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Licursi D, Antonetti C, Di Fidio N, Fulignati S, Benito P, Puccini M, Vitolo S, Raspolli Galletti AM. Conversion of the hydrochar recovered after levulinic acid production into activated carbon adsorbents. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 168:235-245. [PMID: 37320891 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Levulinic acid production by acid-catalyzed hydrothermal conversion of (ligno)cellulosic biomass generates significant amounts of carbonaceous hydrochar, which is currently considered a final waste. In this work, the hydrochar recovered after the levulinic acid production, was subjected to cascade pyrolysis and chemical activation treatments (by H3PO4 or KOH), to synthesize activated carbons. The pyrolysis post-treatment was already effective in improving the surface properties of the raw hydrochar (Specific Surface Area: 388 m2/g, VP: 0.22 cm3/g, VMESO: 0.07 cm3/g, VMICRO: 0.14 cm3/g), by removing volatile compounds. KOH activation resulted as the most appropriate for further improving the surface properties of the pyrolyzed hydrochar, showing the best surface properties (Specific Surface Area: 1421 m2/g, VP: 0.63 cm3/g, VMESO: 0.10 cm3/g, VMICRO: 0.52 cm3/g), which synergistically makes it a promising system towards adsorption of CO2 (∼90 mg/g) and methylene blue (∼248 mg/g). In addition, promising surface properties can be achieved after direct chemical activation of the raw hazelnut shells, preferably by H3PO4 (Specific Surface Area: 1918 m2/g, VP: 1.34 cm3/g, VMESO: 0.82 cm3/g, VMICRO: 0.50 cm3/g), but this choice is not the smartest, as it does not allow the valorization of the cellulose fraction to levulinic acid. Our approach paves the way for possible uses of these hydrochars originating from the levulinic acid chain for new environmental applications, thus smartly closing the biorefinery loop of the hazelnut shells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Licursi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale - Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario Reattività Chimica e Catalisi (CIRCC), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Claudia Antonetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale - Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario Reattività Chimica e Catalisi (CIRCC), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Di Fidio
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale - Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario Reattività Chimica e Catalisi (CIRCC), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Sara Fulignati
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale - Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario Reattività Chimica e Catalisi (CIRCC), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Patricia Benito
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Puccini
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale - Università di Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sandra Vitolo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale - Università di Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Raspolli Galletti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale - Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario Reattività Chimica e Catalisi (CIRCC), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
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2
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Galletti AMR, Lorè R, Licursi D, Di Fidio N, Antonetti C, Fulignati S. Insights on butyl levulinate bio-blendstock: from model sugars to paper mill waste cellulose as feedstocks for a sustainable catalytic butanolysis process. Catal Today 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2023.114054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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3
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Tunable Production of Diesel Bio-Blendstock by Rhenium-Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Crude Hexanoic Acid from Grape Pomace Fermentation. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12121550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition from fossil resources to renewable ones represents a pressing need. The acidogenic fermentation of biomass-derived ethanol to carboxylic acids represents a novel and smart possibility, opening the way for the production of further value-added bio-products through cascade chemical approaches. In this work, the hydrogenation of commercial hexanoic acid to give 1-hexanol/hexyl hexanoate mixtures was preliminary studied in the presence of commercial rhenium catalysts (Re2O7 and 5 wt% Re/C), which resulted as mainly active and selective towards 1-hexanol. On the other hand, the use of niobium phosphate as the acid co-catalyst markedly shifted the selectivity towards hexyl hexanoate. Moreover, 5 wt% Re/C and physical mixtures of (5 wt% Re/C + niobium phosphate) were further tested for the hydrogenation of crude hexanoic acid obtained through fermentation of white grape pomace, confirming the promising performance of these catalytic systems and their recyclability. For the first time, the employment of 1-hexanol/hexyl hexanoate mixtures as a diesel blendstock was evaluated, highlighting a significant reduction of soot and CO emissions, without any significant change in the engine performance. The promising properties of these oxygenated additives are favorable for the partial replacement of traditional fossil fuels, in accordance with the short-term goals of EU countries.
