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Fulignati S, Di Fidio N, Antonetti C, Raspolli Galletti AM, Licursi D. Challenges and Opportunities in the Catalytic Synthesis of Diphenolic Acid and Evaluation of Its Application Potential. Molecules 2023; 29:126. [PMID: 38202709 PMCID: PMC10779658 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Diphenolic acid, or 4,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)pentanoic acid, represents one of the potentially most interesting bio-products obtainable from the levulinic acid supply-chain. It represents a valuable candidate for the replacement of bisphenol A, which is strongly questioned for its toxicological issues. Diphenolic acid synthesis involves the condensation reaction between phenol and levulinic acid and requires the presence of a Brønsted acid as a catalyst. In this review, the state of the art related to the catalytic issues of its synthesis have been critically discussed, with particular attention to the heterogeneous systems, the reference benchmark being represented by the homogeneous acids. The main opportunities in the field of heterogeneous catalysis are deeply discussed, as well as the bottlenecks to be overcome to facilitate diphenolic acid production on an industrial scale. The regioselectivity of the reaction is a critical point because only the p,p'-isomer is of industrial interest; thus, several strategies aiming at the improvement of the selectivity towards this isomer are considered. The future potential of adopting alkyl levulinates, instead of levulinic acid, as starting materials for the synthesis of new classes of biopolymers, such as new epoxy and phenolic resins and polycarbonates, is also briefly considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fulignati
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (S.F.); (N.D.F.); (C.A.); (D.L.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Reattività Chimica e Catalisi (CIRCC), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Di Fidio
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (S.F.); (N.D.F.); (C.A.); (D.L.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Reattività Chimica e Catalisi (CIRCC), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Claudia Antonetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (S.F.); (N.D.F.); (C.A.); (D.L.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Reattività Chimica e Catalisi (CIRCC), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Raspolli Galletti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (S.F.); (N.D.F.); (C.A.); (D.L.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Reattività Chimica e Catalisi (CIRCC), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Licursi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (S.F.); (N.D.F.); (C.A.); (D.L.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Reattività Chimica e Catalisi (CIRCC), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Licursi D, Antonetti C, Di Fidio N, Fulignati S, Benito P, Puccini M, Vitolo S, Raspolli Galletti AM. Conversion of the hydrochar recovered after levulinic acid production into activated carbon adsorbents. Waste Manag 2023; 168:235-245. [PMID: 37320891 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Levulinic acid production by acid-catalyzed hydrothermal conversion of (ligno)cellulosic biomass generates significant amounts of carbonaceous hydrochar, which is currently considered a final waste. In this work, the hydrochar recovered after the levulinic acid production, was subjected to cascade pyrolysis and chemical activation treatments (by H3PO4 or KOH), to synthesize activated carbons. The pyrolysis post-treatment was already effective in improving the surface properties of the raw hydrochar (Specific Surface Area: 388 m2/g, VP: 0.22 cm3/g, VMESO: 0.07 cm3/g, VMICRO: 0.14 cm3/g), by removing volatile compounds. KOH activation resulted as the most appropriate for further improving the surface properties of the pyrolyzed hydrochar, showing the best surface properties (Specific Surface Area: 1421 m2/g, VP: 0.63 cm3/g, VMESO: 0.10 cm3/g, VMICRO: 0.52 cm3/g), which synergistically makes it a promising system towards adsorption of CO2 (∼90 mg/g) and methylene blue (∼248 mg/g). In addition, promising surface properties can be achieved after direct chemical activation of the raw hazelnut shells, preferably by H3PO4 (Specific Surface Area: 1918 m2/g, VP: 1.34 cm3/g, VMESO: 0.82 cm3/g, VMICRO: 0.50 cm3/g), but this choice is not the smartest, as it does not allow the valorization of the cellulose fraction to levulinic acid. Our approach paves the way for possible uses of these hydrochars originating from the levulinic acid chain for new environmental applications, thus smartly closing the biorefinery loop of the hazelnut shells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Licursi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale - Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario Reattività Chimica e Catalisi (CIRCC), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Claudia Antonetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale - Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario Reattività Chimica e Catalisi (CIRCC), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Di Fidio
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale - Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario Reattività Chimica e Catalisi (CIRCC), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Sara Fulignati
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale - Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario Reattività Chimica e Catalisi (CIRCC), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Patricia Benito
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Puccini
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale - Università di Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sandra Vitolo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale - Università di Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Raspolli Galletti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale - Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario Reattività Chimica e Catalisi (CIRCC), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
