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Boone SA, Ijaz MK, Bright KR, Silva-Beltran NP, Nims RW, McKinney J, Gerba CP. Antiviral Natural Products, Their Mechanisms of Action and Potential Applications as Sanitizers and Disinfectants. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2023; 15:265-280. [PMID: 37906416 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-023-09568-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant extracts, natural products and plant oils contain natural virucidal actives that can be used to replace active ingredients in commercial sanitizers and disinfectants. This review focuses on the virucidal mechanisms of natural substances that may exhibit potential for indoor air and fomite disinfection. Review of scientific studies indicates: (1) most natural product studies use crude extracts and do not isolate or identify exact active antiviral substances; (2) many natural product studies contain unclear explanations of virucidal mechanisms of action; (3) natural product evaluations of virucidal activity should include methods that validate efficacy under standardized disinfectant testing procedures (e.g., carrier tests on applicable surfaces or activity against aerosolized viruses, etc.). The development of natural product disinfectants requires a better understanding of the mechanisms of action (MOA), chemical profiles, compound specificities, activity spectra, and the chemical formulations required for maximum activity. Combinations of natural antiviral substances and possibly the addition of synthetic compounds might be needed to increase inactivation of a broader spectrum of viruses, thereby providing the required efficacy for surface and air disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Boone
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - M Khalid Ijaz
- Global Research & Development for Lysol and Dettol, Reckitt Benckiser LLC, Montvale, NJ, USA
| | - Kelly R Bright
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | | | - Julie McKinney
- Global Research & Development for Lysol and Dettol, Reckitt Benckiser LLC, Montvale, NJ, USA
| | - Charles P Gerba
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Alvarez Ordoñez A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Nonno R, Peixe L, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Fernandez Escamez P, Gonzales‐Barron U, Roberts H, Ru G, Simmons M, Cruz RB, Lourenço Martins J, Messens W, Ortiz‐Pelaez A, Simon AC, De Cesare A. Assessment on the efficacy of methods 2 to 5 and method 7 set out in Commission Regulation (EU) No 142/2011 to inactivate relevant pathogens when producing processed animal protein of porcine origin intended to feed poultry and aquaculture animals. EFSA J 2023; 21:e08093. [PMID: 37416785 PMCID: PMC10320699 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An assessment was conducted on the level of inactivation of relevant pathogens that could be present in processed animal protein of porcine origin intended to feed poultry and aquaculture animals when methods 2 to 5 and method 7, as detailed in Regulation (EU) No 142/2011, are applied. Five approved scenarios were selected for method 7. Salmonella Senftenberg, Enterococcus faecalis, spores of Clostridium perfringens and parvoviruses were shortlisted as target indicators. Inactivation parameters for these indicators were extracted from extensive literature search and a recent EFSA scientific opinion. An adapted Bigelow model was fitted to retrieved data to estimate the probability that methods 2 to 5, in coincidental and consecutive modes, and the five scenarios of method 7 are able to achieve a 5 log10 and a 3 log10 reduction of bacterial indicators and parvoviruses, respectively. Spores of C. perfringens were the indicator with the lowest probability of achieving the target reduction by methods 2 to 5, in coincidental and consecutive mode, and by the five considered scenarios of method 7. An expert knowledge elicitation was conducted to estimate the certainty of achieving a 5 log10 reduction of spores of C. perfringens considering the results of the model and additional evidence. A 5 log10 reduction of C. perfringens spores was judged: 99-100% certain for methods 2 and 3 in coincidental mode; 98-100% certain for method 7 scenario 3; 80-99% certain for method 5 in coincidental mode; 66-100% certain for method 4 in coincidental mode and for method 7 scenarios 4 and 5; 25-75% certain for method 7 scenario 2; and 0-5% certain for method 7 scenario 1. Higher certainty is expected for methods 2 to 5 in consecutive mode compared to coincidental mode.
