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Milanesi LH, Rossato DR, Rosa JLO, D'avila LF, Metz VG, Rampelotto CR, Pereira VG, Schaffazick SR, de Bona da Silva C, Burger ME. Ferulic acid-loaded nanostructure prevents morphine reinstatement: the involvement of dopamine system, NRF2, and ΔFosB in the striatum brain area of rats. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023:10.1007/s00210-023-02420-w. [PMID: 36790483 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02420-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Morphine is among the most powerful analgesics and pain-relieving agents. However, its addictive properties limit their medical use because patients may be susceptible to abuse and reinstatement. Morphine addiction occurs because of dopamine release in the mesolimbic brain area, implying in an increase in oxidative stress. Ferulic acid (FA), a phenolic phytochemical found in a variety of foods, has been reported to exert antioxidant and neuroprotective effects; however, its low bioavailability makes its nano-encapsulated form a promising alternative. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of a novel nanosystem with FA on morphine reinstatement and the consequent molecular neuroadaptations and oxidative status in the mesolimbic region. Rats previously exposed to morphine in conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm were treated with ferulic acid-loaded nanocapsules (FA-Nc) or nonencapsulated FA during morphine-preference extinction. Following the treatments, animals were re-exposed to morphine to induce the reinstatement. While morphine-preference extinction was comparable among all experimental groups, FA-Nc treatment prevented morphine reinstatement. In the dorsal striatum, while morphine exposure increased lipid peroxidation (LP) and reactive species (RS), FA-Nc decreased LP and FA decreased RS levels. Morphine exposure increased the dopaminergic markers (D1R, D3R, DAT) and ΔFosB immunoreactivity in the ventral striatum; however, FA-Nc treatment decreased D1R, D3R, and ΔFosB and increased D2R, DAT, and NRF2. In conclusion, FA-Nc treatment prevented the morphine reinstatement, promoted antioxidant activity, and modified the dopaminergic neurotransmission, NRF2, and ΔFosB, what may indicate a neuroprotective and antioxidant role of this nanoformulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hautrive Milanesi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima 1000, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Jéssica Leandra Oliveira Rosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima 1000, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Lívia Ferraz D'avila
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima 1000, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vinícia Garzella Metz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima 1000, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Camila Reck Rampelotto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av, Roraima 1000, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cristiane de Bona da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av, Roraima 1000, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Marilise E Burger
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima 1000, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. .,Departamento de Fisiologia E Farmacologia, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil. .,Graduation Program of Pharmacology, Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima 1000, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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2
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Chen H, Dong G, Li K. Overview on brain function enhancement of Internet addicts through exercise intervention: Based on reward-execution-decision cycle. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1094583. [PMID: 36816421 PMCID: PMC9933907 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1094583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Internet addiction (IA) has become an impulse control disorder included in the category of psychiatric disorders. The IA trend significantly increased after the outbreak of the new crown epidemic. IA damages some brain functions in humans. Emerging evidence suggests that exercise exerts beneficial effects on the brain function and cognitive level damaged by IA. This work reviews the neurobiological mechanisms of IA and describes the brain function impairment by IA from three systems: reward, execution, and decision-making. Furthermore, we sort out the research related to exercise intervention on IA and its effect on improving brain function. The internal and external factors that produce IA must be considered when summarizing movement interventions from a behavioral perspective. We can design exercise prescriptions based on exercise interests and achieve the goal of quitting IA. This work explores the possible mechanisms of exercise to improve IA through systematic analysis. Furthermore, this work provides research directions for the future targeted design of exercise prescriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Department of Sports, Quzhou University, Quzhou, China.,Department of Graduate School of Education, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Guijun Dong
- Department of Sports, Quzhou University, Quzhou, China.,Department of Graduate School of Education, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Kefeng Li
- Department of Medicine, Quzhou College of Technology, Quzhou, China
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3
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Missig G, Fritsch EL, Mehta N, Damon ME, Jarrell EM, Bartlett AA, Carroll FI, Carlezon WA. Blockade of kappa-opioid receptors amplifies microglia-mediated inflammatory responses. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 212:173301. [PMID: 34826432 PMCID: PMC8748402 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Brain kappa-opioid receptors (KORs) are implicated in the pathophysiology of depressive and anxiety disorders, stimulating interest in the therapeutic potential of KOR antagonists. Research on KOR function has tended to focus on KOR-expressing neurons and pathways such as the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system. However, KORs are also expressed on non-neuronal cells including microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain. The effects of KOR antagonists on microglia are not understood despite the potential contributions of these cells to overall responsiveness to this class of drugs. Previous work in vitro suggests that KOR activation suppresses proinflammatory signaling mediated by immune cells including microglia. Here, we examined how KOR antagonism affects microglia function in vivo, together with its effects on physiological and behavioral responses to an immune challenge. Pretreatment with the prototypical KOR antagonist JDTic potentiates levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6) in blood following administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an immune-activating agent, without triggering effects on its own. Using magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACs), we found that KOR antagonism potentiates LPS-induced cytokine expression within microglia. This effect is accompanied by potentiation of LPS-induced hyperthermia, although reductions in body weight and locomotion were not affected. Histological analyses confirm that LPS produces visible changes in microglia morphology consistent with activation, but this effect is not altered by KOR antagonism. Considering that inflammation is increasingly implicated in depressive and anxiety disorders, these findings raise the possibility that KOR antagonist actions on microglia may detract from actions on neurons that contribute to their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galen Missig
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont MA, 02478, USA
| | - Emma L. Fritsch
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont MA, 02478, USA
| | - Niyati Mehta
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont MA, 02478, USA
| | - Miles E. Damon
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont MA, 02478, USA
| | - Erica M. Jarrell
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont MA, 02478, USA
| | - Andrew A. Bartlett
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont MA, 02478, USA
| | - F. Ivy Carroll
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, P. O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park NC, 27709, USA
| | - William A. Carlezon
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont MA, 02478, USA
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4
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Takagi S, Puhl MD, Anderson T, Balu DT, Coyle JT. Serine Racemase Expression by Striatal Neurons. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022; 42:279-289. [PMID: 32445040 PMCID: PMC7680280 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00880-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