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D’Orsi R, Di Fidio N, Antonetti C, Raspolli Galletti AM, Operamolla A. Isolation of Pure Lignin and Highly Digestible Cellulose from Defatted and Steam-Exploded Cynara cardunculus. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2023; 11:1875-1887. [PMID: 36778524 PMCID: PMC9906737 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c06356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a three-step approach to isolate the main components of lignocellulosic cardoon, lignin and cellulose, was investigated. The raw defatted biomass, Cynara cardunculus, after steam explosion was subjected to a mild organosolv treatment to extract soluble lignin (L1). Then, enzymatic hydrolysis was performed to achieve decomposition of the saccharidic portion into monosaccharides and isolate residual lignin (L2). The fractionation conditions were optimized to obtain a lignin as less degraded as possible and to maximize the yield of enzymatic hydrolysis. Furthermore, the effect of the use of aqueous ammonia as an extraction catalyst on both fractions was studied. Each fraction was characterized by advanced techniques, such as elemental analysis and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13C-1H two-dimensional (2D)-NMR, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), and UV-vis spectroscopies for lignin and X-ray diffraction (XRD), Klason compositional analysis, elemental analysis, and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy for cellulose-rich fractions. The impact of the cellulose-rich fraction composition and crystallinity was also correlated to the efficiency of the hydrolysis step, performed using the enzymatic complex Cellic CTec3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosarita D’Orsi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, I-56124Pisa, Italy
- Interuniversity
Consortium of Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis (CIRCC), I-70126Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Di Fidio
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, I-56124Pisa, Italy
- Interuniversity
Consortium of Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis (CIRCC), I-70126Bari, Italy
| | - Claudia Antonetti
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, I-56124Pisa, Italy
- Interuniversity
Consortium of Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis (CIRCC), I-70126Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Raspolli Galletti
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, I-56124Pisa, Italy
- Interuniversity
Consortium of Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis (CIRCC), I-70126Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Operamolla
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, I-56124Pisa, Italy
- Interuniversity
Consortium of Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis (CIRCC), I-70126Bari, Italy
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Galletti AMR, Lorè R, Licursi D, Di Fidio N, Antonetti C, Fulignati S. Insights on butyl levulinate bio-blendstock: from model sugars to paper mill waste cellulose as feedstocks for a sustainable catalytic butanolysis process. Catal Today 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2023.114054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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Di Fidio N, Tozzi F, Martinelli M, Licursi D, Fulignati S, Antonetti C, Raspolli Galletti AM. Sustainable Valorisation and Efficient Downstream Processing of Giant Reed by High‐Pressure Carbon Dioxide Pretreatment. Chempluschem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Di Fidio
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry University of Pisa Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa (Italy)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Reattività Chimiche e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari (Italy)
| | - Federico Tozzi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry University of Pisa Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa (Italy)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Reattività Chimiche e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari (Italy)
| | - Marco Martinelli
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry University of Pisa Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa (Italy)
| | - Domenico Licursi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry University of Pisa Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa (Italy)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Reattività Chimiche e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari (Italy)
| | - Sara Fulignati
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry University of Pisa Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa (Italy)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Reattività Chimiche e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari (Italy)
| | - Claudia Antonetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry University of Pisa Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa (Italy)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Reattività Chimiche e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari (Italy)
| | - Anna Maria Raspolli Galletti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry University of Pisa Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa (Italy)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Reattività Chimiche e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari (Italy)
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Di Fidio N, Tozzi F, Martinelli M, Licursi D, Fulignati S, Antonetti C, Raspolli Galletti AM. Sustainable valorisation and efficient downstream processing of giant reed by high‐pressure carbon dioxide pretreatment. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200189. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Di Fidio