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Henriques TM, Rito B, Proença DN, Morais PV. Application of an Ultrasonic Nebulizer Closet in the Disinfection of Textiles and Footwear. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10472. [PMID: 36078188 PMCID: PMC9518335 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlighted the importance of disinfection processes in health safety. Textiles and footwear have been identified as vectors for spreading infections. Therefore, their disinfection can be crucial to controlling pathogens' dissemination. The present work aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a commercial disinfectant aerosolized by an ultrasonic nebulizer closet as an effective method for disinfecting textiles and footwear. The disinfection was evaluated in three steps: suspension tests; nebulization in a 0.08 m3 closet; nebulization in the upscaled 0.58 m3 closet. The disinfection process of textiles and footwear was followed by the use of bacteriophages, bacterial spores, and bacterial cells. The disinfection in the 0.58 m3 closet was efficient for textiles (4 log reduction) when bacteriophage Lambda, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus subtilis were used. The footwear disinfection was achieved (4 log reduction) in the 0.08 m3 closet for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Disinfection in an ultrasonic nebulization closet has advantages such as being quick, not wetting, being efficient on porous surfaces, and is performed at room temperature. Ultrasonic nebulization disinfection in a closet proves to be useful in clothing and footwear stores to prevent pathogen transmission by the items' widespread handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago M. Henriques
- UCCCB—University of Coimbra Bacteria Culture Collection, Department of Life Science, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
- IATV—Instituto do Ambiente Tecnologia e Vida, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Rito
- University of Coimbra, Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, Department of Life Sciences, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diogo N. Proença
- UCCCB—University of Coimbra Bacteria Culture Collection, Department of Life Science, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, Department of Life Sciences, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula V. Morais
- UCCCB—University of Coimbra Bacteria Culture Collection, Department of Life Science, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, Department of Life Sciences, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
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Wielick C, Fries A, Dams L, Razafimahefa RM, Heyne B, Harcourt BH, Lendvay TS, Willaert JF, de Jaeger S, Haubruge E, Thiry E, Ludwig-Begall LF. Of masks and methylene blue—The use of methylene blue photochemical treatment to decontaminate surgical masks contaminated with a tenacious small nonenveloped norovirus. Am J Infect Control 2022; 50:871-877. [PMID: 35908825 PMCID: PMC9329083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2022.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background In the context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, reuse of personal protective equipment, specifically that of medical face coverings, has been recommended. The reuse of these typically single-use only items necessitates procedures to inactivate contaminating human respiratory and gastrointestinal pathogens. We previously demonstrated decontamination of surgical masks and respirators contaminated with infectious SARS-CoV-2 and various animal coronaviruses via low concentration- and short exposure methylene blue photochemical treatment (10 µM methylene blue, 30 minutes of 12,500-lux red light or 50,000 lux white light exposure). Methods Here, we describe the adaptation of this protocol to the decontamination of a more resistant, non-enveloped gastrointestinal virus and demonstrate efficient photodynamic inactivation of murine norovirus, a human norovirus surrogate. Results Methylene blue photochemical treatment (100 µM methylene blue, 30 minutes of 12,500-lux red light exposure) of murine norovirus-contaminated masks reduced infectious viral titers by over four orders of magnitude on surgical mask surfaces. Discussion and Conclusions Inactivation of a norovirus, the most difficult to inactivate of the respiratory and gastrointestinal human viruses, can predict the inactivation of any less resistant viral mask contaminant. The protocol developed here thus solidifies the position of methylene blue photochemical decontamination as an important tool in the package of practical pandemic preparedness.
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, Davies R, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Bottari B, Cummins E, Ylivainio K, Muñoz Guajardo I, Ortiz‐Pelaez A, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A. Inactivation of indicator microorganisms and biological hazards by standard and/or alternative processing methods in Category 2 and 3 animal by-products and derived products to be used as organic fertilisers and/or soil improvers. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06932. [PMID: 34900004 PMCID: PMC8638561 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission requested EFSA to assess if different thermal processes achieve a 5 log10 reduction in Enterococcus faecalis or Salmonella Senftenberg (775W) and (if relevant) a 3 log10 reduction in thermoresistant viruses (e.g. Parvovirus) as well as if different chemical processes achieve a 3 log10 reduction of eggs of Ascaris sp., in eight groups of Category 2 and 3 derived products and animal by-products (ABP). These included (1) ash derived from incineration, co-incineration and combustion; (2) glycerine derived from the production of biodiesel and renewable fuels; (3) other materials derived from the production of biodiesel and renewable fuels; (4) hides and skins; (5) wool and hair; (6) feathers and down; (7) pig bristles; and (8) horns, horn products, hooves and hoof products. Data on the presence of viral hazards and on thermal and chemical inactivation of the targeted indicator microorganisms and biological hazards under relevant processing conditions were extracted via extensive literature searches. The evidence was assessed via expert knowledge elicitation. The certainty that the required log10 reductions in the most resistant indicator microorganisms or biological hazards will be achieved for each of the eight groups of materials mentioned above by the thermal and/or chemical processes was (1) 99-100% for the two processes assessed; (2) 98-100% in Category 2 ABP, at least 90-99% in Category 3 ABP; (3) 90-99% in Category 2 ABP; at least 66-90% in Category 3 ABP; (4) 10-66% and 33-66%; (5) 1-33% and 10-50%; (6) 66-90%; (7) 33-66% and 50-95%; (8) 66-95%, respectively. Data generation on the occurrence and reduction of biological hazards by thermal and/or chemical methods in these materials and on the characterisation of the usage pathways of ABP as organic fertilisers/soil improvers is recommended.