D-serine is synthesized by serine racemase (SR) and is a co-agonist at forebrain N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs). D-serine and SR are expressed primarily in neurons, but not in quiescent astrocytes. In this study, we examined the localization of D-serine and SR in the mouse striatum and the effects of genetically silencing SR expression in GABAergic interneurons (iSR-/-). iSR-/- mice had substantially reduced SR expression almost exclusively in striatum, but only exhibited marginal D-serine reduction. SR positive cells in the striatum showed strong co-localization with dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated neuronal phosphoprotein (DARPP32) in wild type mice. Transgenic fluorescent reporter mice for either the D1 or D2 dopamine receptors exhibited a 65:35 ratio for co-localization with D1and D2 receptor positive cells, respectively. These results indicate that GABAergic medium spiny neurons receiving dopaminergic inputs in striatum robustly and uniformly express SR. In behavioral tests, iSR-/- mice showed a blunted response to the hedonic and stimulant effects of cocaine, without affecting anxiety-related behaviors. Because the cocaine effects have been shown in the constitutive SR-/- mice, the restriction of the blunted response to cocaine to iSR-/- mice reinforces the conclusion that D-serine in striatal GABAergic neurons plays an important role in mediating dopaminergic stimulant effects. Results in this study suggest that SR in striatal GABAergic neurons is synthesizing D-serine, not as a glutamatergic co-transmitter, but rather as an autocrine whereby the GABAergic neurons control the excitability of their NMDARs by determining the availability of the co-agonist, D-serine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Takagi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan,Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan,Laboratory for Psychiatric and Molecular Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Matthew D. Puhl
- Laboratory for Psychiatric and Molecular Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Thea Anderson
- Laboratory for Psychiatric and Molecular Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Darrick T. Balu
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Joseph T. Coyle
- Laboratory for Psychiatric and Molecular Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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5
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Custodio RJP, Sayson LV, Botanas CJ, Abiero A, You KY, Kim M, Lee HJ, Yoo SY, Lee KW, Lee YS, Seo J, Ryu IS, Kim HJ, Cheong JH. 25B-NBOMe, a novel N-2-methoxybenzyl-phenethylamine (NBOMe) derivative, may induce rewarding and reinforcing effects via a dopaminergic mechanism: Evidence of abuse potential. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12850. [PMID: 31749223 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of N-2-methoxybenzyl-phenethylamine (NBOMe) derivatives are being misused worldwide, including the potent hallucinogen 2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)ethanamine (25B-NBOMe). However, the number of studies characterizing the abuse potential and psychopharmacological properties of 25B-NBOMe is limited; thus, we examined its rewarding and reinforcing effects using conditioned place preference (CPP) and self-administration (SA) tests. Pretreatment with SCH23390 (SCH), Haloperidol (HAL), and ketanserin (KS), antagonists of dopamine D1 (DRD1 ), dopamine D2 (DRD2 ), and serotonin 2A (5-HT2A receptor) receptors, respectively, was utilized during a CPP test to investigate the involvement of the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems in 25B-NBOMe-mediated effects. We also examined the effects of 25B-NBOMe on the expression of dopamine-related proteins in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). Then, we measured the dopamine level, phosphorylated CREB (p-CREB), deltaFosB (ΔFosB), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the NAcc. In addition, we explored the involvement of 5-HT2A receptors in the 25B-NBOMe-induced head twitch response (HTR). We also examined the effects of 25B-NBOMe on brain wave activity using electroencephalography. 25B-NBOMe elicited CPP and SA. SCH and HAL blocked 25B-NBOMe-induced CPP, whereas KS did not. Moreover, 25B-NBOMe altered the DRD1 , DRD2 , and dopamine transporter expression and increased dopamine levels. It also induced changes in p-CREB, ΔFosB, and BDNF expression. 25B-NBOMe induced HTR and increased 5-HT2A receptor mRNA levels, effects inhibited by KS. Furthermore, 25B-NBOMe altered delta and gamma wave activity, which was normalized by SCH and HAL. These findings show that 25B-NBOMe may induce rewarding and reinforcing effects via a dopaminergic mechanism, suggesting its abuse potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raly James Perez Custodio
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, College of Pharmacy Sahmyook University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Leandro Val Sayson
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, College of Pharmacy Sahmyook University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Chrislean Jun Botanas
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, College of Pharmacy Sahmyook University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Arvie Abiero
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, College of Pharmacy Sahmyook University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Yi You
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, College of Pharmacy Sahmyook University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Mikyung Kim
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, College of Pharmacy Sahmyook University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jun Lee
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, College of Pharmacy Sahmyook University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yeun Yoo
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy Kyung Hee University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Kun Won Lee
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy Kyung Hee University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sup Lee
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy Kyung Hee University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Joung‐Wook Seo
- Center for Safety Pharmacology Korea Institute of Toxicology Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - In Soo Ryu
- Center for Safety Pharmacology Korea Institute of Toxicology Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, College of Pharmacy Sahmyook University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, College of Pharmacy Sahmyook University Seoul Republic of Korea
- School of Pharmacy Chonbuk National University Jeonju‐si Republic of Korea
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6
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Noback M, Zhang G, White N, Barrow JC, Carr GV. Post-weaning social isolation increases ΔFosB/FosB protein expression in sex-specific patterns in the prelimbic/infralimbic cortex and hippocampus in mice. Neurosci Lett 2020; 740:135423. [PMID: 33069811 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Social isolation is a growing public health concern across the lifespan. Specifically, isolation early in life, during critical periods of brain development, increases the risk of psychiatric disorders later in life. Previous studies of isolation models in mice have shown distinct neurological abnormalities in various regions of the brain, but the mechanism linking the experience of isolation to these phenotypes is unclear. In this study, we show that ΔFosB, a long-lived transcription factor associated with neuronal activity, chronic stress, and drug-induced neuroplasticity, is upregulated in the prelimbic/infralimbic (PL/IL) region of the cortex and hippocampus of adult C57BL/6J mice transiently isolated for two weeks post-weaning. Additionally, a related transcription factor, FosB, is also increased in the PL/IL in socially isolated females.In contrast, both ΔFosB and FosB are increased in male mice isolated for six weeks from weaning until tissue collection. These results show that short-term isolation during the critical post-weaning period has long-lasting and sex-dependent effects on gene expression in brain and that FosB/ΔFosB expression provides a potential mechanistic link between post-weaning social isolation and associated neurological abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Noback
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gongliang Zhang
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Noelle White
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James C Barrow
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gregory V Carr
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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7
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Kuiper LB, Lucas KA, Mai V, Coolen LM. Enhancement of Drug Seeking Following Drug Taking in a Sexual Context Requires Anterior Cingulate Cortex Activity in Male Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:87. [PMID: 32670029 PMCID: PMC7330085 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual variance in vulnerability to develop addictions is influenced by social factors. Specifically, drug-taking in a sexual context appears to enhance further drug-seeking behavior in human users, as these users identify the effects of drugs to enhance sexual pleasure as a primary reason for continued drug use. Methamphetamine (Meth) is commonly used in this context. Similarly, male rats that self-administered Meth immediately followed by sexual behavior display enhanced drug-seeking behavior, including attenuation of extinction and increased reinstatement to seeking of Meth-associated cues. Hence, drug-taking in a sexual context enhances vulnerability for addiction. However, the neural mechanisms by which this occurs are unknown. Here the hypothesis was tested that medial prefrontal cortex is essential for this effect of Meth and sex when experienced concurrently. First it was shown that CaMKII neurons in the anterior cingulate area (ACA) were co-activated by both Meth and sex. Next, chemogenetic inactivation of ACA CaMKII cells using AAV5-CaMKIIa-hM4Di-mCherry was shown not to affect Meth-induced locomotor activity or sexual behavior. Subsequently, chemogenetic inactivation of ACA CaMKII neurons during Meth self-administration followed by sexual behavior was shown to prevent the effects of Meth and sex on enhanced reinstatement of Meth-seeking but did not affect enhanced drug-seeking during extinction tests. These results indicate that ACA CaMKII cell activation during exposure to Meth in a sexual context plays an essential role in the subsequent enhancement of drug-seeking during reinstatement tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey B Kuiper
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Kathryn A Lucas
