study demonstrates that irisin significantly reduces atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E–deficient mice via promoting endothelial cell proliferation through microRNA126‐5p, which may have a direct therapeutic effect on atherosclerotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu Zhang
- Center for Gene Therapy and Immunotherapy, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Haibo Song
- Center for Gene Therapy and Immunotherapy, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Center for Gene Therapy and Immunotherapy, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Center for Gene Therapy and Immunotherapy, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qian Mu
- Center for Gene Therapy and Immunotherapy, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Miao Jiang
- Center for Gene Therapy and Immunotherapy, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Center for Gene Therapy and Immunotherapy, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Center for Gene Therapy and Immunotherapy, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Liang Li
- Center for Gene Therapy and Immunotherapy, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Shao
- Center for Gene Therapy and Immunotherapy, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shiwu Li
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Lijun Yang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Mingxiang Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dongqi Tang
- Center for Gene Therapy and Immunotherapy, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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