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Abstract
A review of African swine fever (ASF) was conducted, including manifestations of disease, its transmission and environmental persistence of ASF virus. Findings on infectious doses of contemporary highly-pathogenic strains isolated from outbreaks in Eastern Europe were included. Published data on disinfectant susceptibility of ASF virus were then compared with similar findings for selected other infectious agents, principally those used in the UK disinfectant approvals tests relating to relevant Disease Orders for the control of notifiable and zoonotic diseases of livestock. These are: swine vesicular disease virus, foot and mouth disease virus, Newcastle disease virus and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. The comparative data thus obtained, presented in a series of charts, facilitated estimates of efficacy against ASF virus for some UK approved disinfectants when applied at their respective General Orders concentrations. Substantial data gaps were encountered for several disinfectant agents or classes, including peracetic acid, quaternary ammonium compounds and products based on phenols and cresols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Wales
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Vet School Main Building, Daphne Jackson Road, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Robert H Davies
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
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Ludwig-Begall LF, Wielick C, Jolois O, Dams L, Razafimahefa RM, Nauwynck H, Demeuldre PF, Napp A, Laperre J, Thiry E, Haubruge E. "Don, doff, discard" to "don, doff, decontaminate"-FFR and mask integrity and inactivation of a SARS-CoV-2 surrogate and a norovirus following multiple vaporised hydrogen peroxide-, ultraviolet germicidal irradiation-, and dry heat decontaminations. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251872. [PMID: 34010337 PMCID: PMC8133425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic accelerates, the supply of personal protective equipment remains under strain. To combat shortages, re-use of surgical masks and filtering facepiece respirators has been recommended. Prior decontamination is paramount to the re-use of these typically single-use only items and, without compromising their integrity, must guarantee inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 and other contaminating pathogens. AIM We provide information on the effect of time-dependent passive decontamination (infectivity loss over time during room temperature storage in a breathable bag) and evaluate inactivation of a SARS-CoV-2 surrogate and a non-enveloped model virus as well as mask and respirator integrity following active multiple-cycle vaporised hydrogen peroxide (VHP), ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), and dry heat (DH) decontamination. METHODS Masks and respirators, inoculated with infectious porcine respiratory coronavirus or murine norovirus, were submitted to passive decontamination or single or multiple active decontamination cycles; viruses were recovered from sample materials and viral titres were measured via TCID50 assay. In parallel, filtration efficiency tests and breathability tests were performed according to EN standard 14683 and NIOSH regulations. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Infectious porcine respiratory coronavirus and murine norovirus remained detectable on masks and respirators up to five and seven days of passive decontamination. Single and multiple cycles of VHP-, UVGI-, and DH were shown to not adversely affect bacterial filtration efficiency of masks. Single- and multiple UVGI did not adversely affect respirator filtration efficiency, while VHP and DH induced a decrease in filtration efficiency after one or three decontamination cycles. Multiple cycles of VHP-, UVGI-, and DH slightly decreased airflow resistance of masks but did not adversely affect respirator breathability. VHP and UVGI efficiently inactivated both viruses after five, DH after three, decontamination cycles, permitting demonstration of a loss of infectivity by more than three orders of magnitude. This multi-disciplinal approach provides important information on how often a given PPE item may be safely reused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa F. Ludwig-Begall
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Constance Wielick
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Olivier Jolois
- Centexbel Textile Research Centre, Grace-Hollogne, Belgium
| | - Lorène Dams
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Ravo M. Razafimahefa
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Hans Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Aurore Napp
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, The University Hospital Center, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jan Laperre
- Centexbel Textile Research Centre, Grace-Hollogne, Belgium
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Eric Haubruge
- TERRA Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liège University, Gembloux, Belgium
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8