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Vy Mai
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Lique M Coolen
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States.,Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
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8
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Kaski SW, White AN, Gross JD, Trexler KR, Wix K, Harland AA, Prisinzano TE, Aubé J, Kinsey SG, Kenakin T, Siderovski DP, Setola V. Preclinical Testing of Nalfurafine as an Opioid-sparing Adjuvant that Potentiates Analgesia by the Mu Opioid Receptor-targeting Agonist Morphine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 371:487-499. [PMID: 31492823 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.255661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mu opioid receptor (MOR)-targeting analgesics are efficacious pain treatments, but notorious for their abuse potential. In preclinical animal models, coadministration of traditional kappa opioid receptor (KOR)-targeting agonists with MOR-targeting analgesics can decrease reward and potentiate analgesia. However, traditional KOR-targeting agonists are well known for inducing antitherapeutic side effects (psychotomimesis, depression, anxiety, dysphoria). Recent data suggest that some functionally selective, or biased, KOR-targeting agonists might retain the therapeutic effects of KOR activation without inducing undesirable side effects. Nalfurafine, used safely in Japan since 2009 for uremic pruritus, is one such functionally selective KOR-targeting agonist. Here, we quantify the bias of nalfurafine and several other KOR agonists relative to an unbiased reference standard (U50,488) and show that nalfurafine and EOM-salvinorin-B demonstrate marked G protein-signaling bias. While nalfurafine (0.015 mg/kg) and EOM-salvinorin-B (1 mg/kg) produced spinal antinociception equivalent to 5 mg/kg U50,488, only nalfurafine significantly enhanced the supraspinal analgesic effect of 5 mg/kg morphine. In addition, 0.015 mg/kg nalfurafine did not produce significant conditioned place aversion, yet retained the ability to reduce morphine-induced conditioned place preference in C57BL/6J mice. Nalfurafine and EOM-salvinorin-B each produced robust inhibition of both spontaneous and morphine-stimulated locomotor behavior, suggesting a persistence of sedative effects when coadministered with morphine. Taken together, these findings suggest that nalfurafine produces analgesic augmentation, while also reducing opioid-induced reward with less risk of dysphoria. Thus, adjuvant administration of G protein-biased KOR agonists like nalfurafine may be beneficial in enhancing the therapeutic potential of MOR-targeting analgesics, such as morphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane W Kaski
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.W.K., A.N.W., J.D.G., K.W., D.P.S., V.S.), Neuroscience, and Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry (V.S.), West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia; Department of Psychology, West Virginia University Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, Morgantown, West Virginia (K.R.T., S.G.K.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, Lawrence, Kansas (T.E.P.); Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (A.A.H., J.A.); and Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.K.)
| | - Allison N White
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.W.K., A.N.W., J.D.G., K.W., D.P.S., V.S.), Neuroscience, and Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry (V.S.), West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia; Department of Psychology, West Virginia University Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, Morgantown, West Virginia (K.R.T., S.G.K.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, Lawrence, Kansas (T.E.P.); Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (A.A.H., J.A.); and Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.K.)
| | - Joshua D Gross
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.W.K., A.N.W., J.D.G., K.W., D.P.S., V.S.), Neuroscience, and Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry (V.S.), West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia; Department of Psychology, West Virginia University Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, Morgantown, West Virginia (K.R.T., S.G.K.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, Lawrence, Kansas (T.E.P.); Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (A.A.H., J.A.); and Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.K.)
| | - Kristen R Trexler
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.W.K., A.N.W., J.D.G., K.W., D.P.S., V.S.), Neuroscience, and Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry (V.S.), West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia; Department of Psychology, West Virginia University Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, Morgantown, West Virginia (K.R.T., S.G.K.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, Lawrence, Kansas (T.E.P.); Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (A.A.H., J.A.); and Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.K.)
| | - Kim Wix
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.W.K., A.N.W., J.D.G., K.W., D.P.S., V.S.), Neuroscience, and Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry (V.S.), West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia; Department of Psychology, West Virginia University Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, Morgantown, West Virginia (K.R.T., S.G.K.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, Lawrence, Kansas (T.E.P.); Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (A.A.H., J.A.); and Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.K.)
| | - Aubrie A Harland
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.W.K., A.N.W., J.D.G., K.W., D.P.S., V.S.), Neuroscience, and Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry (V.S.), West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia; Department of Psychology, West Virginia University Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, Morgantown, West Virginia (K.R.T., S.G.K.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, Lawrence, Kansas (T.E.P.); Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (A.A.H., J.A.); and Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.K.)
| | - Thomas E Prisinzano
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.W.K., A.N.W., J.D.G., K.W., D.P.S., V.S.), Neuroscience, and Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry (V.S.), West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia; Department of Psychology, West Virginia University Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, Morgantown, West Virginia (K.R.T., S.G.K.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, Lawrence, Kansas (T.E.P.); Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (A.A.H., J.A.); and Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.K.)
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.W.K., A.N.W., J.D.G., K.W., D.P.S., V.S.), Neuroscience, and Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry (V.S.), West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia; Department of Psychology, West Virginia University Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, Morgantown, West Virginia (K.R.T., S.G.K.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, Lawrence, Kansas (T.E.P.); Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (A.A.H., J.A.); and Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.K.)
| | - Steven G Kinsey
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.W.K., A.N.W., J.D.G., K.W., D.P.S., V.S.), Neuroscience, and Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry (V.S.), West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia; Department of Psychology, West Virginia University Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, Morgantown, West Virginia (K.R.T., S.G.K.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, Lawrence, Kansas (T.E.P.); Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (A.A.H., J.A.); and Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.K.)
| | - Terry Kenakin
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.W.K., A.N.W., J.D.G., K.W., D.P.S., V.S.), Neuroscience, and Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry (V.S.), West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia; Department of Psychology, West Virginia University Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, Morgantown, West Virginia (K.R.T., S.G.K.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, Lawrence, Kansas (T.E.P.); Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (A.A.H., J.A.); and Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.K.)
| | - David P Siderovski
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.W.K., A.N.W., J.D.G., K.W., D.P.S., V.S.), Neuroscience, and Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry (V.S.), West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia; Department of Psychology, West Virginia University Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, Morgantown, West Virginia (K.R.T., S.G.K.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, Lawrence, Kansas (T.E.P.); Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (A.A.H., J.A.); and Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.K.)
| | - Vincent Setola
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.W.K., A.N.W., J.D.G., K.W., D.P.S., V.S.), Neuroscience, and Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry (V.S.), West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia; Department of Psychology, West Virginia University Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, Morgantown, West Virginia (K.R.T., S.G.K.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, Lawrence, Kansas (T.E.P.); Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (A.A.H., J.A.); and Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.K.)