- University of Pisa: Universita degli Studi di Pisa Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa ITALY
| | - Federico Tozzi
- Università di Pisa: Universita degli Studi di Pisa Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale ITALY
| | - Marco Martinelli
- University of Pisa: Universita degli Studi di Pisa Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale ITALY
| | - Domenico Licursi
- University of Pisa: Universita degli Studi di Pisa Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale ITALY
| | - Sara Fulignati
- University of Pisa: Universita degli Studi di Pisa Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale ITALY
| | - Claudia Antonetti
- University of Pisa: Universita degli Studi di Pisa Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale ITALY
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Fulignati S, Antonetti C, Tabanelli T, Cavani F, Raspolli Galletti AM. Integrated Cascade Process for the Catalytic Conversion of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural to Furanic and TetrahydrofuranicDiethers as Potential Biofuels. ChemSusChem 2022; 15:e202200241. [PMID: 35384331 PMCID: PMC9401012 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The depletion of fossil resources is driving the research towards alternative renewable ones. Under this perspective, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) represents a key molecule deriving from biomass characterized by remarkable potential as platform chemical. In this work, for the first time, the hydrogenation of HMF in ethanol was selectively addressed towards 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF) or 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran (BHMTHF) by properly tuning the reaction conditions in the presence of the same commercial catalyst (Ru/C), reaching the highest yields of 80 and 93 mol%, respectively. These diols represent not only interesting monomers but strategic precursors for two scarcely investigated ethoxylated biofuels, 2,5-bis(ethoxymethyl)furan (BEMF) and 2,5-bis(ethoxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran (BEMTHF). Therefore, the etherification with ethanol of pure BHMF and BHMTHF and of crude BHMF, as obtained from hydrogenation step, substrates scarcely investigated in the literature, was performed with several commercial heterogeneous acid catalysts. Among them, the zeolite HZSM-5 (Si/Al=25) was the most promising system, achieving the highest BEMF yield of 74 mol%. In particular, for the first time, the synthesis of the fully hydrogenated diether BEMTHF was thoroughly studied, and a novel cascade process for the tailored conversion of HMF to the diethyl ethers BEMF and BEMTHF was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fulignati
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial ChemistryUniversity of Pisavia Giuseppe Moruzzi 1356124PisaItaly
| | - Claudia Antonetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial ChemistryUniversity of Pisavia Giuseppe Moruzzi 1356124PisaItaly
- Interuniversity Consortium for Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis (CIRCC)Via CelsoUlpiani 2770126BariItaly
| | - Tommaso Tabanelli
- Department of Industrial Chemsistry “TosoMontanari”Alma Mater Studiorum University of BolognaViale Risorgimento 440136BolognaItaly
| | - Fabrizio Cavani
- Department of Industrial Chemsistry “TosoMontanari”Alma Mater Studiorum University of BolognaViale Risorgimento 440136BolognaItaly
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Fulignati S, Antonetti C, Wilbers E, Licursi D, Heeres HJ, Raspolli Galletti AM. Tunable HMF hydrogenation to furan diols in a flow reactor using Ru/C as catalyst. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Di Fidio N, Ragaglini G, Dragoni F, Antonetti C, Raspolli Galletti AM. Integrated cascade biorefinery processes for the production of single cell oil by Lipomyces starkeyi from Arundo donax L. hydrolysates. Bioresour Technol 2021; 325:124635. [PMID: 33461125 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Giant reed (Arundo donax L.) is a promising source of carbohydrates that can be converted into single cell oil (SCO) by oleaginous yeasts. Microbial conversion of both hemicellulose and cellulose fractions represents the key step for increasing the economic sustainability for SCO production. Lipomyces starkeyi DSM 70,296 was cultivated in two xylose-rich hydrolysates, obtained by the microwave-assisted hydrolysis of hemicellulose catalysed by FeCl3 or Amberlyst-70, and in two glucose-rich hydrolysates obtained by the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. L. starkeyi grew on both undetoxified and partially-detoxified hydrolysates, achieving the lipid content of 30 wt% and yield values in the range 15-24 wt%. For both integrated cascade processes the final production of about 8 g SCO from 100 g biomass was achieved. SCO production through integrated hydrolysis cascade processes represents a promising solution for the effective exploitation of lignocellulosic feedstock from perennial grasses towards new generation biodiesel and other valuable bio-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Di Fidio
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Ragaglini
- Institute of Life Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Study, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Federico Dragoni
- Institute of Life Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Study, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy; Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Department of Technology Assessment and Substance Cycles, Potsdam-Bornim e.V. Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Claudia Antonetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Di Fidio N, Timmermans JW, Antonetti C, Raspolli Galletti AM, Gosselink RJA, Bisselink RJM, Slaghek TM. Electro-oxidative depolymerisation of technical lignin in water using platinum, nickel oxide hydroxide and graphite electrodes. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01037a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve the lignin exploitation to added-value bioproducts, a mild chemical conversion route based on electrochemistry was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Di Fidio
