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Shahbaz M, Palaniveloo K, Tan YS, Palasuberniam P, Ilyas N, Wiart C, Seelan JSS. Entomopathogenic fungi in crops protection with an emphasis on bioactive metabolites and biological activities. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:217. [PMID: 38806748 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-04022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Plant pathogens with their abundance are harmful and cause huge damage to different agricultural crops and economy of a country as well as lead towards the shortage of food for humans. For their management, the utilization of entomopathogenic fungi is an eco-friendly technique, sustainable to the environment, safe for humans and has promising effect over chemical-based pesticides. This process requires a biochemical mechanism, including the production of enzymes, toxins, and other metabolites that facilitate host infection and invasion. Essential enzymes such as chitinase, proteinase, and lipase play a direct role in breaking down the host cuticle, the primary barrier to EPF (Entomopathogenic Fungi) infection. Additionally, secondary metabolites such as destruxins in Metarhizium, beauvericin in Beauveria, hirsutellides in Hirsutella, isarolides in Isaria, cordyols in Cordyceps, and vertihemipterins in Verticillium, among others, act both directly and indirectly to disable the defense mechanisms of insect hosts, thereby accelerating the EPF infection process. The chemical composition of these secondary metabolites varies, ranging from simple non-peptide pigments such as oosporine to highly complex piperazine derivatives such as vertihemiptellides. The biocontrol efficacy of EPF is extensively studied, with numerous fungal strains commercially available on a large scale for managing arthropod pests. This review emphasizes the role of proteins and enzymes against crop pathogens, detailing their mode of action, and describing the metabolites from entomopathogenic fungi and their biological activities. In doing so, these findings contribute to establishing a symbiotic equilibrium between agricultural productivity and environmental conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahbaz
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
| | - Kishneth Palaniveloo
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Advanced Studies Complex, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Mushroom Research Centre, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yee Shin Tan
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Mushroom Research Centre, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Praneetha Palasuberniam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Noshin Ilyas
- Department of Botany, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan
| | - Christophe Wiart
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Jaya Seelan Sathiya Seelan
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
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Jakobina M, Łyczko J, Szumny A, Galek R. Plant In Vitro Cultures of Coleus scutellarioides (L.) Benth. "Electric Lime" and Possibilities of Modification in the Biosynthesis of Volatile Compounds. Molecules 2024; 29:2193. [PMID: 38792057 PMCID: PMC11124424 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Coleus scutellarioides (L.) Benth. is a globally spread species, known for its characteristic spectacularly colorful leaves of decorative value. Thanks to its rich chemical composition, the plant is used in ethnopharmacology, and it is also regarded as having high medicinal potential. The application of in vitro cultures enables the acquisition of homogeneous certified material of high quality. Additionally, excluding the effect of biotic and abiotic factors on the plants is a way to fully recognize the influence of phytohormones on the plant morphology and the biosynthetic pathways of compound production. The best way to grow C. scutellarioides "Electric Lime" under in vitro conditions is to use the basic MS medium (Murashige and Skoog medium), enriched with naphthyl-1-acetic acid at a concentration of 0.5 mg dm-3. The analysis of volatile compounds demonstrated that the content of volatile compounds in the plants cultivated under in vivo conditions was expressed at a level of 2848.59 µg g-1, whereas in the plants bred in vitro without supplementation with phytohormones, the level was 8191.47 µg g-1. The highest content was noted for copaene, α-pinene, 1-octene-3-ol, α-selinene, sabinen, γ- and δ-cadinene, 3-octanol, and β-pinene. Aroma profiling revealed a lack of boranyl acetate, 2-hexenal, and 2-hexen-1-ol in the plants cultivated under in vivo conditions. Differences were found in the volatile composition between plants bred in vivo and in vitro, with the most significant recorded for the contents of 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanol. The addition of plant growth regulators into the basic medium under in vitro conditions affected the percentage ratio and contents of specific compounds in plant tissues. The most intense biosynthesis of volatile compounds took place in the plants cultivated on the medium enriched with NAA at 10,579.11 µg g-1, whereas the least intense was noted for plants cultivated on the medium supplemented with BA, where it was recorded at the level of 5610.02 µg g-1. So far, there has been no research published which would pertain to the profiling of volatile compounds performed using the SPME (solid-phase microextraction) technique. Moreover, the very few studies conducted on the chemical composition of these compounds do not mention the specific variety of C. scutellarioides under analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Jakobina
- Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Grunwaldzki Square 24a, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Jacek Łyczko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 53-375 Wrocław, Poland; (J.Ł.); (A.S.)
| | - Antoni Szumny
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 53-375 Wrocław, Poland; (J.Ł.); (A.S.)