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9
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Negus SS, Moerke MJ. Determinants of opioid abuse potential: Insights using intracranial self-stimulation. Peptides 2019; 112:23-31. [PMID: 30391425 PMCID: PMC6342636 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) is one procedure that can be used for preclinical abuse potential assessment. In ICSS procedures, subjects with microelectrodes implanted into a brain-reward region are trained to press an operant response lever for pulses of electrical brain stimulation, and drugs are evaluated for their effectiveness to increase or "facilitate" ICSS responding (an abuse-related effect) or to depress ICSS responding (an abuse-limiting effect). ICSS has been used for decades to evaluate determinants of opioid abuse potential, and this article reviews pharmacological and biological determinants of opioid abuse potential as revealed by ICSS studies in rodents. One of the most important observations from ICSS studies is that abused mu opioid receptor (MOR) agonists like morphine often fail to produce abuse-related ICSS facilitation in opioid-naïve subjects, but several days of repeated opioid exposure is sufficient for opioid-induced facilitation to emerge. Future studies with ICSS could help (a) to clarify mechanisms that increase MOR agonist abuse potential during early opioid exposure or during chronic exposure leading to dependence, (b) to evaluate novel opioids either developed as candidate analgesics with reduced abuse potential or identified as designer opioids being synthesized and distributed for illicit use, and (c) to test candidate pharmacotherapies for treatment of opioid abuse in non-dependent and dependent subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond VA 23298, United States.
| | - Megan J Moerke
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond VA 23298, United States
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10
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Morphine Dependence is Attenuated by Treatment of 3,4,5-Trimethoxy Cinnamic Acid in Mice and Rats. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:874-883. [PMID: 30632088 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02720-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The effect of 3, 4, 5-trimethoxy cinnamic acid (TMCA) against morphine-induced dependence in mice and rats was investigated. Mice were pretreated with TMCA and then morphine was injected intraperitoneally; whereas rats were treated with TMCA (i.p.) and infused with morphine into the lateral ventricle of brain. Naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal syndrome and conditioned place preference test were performed. Moreover, western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to measure protein expressions. Number of naloxone-precipitated jumps and conditioned place preference score in mice were attenuated by TMCA. Likewise, TMCA attenuated morphine dependent behavioral patterns such as diarrhea, grooming, penis licking, rearing, teeth chattering, and vocalization in rats. Moreover, the expression levels of pNR1and pERK in the frontal cortex of mice and cultured cortical neurons were diminished by TMCA. In the striatum, pERK expression was attenuated despite unaltered expression of pNR1 and NR1. Interestingly, morphine-induced elevations of FosB/ΔFosB+ cells were suppressed by TMCA (50, 100 mg/kg) in the nucleus accumbens sub-shell region of mice. In conclusion, TMCA could be considered as potential therapeutic agent against morphine-induced dependence.
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11
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Puhl MD, Desai RI, Takagi S, Presti KT, Doyle MR, Donahue RJ, Landino SM, Bergman J, Carlezon WA, Coyle JT. N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptor co-agonist availability affects behavioral and neurochemical responses to cocaine: insights into comorbid schizophrenia and substance abuse. Addict Biol 2019; 24:40-50. [PMID: 29168271 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Both schizophrenia (SZ) and substance abuse (SA) exhibit significant heritability. Moreover, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) have been implicated in the pathophysiology of both SZ and SA. We hypothesize that the high prevalence of comorbid SA in SZ is due to dysfunction of NMDARs caused by shared risk genes. We used transgenic mice with a null mutation of the gene encoding serine racemase (SR), the enzyme that synthesizes the NMDAR co-agonist d-serine and an established risk gene for SZ, to recreate the pathology of SZ. We determined the effect of NMDAR hypofunction resulting from the absence of d-serine on motivated behavior by using intracranial self-stimulation and neurotransmitter release in the nucleus accumbens by using in vivo microdialysis. Compared with wild-type mice, SR-/- mice exhibited similar baseline intracranial self-stimulation thresholds but were less sensitive to the threshold-lowering (rewarding) and the performance-elevating (stimulant) effects of cocaine. While basal dopamine (DA) and glutamate release were elevated in the nucleus accumbens of SR-/- mice, cocaine-induced increases in DA and glutamate release were blunted. γ-Amino-butyric acid efflux was unaffected in the SR-/- mice. Together, these findings suggest that the impaired NMDAR function and a consequent decrease in sensitivity to cocaine effects on behavior are mediated by blunted DA and glutamate responses normally triggered by the drug. Projected to humans, NMDAR hypofunction due to mutations in SR or other genes impacting glutamatergic function in SZ may render abused substances less potent and effective, thus requiring higher doses to achieve a hedonic response, resulting in elevated drug exposure and increased dependence/addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Puhl
- Department of Psychiatry; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
- Laboratory for Psychiatric and Molecular Neuroscience; McLean Hospital; Belmont MA USA
| | - Rajeev I. Desai
- Department of Psychiatry; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
- Preclinical Pharmacology Laboratory; McLean Hospital; Belmont MA USA
| | - Shunsuke Takagi
- Department of Psychiatry; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
- Laboratory for Psychiatric and Molecular Neuroscience; McLean Hospital; Belmont MA USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kendall T. Presti
- Department of Psychiatry; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
- Laboratory for Psychiatric and Molecular Neuroscience; McLean Hospital; Belmont MA USA
| | - Michelle R. Doyle
- Department of Psychiatry; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
- Preclinical Pharmacology Laboratory; McLean Hospital; Belmont MA USA
| | - Rachel J. Donahue
- Department of Psychiatry; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
- Behavioral Genetics Laboratory; McLean Hospital; Belmont MA USA
| | - Samantha M. Landino
- Department of Psychiatry; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
- Behavioral Genetics Laboratory; McLean Hospital; Belmont MA USA
| | - Jack Bergman
- Department of Psychiatry; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
- Preclinical Pharmacology Laboratory; McLean Hospital; Belmont MA USA
| | - William A. Carlezon
- Department of Psychiatry; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
- Behavioral Genetics Laboratory; McLean Hospital; Belmont MA USA
| | - Joseph T. Coyle
- Department of Psychiatry; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
- Laboratory for Psychiatric and Molecular Neuroscience; McLean Hospital; Belmont MA USA
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12
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Solimini R, Pichini S, Pacifici R, Busardò FP, Giorgetti R. Pharmacotoxicology of Non-fentanyl Derived New Synthetic Opioids. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:654. [PMID: 29973882 PMCID: PMC6020781 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A class of opioid agonists not structurally related to fentanyl, derived from research publications of pharmaceutical companies or patents within the United States and abroad are contributing to the current opioid epidemic. Novel synthetic opioids (NSOs) created to circumvent drug control laws such as U-47700, U-49900, AH-7921, or MT-45 have no recognized therapeutic use, are clandestinely manufactured and sold on conventional or dark web. We herein provide a review of the pharmacological properties available on most of these substances trying to provide a better knowledge on these compounds, particularly with respect to toxicity and dangerous adverse effects in users. Indeed, these NSOs share not only a great potency of action and receptor affinity with respect to natural or synthetic opiates (e.g., morphine, heroin, and methadone) but also a non-negligible toxicity leading to intoxications and fatalities, posing a serious harm to public health and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Solimini
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Pichini
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Pacifici
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco P Busardò
- Unit of Forensic Toxicology, Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Giorgetti
- Section of Legal Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Epigenetic mechanisms associated with addiction-related behavioural effects of nicotine and/or cocaine: implication of the endocannabinoid system. Behav Pharmacol 2018; 28:493-511. [PMID: 28704272 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The addictive use of nicotine (NC) and cocaine (COC) continues to be a major public health problem, and their combined use has been reported, particularly during adolescence. In neural plasticity, commonly induced by NC and COC, as well as behavioural plasticity related to the use of these two drugs, the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms, in which the reversible regulation of gene expression occurs independently of the DNA sequence, has recently been reported. Furthermore, on the basis of intense interactions with the target neurotransmitter systems, the endocannabinoid (ECB) system has been considered pivotal for eliciting the effects of NC or COC. The combined use of marijuana with NC and/or COC has also been reported. This article presents the addiction-related behavioural effects of NC and/or COC, based on the common behavioural/neural plasticity and combined use of NC/COC, and reviews the interacting role of the ECB system. The epigenetic processes inseparable from the effects of NC and/or COC (i.e. DNA methylation, histone modifications and alterations in microRNAs) and the putative therapeutic involvement of the ECB system at the epigenetic level are also discussed.