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El Hamdouni Y, El Hajjaji S, Szabó T, Trif L, Felhősi I, Abbi K, Labjar N, Harmouche L, Shaban A. Biomass valorization of walnut shell into biochar as a resource for electrochemical simultaneous detection of heavy metal ions in water and soil samples: Preparation, characterization, and applications. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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5
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Yusuff AS, Thompson-Yusuff KA, Porwal J. Sulfonated biochar catalyst derived from eucalyptus tree shed bark: synthesis, characterization and its evaluation in oleic acid esterification. RSC Adv 2022; 12:10237-10248. [PMID: 35424967 PMCID: PMC8972392 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra09179d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, fatty acid (oleic acid, OA) was upgraded to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) via esterification reaction using sulfonated biochar obtained from eucalyptus tree shed bark as solid acid catalyst. Under the optimal esterification conditions (i.e., at 65 °C for 2 h using a methanol/OA molar ratio of 10 : 1 with a catalyst dosage of 4 wt%), the FAME yield was 97.05 ± 0.28% when a solid acid catalyst prepared by loading 6 g of p-Toluenesulfonic acid (p-TSA) on 2 g of activated biochar (p-TSA3/ABC) was used. The remarkable performance of the p-TSA3/ABC could be attributed to its high acidity (468.8 μmol g-1) and dominance of the SO3H acid site on the catalyst surface. Experimental findings showed that the p-TSA3/ABC was relatively stable due to its highly functionalized structure. The catalyst was recycled for five successive cycles and exhibited no dramatic decrease in catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeyinka S Yusuff
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, College of Engineering, Afe Babalola University Ado-Ekiti Nigeria
| | - Kudirat A Thompson-Yusuff
- Department of Chemical and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lagos State University Epe Campus Epe Nigeria
| | - Jyoti Porwal
- Material Resource Efficiency Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum Dehradun India
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6
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Sustainable Exploitation of Residual Cynara cardunculus L. to Levulinic Acid and n-Butyl Levulinate. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11091082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrolysis and butanolysis of lignocellulosic biomass are efficient routes to produce two valuable bio-based platform chemicals, levulinic acid and n-butyl levulinate, which find increasing applications in the field of biofuels and for the synthesis of intermediates for chemical and pharmaceutical industries, food additives, surfactants, solvents and polymers. In this research, the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of the waste residue of Cynara cardunculus L. (cardoon), remaining after seed removal for oil exploitation, was investigated. The cardoon residue was employed as-received and after a steam-explosion treatment which causes an enrichment in cellulose. The effects of the main reaction parameters, such as catalyst type and loading, reaction time, temperature and heating methodology, on the hydrolysis process were assessed. Levulinic acid molar yields up to about 50 mol % with levulinic acid concentrations of 62.1 g/L were reached. Moreover, the one-pot butanolysis of the steam-exploded cardoon with the bio-alcohol n-butanol was investigated, demonstrating the direct production of n-butyl levulinate with good yield, up to 42.5 mol %. These results demonstrate that such residual biomass represent a promising feedstock for the sustainable production of levulinic acid and n-butyl levulinate, opening the way to the complete exploitation of this crop.