| | - Renata Galek
- Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Grunwaldzki Square 24a, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland;
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Julià I, Hiltpold I, Morton A, Garcia-Del-Pino F. Attraction of entomopathogenic nematodes to black truffle and its volatile organic compounds: A new approach for truffle beetle biocontrol. J Invertebr Pathol 2024; 203:108077. [PMID: 38402946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The European truffle beetle, Leiodes cinnamomeus, is the most important pest in black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) plantations. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are a promising biological control agents against L. cinnamomeus. EPNs may employ multiple sensory cues while seeking for hosts, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and CO2 gradients. We report for the first time the attraction of EPNs to truffle fruitbodies, and identified some VOCs potentially playing a key role in this interaction. We conducted olfactometer assays to investigate the attraction behavior of Steinernema feltiae and Steinernema carpocapsae towards both T. melanosporum fruitbodies and larvae of L. cinnamomeus. Subsequently, a chemotaxis assay using agar plates was performed to determine which of the 14 of the main VOCs emitted by the fruitbodies attracted S. feltiae at low (0.1 %) and high (mg/100 g truffle) concentrations. Both EPN species were attracted to mature fruitbodies of T. melanosporum, which may enhance the likelihood of encountering L. cinnamomeus during field applications. L. cinnamomeus larvae in the presence of truffles did not significantly affect the behavior of EPNs 24 h after application, underscoring the importance of the chemical compounds emitted by truffles themselves. Chemotaxis assays showed that four long-chain alcohol compounds emitted by T. melanosporum fruitbodies attracted S. feltiae, especially at low concentration, providing a first hint in the chemical ecology of a little-studied ecological system of great economical value. Further studies should be conducted to gain a finer understanding of the tritrophic interactions between T. melanosporum, EPNs, and L. cinnamomeus, as this knowledge may have practical implications for the efficacy of EPNs in the biological control of this pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Julià
- Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivan Hiltpold
- Entomology and Nematology, Plant Protection Strategic Research Division, Agroscope, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Ana Morton
- Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Garcia-Del-Pino
- Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Fang M, Long W, Sun J, Wang A, Chen L, Cui Y, Huang Z, Li J, Ruan W, Rasmann S, Wei X. Toxicity of fungal-derived volatile organic compounds against root-knot nematodes. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:5162-5172. [PMID: 37574969 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Root-knot nematodes (RKNs), including Meloidogyne species, are among the most destructive plant-parasites worldwide. Recent evidence suggests that entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) can antagonize RKNs. Such antagonistic effects are likely mediated by toxic metabolites, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), produced by the fungi. However, how widespread these effects are across EPF species, and which VOCs mediate negative interactions between EPF and RKNs needs to be further elucidated. RESULTS First, we evaluated the nematicidal effect of VOCs emitted by 46 EPF isolates against Meloidogyne incognita and found variable toxicity depending on the isolate. Second, we measured the nematicidal effect of highly toxic isolates, including species in the genus Talaromyces, Aspergillus, Clonostachys, and Purpureocillium and, third, we analyzed the nematicidal effect of major VOCs, including 2-methyl-1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, isopropyl alcohol and 2-methyl-3-pentanone. The mortality of M. incognita juveniles (J2s) was generally high (50%) either via airborne or in-solution contact with VOCs. Moreover, the tested VOCs significantly inhibited egg hatching, and repelled J2s away from the VOCs. CONCLUSION This study not only provides insights into the ecological function of VOCs in the rhizosphere, but also provides new approaches for developing environmentally friendly control methods of RKNs in agroecosystems. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Fang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenxin Long
- School of Mathematical Sciences and LPMC, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ailing Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | | | | | | | - Weibin Ruan
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Xianqin Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Esparza-Mora MA, Mazumdar T, Jiang S, Radek R, Thiem JN, Feng L, Petrašiūnaitė V, Banasiak R, Golian M, Gleske M, Lucas C, Springer A, Buellesbach J, McMahon DP. Defensive behavior is linked to altered surface chemistry following infection in a termite society. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20606. [PMID: 37996442 PMCID: PMC10667546 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42947-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The care-kill response determines whether a sick individual will be treated or eliminated from an insect society, but little is known about the physiological underpinnings of this process. We exploited the stepwise infection dynamics of an entomopathogenic fungus in a termite to explore how care-kill transitions occur, and identify the chemical cues behind these shifts. We found collective responses towards pathogen-injected individuals to vary according to severity and timing of pathogen challenge, with elimination, via cannibalism, occurring sooner in response to a severe active infection. However, injection with inactivated fungal blastospores also resulted in increased albeit delayed cannibalism, even though it did not universally cause host death. This indicates that the decision to eliminate an individual is triggered before pathogen viability or terminal disease status has been established. We then compared the surface chemistry of differently challenged individuals, finding increased amounts of long-chained methyl-branched alkanes with similar branching patterns in individuals injected with both dead and viable fungal blastospores, with the latter showing the largest increase. This coincided with the highest amounts of observed cannibalism as well as signs of severe moribundity. Our study provides new mechanistic insight into the emergent collective behaviors involved in the disease defense of a termite society.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alejandra Esparza-Mora
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 1-3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Department for Materials and Environment, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tilottama Mazumdar
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 1-3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Department for Materials and Environment, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shixiong Jiang
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 1-3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Department for Materials and Environment, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany
| | - Renate Radek
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 1-3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian N Thiem
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 1-3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Linshan Feng
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 1-3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vesta Petrašiūnaitė
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 1-3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ronald Banasiak
- Department for Materials and Environment, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marek Golian
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstraße 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Melanie Gleske
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstraße 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Christophe Lucas
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (UMR7261), CNRS-University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Andreas Springer
- Core Facility BioSupraMol, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Buellesbach
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstraße 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Dino P McMahon
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 1-3, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
- Department for Materials and Environment, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany.