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Wielick C, Ludwig-Begall LF, Dams L, Razafimahefa RM, Demeuldre PF, Napp A, Laperre J, Jolois O, Farnir F, Haubruge E, Thiry E. The use of germicidal ultraviolet light, vaporised hydrogen peroxide and dry heat to decontaminate face masks and filtering respirators contaminated with an infectious norovirus. Infect Prev Pract 2020; 3:100111. [PMID: 34316573 PMCID: PMC7834285 DOI: 10.1016/j.infpip.2020.100111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, reuse of surgical masks and filtering facepiece respirators has been recommended. Their reuse necessitates procedures to inactivate contaminating human respiratory and oral pathogens. We previously demonstrated decontamination of masks and respirators contaminated with an infectious SARS-CoV-2 surrogate via ultraviolet germicidal irradiation, vaporised hydrogen peroxide, and use of dry heat. Here, we show that these same methods efficiently inactivate a more resistant, non-enveloped oral virus; decontamination of infectious murine norovirus-contaminated masks and respirators reduced viral titres by over four orders of magnitude on mask or respirator coupons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Wielick
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Louisa F Ludwig-Begall
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Lorène Dams
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Ravo M Razafimahefa
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre-Francois Demeuldre
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, The University Hospital Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Aurore Napp
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, The University Hospital Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jan Laperre
- Centexbel Textile Research Centre, Grace-Hollogne, Belgium
| | - Olivier Jolois
- Centexbel Textile Research Centre, Grace-Hollogne, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Farnir
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Applied to Veterinary Science, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Eric Haubruge
- TERRA Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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9
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Rowell CER, Dobrovolny HM. Energy Requirements for Loss of Viral Infectivity. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2020; 12:281-294. [PMID: 32757142 PMCID: PMC7405386 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09439-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Outside the host, viruses will eventually lose their ability to infect cells due to conformational changes that occur to proteins on the viral capsid. In order to undergo a conformational change, these proteins require energy to activate the chemical reaction that leads to the conformational change. In this study, data from the literature is used to calculate the energy required for viral inactivation for a variety of different viruses by means of the Arrhenius equation. We find that some viruses (rhinovirus, poliovirus, human immunodeficiency virus, Alkhumra hemorrhagic fever virus, and hepatitis A virus) have high inactivation energies, indicative of breaking of a chemical double bond. We also find that several viruses (respiratory syncytial virus, poliovirus, and norovirus) have nonlinear Arrhenius plots, suggesting that there is more than a single pathway for inactivation of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E R Rowell
- Department of Chemistry, Wingate University, Hendersonville, NC, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Hana M Dobrovolny
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
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10
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Adams SC, Myles MH, Tracey LN, Livingston RS, Schultz CL, Reuter JD, Leblanc M. Effects of Pelleting, Irradiation, and Autoclaving of Rodent Feed on MPV and MNV Infectivity. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2019; 58:542-550. [PMID: 31391143 PMCID: PMC6774454 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-18-000142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Murine norovirus (MNV) and mouse parvovirus (MPV) are among the most common adventitial viruses seen in laboratory mice, and infections arise in barrier facilities despite rigorous biosecurity programs. Some authors have implicated nonsterilized feed as a source of MPV in rodent facilities, but none have conclusively documented viral particles in the feed. In this study, we hypothesized that both viruses can resist the pelleting process but not subsequent irradiation or autoclaving, thus revealing a potential source of outbreaks in rodent facilities. To test this hypothesis, we contaminated powdered feed with 10-fold concentrations of MNV and MPV and fed it to both Swiss Webster (SW) and C57BL/6NTac (B6) mice to determine a 'powdered ID50' according to seroconversion over a 28-d period. We repeated the experiment by using powdered feed that we contaminated with increasing viral doses (as no. of powdered ID50) and subsequently pelleted; from these results, we determined a 'pelleted ID50.' Finally we assessed the effect of irradiation and autoclaving on contaminated pellets by using the same experimental design. The powdered ID50 was relatively low and identical in both mouse strains (2.51 × 10² pfu) for MNV but higher in B6 (copy number, 3.20 × 106) than SW (3.98 × 10⁴ copies) for MPV. As hypothesized, mice were infected by contaminated rodent feed despite the pelleting process. Indeed, pelleting resulted in a 1- to 2-log increase in ID50 in both strains for MNV and MPV. Irradiation and autoclaving of infected pellets effectively prevented seroconversion of mice exposed to all doses of MNV, whereas a single mouse seroconverted at the highest dose of MPV (1.35 × 107 copies). These data suggest that both MNV and MPV remain infectious after conditions reproducing the rodent chow pelleting process and that nonsterilized rodent chow might be a source of viral outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C Adams