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Jeong GT, Kim SK. Valorization of thermochemical conversion of lipid-extracted microalgae to levulinic acid. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 313:123684. [PMID: 32562965 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Scenedesmus obliquus, a green microalga of the class Chlorophyceae, has been used to produce biofuels. However, limited research has been reported on platform chemicals that use microalgae as biomass to replace fossil sources. This paper reports on the investigation of levulinic acid (LA) production from lipid-extracted S. obliquus with an acid-catalyzed thermochemical conversion using a statistical experimental approach. For the reaction factors, the highest effect on LA yield resulted from catalyst concentration. The optimized LA yield of 45.63 wt% (70.7 mol%) was achieved with 5 wt% lipid-extracted microalgae and reaction factors of 0.85 M HCl as a catalyst at 180 °C for 10 min. Also, the LA yield as a function of the combined severity factor followed a sigmoid curve. High LA yield resulted from combined severity factors greater than 3.4. These results indicate that the production of platform chemicals may be possible using microalgae feedstocks and thermochemical conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwi-Taek Jeong
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Marine and Fisheries Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Koo Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Marine and Fisheries Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
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8
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New Intensification Strategies for the Direct Conversion of Real Biomass into Platform and Fine Chemicals: What Are the Main Improvable Key Aspects? Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10090961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the solvothermal conversion of biomass has reached a good level of development, and now it is necessary to improve the process intensification, in order to boost its further growth on the industrial scale. Otherwise, most of these processes would be limited to the pilot scale or, even worse, to exclusive academic investigations, intended as isolated applications for the development of new catalysts. For this purpose, it is necessary to improve the work-up technologies, combining, where possible, reaction/purification unit operations, and enhancing the feedstock/liquid ratio, thus improving the final concentration of the target product and reducing the work-up costs. Furthermore, it becomes decisive to reconsider more critically the choice of biomass, solvent(s), and catalysts, pursuing the biomass fractionation in its components and promoting one-pot cascade conversion routes. Screening and process optimization activities on a laboratory scale must be fast and functional to the flexibility of these processes, exploiting efficient reaction systems such as microwaves and/or ultrasounds, and using multivariate analysis for an integrated evaluation of the data. These upstream choices, which are mainly of the chemist’s responsibility, are fundamental and deeply interconnected with downstream engineering, economic, and legislative aspects, which are decisive for the real development of the process. In this Editorial, all these key issues will be discussed, in particular those aimed at the intensification of solvothermal processes, taking into account some real case studies, already developed on the industrial scale.
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Hsiao CY, Chiu HY, Lin TY, Lin KYA. A comparative study on microwave-assisted catalytic transfer hydrogenation of levulinic acid to γ-valerolactone using Ru/C, Pt/C, and Pd/C. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2020.1791833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Hsiao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Yi Chiu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Yu Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Yi Andrew Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Research Center of Sustainable Energy and Nanotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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10
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Tang W, Wu X, Huang C, Huang C, Lai C, Yong Q. Humic acid-assisted autohydrolysis of waste wheat straw to sustainably improve enzymatic hydrolysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 306:123103. [PMID: 32163866 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Humic acid (HA), considered the main component of organic matter in the ash of waste wheat straw (WWS), has the potential to improve autohydrolysis through its function as a surfactant. In this work, a pre-washed WWS (PWWS) was subjected to autohydrolysis with addition of HA to explore whether its surfactant properties can provide benefit to biorefinery operations. Acquired results showed that HA acted as delignification agent likely due to its surfactant properties. Delignification was more than doubled at the maximum HA dosage (30 g/L) relative to the control, which allowed for enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency to also increase from 64.9% to 81.8%. The pretreated materials were further subjected to analysis structure characterization. The results showed that HA effectively reduced the surface lignin area of PWWS, lowering non-specific adsorption of lignin to enzymes. The autohydrolysis with HA was an effective technique to improve the subsequent cellulose enzymatic digestion by enhancing the delignification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology (Nanjing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology (Nanjing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology (Nanjing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Caoxing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology (Nanjing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenhuan Lai
- Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology (Nanjing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Yong
- Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology (Nanjing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Multi-Step Exploitation of Raw Arundo donax L. for the Selective Synthesis of Second-Generation Sugars by Chemical and Biological Route. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass represents one of the most important feedstocks for future biorefineries, being a precursor of valuable bio-products, obtainable through both chemical and biological conversion routes. Lignocellulosic biomass has a complex matrix, which requires the careful development of multi-step approaches for its complete exploitation to value-added compounds. Based on this perspective, the present work focuses on the valorization of hemicellulose and cellulose fractionsof giant reed (Arundo donax L.) to give second-generation sugars, minimizing the formation of reaction by-products. The conversion of hemicellulose to xylose was undertaken in the presence of the heterogeneous acid catalyst Amberlyst-70 under microwave irradiation. The effect of the main reaction parameters, such as temperature, reaction time, catalyst, and biomass loadings on sugars yield was studied, developing a high gravity approach. Under the optimised reaction conditions (17 wt% Arundo donax L. loading, 160 °C, Amberlyst-70/Arundo donax L. weight ratio 0.2 wt/wt), the xylose yield was 96.3 mol%. In the second step, the cellulose-rich solid residue was exploited through the chemical or enzymatic route, obtaining glucose yields of 32.5 and 56.2 mol%, respectively. This work proves the efficiency of this innovative combination of chemical and biological catalytic approaches, for the selective conversion of hemicellulose and cellulose fractions of Arundo donax L. to versatile platform products.
