Phthalates in the environment: characteristics, fate and transport, and advanced wastewater treatment technologies

Neonatal exposure to phthalates and their alternatives and associated thyroid disorders: Levels, potential health risks, and mechanisms

The number of newborns born with diseases is increasing recently. Thyroid hormones (THs) are closely related to the growth and development of the newborn in the mother's womb and to the carriage of related diseases after birth. Environmental endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) have been proven to harm THs in newborns. Phthalates (PAEs), a typical class of EDCs, are commonly used in toys, childcare materials, and food contact materials, which have been closely connected with neonatal thyroid dysfunction and thyroid-related diseases. As restrictions on PAEs become more stringent in neonatal field, numerous PAE alternatives are emerging. Associations between exposure to PAEs and their alternatives and dysfunctions in THs have been explored. Hence, we summarized the body burdens and regional characteristics of PAEs and their alternatives in neonatal urine, cord blood, and meconium. Subsequently, the influences of PAEs and their alternatives on thyroid dysfunction, prematurity, low birth weight, fetal growth restriction, respiratory dysfunction, immune disorders, neurological disorders, and reproductive disorders in newborns were evaluated. Furthermore, we scrutinized the effects of PAEs and their alternatives on the neonatal thyroid from signaling, substance transport, and hormone production to explore the underlying mechanisms of action on neonatal thyroid and thyroid-related disorders. As the declining global trends of healthy newborns and the potential impacts of PAEs and their alternatives on thyroid function, a more comprehensive study is needed to discuss their effects on newborns and their underlying mechanisms. This review facilitates attention to the effects of PAEs and their alternatives on thyroid and thyroid-related disorders in newborns.

Recent advances in occurrence, biotreatment, and integrated insights into bacterial degradation of phthalic acid esters in aquatic environments

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are prevalent as emerging contaminants owing to their widespread use as plasticizers in industry. Despite their environmental and health risks, a limited understanding of PAE contamination in aquatic environments hinders the practical implementation of biotreatment strategies for their removal. This paper reviews the advances in occurrence, biotreatment, and relevant integrative analysis of bacterial PAE degradation over the past decade. In various aquatic environments, dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) are the predominant PAE pollutants across different regions, with alarming levels reported in Eastern China. PAEs in water usually inhibit the growth and metabolism of surrounding organisms. Meanwhile, various biotreatment techniques have proven effective in removing PAEs from leachate and wastewater. The treatment efficiency can be further enhanced by incorporating suitable physicochemical processes and optimizing key factors, such as the initial pollutant concentration, PAE type, and reaction time. Additionally, a K-means machine learning algorithm and 16S rRNA gene-based evolutionary analysis were employed to reveal that soil is a preferred source for isolating strains, with Gordonia and Pseudomonas being the dominant genera of PAE-degrading bacteria exhibiting high degradation efficiency. Moreover, most PAE hydrolase genes were discovered in these two genera. Different gene clusters facilitated the subsequent degradation pathways under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. This paper presents the latest updates on PAE biotreatment and offers an integrated analysis of the bacterial degradation involved. Future research should apply these insights to enhance the overall effectiveness of PAE removal in water.

Corn-derived biochar mitigates oxidative stress and increases the content of essential elements in lettuce leaves grown in phthalate-polluted soil

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are recognized markers of microplastic pollution of the environment. The study assessed the effects of different biochars (BC) derived from sewage sludge (SS), corn residues (CR), sunflower (SF), and residues from biogas production (BG) on lettuce grown in PAEs-polluted soil. The BC varied in composition, porosity, and carbon structure, with CR-BC exhibiting the highest surface area and optimal aliphatic carbon content, making it the most effective for soil application. SS had the highest heavy metal and PAHs content, though within safe limits. Elevated phosphate levels in lettuce leaves, influenced by high PAHs, ash, and metal content in BC, were associated with increased CAT activity, indicating oxidative stress. A strong positive correlation was found between Cd and phosphate content, especially in SS-treated plants, and between phosphate and B. CR-BC limited heavy metal uptake while promoting beneficial nutrient interactions (such as between Ca and Mg). PAEs accumulation in lettuce was strongly negatively correlated with phosphate and B levels, suggesting these elements reduce pollutant uptake. Among treatments, CR-BC significantly reduced PAEs accumulation in lettuce leaves, which is critical for food safety. CR-BC also enhanced lettuce biomass, chlorophyll content, and nutrient uptake, and it decreased oxidative stress (lower levels of MDA and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity of SOD and CAT). Conversely, BG-BC negatively affected plant growth, likely due to its high pH. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of BC feedstock properties, with corn-derived BC offering the most beneficial effects on plant health and pollutant mitigation in polluted soils.