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry
- University of Pisa
- 56124 Pisa
- Italy
| | - Johan W. Timmermans
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research
- Wageningen University & Research
- 6708 WG Wageningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Antonetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry
- University of Pisa
- 56124 Pisa
- Italy
| | | | - Richard J. A. Gosselink
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research
- Wageningen University & Research
- 6708 WG Wageningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Roel J. M. Bisselink
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research
- Wageningen University & Research
- 6708 WG Wageningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Ted M. Slaghek
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research
- Wageningen University & Research
- 6708 WG Wageningen
- The Netherlands
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Di Fidio N, Dragoni F, Antonetti C, De Bari I, Raspolli Galletti AM, Ragaglini G. From paper mill waste to single cell oil: Enzymatic hydrolysis to sugars and their fermentation into microbial oil by the yeast Lipomyces starkeyi. Bioresour Technol 2020; 315:123790. [PMID: 32707500 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Single cell oil (SCO) represents an outstanding alternative to both fossil sources and vegetable oils from food crops waste. In this work, an innovative two-step process for the conversion of cellulosic paper mill waste into SCO was proposed and optimised. Hydrolysates containing glucose and xylose were produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of the untreated waste. Under the optimised reaction conditions (Cellic® CTec2 25 FPU/g glucan, 48 h, biomass loading 20 g/L), glucose and xylose yields of 95 mol% were reached. The undetoxified hydrolysate was adopted as substrate for a batch-mode fermentation by the oleaginous yeast Lipomyces starkeyi. Lipid yield, content for single cell, production and maximum oil productivity were 20.2 wt%, 37 wt%, 3.7 g/L and 2.0 g/L/d respectively. This new generation oil, obtained from a negative value industrial waste, represents a promising platform chemical for the production of biodiesel, biosurfactants, animal feed and biobased plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Di Fidio
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Federico Dragoni
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy; Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Department of Technology Assessment and Substance Cycles, Potsdam-Bornim e.V. Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Claudia Antonetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Isabella De Bari
- Laboratory for Processes and Technologies for Biorefineries and Green Chemistry, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), CR Trisaia, S.S. 106 Jonica, 75026 Rotondella, MT, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Ragaglini
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
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12
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Di Fidio N, Fulignati S, De Bari I, Antonetti C, Raspolli Galletti AM. Optimisation of glucose and levulinic acid production from the cellulose fraction of giant reed (Arundo donax L.) performed in the presence of ferric chloride under microwave heating. Bioresour Technol 2020; 313:123650. [PMID: 32585455 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A two-step exploitation of the giant reed cellulose to glucose and levulinic acid, after the complete removal of the hemicellulose fraction, was investigated using FeCl3 as catalyst. In the first step, the microwave-assisted hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose was optimised by response surface methodology analysis, considering the effect of temperature, reaction time and catalyst amount. Under the optimised reaction conditions, the glucose yield was 39.9 mol%. The cellulose-rich residue was also converted by enzymatic hydrolysis, achieving the glucose yield of 39.8 mol%. The exhausted residue deriving from the chemical hydrolysis was further converted to levulinic acid by microwave treatment at harsher reaction conditions. The maximum levulinic acid yield was 64.3 mol%. On the whole, this cascade approach ensured an extensive and sustainable exploitation of the C6 carbohydrates to glucose and levulinic acid, corresponding to about 70 mol% of glucan converted to these valuable bioproducts in the two steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Di Fidio
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Fulignati
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Isabella De Bari
- Laboratory for Processes and Technologies for Biorefineries and Green Chemistry, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), CR Trisaia, S.S. 106 Jonica, 75026 Rotondella (MT), Italy
| | - Claudia Antonetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Raspolli Galletti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Di Fidio N, Antonetti C, Raspolli Galletti AM. Microwave-assisted cascade exploitation of giant reed (Arundo donax L.) to xylose and levulinic acid catalysed by ferric chloride. Bioresour Technol 2019; 293:122050. [PMID: 31454732 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present work aimed to investigate and optimize the selective exploitation of hemicellulose and cellulose fractions of the energy crop Arundo donax L. (giant reed), to give xylose and levulinic acid, respectively. In order to improve the sustainability of this process, a microwave-assisted hydrolysis in the presence of FeCl3 was implemented using as substrate the raw biomass without any pretreatment process. The effects of the hydrolysis reaction conditions, such as temperature, reaction time, salt amount and biomass loading, on giant reed exploitation were investigated. In the first step, under the optimized conditions (150 °C, 2.5 min and 1.6 wt% FeCl3), the xylose yield reached 98.2 mol%. In the second step, under the best conditions (190 °C, 30 min and 2.4 wt% FeCl3), the levulinic acid yield was 57.6 mol%. This novel cascade approach ensured an extensive exploitation of giant reed polysaccharides working in the respect of Green Chemistry principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Di Fidio