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Perumal V, Kannan S, Alford L, Pittarate S, Mekchay S, Reddy GVP, Elangovan D, Marimuthu R, Krutmuang P. Biocontrol effect of entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae ethyl acetate-derived chemical molecules: An eco-friendly anti-malarial drug and insecticide. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 114:1-19. [PMID: 37497800 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Insect pests represent a major threat to human health and agricultural production. With a current over-dependence on chemical insecticides in the control of insect pests, leading to increased chemical resistance in target organisms, as well as side effects on nontarget organisms, the wider environment, and human health, finding alternative solutions is paramount. The employment of entomopathogenic fungi is one such potential avenue in the pursuit of greener, more target-specific methods of insect pest control. To this end, the present study tested the chemical constituents of Metarhizium anisopliae fungi against the unicellular protozoan malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, the insect pests Anopheles stephensi Listen, Spodoptera litura Fabricius, and Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus, as well as the nontarget bioindicator species, Eudrilus eugeniae Kinberg. Fungal crude chemical molecules caused a noticeable anti-plasmodial effect against P. falciparum, with IC50 and IC90 values of 11.53 and 7.65 µg/mL, respectively. The crude chemical molecules caused significant larvicidal activity against insect pests, with LC50 and LC90 values of 49.228-71.846 µg/mL in A. stephensi, 32.542-76.510 µg/mL in S. litura, and 38.503-88.826 µg/mL in T. molitor at 24 h posttreatment. Based on the results of the nontarget bioassay, it was revealed that the fungal-derived crude extract exhibited no histopathological sublethal effects on the earthworm E. eugeniae. LC-MS analysis of M. anisopliae-derived crude metabolites revealed the presence of 10 chemical constituents. Of these chemicals, three major chemical constituents, namely, camphor (15.91%), caprolactam (13.27%), and monobutyl phthalate (19.65%), were highlighted for potential insecticidal and anti-malarial activity. The entomopathogenic fungal-derived crude extracts thus represent promising tools in the control of insect pests and malarial parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivekanandhan Perumal
- Department of General Pathology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Swathy Kannan
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Lucy Alford
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sarayut Pittarate
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Supamit Mekchay
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Innovative Agriculture Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Gadi V P Reddy
- USDA-ARS-Southern Insect Management Research Unit, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Dilipan Elangovan
- Department of Physiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramachandran Marimuthu
- Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Patcharin Krutmuang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Wakil W, Kavallieratos NG, Eleftheriadou N, Yaseen T, Rasool KG, Husain M, Aldawood AS. Natural Warriors against Stored-Grain Pests: The Joint Action of Beauveria bassiana and Steinernema carpocapsae. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:835. [PMID: 37623606 PMCID: PMC10455430 DOI: 10.3390/jof9080835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tribolium castaneum, Trogoderma granarium, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Sitophilus oryzae, Rhyzopertha dominica, and Cryptolestes ferrugineus are all major pests of stored grains. In this study, the efficiency of single and joint applications of the entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) Steinernema carpocapsae at two different doses (50 and 100 IJs cm-2) and the entomopathogenic fungus (EPF) Beauveria bassiana for the management of the aforementioned pests was estimated. At single treatments, both doses of S. carpocapsae caused higher mortality rates to all six pest species compared to B. bassiana. The combined treatment of EPF and EPN resulted in higher mortality compared to single treatments. Mortality was strongly influenced by the exposure interval and the application dose of the EPN at both single and combined treatments. Maximum mortality was observed for the application of the combined treatment at the high dose of S. carpocapsae and B. bassiana. Among the different insect species tested, the maximum mortality rate was observed for R. dominica (96.62%), followed by S. oryzae (90.48%), T. castaneum (87.23%), C. ferrugineus (76.05%), O. surinamensis (70.74%), and T. granarium (57.71%). The outcomes of this study demonstrate the potential of utilizing specific combinations of EPF and EPN as effective natural enemies against stored-grain pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Wakil
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
- Senckenberg German Entomological Institute, D-15374 Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Nickolas G. Kavallieratos
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos street, 11855 Athens, Greece;
| | - Nikoleta Eleftheriadou
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos street, 11855 Athens, Greece;
| | - Taha Yaseen
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
| | - Khawaja G. Rasool
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (K.G.R.); (M.H.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Mureed Husain
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (K.G.R.); (M.H.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Abdulrahman S. Aldawood
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (K.G.R.); (M.H.); (A.S.A.)