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14
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Effects of pharmacological manipulation of the kappa opioid receptors on the aversive effects of nicotine. Behav Brain Res 2017; 338:56-65. [PMID: 29037662 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine, an addictive component of tobacco smoke, produces both rewarding and aversive effects. Increasing the aversive effects of nicotine may help in promoting smoking cessation. However, neural targets mediating the aversive effects of nicotine have not been fully identified. In this study, we evaluated the role of kappa opioid receptors (KORs) in the aversive effects of nicotine (0.4 mg/kg, base; s.c.) using the nicotine-induced conditioned taste aversion (CTA) model in Wistar rats. The KORs were activated using the selective KOR agonist (±)U-50,488H (0, 0.03, 0.15 & 0.3mg/kg; s.c.) and inhibited using the KOR antagonist nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI; 0, 15 & 30mg/kg; s.c.) in separate groups of rats using a between-subjects design. Pretreatment with the KOR agonist (±)U-50,488H (0.3mg/kg) significantly increased aversion for the nicotine-associated solution. Additionally, (±)U-50,488H (0.3mg/kg) on its own induced aversion to the flavored solution associated with it even in the absence of nicotine, suggesting that the KOR agonist induced increase in nicotine-induced aversion was an additive effect. Interestingly, administration of the KOR antagonist nor-BNI (30mg/kg) prior to conditioning with nicotine/saline, but not after conditioning with nicotine/saline, attenuated nicotine-induced aversive effects compared to saline controls. Taken together, these data suggest a role for KORs in the aversive effects of nicotine.
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15
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Manning CE, Williams ES, Robison AJ. Reward Network Immediate Early Gene Expression in Mood Disorders. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:77. [PMID: 28503137 PMCID: PMC5408019 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past three decades, it has become clear that aberrant function of the network of interconnected brain regions responsible for reward processing and motivated behavior underlies a variety of mood disorders, including depression and anxiety. It is also clear that stress-induced changes in reward network activity underlying both normal and pathological behavior also cause changes in gene expression. Here, we attempt to define the reward circuitry and explore the known and potential contributions of activity-dependent changes in gene expression within this circuitry to stress-induced changes in behavior related to mood disorders, and contrast some of these effects with those induced by exposure to drugs of abuse. We focus on a series of immediate early genes regulated by stress within this circuitry and their connections, both well-explored and relatively novel, to circuit function and subsequent reward-related behaviors. We conclude that IEGs play a crucial role in stress-dependent remodeling of reward circuitry, and that they may serve as inroads to the molecular, cellular, and circuit-level mechanisms of mood disorder etiology and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Manning
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Alfred J Robison
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
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16
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Effects of acute and chronic social defeat stress are differentially mediated by the dynorphin/kappa-opioid receptor system. Behav Pharmacol 2016; 26:654-63. [PMID: 26110224 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that kappa-opioid receptors (KORs) and their endogenous ligand, dynorphin (DYN), can play important roles in regulating the effects of stress. Here, we examined the role of KOR systems in the molecular and behavioral effects of acute (1-day) and chronic (10-day) social defeat stress (SDS) in mice. We found that acute SDS increased DYN mRNA levels within the nucleus accumbens, a key element of brain dopamine (DA) systems. In contrast, chronic SDS produced long-lasting decreases in DYN mRNA levels. We then examined whether disruption of KOR function would affect development of SDS-induced depressive-like behaviors, as measured in the intracranial self-stimulation and social interaction tests. Ablation of KORs from DA transporter-expressing neurons delayed the development of SDS-induced anhedonia in the intracranial self-stimulation test, suggesting increased stress resilience. However, administration of the long-lasting KOR antagonist JDTic (30 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) before the SDS regimen did not affect anhedonia, suggesting that disruption of KOR function outside DA systems can oppose stress resilience. Social avoidance behavior measured after the 10-day SDS regimen was not altered by ablation of KORs in DA transporter-expressing neurons or by JDTic administration before testing. Our findings indicate that KORs expressed in DA systems regulate the effects of acute, but not chronic, social stress.
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17
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Wang F, Jing X, Yang J, Wang H, Xiang R, Han W, Liu X, Wu C. The role of the insular cortex in naloxone-induced conditioned place aversion in morphine-dependent mice. Physiol Res 2016; 65:701-709. [PMID: 26988162 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A negative emotional state resulting from the withdrawal of drug addiction is thought to be an important factor that triggers and exacerbates relapse. Since the insular cortex is a key brain structure involved in the modulation of negative emotions, we investigated whether the integrity of the insular cortex was important for motivational aversion associated with morphine withdrawal as well as whether this kind of negative emotion induced neuroadaptation in the insular cortex. In this present study, a sensitive mouse conditioned place aversion (CPA) model measuring the motivational aversion of morphine withdrawal was first established. Our results showed that bilateral insular cortex lesions by kainic acid completely inhibited the expression of CPA. The expression of FosB/deltaFosB in the insular cortex was significantly increased 24 h after the CPA regime was performed, but the expression of c-Fos in the insular cortex did not changed. These findings indicate that the integrity of the insular cortex is essential to motivational aversion associated with morphine withdrawal, and that this kind of aversion induces neuroadaptation, observed as the increase of FosB/deltaFosB expression, in the insular cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China. or
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18
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A Role for Mitogen- and Stress-Activated Kinase 1 in L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia and ∆FosB Expression. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 79:362-371. [PMID: 25193242 PMCID: PMC4309747 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal regulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 has been implicated in 3,4-dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine (L-DOPA)-induced dyskinesia (LID), a motor complication affecting Parkinson's disease patients subjected to standard pharmacotherapy. We examined the involvement of mitogen- and stress-activated kinase 1 (MSK1), a downstream target of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2, and an important regulator of transcription in LID. METHODS 6-Hydroxydopamine was used to produce a model of Parkinson's disease in MSK1 knockout mice and in ∆FosB- or ∆cJun-overexpressing transgenic mice, which were assessed for LID following long-term L-DOPA administration. Biochemical processes were evaluated by Western blotting or immunofluorescence. Histone H3 phosphorylation was analyzed by chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by promotor-specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Genetic inactivation of MSK1 attenuated LID and reduced the phosphorylation of histone H3 at Ser10 in the striatum. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that this reduction occurred at the level of the fosB gene promoter. In line with this observation, the accumulation of ∆FosB produced by chronic L-DOPA was reduced in MSK1 knockout. Moreover, inducible overexpression of ∆FosB in striatonigral medium spiny neurons exacerbated dyskinetic behavior, whereas overexpression of ∆cJun, which reduces ∆FosB-dependent transcriptional activation, counteracted LID. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that abnormal regulation of MSK1 contributes to the development of LID and to the concomitant increase in striatal ∆FosB, which may occur via increased histone H3 phosphorylation at the fosB promoter. Results also show that accumulation of ∆FosB in striatonigral neurons is causally related to the development of dyskinesia.