A DIE responsive fluorescent probe for phthalate and its application in test paper and hydrogel detection platforms

Phthalates, classified as priority environmental contaminants, have driven intensive methodological development for environmental monitoring due to their well-documented endocrine-disrupting effects. Despite these imperatives, the design of optical probes for phthalate detection remains challenging probably due to the lack of suitable functional groups/sensing mode. Additionally, the reported probes were applied in the form of suspensions, resulting in difficulties in separation and recovery during the practical applications. Addressing these limitations, we engineered an amphiphilic BODIPY derivative (BOD-Bea) featuring a bespoke molecular architecture that self-assembles into non-fluorescent aggregates in aqueous media. Upon dipentyl phthalate (DPP) binding, significant fluorescence and absorption enhancements were elicited through the mechanism of disaggregation-induced emission (DIE). From the titration experiments, both the fluorescence emission at 653 nm and absorption at 576 nm demonstrate linear correlations with DPP concentrations in the range of 0-26 μM. The calculated LODs were determined to be 0.11 μM for fluorescence detection and 1.24 μM for absorption measurement. Detailed binding mechanism reveals that the probe achieves specific DPP recognition through synergistic interactions: π-π stacking anchoring the benzene ring moiety and hydrophobic capturing of the alkyl chain. Finally, probe BOD-Bea has been successfully employed to quantify DPP in the real water samples with good recoveries. Meanwhile, two instrument-free solid sensors based on BOD-Bea (i.e., test paper and hydrogel) are fabricated to rapidly and sensitively monitor DPP. This strategy overcomes the disadvantages of complex and costly pre-treatment of traditional methods and provides a molecular design basis for rapid on-site detection.

Dysregulation of microRNA (miRNA) Due to Phthalate/Phthalate Metabolite Exposure and Associated Health Effects: A Narrative Review

Phthalates, a group of synthetic non-persistent organic chemicals commonly used as solvents and plasticisers, have been associated with a range of detrimental health effects. These endocrine disrupting chemicals (ECDs) may exert their effects through epigenetic changes such as altered microRNA (miRNA) expression. miRNAs are short non-coding endogenous RNA transcripts that are preferentially expressed in various tissues and cell types and can circulate in body fluids, thereby regulating gene expression and acting as mediators for intercellular communication. As miRNAs mostly target protein-coding transcripts, they are involved in nearly all networks that regulate developmental and pathological processes. In this review, we provide an overview of human, in vivo and in vitro studies assessing altered miRNA expression due to phthalate exposure and their biological effects. Importantly, this study suggests that the mechanism of phthalate action may in part be mediated by epigenetic changes, affecting a large number of different proteins. This is indicative that alterations in miRNA expression induced by phthalate exposure are then implicated in a wide range of health conditions, including reproductive dysfunction, oncogenesis, metabolic disorders, and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Exposure to phthalates and their metabolites predominantly results in the upregulation of miRNAs. Dysregulation of miR-34a, miR-15b, miR-141, miR-184, miR-19a, miR-125, and miR-let-7 were observed across several studies. More research involving human participants combined with mechanistic studies integrating mRNA target analysis would be beneficial in understanding the downstream effects of phthalate exposure on gene expression and grasping the broader biological implications.

Insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying phthalates-induced nephrotoxicity

Phthalates are the most common environmental toxicantsthat are added to plastics to improve their elasticity and extensibility. Different products such as baby toys, personalcare products, packaging materials and pharmaceutical products contain various phthalates like Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), Dibutyl phthalate (DBP), etc. During processing, transportation and preparation, these phthalates can leach out into food anddrinks. Despite their commercial advantages, phthalates have shown multi-organ toxicity, including nephrotoxicity. Phthalates exposure can lead to morphological as well as functional alterations in renal tissues. Intoxication to these phthalates can increase the risk of nephrotoxicity through various signaling pathways, including ferroptosis, oxidative stress, inflammatory, mitochondrial and DNA damage-associated pathways. This review aims to outline recent in-vivo and epidemiological studies to deepen the knowledge on underlying molecular mechanisms of nephrotoxicity caused by different phthalates. Moreover, various pharmacological interventions have also been discussed in this review, which serve as the scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of the Phthalates-induced kidney damage.