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8
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Wood MJ, Kortsinoglou AM, Bull JC, Eastwood DC, Kouvelis VN, Bourdon PA, Loveridge EJ, Mathias S, Meyrick A, Midthassel A, Myrta A, Butt T. Evaluation of Metarhizium brunneum- and Metarhizium-Derived VOCs as Dual-Active Biostimulants and Pest Repellents in a Wireworm-Infested Potato Field. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:599. [PMID: 37367536 DOI: 10.3390/jof9060599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Wireworm, the larval stages of click beetles, are a serious pest of tubers, brassicas and other important commercial crops throughout the northern hemisphere. No effective control agent has been developed specifically for them, and many of the pesticides marketed as having secondary application against them have been withdrawn from EU and Asian markets. Metarhizium brunneum, an effective entomopathogenic fungus, and its derived volatile metabolites are known to be effective plant biostimulants and plant protectants, although field efficacy has yet to be validated. Field validation of a combined M. brunneum and derived VOC treatments was conducted in Wales, UK, to assess the effects of each as a wireworm control agent and biostimulant. Plots were treated with Tri-Soil (Trichoderma atroviridae), M. brunneum, 1-octen-3-ol or 3-octanone, or combinations thereof. Treatments were applied subsurface during potato seeding (n = 52), and potatoes were harvested at the end of the growing season. Each potato was weighed individually and scored for levels of wireworm damage. Applications of both the VOCs and the M. brunneum individually were found to significantly decrease wireworm burden (p < 0.001). Combinations of M. brunneum and 3-octanone were also found to significantly decrease wireworm damage (p < 0.001), while no effect on yield was reported, resulting in an increased saleable mass over controls (p < 0.001). Herein, we present a novel 'stimulate and deter' wireworm control strategy that can be used to significantly enhance saleable potato yields and control wireworm populations, even under high pest pressure densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn J Wood
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, 73100 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Alexandra M Kortsinoglou
- Department of Biology, Section of Genetics and Biotechnology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - James C Bull
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Daniel C Eastwood
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Vassili N Kouvelis
- Department of Biology, Section of Genetics and Biotechnology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Pierre A Bourdon
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - E Joel Loveridge
- Department of Chemistry, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | | | | | - Audun Midthassel
- Certis Belchim BV, R & D Department, 3521 AZ Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arben Myrta
- Certis Belchim BV, R & D Department, 3521 AZ Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tariq Butt
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
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İlknur Yavasoglu S, Wood MJ, Alkhaibari AM, Touray M, Butt T. Potential of 3-octanone as a lure and kill agent for control of the Brown Garden Snail. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 198:107920. [PMID: 37023891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
The brown garden snail (Cornu aspersum) is a major agricultural pest, causing damage to a wide range of economically important crops. Withdrawal or restricted use of pollutant molluscicides like metaldehyde has prompted a search for more benign control products. This study investigated the response of snails to 3-octanone; a volatile organic compound (VOCs) produced by the insect pathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum. Concentrations of 1 - 1000 ppm of 3-octanone were first assessed in laboratory choice assays to determine behavioural response. Repellent activity was found at 1000 ppm whereas attractance was found for the lower concentrations of 1, 10 and 100 ppm. These three concentrations 3-octanone were carried forward in field evaluations to assess potential for use in "lure and kill" strategies. The highest concentration (100 ppm) was the most attractive to the snails but also the most lethal. Even at the lowest concentration this compound proved toxic making 3-octanone an excellent candidate for the development as a snail attractant and molluscicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sare İlknur Yavasoglu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, 09010 Aydın, Türkiye.
| | - Martyn J Wood
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 73100 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Abeer M Alkhaibari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustapha Touray
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, 09010 Aydın, Türkiye
| | - Tariq Butt
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
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10
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Ayilara MS, Adeleke BS, Akinola SA, Fayose CA, Adeyemi UT, Gbadegesin LA, Omole RK, Johnson RM, Uthman QO, Babalola OO. Biopesticides as a promising alternative to synthetic pesticides: A case for microbial pesticides, phytopesticides, and nanobiopesticides. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1040901. [PMID: 36876068 PMCID: PMC9978502 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1040901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the years, synthetic pesticides like herbicides, algicides, miticides, bactericides, fumigants, termiticides, repellents, insecticides, molluscicides, nematicides, and pheromones have been used to improve crop yield. When pesticides are used, the over-application and excess discharge into water bodies during rainfall often lead to death of fish and other aquatic life. Even when the fishes still live, their consumption by humans may lead to the biomagnification of chemicals in the body system and can cause deadly diseases, such as cancer, kidney diseases, diabetes, liver dysfunction, eczema, neurological destruction, cardiovascular diseases, and so on. Equally, synthetic pesticides harm the soil texture, soil microbes, animals, and plants. The dangers associated with the use of synthetic pesticides have necessitated the need for alternative use of organic pesticides (biopesticides), which are cheaper, environment friendly, and sustainable. Biopesticides can be sourced from microbes (e.g., metabolites), plants (e.g., from their exudates, essential oil, and extracts from bark, root, and leaves), and nanoparticles of biological origin (e.g., silver and gold nanoparticles). Unlike synthetic pesticides, microbial pesticides are specific in action, can be easily sourced without the need for expensive chemicals, and are environmentally sustainable without residual effects. Phytopesticides have myriad of phytochemical compounds that make them exhibit various mechanisms of action, likewise, they are not associated with the release of greenhouse gases and are of lesser risks to human health compared to the available synthetic pesticides. Nanobiopesticides have higher pesticidal activity, targeted or controlled release with top-notch biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this review, we examined the different types of pesticides, the merits, and demerits of synthetic pesticides and biopesticides, but more importantly, we x-rayed appropriate and sustainable approaches to improve the acceptability and commercial usage of microbial pesticides, phytopesticides, and nanobiopesticides for plant nutrition, crop protection/yield, animal/human health promotion, and their possible incorporation into the integrated pest management system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modupe S. Ayilara