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Zhang Q, Liu Q, Li T, Liu Y, Wang L, Zhang Z, Liu H, Hu M, Qiao Y, Niu H. Expression and colocalization of NMDA receptor and FosB/ΔFosB in sensitive brain regions in rats after chronic morphine exposure. Neurosci Lett 2016; 614:70-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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20
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Scholpa NE, Briggs SB, Wagner JJ, Cummings BS. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1a (p21) Modulates Response to Cocaine and Motivated Behaviors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 357:56-65. [PMID: 26791604 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.230888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the functional role of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1a (Cdkn1a or p21) in cocaine-induced responses using a knockout mouse model. Acute locomotor activity after cocaine administration (15 mg/kg, i.p.) was decreased in p21(-/-) mice, whereas cocaine-induced place preference was enhanced. Interestingly, κ-opioid-induced place aversion was also significantly enhanced. Concentration-dependent analysis of locomotor activity in response to cocaine demonstrated a rightward shift in the p21(-/-) mice. Pretreatment with a 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonist did not alter the enhancement of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference in p21(-/-) mice, indicating a lack of involvement of serotonergic signaling in this response. Cocaine exposure increased p21 expression exclusively in the ventral sector of the hippocampus of rodents after either contingent or noncontingent drug administration. Increased p21 expression was accompanied by increased histone acetylation of the p21 promoter region in rats. Finally, increased neurogenesis in the dorsal hippocampus of p21(-/-) mice was also observed. These results show that functional loss of p21 altered the acute locomotor response to cocaine and the conditioned responses to either rewarding or aversive stimuli. Collectively, these findings demonstrate a previously unreported involvement of p21 in modulating responses to cocaine and in motivated behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E Scholpa
- Departments of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences (N.E.S., B.S.C.) and Physiology and Pharmacology (S.B.B., J.J.W.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Sherri B Briggs
- Departments of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences (N.E.S., B.S.C.) and Physiology and Pharmacology (S.B.B., J.J.W.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - John J Wagner
- Departments of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences (N.E.S., B.S.C.) and Physiology and Pharmacology (S.B.B., J.J.W.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Brian S Cummings
- Departments of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences (N.E.S., B.S.C.) and Physiology and Pharmacology (S.B.B., J.J.W.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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Love T, Laier C, Brand M, Hatch L, Hajela R. Neuroscience of Internet Pornography Addiction: A Review and Update. Behav Sci (Basel) 2015; 5:388-433. [PMID: 26393658 PMCID: PMC4600144 DOI: 10.3390/bs5030388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many recognize that several behaviors potentially affecting the reward circuitry in human brains lead to a loss of control and other symptoms of addiction in at least some individuals. Regarding Internet addiction, neuroscientific research supports the assumption that underlying neural processes are similar to substance addiction. The American Psychiatric Association (APA) has recognized one such Internet related behavior, Internet gaming, as a potential addictive disorder warranting further study, in the 2013 revision of their Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. Other Internet related behaviors, e.g., Internet pornography use, were not covered. Within this review, we give a summary of the concepts proposed underlying addiction and give an overview about neuroscientific studies on Internet addiction and Internet gaming disorder. Moreover, we reviewed available neuroscientific literature on Internet pornography addiction and connect the results to the addiction model. The review leads to the conclusion that Internet pornography addiction fits into the addiction framework and shares similar basic mechanisms with substance addiction. Together with studies on Internet addiction and Internet Gaming Disorder we see strong evidence for considering addictive Internet behaviors as behavioral addiction. Future research needs to address whether or not there are specific differences between substance and behavioral addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Love
- Society for the Advancement of Sexual Health, Ardmore, PA 19003, USA.
| | - Christian Laier
- Department of General Psychology: Cognition, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg 47057, Germany.
| | - Matthias Brand
- Department of General Psychology: Cognition, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg 47057, Germany.
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen 45141, Germany.
| | - Linda Hatch
- Private Practice, Santa Barbara, CA 93103, USA.
| | - Raju Hajela
- Health Upwardly Mobile Inc., Calgary, AB T2S 0J2, Canada.
- Diagnostic and Descriptive Terminology Action Group (DDTAG), American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM), Chevy Chase, MD 93101, USA.
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Role of the Brain's Reward Circuitry in Depression: Transcriptional Mechanisms. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2015; 124:151-70. [PMID: 26472529 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports an important role for the brain's reward circuitry in controlling mood under normal conditions and contributing importantly to the pathophysiology and symptomatology of a range of mood disorders, such as depression. Here we focus on the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a critical component of the brain's reward circuitry, in depression and other stress-related disorders. The prominence of anhedonia, reduced motivation, and decreased energy level in most individuals with depression supports the involvement of the NAc in these conditions. We concentrate on several transcription factors (CREB, ΔFosB, SRF, NFκB, and β-catenin), which are altered in the NAc in rodent depression models--and in some cases in the NAc of depressed humans, and which produce robust depression- or antidepressant-like effects when manipulated in the NAc in animal models. These studies of the NAc have established novel approaches toward modeling key symptoms of depression in animals and could enable the development of antidepressant medications with fundamentally new mechanisms of action.
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Shannonhouse JL, Grater DM, York D, Wellman PJ, Morgan C. Sex differences in motivational responses to dietary fat in Syrian hamsters. Physiol Behav 2015; 147:102-16. [PMID: 25896879 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Women are more likely than men to exhibit motivational disorders (e.g., anhedonia and anxiety) with limited treatment options, and to overconsume high-fat "comfort foods" to improve motivational disruptions. Unfortunately, neurobiological underpinnings for sex differences in motivational disruptions and their responses to dietary fat are poorly understood. To help bridge these fundamental knowledge gaps, we assessed behavioral and neurobiological responses to dietary fat in a hamster model of female-biased motivational lability. Relative to social housing, social separation reduced hedonic drive in a new behavioral assay, the reward investigational preference (RIP) test. Fluoxetine or desipramine treatment for 21, but not 7, days improved RIP test performance. Pharmacologic specificity in this test was shown by non-responsiveness to diazepam, tracazolate, propranolol, or naltrexone. In the anxiety-related feeding/exploration conflict (AFEC) test, social separation worsened latency to eat highly palatable food under anxiogenic conditions, but not in home cages. Social separation also reduced weight gain, food intake, and adiposity while elevating energy expenditure, assessed by caloric efficiency and indirect calorimetry. Furthermore, chronic high-fat feeding improved anhedonic and anxious responses to separation, particularly in females. In the motivation-influencing nucleus accumbens, females, but not males, exhibited a separation-induced anxiety-related decrease in Creb1 mRNA levels and an anhedonia-related decrease in ΔFosb mRNA levels. Consistent with its antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like effects on behavior, high-fat feeding elevated accumbal Creb1 and ΔFosb mRNA levels in females only. Another accumbal reward marker, Tlr4 mRNA, was elevated in females by high-fat feeding. These results show that social separation of hamsters provides a novel model of sex-dependent comorbid anhedonia, anxiety, and anorexia, and implicate accumbal CREB, ΔFosB, and TLR4. Moreover, the results validate a new assay for chronic antidepressant efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Shannonhouse
- Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Danielle M Grater
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, United States
| | - Daniel York
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, United States
| | - Paul J Wellman
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Caurnel Morgan
- Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, United States; Department of Nutrition & Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States; Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States.