Multimedia contamination characteristics, risk assessment, and source quantification of phthalates in the Shaying River Basin, China

Phthalates (PAEs), a class of typical endocrine-disrupting chemicals, have been widely detected in the environment due to their prevalent use as plasticizers in plastic products. This study investigates the multimedia contamination characteristics and potential ecological risks of PAEs in water, soil, and sediments of the Shaying River (SYR) Basin. A Geodetector model (GDM) was employed to identify the key drivers influencing the spatial distribution of PAEs, while factor analysis and the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model were utilized to quantitatively apportion the potential sources of PAEs. Results revealed that the concentrations and spatial variation of PAEs were significantly higher in soil and sediments than in water, with distinct compositional profiles. Water samples exhibited a higher proportion of low-molecular-weight PAEs compared to soil and sediment, where high-molecular-weight PAEs prevailed to a lesser extent. Notably, among the 6 target PAEs, di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were uniformly the primary PAEs in water, soil, and sediment of the SYR Basin, posing higher ecological risks to algae, crustaceans, amphibians, and fish compared to the other 4 PAEs. The spatial distribution of PAEs in the SYR Basin was comprehensively influenced by land use, precipitation, human activities, and soil types. Key factors vary across media, but the interaction between popdensity and other variables significantly enhanced the interpretation degree, jointly shaping the PAEs distribution patterns. Primary sources of PAEs in the basin were sewage and wastewater discharges (37.0%), nonpoint industrial sources (36.4%), and domestic sources (25.6%).

Bio-monitoring of endocrine disrupting chemicals in human serum: insights from a study in Central India

In recent years, the health impacts of phthalates and bisphenol-A (BPA) have garnered significant research attention due to their widespread use in consumer products and identification as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Human exposure occurs through various pathways, including dietary intake, inhalation of dust, and dermal contact. This study initially aimed to analyze serum samples from 200 participants in Jabalpur city (Central India); however, samples from 173 individuals were ultimately analyzed to assess the occurrence, concentration patterns, and gender-related differences of six phthalates and BPA. Serum samples were collected, processed, and analyzed for EDC content using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The findings highlighted differences in detection frequencies among genders and residential areas, shaped by environmental exposure variability, lifestyle variations, and gender-specific metabolic disparities. All the targeted analytes were detected with diethyl phthalate (DEP) having the highest mean concentration of 13.74 ± 6.2 ng/ml, followed by di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) with mean value of 13.69 ± 99.82 ng/ml in human serum. Studies have linked DEP exposure endocrine disruption and reproductive abnormalities. Subsequent research endeavors should prioritize elucidating EDC sources, pathways, and health impacts, facilitating evidence-based policies to mitigate risks and ensure a healthier future.

Prenatal exposure to mixtures of phthalates and bisphenol A and eczema risk: findings in atopic and non-atopic children from the LiNA birth cohort

BACKGROUND

We investigated whether maternal exposure to phthalate and bisphenol A (BPA) mixtures is associated with eczema in children, as most studies have only addressed single chemical exposures.

METHODS

Nine phthalate metabolites and BPA were quantified in urine at gestational weeks 34-36 (n = 540) and total, inhalant, and food allergen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E levels (sx1, and fx5) were measured in serum from 4-year-old children of the LiNA cohort (n = 219). The association of prenatal exposure to phthalates and BPA, both single and mixed, with eczema and IgE was assessed in children stratified by atopy status. Three independent statistical models adjusted for covariates were used: logistic regression -also in the sex-stratified analysis-, weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression, and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR). Moreover, an in silico toxicogenomic analysis was conducted to explore putative underlying mechanisms.

RESULTS

The adjusted logistic regression showed that monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP; OR = 2.64, 95 % CI: 1.29-6.4) and the sum of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate metabolites (2.09, 1.1-4.32) were significantly associated with eczema exclusively in atopic boys. The BKMR suggested a positive trend between chemical exposure and IgE values in the atopic subgroup. In the WQS model, the mixture' positive effect on eczema among atopic children was significant (1.90, 1.80-2.01) with MBzP (65.9 %), monoethyl phthalate (13.3 %), and BPA (10.9 %) being the main contributors, which jointly modulate antibody-mediated immunity and inflammation gene pathways in the toxicogenomic profiling.