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kings University, Ode-Omu, Nigeria
| | - Bartholomew S. Adeleke
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Microbiology Unit, School of Science, Olusegun Agagu University of Science and Technology, Okitipupa, Nigeria
| | - Saheed A. Akinola
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Butare, Rwanda
| | - Chris A. Fayose
- Department of Agricultural Technology, Ekiti State Polytechnic, Isan-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Uswat T. Adeyemi
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Farm Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Lanre A. Gbadegesin
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Richard K. Omole
- Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Applied Sciences, Osun State College of Technology, Esa-Oke, Nigeria
| | | | - Qudus O. Uthman
- Soil, Water and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Olubukola O. Babalola
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
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11
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Půža V, Tarasco E. Interactions between Entomopathogenic Fungi and Entomopathogenic Nematodes. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11010163. [PMID: 36677455 PMCID: PMC9864569 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi and entomopathogenic nematodes are globally distributed soil organisms capable of infecting and killing a vast variety of insects. Therefore, these organisms are frequently used as biocontrol agents in insect pest management. Both entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes share the soil environment and thus can infest and compete for the same insect host; however, natural co-infections are rarely found due to the cryptic soil environment. Our current knowledge on their interactions within hosts mainly comes from laboratory experiments. Because of the recent trend of combining biocontrol agents to increase their efficacy, many studies have focused on the co-application of different species of EPF and EPNs against various insect pests with variable outcomes ranging from synergistic effects and additive effects to antagonism. In addition, the effect on the development and reproduction of each pathogen varies from normal reproduction to exclusion, and generally the outcomes of the interactions are dependent on pathogen and host species, pathogen doses, and the timing of infection. The present review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the interactions of entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes within an insect host and to estimate the possible effects of the interactions on natural pathogen populations and on their use in biocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Půža
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
| | - Eustachio Tarasco
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via G. Amendola, 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy
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12
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Kong WL, Ni H, Wang WY, Wu XQ. Antifungal effects of volatile organic compounds produced by Trichoderma koningiopsis T2 against Verticillium dahliae. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1013468. [PMID: 36212874 PMCID: PMC9533717 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1013468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by microorganisms are considered promising environmental-safety fumigants for controlling soil-borne diseases. Verticillium dahliae, a notorious fungal pathogen, causes economically important wilt diseases in agriculture and forestry industries. Here, we determined the antifungal activity of VOCs produced by Trichoderma koningiopsis T2. The VOCs from T. koningiopsis T2 were trapped by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and tentatively identified through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The microsclerotia formation, cell wall-degrading enzymes and melanin synthesis of V. dahliae exposed to the VOC mixtures and selected single standards were examined. The results showed that the VOCs produced by strain T2 significantly inhibited the growth of V. dahliae mycelium and reduced the severity of Verticillium wilt in tobacco and cotton. Six individual compounds were identified in the volatilome of T. koningiopsis T2, and the dominant compounds were 3-octanone, 3-methyl-1-butanol, butanoic acid ethyl ester and 2-hexyl-furan. The VOCs of strain T2 exert a significant inhibitory effect on microsclerotia formation and decreased the activities of pectin lyase and endo-β-1,4-glucanase in V. dahliae. VOCs also downregulated the VdT3HR, VdT4HR, and VdSCD genes related to melanin synthesis by 29. 41-, 10. 49-, and 3.11-fold, respectively. Therefore, T. koningiopsis T2 has potential as a promising biofumigant for the biocontrol of Verticillium wilt disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Liang Kong
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hang Ni
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei-Yu Wang
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Wu
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao-Qin Wu,
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13
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Liu J, Clarke JA, McCann S, Hillier NK, Tahlan K. Analysis of Streptomyces Volatilomes Using Global Molecular Networking Reveals the Presence of Metabolites with Diverse Biological Activities. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0055222. [PMID: 35900081 PMCID: PMC9431705 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00552-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces species produce a wide variety of specialized metabolites, some of which are used for communication or competition for resources in their natural environments. In addition, many natural products used in medicine and industry are derived from Streptomyces, and there has been interest in their capacity to produce volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for different industrial and agricultural applications. Recently, a machine-learning workflow called MSHub/GNPS was developed, which enables auto-deconvolution of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) data, molecular networking, and library search capabilities, but it has not been applied to Streptomyces volatilomes. In this study, 131 Streptomyces isolates from the island of Newfoundland were phylogenetically typed, and 37 were selected based on their phylogeny and growth characteristics for VOC analysis using both a user-guided (conventional) and an MSHub/GNPS-based approach. More VOCs were annotated by MSHub/GNPS than by the conventional method. The number of unknown VOCs detected by the two methods was higher than those annotated, suggesting that many novel compounds remain to be identified. The molecular network generated by GNPS can be used to guide the annotation of such unknown VOCs in future studies. However, the number of overlapping VOCs annotated by the two methods is relatively small, suggesting that a combination of analysis methods might be required for robust volatilome analysis. More than half of the VOCs annotated with high confidence by the two approaches are plant-associated, many with reported bioactivities such as insect behavior modulation. Details regarding the properties and reported functions of such VOCs are described. IMPORTANCE This study represents the first detailed analysis of Streptomyces volatilomes using MSHub/GNPS, which in combination with a routinely used conventional method led to many annotations. More VOCs could be annotated using MSHub/GNPS as compared to the conventional method, many of which have known antimicrobial, anticancer, and insect behavior-modulating activities. The identification of numerous plant-associated VOCs by both approaches in the current study suggests that their production could be a more widespread phenomenon by members of the genus, highlighting opportunities for their large-scale production using Streptomyces. Plant-associated VOCs with antimicrobial activities, such as 1-octen-3-ol, octanol, and phenylethyl alcohol, have potential applications as fumigants. Furthermore, many of the annotated VOCs are reported to influence insect behavior, alluding to a possible explanation for their production based on the functions of other recently described Streptomyces VOCs in dispersal and nutrient acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Liu