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Tasca AL, Puccini M, Gori R, Corsi I, Galletti AMR, Vitolo S. Hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge: A critical analysis of process severity, hydrochar properties and environmental implications. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 93:1-13. [PMID: 31235045 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of sewage sludge reduces the waste volume and can be source of energy and valuable products. Furthermore, HTC offers several advantages over conventional dry-thermal pre-treatments, as no prior drying is requested, and the high quality of the char produced promotes applications as energy production and storage, wastewater remediation, and soil amendment. Relationships between char yields, physicochemical properties and process parameters are here analysed, with the aim to provide insight into the choice of the process severity required to fit the desired application. Moreover, presence and fate of heavy metals and organic contaminants are discussed. The highest reaction temperature is the main parameter affecting the physicochemical characteristics of the char produced, while the heating rate governs the heat mass transfer and the rate of intermediates formation. Depolymerization of the biomass results in a reduction of the oxygen to carbon ratio and, therefore, in augmented high heating values, further increased by deposition of 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural. Recirculation of process water may enhance dehydration reactions and the deposition of degraded polymers, increasing dewaterability and yield, but field trials are recommended to assess the feasibility of this option. An overuse of chars for energy generation purposes would be deleterious for the environmental life cycle. Further research is encouraged to assess the pollutants abatement and their degradation pathways when incorporated in the carbonaceous product, to promote the application of hydrochars as soil amendment, as well as for environmental remediation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Luca Tasca
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Monica Puccini
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, 56122 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Gori
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Florence, via S. Marta 3, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Ilaria Corsi
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Strada Laterina 8, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | - Sandra Vitolo
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, 56122 Pisa, Italy
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Kammoun M, Istasse T, Ayeb H, Rassaa N, Bettaieb T, Richel A. Hydrothermal Dehydration of Monosaccharides Promoted by Seawater: Fundamentals on the Catalytic Role of Inorganic Salts. Front Chem 2019; 7:132. [PMID: 30968011 PMCID: PMC6440317 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In biorefining, the conversion of carbohydrates under subcritical water conditions is a field of extensive studies. In particular, the hydrothermal decomposition of benchmark C6- and C5-monosaccharides, i.e., D-glucose and D-xylose, into furanics and/or organic acids is fully considered. Herein, we propose to establish the fundamentals of the decomposition of D-glucose and D-xylose under subcritical water conditions in the presence of specific salts (i.e., NaCl and KI) and in seawater. Our results demonstrated that the introduction of inorganic salts was found to modify sugars dehydration yields. Different NaCl concentrations from 0.21 to 1.63 mol L-1 promoted the conversion of D-xylose to 2-furfural (2-F) from 28 to 44% (molar yield). NaCl also improved 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) generation from D-glucose as well as rehydration of 5-HMF to levulinic and formic acid. KI favored other pathways toward formic acid production from D-glucose, reaching 20% in the upper concentration. Compared to a solution of equivalent NaCl concentration, seawater enhanced selectivity toward lactic acid which was raised by 10% for both monosaccharides, and sugars conversion, especially for D-glucose whose conversion was increased by 20%. 5-HMF molar yield around 30% were achieved from D-glucose in seawater at 211°C and 20 bars after 15 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroua Kammoun
- Laboratory of Biomass and Green Technologies, University of Liege Gembloux Agro Bio-Tech, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Thibaut Istasse
- Laboratory of Biomass and Green Technologies, University of Liege Gembloux Agro Bio-Tech, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Haitham Ayeb
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, University of Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Neila Rassaa
- Laboratory of Agricultural Production Systems Sustainability in Northern Region of Tunisia, University of Jendouba, Le kef, Tunisia
| | - Taoufik Bettaieb
- Laboratory of Horticultural Sciences, University of Carthage National Agronomic Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Aurore Richel
- Laboratory of Biomass and Green Technologies, University of Liege Gembloux Agro Bio-Tech, Gembloux, Belgium