- Animal Resources Department, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
| | | | - Laura N Tracey
- PMI Nutrition International, LabDiet, St Louis, Missouri
| | | | | | - Jon D Reuter
- Office of Animal Resources, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Mathias Leblanc
- Animal Resources Department, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California;,
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11
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Khosravi R, Hosseini SN, Javidanbardan A, Khatami M, Kaghazian H, Mousavi Nasab SD. Optimization of non-detergent treatment for enveloped virus inactivation using the Taguchi design of experimental methodology (DOE). Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 49:686-694. [PMID: 31035907 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2019.1599398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In mammalian cell culture technology, viral contamination is one of the main challenges; and, so far, various strategies have been taken to remove or inactivate viruses in the cell-line production process. The suitability and feasibility of each method are determined by different factors including effectiveness in target virus inactivation, maintaining recombinant protein stability, easiness-in terms of the process condition, cost-effectiveness, and eco-friendliness. In this research, Taguchi design-of-experiments (DOE) methodology was used to optimize a non-detergent viral inactivation method via considering four factors of temperature, time, pH, and alcohol concentration in an unbiased (orthogonal) fashion with low influence of nuisance factors. Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV1) and Vero cell-line were used as models for enveloped viruses and cell-line, respectively. Examining the cytopathic effects (CPE) in different dilutions showed that pH (4), alcohol (15%), time (120 min), and temperature (25 °C) were the optimal points for viral inactivation. Evaluating the significance of each parameter in the HSV-1 inactivation using Taguchi and ANOVA analyses, the contributions of pH, alcohol, temperature and time were 56.5%, 19.2%, 12%, and 12%, respectively. Examining the impact of the optimal viral treatment condition on the stability of model recombinant protein-recombinant human erythropoietin, no destabilization was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Khosravi
- a Department of Recombinant Hepatitis B Vaccine, Production and Research Complex , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Seyed Nezamedin Hosseini
- a Department of Recombinant Hepatitis B Vaccine, Production and Research Complex , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran.,b Viral Vaccines Research Center , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Amin Javidanbardan
- a Department of Recombinant Hepatitis B Vaccine, Production and Research Complex , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Maryam Khatami
- a Department of Recombinant Hepatitis B Vaccine, Production and Research Complex , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Hooman Kaghazian
- a Department of Recombinant Hepatitis B Vaccine, Production and Research Complex , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran.,b Viral Vaccines Research Center , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Seyed Dawood Mousavi Nasab
- a Department of Recombinant Hepatitis B Vaccine, Production and Research Complex , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
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Prodělalová J, Malenovská H, Moutelíková R, Titěra D. Virucides in apiculture: persistence of surrogate enterovirus under simulated field conditions. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2017; 73:2544-2549. [PMID: 28643881 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Honeybee viruses have been recognized as being among the most important factors leading to colony losses worldwide. Colony food and faeces are regarded as possible sources of infectious viruses able to contaminate the environment and equipment of apiaries. Thus, methods for elimination of viruses are required. No cell culture assay for testing the effect of disinfectants on honeybee viruses is yet available. Therefore, surrogate virus was employed for testing of the efficacy of iodophor- and peracetic acid-based disinfectants in combination with six organic contaminants at +6 °C and +22 °C. Moreover, we evaluated the persistence of the surrogate in honey at +6 °C, +22 °C, and +50 °C. RESULTS Iodophor-based disinfectant showed a maximum reduction of virus titre of 3.4 log10 . Peracetic acid reduced the titre (≥4 log10 ) only at 22 °C and without yeast extract/bovine serum albumin. After 25 days of incubation of the virus - honey mix, no decrease of virus titre was observed at +6 °C, whereas a significant reduction (3.5 log10 ) was found at +50 °C already after 1 day. CONCLUSIONS Both tested disinfectants can serve as appropriate virucides in apiaries. The effect of peracetic acid significantly depended on temperature and organic contaminants. The iodophor-based disinfectant showed a stable antiviral effect at different temperatures and with different contaminants. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Prodělalová
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Malenovská
- Collection of Animal Pathogenic Microorganisms, Department of Bacteriology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Romana Moutelíková
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dalibor Titěra
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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