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Jody-Ann Clarke
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Sean McCann
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - N. Kirk Hillier
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Kapil Tahlan
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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14
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Koc S, Polat B, Cengiz A, Kahraman S, Tufan-Cetin O, Cetin H. Pathogenicity of an Entomopathogenic Nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae on Alphitobius diaperinus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Strains From Turkey. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:1303-1309. [PMID: 35762678 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Alphitobius diaperinus Panzer (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) is an insect pest in poultry production systems. This insect has developed resistance to many chemical insecticides. As an alternative to chemicals, entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are one of the most commonly used agents against several pest arthropods. The pathogenicity of the EPN Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser on four field strains of lesser mealworm, A. diaperinus, from Turkey was studied. In the experiments, larvae of A. diaperinus were found to be more sensitive than adults to S. carpocapsae infection. In terms of LC50 values in both larval and adult insects, Balikesir strain was found to be the most susceptible, Manisa strain the most resistant. The calculated LC50 values for adults were 85.9, 205.6, 135.4, and 418.8 IJs/ml, and for larvae 31.2, 39.8, 34.8, and 70.9 IJs/ml for the Balikesir, Canakkale, İzmir, and Manisa strains, respectively. This is the first report about the pathogenicity of EPNs against larvae and adults of lesser mealworm A. diaperinus strains from Turkey. We conclude that S. carpocapsae can be used as a control agent for lesser mealworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samed Koc
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey
- Laboratory Animals Application and Research Centre, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey
| | - Burak Polat
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Cengiz
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey
| | - Sevval Kahraman
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey
| | - Ozge Tufan-Cetin
- Department of Environmental Protection Technology, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Cetin
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey
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15
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Yuan YH, Liu LX, Guo L, Wang L, Hao JW, Liu YG. Changes of bacterial communities and volatile compounds developed from the spoilage of white Hypsizygus marmoreus under different storage conditions. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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16
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Sheng H, McNamara PJ, St Leger RJ. Metarhizium: an opportunistic middleman for multitrophic lifestyles. Curr Opin Microbiol 2022; 69:102176. [PMID: 35872503 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2022.102176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Metarhizium spp. mediate multiple interactions that are usually positive with respect to their long-term plant environment, and negative with respect to short-lived hosts. In particular, their ability to kill a wide range of insects maximizes protection to the plants and provides a resource of nitrogen that the fungus trades with the plant for carbon. Here, we highlight emerging concepts underlying Metarhizium-plant-insect interactions. Experiments on model systems have provided detailed mechanistic knowledge of how these fungi interact with plants and insects, and a greater understanding of the evolutionary forces driving these interactions. However, further integration of studies at the ecological and mechanistic level is needed to evaluate the importance of Metarhizium's multitrophic interactions to the structuring of natural communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyu Sheng
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Patrick J McNamara
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Raymond J St Leger
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States.
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17
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Hummadi EH, Cetin Y, Demirbek M, Kardar NM, Khan S, Coates CJ, Eastwood DC, Dudley E, Maffeis T, Loveridge J, Butt TM. Antimicrobial Volatiles of the Insect Pathogen Metarhizium brunneum. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8040326. [PMID: 35448558 PMCID: PMC9025432 DOI: 10.3390/jof8040326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal volatile organic compounds (VOCs) represent promising candidates for biopesticide fumigants to control crop pests and pathogens. Herein, VOCs produced using three strains of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum were identified via GC-MS and screened for antimicrobial activity. The VOC profiles varied with fungal strain, development state (mycelium, spores) and culture conditions. Selected VOCs were screened against a range of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere microbes, including three Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pantoea agglomerans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), five Gram-positive bacteria (Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, B. megaterium, B. thuringiensis), two yeasts (Candida albicans, Candida glabrata) and three plant pathogenic fungi (Pythium ultimum, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium graminearum). Microbes differed in their sensitivity to the test compounds, with 1-octen-3-ol and isovaleric acid showing broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Yeasts and bacteria were inhibited by the same VOCs. Cryo-SEM showed that both yeasts and bacteria underwent some form of “autolysis”, where all components of the cell, including the cell wall, disintegrated with little evidence of their presence in the clear, inhibition zone. The oomycete (P. ultimum) and ascomycete fungi (F. graminearum, B. cinerea) were sensitive to a wider range of VOCs than the bacteria, suggesting that eukaryotic microbes are the main competitors to M. brunneum in the rhizosphere. The ability to alter the VOC profile in response to nutritional cues may assist M. brunneum to survive among the roots of a wide range of plant species. Our VOC studies provided new insights as to how M. brunneum may protect plants from pathogenic microbes and correspondingly promote healthy growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esam Hamid Hummadi
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK; (Y.C.); (M.D.); (N.M.K.); (S.K.); (C.J.C.); (D.C.E.); (T.M.); (J.L.)