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Santos DR, Cunha ODM, Bisinoti MC, Ferreira OP, Moreira AB, Melo CA. Hydrochars produced with by-products from the sucroenergetic industry: a study of extractor solutions on nutrient and organic carbon release. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:9137-9145. [PMID: 30715701 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04341-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal carbonization transforms biomass into value-added material called hydrochar. The release of nutrients (P, N, Ca, Mg, and K) and organic carbon (TOC) from hydrochar in different extractive solutions was investigated in this study. Two sets of hydrochar were produced: (i) hydrochar prepared from sugarcane bagasse and vinasse mixture (BV-HC) and (ii) hydrochar prepared by the addition of H3PO4 to this mixture (BVA-HC). Both hydrochar types released significative amounts of nutrient and organic carbon, mainly Ca (5.0 mg g-1) in the mixture (KCl, K2SO4, NaOH, 1:1:1) extractive solution and TOC (72.6 mg g-1) in the NaOH extractive solution, for BV-HC. Nutrient release was influenced by pH and ionic strength. The release of P, Ca, and Mg was affected by the presence of insoluble phosphate phases in BVA-HC. The release of nutrients P, N, Ca, Mg, and K and organic carbon demonstrated that hydrochar has potential for soil application purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniely Reis Santos
- Departamento de Química e Ciências Ambientais, Laboratório de Estudos em Ciências Ambientais, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus São José do Rio Preto, Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Otávio da Mata Cunha
- Departamento de Química e Ciências Ambientais, Laboratório de Estudos em Ciências Ambientais, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus São José do Rio Preto, Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Márcia Cristina Bisinoti
- Departamento de Química e Ciências Ambientais, Laboratório de Estudos em Ciências Ambientais, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus São José do Rio Preto, Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Odair Pastor Ferreira
- Laboratório de Materiais Funcionais Avançados (LaMFA), Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará, P.O. Box 6030, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60455-900, Brazil
| | - Altair Benedito Moreira
- Departamento de Química e Ciências Ambientais, Laboratório de Estudos em Ciências Ambientais, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus São José do Rio Preto, Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Camila Almeida Melo
- Departamento de Química e Ciências Ambientais, Laboratório de Estudos em Ciências Ambientais, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus São José do Rio Preto, Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State, 15054-000, Brazil.
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Li Y, Tsend N, Li T, Liu H, Yang R, Gai X, Wang H, Shan S. Microwave assisted hydrothermal preparation of rice straw hydrochars for adsorption of organics and heavy metals. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 273:136-143. [PMID: 30423497 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A series of rice straw hydrochars were produced through a microwave-assisted hydrothermal treatment method, characterized and used for the adsorption of three organics and two heavy metals from aqueous solutions. The hydrochars have carbon contents from 37.44% to 43.31%, are rich in oxygen containing functional groups, and the equilibrium of hydrothermal carbonization reactions could be reached rapidly in microwave environment. The hydrochars can effectively adsorb the model pollutants, the maximum adsorption capacities of Congo red, berberine hydrochloride and 2-naphthol at 298 K and initial concentration of 0.5 mg/mL were 222.1, 174.0 and 48.7 mg/g, respectively, and those of Zn2+ and Cu2+ were 112.8 and 144.9 mg/g, respectively. Adsorption thermodynamic parameters were calculated. These results suggest that microwave-assisted hydrothermal treatment is an effective method for the rapid production of hydrochars, and rice straw hydrochars are promising adsorbents for the removal of water pollutants such as organics and heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Chemical and Biological Processing Technology of Farm Product, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nyamkhand Tsend
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Chemical and Biological Processing Technology of Farm Product, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, China
| | - TiKai Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Chemical and Biological Processing Technology of Farm Product, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, China
| | - Heyang Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Chemical and Biological Processing Technology of Farm Product, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruiqin Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Chemical and Biological Processing Technology of Farm Product, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xikun Gai
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Chemical and Biological Processing Technology of Farm Product, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongpeng Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Chemical and Biological Processing Technology of Farm Product, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shengdao Shan
- Key Laboratory of Recycling and Eco-treatment of Waste Biomass of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, China.