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Antonetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Licursi D, Antonetti C, Parton R, Raspolli Galletti AM. A novel approach to biphasic strategy for intensification of the hydrothermal process to give levulinic acid: Use of an organic non-solvent. Bioresour Technol 2018; 264:180-189. [PMID: 29803088 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Levulinic acid is a platform chemical obtained from acid-catalyzed hydrothermal conversion of cellulose-rich biomass. The low amounts of solid biomass which can be handled in the reactor limit the levulinic acid concentration in the aqueous stream, making the economic viability of the aqueous phase process unsuitable for large scale applications. Now a novel approach to biphasic process has been proposed, where a mineral oil has been used as non-solvent for levulinic acid, thus concentrating it in the water phase, reducing the water volume to be processed downstream but at the same time maintaining enough liquid phase to sustain the slurry processability. The work has studied: i) the optimization of the biphasic hydrolysis of corn grain to levulinic acid; ii) the characterization of the recovered oil; iii) the evaluation of the energetic properties of the recovered hydrochar for its exploitation, thus smartly closing the biorefinery cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Licursi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Antonetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Rudy Parton
- GFB Europe BV, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Burg. Lemmensstraat 358, 6163JT Geleen, The Netherlands
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Biancalana L, Fulignati S, Antonetti C, Zacchini S, Provinciali G, Pampaloni G, Raspolli Galletti AM, Marchetti F. Ruthenium p-cymene complexes with α-diimine ligands as catalytic precursors for the transfer hydrogenation of ethyl levulinate to γ-valerolactone. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj03569e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cationic Ru(ii) arene complexes with α-diimine ligands were investigated as catalytic precursors in the transfer hydrogenation of ethyl levulinate to γ-valerolactone from isopropanol under MW irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Biancalana
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- Università di Pisa
- I-56124 Pisa
- Italy
- CIRCC
| | - Sara Fulignati
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- Università di Pisa
- I-56124 Pisa
- Italy
- CIRCC
| | - Claudia Antonetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- Università di Pisa
- I-56124 Pisa
- Italy
- CIRCC
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- CIRCC
- I-70126 Bari
- Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”
- Università di Bologna
| | - Giacomo Provinciali
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- Università di Pisa
- I-56124 Pisa
- Italy
| | - Guido Pampaloni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- Università di Pisa
- I-56124 Pisa
- Italy
- CIRCC
| | | | - Fabio Marchetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- Università di Pisa
- I-56124 Pisa
- Italy
- CIRCC
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Licursi D, Antonetti C, Fulignati S, Vitolo S, Puccini M, Ribechini E, Bernazzani L, Raspolli Galletti AM. In-depth characterization of valuable char obtained from hydrothermal conversion of hazelnut shells to levulinic acid. Bioresour Technol 2017; 244:880-888. [PMID: 28847076 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, the exploitation of hazelnut shells for the combined production of levulinic acid (LA) and hydrochar was investigated. The optimization of the catalytic hydrothermal treatment was performed both in autoclave and microwave reactor, approaching a maximum LA yield of ∼9-12wt%. Hydrochars recovered with high yield (∼43-47wt%) were characterized by different techniques, including elemental and proximate analysis, heating value, FT-IR, XPS, XRD, SEM-EDX, and SAA. Their "lignite-like" energetic properties make them suitable for the energy recovery within the same biorefinery plant for LA production, thus partially offsetting the cost of the entire process. Alternatively, since the synthesized hydrochars maintain high levels of oxygenated groups, they could be smartly exploited as natural sorbents for environmental applications. The proposed integrated approach makes possible to fully exploit this waste, smartly closing its biorefinery cycle in a sustainable development perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Licursi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Antonetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Fulignati
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sandra Vitolo
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Monica Puccini
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Bernazzani