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Nestler EJ. ∆FosB: a transcriptional regulator of stress and antidepressant responses. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 753:66-72. [PMID: 25446562 PMCID: PMC4380559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
ΔFosB is a member of the Fos family of transcription factors. While other family members are induced rapidly but transiently in response to a host of acute stimuli, ΔFosB is unique in that it accumulates in response to repeated stimulation due to its unusual protein stability. Such prolonged induction of ΔFosB, within nucleus accumbens (NAc), a key brain reward region, has been most studied in animal models of drug addiction, with considerable evidence indicating that ΔFosB promotes reward and motivation and serves as a mechanism of drug sensitization and increased drug self-administration. In more recent years, prolonged induction of ∆FosB has also been observed within NAc in response to chronic administration of certain forms of stress. Increasing evidence indicates that this induction represents a positive, homeostatic adaptation to chronic stress, since overexpression of ∆FosB in this brain region promotes resilience to stress, whereas blockade of its activity promotes stress susceptibility. Chronic administration of several antidepressant medications also induces ∆FosB in the NAc, and this induction is required for the therapeutic-like actions of these drugs in mouse models. Validation of these rodent findings is the demonstration that depressed humans, examined at autopsy, display reduced levels of ∆FosB within the NAc. As a transcription factor, ΔFosB produces this behavioral phenotype by regulating the expression of specific target genes, which are under current investigation. These studies of ΔFosB are providing new insight into the molecular basis of depression and antidepressant action, which is defining a host of new targets for possible therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Nestler
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Salgado S, Kaplitt MG. The Nucleus Accumbens: A Comprehensive Review. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2015; 93:75-93. [PMID: 25720819 DOI: 10.1159/000368279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Salgado
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, N.Y., USA
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Abstract
Amphetamine (AMPH) is a psychostimulant and the most prescribed drug to treat attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD). Although therapeutically used doses are generally well tolerated, numerous side effects are still known to occur, such as jitteriness, loss of appetite and psychosis. Moreover, AMPH is liable to be abused by users looking for increased alertness, weight loss or athletic performance. A growing body of evidence indicates that drugs of abuse, including AMPH, control gene expression through chromatin modifications. However, while numerous studies have investigated the molecular mechanisms of AMPH action, only a small number of studies have explored changes in gene expression caused by AMPH. This review examines the epigenetic changes induced by chronic and acute treatments with AMPH and includes, where relevant, data obtained with other psychostimulants such as methamphetamine and cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talus J McCowan
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Archana Dhasarathy
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Lucia Carvelli
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
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Ohnishi YN, Ohnishi YH, Vialou V, Mouzon E, LaPlant Q, Nishi A, Nestler EJ. Functional role of the N-terminal domain of ΔFosB in response to stress and drugs of abuse. Neuroscience 2015; 284:165-170. [PMID: 25313003 PMCID: PMC4268105 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has implicated the transcription factor, ΔFosB, acting in the nucleus accumbens, in mediating the pro-rewarding effects of drugs of abuse such as cocaine as well as in mediating resilience to chronic social stress. However, the transgenic and viral gene transfer models used to establish these ΔFosB phenotypes express, in addition to ΔFosB, an alternative translation product of ΔFosB mRNA, termed Δ2ΔFosB, which lacks the N-terminal 78 aa present in ΔFosB. To study the possible contribution of Δ2ΔFosB to these drug and stress phenotypes, we prepared a viral vector that overexpresses a point mutant form of ΔFosB mRNA which cannot undergo alternative translation as well as a vector that overexpresses Δ2ΔFosB alone. Our results show that the mutant form of ΔFosB, when overexpressed in the nucleus accumbens, reproduces the enhancement of reward and of resilience seen with our earlier models, with no effects seen for Δ2ΔFosB. Overexpression of full length FosB, the other major product of the FosB gene, also has no effect. These findings confirm the unique role of ΔFosB in the nucleus accumbens in controlling responses to drugs of abuse and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y N Ohnishi
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Y H Ohnishi
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - V Vialou
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - E Mouzon
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Q LaPlant
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - A Nishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - E J Nestler
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
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Donahue RJ, Muschamp JW, Russo SJ, Nestler EJ, Carlezon WA. Effects of striatal ΔFosB overexpression and ketamine on social defeat stress-induced anhedonia in mice. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 76:550-8. [PMID: 24495460 PMCID: PMC4087093 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) produces persistent behavioral adaptations in mice. In many behavioral assays, it can be difficult to determine if these adaptations reflect core signs of depression. We designed studies to characterize the effects of CSDS on sensitivity to reward because anhedonia (reduced sensitivity to reward) is a defining characteristic of depressive disorders in humans. We also examined the effects of striatal ΔFosB overexpression and the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine, both of which promote resilience, on CSDS-induced alterations in reward function and social interaction. METHODS Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) was used to quantify CSDS-induced changes in reward function. Mice were implanted with lateral hypothalamic electrodes, and ICSS thresholds were measured after each of 10 daily CSDS sessions and during a 5-day recovery period. We also examined if acute intraperitoneal administration of ketamine (2.5-20 mg/kg) reverses CSDS-induced effects on reward or, in separate mice, social interaction. RESULTS ICSS thresholds were increased by CSDS, indicating decreases in the rewarding impact of lateral hypothalamic stimulation (anhedonia). This effect was attenuated in mice overexpressing ∆FosB in striatum, consistent with pro-resilient actions of this transcription factor. High, but not low, doses of ketamine administered after completion of the CSDS regimen attenuated social avoidance in defeated mice, although this effect was transient. Ketamine did not block CSDS-induced anhedonia in the ICSS test. CONCLUSIONS This study found that CSDS triggers persistent anhedonia and confirms that ΔFosB overexpression produces stress resilience. The findings of this study also indicate that acute administration of ketamine fails to attenuate CSDS-induced anhedonia despite reducing other depression-related behavioral abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J. Donahue
- Behavioral Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - John W. Muschamp
- Behavioral Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Scott J. Russo
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029
| | - Eric J. Nestler
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029
| | - William A. Carlezon
- Behavioral Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478
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Ruffle JK. Molecular neurobiology of addiction: what's all the (Δ)FosB about? THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2014; 40:428-37. [PMID: 25083822 DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2014.933840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor ΔFosB is upregulated in numerous brain regions following repeated drug exposure. This induction is likely to, at least in part, be responsible for the mechanisms underlying addiction, a disorder in which the regulation of gene expression is thought to be essential. In this review, we describe and discuss the proposed role of ΔFosB as well as the implications of recent findings. The expression of ΔFosB displays variability dependent on the administered substance, showing region-specificity for different drug stimuli. This transcription factor is understood to act via interaction with Jun family proteins and the formation of activator protein-1 (AP-1) complexes. Once AP-1 complexes are formed, a multitude of molecular pathways are initiated, causing genetic, molecular and structural alterations. Many of these molecular changes identified are now directly linked to the physiological and behavioral changes observed following chronic drug exposure. In addition, ΔFosB induction is being considered as a biomarker for the evaluation of potential therapeutic interventions for addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Ruffle