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Diyala, Baqubah City 32001, Iraq
- Correspondence: (E.H.H.); (T.M.B.)
| | - Yarkin Cetin
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK; (Y.C.); (M.D.); (N.M.K.); (S.K.); (C.J.C.); (D.C.E.); (T.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Merve Demirbek
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK; (Y.C.); (M.D.); (N.M.K.); (S.K.); (C.J.C.); (D.C.E.); (T.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Nadeems M. Kardar
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK; (Y.C.); (M.D.); (N.M.K.); (S.K.); (C.J.C.); (D.C.E.); (T.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Shazia Khan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK; (Y.C.); (M.D.); (N.M.K.); (S.K.); (C.J.C.); (D.C.E.); (T.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Christopher J. Coates
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK; (Y.C.); (M.D.); (N.M.K.); (S.K.); (C.J.C.); (D.C.E.); (T.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Daniel C. Eastwood
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK; (Y.C.); (M.D.); (N.M.K.); (S.K.); (C.J.C.); (D.C.E.); (T.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Ed Dudley
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK;
| | - Thierry Maffeis
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK; (Y.C.); (M.D.); (N.M.K.); (S.K.); (C.J.C.); (D.C.E.); (T.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Joel Loveridge
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK; (Y.C.); (M.D.); (N.M.K.); (S.K.); (C.J.C.); (D.C.E.); (T.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Tariq M. Butt
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK; (Y.C.); (M.D.); (N.M.K.); (S.K.); (C.J.C.); (D.C.E.); (T.M.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: (E.H.H.); (T.M.B.)
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18
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Phytotoxic compounds from endophytic fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:931-950. [PMID: 35039926 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11773-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Weeds represent one of the most challenging biotic factors for the agricultural sector, responsible for causing significant losses in important agricultural crops. Traditional herbicides have managed to keep weeds at bay, but overuse has resulted in negative environmental and toxicological impacts, including the increase of herbicide-resistant species. Within this context, the use of biologically derived (bio-)herbicides represents a promising solution because they are able to provide the desired phytotoxic effects while causing less toxic environmental damage. In recent years, bioactive secondary metabolites, in particular those bio-synthesized by endophytic fungi, have been shown to be promising sources of novel compounds that can be exploited in agriculture, including their use in weed control. Endophytic fungi have the ability to produce volatile and nonvolatile compounds with broad phytotoxic activity. In addition, as a result of the beneficial relationships they establish with their host plants, they are part of the colonization mechanism and can provide protection for their hosts. As such, endophytic fungi can be exploited as bioherbicides and as research tools. In this review, we cover 100 nonvolatile secondary metabolites with phytotoxic activity and more than 20 volatile organic compounds in a mixture, produced by 28 isolates of endophytic fungi from 21 host plant families, collected in 8 countries. This information can form the basis for the application of endophytic fungal compounds in weed control. KEY POINTS: • Endophytic fungi produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites with unique and complex structures. • Fungal endophytes produce volatile and nonvolatile compounds with promising phytotoxic activity. • Endophytic fungi are a promising source of useful bioherbicides.
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19
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Efficacy of the Applied Natural Enemies on the Survival of Colorado Potato Beetle Adults. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12111030. [PMID: 34821830 PMCID: PMC8625171 DOI: 10.3390/insects12111030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Colorado potato beetle (CPB) Leptinotarsa decemlineata is the potato plant’s most destructive pest. Recently, resistance to the traditional insecticides has appeared, thus new environmentally friendly control agents are highly needed. In our study, we searched for the most effective entomopathogenic agents that could be used to decrease the emergence of CPB adults from the soil. We selected two entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema carpocapsae and S. feltiae) and one strain of fungus (Beauveria bassiana). The suspension application was done on the leaves, plus by watering the pods and the field plots. All the treatments had an obvious effect, but in the field, only the fungal treatment showed a promising result. Further research is needed to develop the most effective application for field usage. Abstract Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata is among the most destructive pests of potatoes quickly developing resistance to traditional insecticides. In the present study, we tested the effect of various species and strains of entomopathogenic nematodes on CPB adults, and subsequently, the most effective nematodes were applied alone and in combination with entomopathogenic fungus B. bassiana in pots with potato plants and in the field and their effect on the number of emerging adults was evaluated. In the experimental infections, both the nematode invasion and pathogenicity were variable, and, in several strains, the mortality reached 100%. In pot experiments, soil application of nematodes S. carpocapsae 1343 and S. feltiae Jakub and fungus significantly decreased numbers of emerging CPB adults, while, after the application on leaves, only fungal treatment was effective. The field application of fungus B. bassiana significantly decreased the number of emerging CPB adults in comparison to control sites by ca. 30% while the effect of nematodes and the nematodes–fungus combination was not significant. In conclusion, we demonstrate the necessity of thorough bioassays to select the most effective nematode strains. Entomopathogenic nematodes have the potential to effectively decrease the emergence of CPB adults, but further research is needed to improve the effectiveness in the field.