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Antonetti C, Raspolli Galletti AM, Fulignati S, Licursi D. Amberlyst A-70: A surprisingly active catalyst for the MW-assisted dehydration of fructose and inulin to HMF in water. CATAL COMMUN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2017.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Antonetti C, Licursi D, Raspolli Galletti AM, Martinelli M, Tellini F, Valentini G, Gambineri F. Application of microwave irradiation for the removal of polychlorinated biphenyls from siloxane transformer and hydrocarbon engine oils. Chemosphere 2016; 159:72-79. [PMID: 27281539 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The removal of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) both from siloxane transformer oil and hydrocarbon engine oil was investigated through the application of microwave (MW) irradiation and a reaction system based on polyethyleneglycol (PEG) and potassium hydroxide. The influence of the main reaction parameters (MW irradiation time, molecular weight of PEG, amount of added reactants and temperature) on the dechlorination behavior was studied. Promising performances were reached, allowing about 50% of dechlorination under the best experimental conditions, together time and energy saving compared to conventional heating systems. Moreover, an interesting dechlorination degree (up to 32%) was achieved for siloxane transformer oil when MW irradiation was employed as the unique driving force. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time in which MW irradiation is tested as the single driving force for the dechlorination of these two types of PCB-contaminated oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Antonetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, University of Pisa, Via S. Maria 53, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Domenico Licursi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Raspolli Galletti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Martinelli
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Tellini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giorgio Valentini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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Licursi D, Antonetti C, Martinelli M, Ribechini E, Zanaboni M, Raspolli Galletti AM. Monitoring/characterization of stickies contaminants coming from a papermaking plant--Toward an innovative exploitation of the screen rejects to levulinic acid. Waste Manag 2016; 49:469-482. [PMID: 26838609 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recycled paper needs a lot of mechanical/chemical treatments for its re-use in the papermaking process. Some of these ones produce considerable rejected waste fractions, such as "screen rejects", which include both cellulose fibers and non-fibrous organic contaminants, or "stickies", these last representing a shortcoming both for the papermaking process and for the quality of the final product. Instead, the accepted fractions coming from these unit operations become progressively poorer in contaminants and richer in cellulose. Here, input and output streams coming from mechanical screening systems of a papermaking plant using recycled paper for cardboard production were sampled and analyzed directly and after solvent extraction, thus confirming the abundant presence of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers in the output rejected stream and cellulose in the output accepted one. Despite some significant drawbacks, the "screen reject" fraction could be traditionally used as fuel for energy recovery within the paper mill, in agreement with the integrated recycled paper mill approach. The waste, which still contains a cellulose fraction, can be also exploited by means of the hydrothermal route to give levulinic acid, a platform chemical of very high value added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Licursi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Antonetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Martinelli
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Zanaboni
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Raspolli Galletti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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Antonetti C, Bonari E, Licursi D, Nassi O Di Nasso N, Raspolli Galletti AM. Hydrothermal Conversion of Giant Reed to Furfural and Levulinic Acid: Optimization of the Process under Microwave Irradiation and Investigation of Distinctive Agronomic Parameters. Molecules 2015; 20:21232-53. [PMID: 26633324 PMCID: PMC6332085 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201219760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydrothermal conversion of giant reed (Arundo donax L.) to furfural (FA) and levulinic acid (LA) was investigated in the presence of dilute hydrochloric acid. FA and LA yields were improved by univariate optimization of the main reaction parameters: concentration of the acid catalyst, solid/liquid ratio of the reaction mixture, hydrolysis temperature, and reaction time. The catalytic performances were investigated adopting the efficient microwave (MW) irradiation, allowing significant energy and time savings. The best FA and LA yields were further confirmed using a traditionally heated autoclave reactor, giving very high results, when compared with the literature. Hydrolysis temperature and time were the main reaction variables to be carefully optimized: FA formation needed milder reaction conditions, while LA more severe ones. The effect of the crop management (e.g., harvest time) on FA/LA production was discussed, revealing that harvest time was not a discriminating parameter for the further optimization of both FA and LA production, due to the very high productivity of the giant reed throughout the year. The promising results demonstrate that giant reed represents a very interesting candidate for a very high contemporary production of FA and LA of up to about 70% and 90% of the theoretical yields, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Antonetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, Pisa 56124, Italy.
| | - Enrico Bonari
- Land Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, P.za Martiri della Libertà 33, Pisa 56127, Italy.
| | - Domenico Licursi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, Pisa 56124, Italy.
| | - Nicoletta Nassi O Di Nasso
- Land Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, P.za Martiri della Libertà 33, Pisa 56127, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Raspolli Galletti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, Pisa 56124, Italy.