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16
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Hydrothermal Carbonization Brewer’s Spent Grains with the Focus on Improving the Degradation of the Feedstock. ENERGIES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/en11113226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hydrochar is a very interesting product from agricultural and food production residues. Unfortunately, severe conditions for complete conversion of lignocellulosic biomass is necessary, especially compared to the conversion of sugar compounds. The goal of this work is to improve the conversion of internal carbohydrates by application of a two-steps process, by acid addition and slightly higher water content. A set of experiments at different temperatures (180, 200, and 220 °C), reaction times (2 and 4 h), and moisture contents (80% and 90%) was performed to characterize the solid (high heating value (HHV), elemental) and liquid product phase. Afterwards, acid addition for a catalyzed hydrolysis reaction during hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and a two-steps reaction (180 and 220 °C) were tested. As expected, a higher temperature leads to higher C content of the hydrochar and a higher fixed carbon (FC) content. The same effect was found with the addition of acids at lower temperatures. In the two-steps reaction, a primary hydrolysis step increases the conversion of internal carbohydrates. Higher water content has no significant effect, except for increasing the solubility of ash components.
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Licursi D, Antonetti C, Parton R, Raspolli Galletti AM. A novel approach to biphasic strategy for intensification of the hydrothermal process to give levulinic acid: Use of an organic non-solvent. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 264:180-189. [PMID: 29803088 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Levulinic acid is a platform chemical obtained from acid-catalyzed hydrothermal conversion of cellulose-rich biomass. The low amounts of solid biomass which can be handled in the reactor limit the levulinic acid concentration in the aqueous stream, making the economic viability of the aqueous phase process unsuitable for large scale applications. Now a novel approach to biphasic process has been proposed, where a mineral oil has been used as non-solvent for levulinic acid, thus concentrating it in the water phase, reducing the water volume to be processed downstream but at the same time maintaining enough liquid phase to sustain the slurry processability. The work has studied: i) the optimization of the biphasic hydrolysis of corn grain to levulinic acid; ii) the characterization of the recovered oil; iii) the evaluation of the energetic properties of the recovered hydrochar for its exploitation, thus smartly closing the biorefinery cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Licursi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Antonetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Rudy Parton
- GFB Europe BV, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Burg. Lemmensstraat 358, 6163JT Geleen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Firstly, this paper reviews two main methods for biochar synthesis, namely conventional pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). The related processes are described, and the influences of biomass nature and reaction conditions, especially temperature, are discussed. Compared to pyrolysis, HTC has advantages for processing high-moisture biomass and producing spherical biochar particles. Secondly, typical features of biochar in comparison with other carbonaceous materials are summarized. They refer to the presence of inorganics, surface functional groups, and local crystalline structures made up of highly conjugated aromatic sheets. Thirdly, various strategies for biochar modification are illustrated. They include activation, surface functionalization, in situ heteroatom doping, and the formation of composites with other materials. An appropriate modification is necessary for biochar used as a catalyst. Fourthly, the applications of biochar-based catalysts in three important processes of biofuel production are reviewed. Sulfonated biochar shows good catalytic performance for biomass hydrolysis and biodiesel production. Biodiesel production can also be catalyzed by biochar-derived or -supported solid-alkali catalysts. Biochar alone and biochar-supported metals are potential catalysts for tar reduction during or after biomass gasification. Lastly, the merits of biochar-based catalysts are summarized. Biochar-based catalysts have great developmental prospects. Future work needs to focus on the study of mechanism and process design.
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Hydrothermal Carbonization: Modeling, Final Properties Design and Applications: A Review. ENERGIES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/en11010216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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