CONCLUSIONS

Maternal exposure to mixtures of phthalates and BPA differentially impacts eczema risk among atopy-stratified children. The in silico chemical-gene interaction analysis in atopic children identified genes involved in immune cell activation and Ig production. Compared to non-atopic children, individual phthalates were significantly associated with eczema in atopic boys, suggesting that chemicals may have a larger effect size in predisposed populations.

Investigating macro marine litter and beach cleanliness along Southern Vietnam beaches

Plastic contamination is a major issue for marine ecosystems, with macro-litter posing a growing threat globally. This study assesses macro-marine litter on Vung Tau beaches, Southern Vietnam, providing baseline data for marine litter pollution and identifying critical action plans for plastic control. Survey results showed litter density ranging from 0.1768 to 0.4464 items m-2 across twelve sites. Using the Clean Coast Index (CCI), 16.7 % of beaches were rated as "Clean" and 83.3 % as "Moderate," while the Plastic Abundance Index (PAI) revealed 91.7 % of sites had "Moderate" plastic levels. Human activities, such as tourism and insufficient waste management, were key contributors. Addressing this issue requires raising awareness, promoting behavioural change and tourist perceptions, and enhancing waste management efforts. Prioritizing marine protection programs is crucial for effectively eliminating marine litter and plastic waste.

Unraveling the levels of emerging contaminants along the eastern Mediterranean Sea

The Eastern Mediterranean Sea, rich in environmental and cultural heritage, faces increasing threats from emerging contaminants like toxic metals and phthalates. This study evaluates their occurrence across 40 Lebanese Mediterranean coastal hotspots using advanced techniques such as Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Widespread contamination was detected in both water and sediments near landfills, sewage discharges, and industrial areas. Metal concentrations varied, with chromium (Cr) reaching 20.3 µg/L, arsenic (As) 12.1 µg/L, and lead (Pb) 30.6 µg/L, indicating pollution from urban and industrial activities. Manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) were within safe limits, while selenium (Se) and arsenic posed ecological risks. Among 13 phthalates, diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) was the most prevalent, ranging from 15.57 to 72.88 µg/L. Sediments showed elevated calcium, strontium, and barium levels, exceeding safety thresholds. Statistical analysis revealed correlations between contaminants and spatial variability driven by industrial, agricultural, and urban activities. These findings highlight the need for proper regulations and routine monitoring to protect marine ecosystems and public health.

Occurrence, migration, and assessment of human health and ecological risks of PFASs and EDCs in groundwater of Northeast China

Northeast China as an important base of grain production in China, has been suffering from potential groundwater pollution due to the excessive and prolonged application of fertilizers and pesticides. However, exploration of emerging contaminants pollution in groundwater and assessment of human health and ecological risks caused by large-scale agricultural activities have been relatively scarce. This study collected groundwater samples from typical agricultural areas in Northeast China to investigate the extent of contamination by nitrate, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), and then compared the levels of these pollutants with those in other regions of China. Groundwater nitrate pollution caused by strong agricultural activity is widespread in Northeast China, with nitrate-nitrogen (NO3N) concentrations exceeding 10 mg/L in as many as 40.3 % of 429 samples. 8 types of PFASs (3.7-7.1 ng/L) and 11 types of EDCs (18,114.0-62,029.8 ng/L) were detected in the collected groundwater samples. Using the Risk Quotient (RQ) method, this study assessed ecological risk and found that the risk level of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was higher than that of other PFASs. The groundwater EDCs risks in Northeast China was higher compared to other regions in China, with dibutyl phthalate (DBP), Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), Bisphenol A (BPA) having high ecological risk levels. Nitrate, PFASs and EDCs have been detected in deep groundwater (70-100 m depth), indicating that the deeper aquifers could be significantly threatened by pollutants due to human activities. Fertilizers, pesticides, domestic wastewater, and industrial discharges are major sources of groundwater pollutants in the agricultural regions. Industrial-sourced EDCs were widely detected in groundwater of agricultural area, suggesting that the transport of these pollutants is very active in groundwater system. Groundwater monitoring and pollution prevention are extremely urgent, especially for emerging contaminants. This study can provide important warnings and water resource management references for other agricultural areas affected by intensively agricultural activities in the world.