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Galia A, Schiavo B, Antonetti C, Galletti AMR, Interrante L, Lessi M, Scialdone O, Valenti MG. Autohydrolysis pretreatment of Arundo donax: a comparison between microwave-assisted batch and fast heating rate flow-through reaction systems. Biotechnol Biofuels 2015; 8:218. [PMID: 26697107 PMCID: PMC4687390 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0398-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autohydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass in liquid hot water has been widely studied owing to its high efficiency and relatively low cost. In the perspective of industrial applications, continuous or semi-continuous processes are more interesting than batch systems. Moreover, microwave heating of pretreatment systems has been proposed to intensify the kinetics of the process. In this study, the autohydrolysis of Arundo donax was performed in pure liquid hot water using a microwave-heated batch reactor and a semi-continuous flow-through reaction system with fast heating rate at the same operating conditions with the aim of performing a systematic comparison between the two different experimental apparatuses. RESULTS The effect of process temperature and time, biomass to water mass to volume ratio and water flow rate on the concentration and yield of hydrolysis products was investigated. The flow-through set-up allowed us to reach biomass solubilization up to 44.5 wt% on dry basis, while the batch system stopped at 34.5 wt% suggesting that the mass transfer could be the rate-determining step in the solubilization of the constituting biopolymers. For example, in the flow-through layout, using a flow rate of 3.5 mL/min at 200 °C with 20 min of processing time, quantitative recovery of hemicellulose was obtained with limited formation of degradation products. Interestingly, higher cellulose/hemicellulose extraction ratios were found using the microwave-assisted batch reactor. FTIR analyses of the solid residues recovered after the pretreatment offered independent information on the fractions of liquefied biopolymers complementary to those derived from HPLC and UV-Vis spectroscopy. CONCLUSIONS Collected experimental results indicated that the flow-through system can be adopted to obtain complete solubilization of the hemicellulose fraction of Arundo donax addressing the product distribution in soluble compounds towards fermentable sugars with limited formation of sugar degradation products and with limited penalty in terms of dilution of the hydrolysate solution. It was also found that microwaves can promote cellulose depolymerization and solubilization, thus allowing a more comprehensive utilization of the biomass and that infrared spectroscopy can be a useful technique to estimate the effect of the pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Galia
- />Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica Gestionale Informatica Meccanica and CIRCC, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze-Ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Benedetto Schiavo
- />Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica Gestionale Informatica Meccanica and CIRCC, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze-Ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudia Antonetti
- />Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale and CIRCC, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi, 13, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Leonardo Interrante
- />Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica Gestionale Informatica Meccanica and CIRCC, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze-Ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Lessi
- />Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale and CIRCC, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi, 13, Pisa, Italy
| | - Onofrio Scialdone
- />Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica Gestionale Informatica Meccanica and CIRCC, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze-Ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Valenti
- />Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica Gestionale Informatica Meccanica and CIRCC, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze-Ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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Kyriakou G, Beaumont SK, Humphrey SM, Antonetti C, Lambert RM. Sonogashira Coupling Catalyzed by Gold Nanoparticles: Does Homogeneous or Heterogeneous Catalysis Dominate? ChemCatChem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201000154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Antonetti C. [Order of appearance of the ossification centers in the foot during the period of intrauterine life in human material]. Invest Clin 1997; 38:127-38. [PMID: 9376418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Forty seven skeletons belonging to human fetuses, whose age ranged from eight to thirty eight weeks, were studied in order to establish the beginning of ossification in the bones. Red alizarin was employed in order to stain bone calcifications. Our observations agree with other authors considered as references nonetheless, we also have found differences among the beginning and the sequence of development of some of the primary centers of ossification in the fetal foot. The appearance of the ossification centers was as follows: 1) the five metatarsals: 9th. week; 2) distal phalange first digit; 11th. week; 3) a) proximal phalange 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 digits: 12th. week, b) distal phalange 2, 3, 4, 5 digits: 12th. week; 4) middle phalange second digit: 17th. week; 5) a) middle phalange fourth digit: 18th. week, b) middle phalange third digit: 18th. week, y 6) middle phalange fifth digit: 21th. week.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Antonetti
- Cátedra de Anatomía Normal, Escuela de Medicina Luis Razetti, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas
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