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
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De Pauli R, Coelhoso C, Tesone-Coelho C, Linardi A, Mello L, Silveira D, Santos-Junior J. Withdrawal induces distinct patterns of FosB/∆FosB expression in outbred Swiss mice classified as susceptible and resistant to ethanol-induced locomotor sensitization. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 117:70-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-fifth consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2012 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration and thermoregulation (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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Van't Veer A, Bechtholt AJ, Onvani S, Potter D, Wang Y, Liu-Chen LY, Schütz G, Chartoff EH, Rudolph U, Cohen BM, Carlezon WA. Ablation of kappa-opioid receptors from brain dopamine neurons has anxiolytic-like effects and enhances cocaine-induced plasticity. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:1585-97. [PMID: 23446450 PMCID: PMC3682153 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Brain kappa-opioid receptors (KORs) are implicated in states of motivation and emotion. Activation of KORs negatively regulates mesolimbic dopamine (DA) neurons, and KOR agonists produce depressive-like behavioral effects. To further evaluate how KOR function affects behavior, we developed mutant mice in which exon 3 of the KOR gene (Oprk1) was flanked with Cre-lox recombination (loxP) sites. By breeding these mice with lines that express Cre-recombinase (Cre) in early embryogenesis (EIIa-Cre) or only in DA neurons (dopamine transporter (DAT)-Cre), we developed constitutive KOR knockouts (KOR(-/-)) and conditional knockouts that lack KORs in DA-containing neurons (DAT-KOR(lox/lox)). Autoradiography demonstrated complete ablation of KOR binding in the KOR(-/-) mutants, and reduced binding in the DAT-KOR(lox/lox) mutants. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qPCR) studies confirmed that KOR mRNA is undetectable in the constitutive mutants and reduced in the midbrain DA systems of the conditional mutants. Behavioral characterization demonstrated that these mutant lines do not differ from controls in metrics, including hearing, vision, weight, and locomotor activity. Whereas KOR(-/-) mice appeared normal in the open field and light/dark box tests, DAT-KOR(lox/lox) mice showed reduced anxiety-like behavior, an effect that is broadly consistent with previously reported effects of KOR antagonists. Sensitization to the locomotor-stimulating effects of cocaine appeared normal in KOR(-/-) mutants, but was exaggerated in DAT-KOR(lox/lox) mutants. Increased sensitivity to cocaine in the DAT-KOR(lox/lox) mutants is consistent with a role for KORs in negative regulation of DA function, whereas the lack of differences in the KOR(-/-) mutants suggests compensatory adaptations after constitutive receptor ablation. These mouse lines may be useful in future studies of KOR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee Van't Veer
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Anita J Bechtholt
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Sara Onvani
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - David Potter
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Yujun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lee-Yuan Liu-Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Günther Schütz
- Division of Molecular Biology of the Cell I, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elena H Chartoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Uwe Rudolph
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Bruce M Cohen
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - William A Carlezon
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, MRC 217, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA, Tel: +617 855 2021, Fax: +617 855 2023, E-mail:
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Krasnova IN, Chiflikyan M, Justinova Z, McCoy MT, Ladenheim B, Jayanthi S, Quintero C, Brannock C, Barnes C, Adair JE, Lehrmann E, Kobeissy FH, Gold MS, Becker KG, Goldberg SR, Cadet JL. CREB phosphorylation regulates striatal transcriptional responses in the self-administration model of methamphetamine addiction in the rat. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 58:132-43. [PMID: 23726845 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroplastic changes in the dorsal striatum participate in the transition from casual to habitual drug use and might play a critical role in the development of methamphetamine (METH) addiction. We examined the influence of METH self-administration on gene and protein expression that may form substrates for METH-induced neuronal plasticity in the dorsal striatum. Male Sprague-Dawley rats self-administered METH (0.1mg/kg/injection, i.v.) or received yoked saline infusions during eight 15-h sessions and were euthanized 2h, 24h, or 1month after cessation of METH exposure. Changes in gene and protein expression were assessed using microarray analysis, RT-PCR and Western blots. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) followed by PCR was used to examine epigenetic regulation of METH-induced transcription. METH self-administration caused increases in mRNA expression of the transcription factors, c-fos and fosb, the neurotrophic factor, Bdnf, and the synaptic protein, synaptophysin (Syp) in the dorsal striatum. METH also caused changes in ΔFosB, BDNF and TrkB protein levels, with increases after 2 and 24h, but decreases after 1month of drug abstinence. Importantly, ChIP-PCR showed that METH self-administration caused enrichment of phosphorylated CREB (pCREB), but not of histone H3 trimethylated at lysine 4 (H3K4me3), on promoters of c-fos, fosb, Bdnf and Syp at 2h after cessation of drug intake. These findings show that METH-induced changes in gene expression are mediated, in part, by pCREB-dependent epigenetic phenomena. Thus, METH self-administration might trigger epigenetic changes that mediate alterations in expression of genes and proteins serving as substrates for addiction-related synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina N Krasnova
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
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García-Pérez D, Laorden ML, Milanés MV, Núñez C. Glucocorticoids regulation of FosB/ΔFosB expression induced by chronic opiate exposure in the brain stress system. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50264. [PMID: 23185589 PMCID: PMC3503985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic use of drugs of abuse profoundly alters stress-responsive system. Repeated exposure to morphine leads to accumulation of the transcription factor ΔFosB, particularly in brain areas associated with reward and stress. The persistent effects of ΔFosB on target genes may play an important role in the plasticity induced by drugs of abuse. Recent evidence suggests that stress-related hormones (e.g., glucocorticoids, GC) may induce adaptations in the brain stress system that is likely to involve alteration in gene expression and transcription factors. This study examined the role of GC in regulation of FosB/ΔFosB in both hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic brain stress systems during morphine dependence. For that, expression of FosB/ΔFosB was measured in control (sham-operated) and adrenalectomized (ADX) rats that were made opiate dependent after ten days of morphine treatment. In sham-operated rats, FosB/ΔFosB was induced after chronic morphine administration in all the brain stress areas investigated: nucleus accumbens(shell) (NAc), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), central amygdala (CeA), hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and nucleus of the solitary tract noradrenergic cell group (NTS-A(2)). Adrenalectomy attenuated the increased production of FosB/ΔFosB observed after chronic morphine exposure in NAc, CeA, and NTS. Furthermore, ADX decreased expression of FosB/ΔFosB within CRH-positive neurons of the BNST, PVN and CeA. Similar results were obtained in NTS-A(2) TH-positive neurons and NAc pro-dynorphin-positive neurons. These data suggest that neuroadaptation (estimated as accumulation of FosB/ΔFosB) to opiates in brain areas associated with stress is modulated by GC, supporting the evidence of a link between brain stress hormones and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel García-Pérez
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, University School of Medicine, Murcia, Spain
| | - M. Luisa Laorden
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, University School of Medicine, Murcia, Spain
| | - M. Victoria Milanés
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, University School of Medicine, Murcia, Spain
| | - Cristina Núñez
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, University School of Medicine, Murcia, Spain
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