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Heve WK, Adjadeh TA, Billah MK. Overview and future research needs for development of effective biocontrol strategies for management of Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae) in sub-Saharan Africa. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:4224-4237. [PMID: 34031975 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Infestation of fruits by native and invasive fruit flies causes significant economic losses. In most cases, incidence of 'regulated' dangerous fruit flies in orchards results in restrictions on export of fruits from such places to international markets. Unfortunately, use of insecticides applied on foliage and fruits does not kill the fruit-to-soil stages of fruit flies. However, diverse biological control agents (BCAs) do so. Thus, prevalence of native and invasive fruit flies in orchards will require that a combination of BCAs is included in integrated pest management (IPM) programmes. In the case of Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel and other economically important fruit flies found in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), use of classical biocontrol approach involves concomitant releases of two exotic parasitoids (Fopius arisanus Sonan and Diachasmimorpha longicaudata Ashmead). These non-native wasps may have complemented the indigenous parasitoids in combination with application of entomopathogenic fungi (EPFs) and conservation of predatory ants (Oecophylla longinoda Latreille, with O. smaragdina) in fruit fly IPM plans. Consequently, some levels of decline in fruit infestation have been observed. Although interspecific interactions between BCAs against several insect pests have produced varying results, including threatening the survival of other BCAs, the prevalence of B. dorsalis in orchards across SSA requires further research to investigate effects of coalescing biocontrol approaches in IPM strategies. Therefore, future research into combining parasitoids, EPFs and entomopathogenic nematodes, in addition to conservation of predatory ants (O. longinoda, O. smaragdina and others) in IPM plans may improve the effectiveness of currently used strategies for the management of fruit-infesting tephritids. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K Heve
- Department of Biological, Physical and Mathematical Sciences, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
| | | | - Maxwell K Billah
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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Nalinci E, Karagoz M, Gulcu B, Ulug D, Hazal Gulsen S, Cimen H, Touray M, Shapiro-Ilan D, Hazir S. The effect of chemical insecticides on the scavenging performance of Steinernema carpocapsae: Direct effects and exposure to insects killed by chemical insecticides. J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 184:107641. [PMID: 34186086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes are used widely in biological insect control. Entomopathogenic nematodes can infect live insects as well as dead insects (i.e., they can act as scavengers). It is important to determine compatibility of entomopathogenic nematodes with other pest management tactics such as chemical insecticides. We hypothesized that chemical insecticides have negative impact on scavenging nematodes. According to our hypothesis, we first investigated the effects of direct exposure of Steinernema carpocapsae infectivity juveniles (IJs) to three chemical insecticides, cypermethrin, spinosad or diflubenzuron in terms of nematode survival and virulence. Subsequently, using the same chemicals, we tested the effects of insecticide-killed insects on scavenger nematode penetration efficiency, time of emergence and the number of nematode progeny. Prior to our study, the impact of pesticides on scavenger nematode fitness had not been studied. Fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea, and greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella, larvae were used as host insects. The survival rate of IJs after direct exposure was 83% for cypermethrin and 93-97% for the other insecticides and control. There were no significant differences in the survival and virulence of the nematodes after 24 h exposure to insecticides. The number of nematodes that invaded the insecticide-killed host was significantly higher in cypermethrin and spinosad treated groups and live H. cunea than in the diflubenzoron treated group and freeze-killed control. However, no significant differences were observed in time of emergence. Significantly more progeny IJs emerged from Spinosad-killed insects than the freeze-killed control. In conclusion, we discovered that the fitness of scavenging IJs is not diminished by insecticides in insect cadavers. In fact, in some cases the exposure to chemical insecticides may enhance virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Nalinci
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Karagoz
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Baris Gulcu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Duzce University, Duzce, Turkey
| | - Derya Ulug
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Sebnem Hazal Gulsen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Harun Cimen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Mustapha Touray
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - David Shapiro-Ilan
- USDA-ARS, Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Station, Byron, GA 31008, USA
| | - Selcuk Hazir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey.
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Zhang X, Li L, Kesner L, Robert CAM. Chemical host-seeking cues of entomopathogenic nematodes. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 44:72-81. [PMID: 33866041 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are obligate parasites that infect a broad range of insect species. Host-seeking is a crucial step for EPN infection success and survival. Yet, the identity and ecological functions of chemicals involved in host-seeking by EPNs remain overlooked. In this review, we report known CO2, plant-derived and insect-derived cues shaping EPN host-seeking and recognition. Despite species-specific response to environmental cues, we highlight a hierarchical integration of chemicals by EPNs. We further emphasize the impact of EPN selection pressure, age, and experience on their responsiveness to infochemicals. Finally, we feature that EPN chemical ecology can translate into powerful sustainable strategies to control insect herbivores in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Lu Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Lucie Kesner
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Aurélie Maud Robert
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland; Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), University of Bern, Falkenplatz 16, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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Touray M, Cimen H, Gulsen SH, Ulug D, Erdogus D, Shapiro-Ilan D, Hazir S. The impact of chemical nematicides on entomopathogenic nematode survival and infectivity. J Nematol 2021. [DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2021-049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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