Diisononyl phthalate down-regulates the expression of antioxidant genes NFE2L2, TXN, and TXNRD2, while diethyl-hexyl terephthalate up-regulates their expression including SOD-1

Phthalates, widely utilised as plasticisers to enhance the flexibility of rigid materials like polyvinyl chloride, are known for their endocrine-disrupting properties and cytotoxic effects.This study investigated the impact of Diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and Diethyl-hexyl terephthalate (DEHT) on human endothelial cells (EA.hy926).The assessment focused on cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and the antioxidant-responsive genes expression (NFE2L2, SOD1, TXN, and TXNRD2) following exposure to varying 1, 10, and 100 µg/mL of DINP or DEHT.Cell viability was determined using MTT and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assays. ROS were measured using the DCFDA assay.Gene expression analysis was conducted via qRT-PCR after 48 h of exposure. Results revealed that DINP 100 µg/mL significantly reduced cell viability at 11 and 17% at 48 and 72 h, respectively, whereas increased LDH release by 69% at 48 h. ROS levels also rose by 19-30%, accompanied by down-regulation of NFE2L2, TXN, and TXNRD2.Conversely, DEHT had no adverse effect on cell viability or LDH levels but elevated ROS production (11-14%) and induced up-regulation of antioxidant genes, including SOD1.The findings indicate that DINP exposure could negatively affect the cellular antioxidant response, whereas DEHT leads to up-regulation of antioxidant genes without detrimental effects on viability.

Dipropyl phthalate induces craniofacial chondrogenic defects in zebrafish embryos

Dipropyl phthalate (DPRP), a plasticizer commonly utilized in the plastics industry, has been identified in food and the environment and has the potential to present a hazard to human health and the environment. In this study, the first comprehensive evaluation of DPRP-induced craniofacial chondrogenic defects was conducted using a zebrafish model. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to 1, 2, and 4 mg/L DPRP from 6 to 96 h post-fertilization. At 80 hpf, it was observed that exposure to DPRP resulted in craniofacial developmental malformations, which were mainly characterized by the shortening of the mandibular pharyngeal arches and the inability of the accompanying artery to elongate forward. The resulting phenotype was similar to that of micrognathia syndrome. Transcriptome sequencing and molecular docking analyses revealed that DPRP down-regulated chondrocyte-related genes and induced activation of the FoxO signaling pathway, which in turn interfered with cell proliferation and apoptosis. In this process, DPRP induced elevated levels of oxidative stress in the craniofacial pharyngeal arch while promoting inflammatory responses. This ultimately led to craniofacial chondrogenic malformations in zebrafish. The present study demonstrates that DPRP induces developmental toxicity of zebrafish craniofacial cartilage, which may have adverse effects on other aquatic organisms and humans.

Molecular Mechanisms of Phthalate-Induced Hepatic Injury and Amelioration by Plant-Based Principles

Phthalates are the emerging environmental toxicants derived from phthalic acid and its constituents, which are moderately present in plastics and many personal care products. Phthalate exposure occurs through various environmental factors, including air, water, and soil, with absorption facilitated via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. Upon exposure, phthalates become bioavailable within the biological systems and undergo biotransformation and detoxification processes in the liver. The physicochemical properties of phthalates indicate their lipophilicity, environmental persistence, and bioaccumulation potential, influencing their absorption, distribution, and hepatic biotransformation. The prolonged exposure to phthalates adversely influences the biological redox system by altering the levels of the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, molecular signaling pathways, and causing hepatic pathogenesis. The strategies to combat phthalate-induced toxicity include avoiding exposure to these compounds and using plant-based bioactive molecules such as polyphenols, which possess therapeutic potential as antioxidants, suppress inflammatory cascades, prevent oxidative damage, and stabilize cellular integrity. This review presents a comprehensive and updated account of the chemical, biochemical, immunological, and toxicological properties of phthalates, along with novel plant-based therapeutic strategies to mitigate the phthalate-induced adverse effects on living systems.

Pollution Status, Ecological Effects, and Bioremediation Strategies of Phthalic Acid Esters in Agricultural Ecosystems: A Review

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are common organic contaminants in farmland soil throughout agricultural systems, posing significant threats to human health and thus closely associated with food safety concerns. Here, we consolidate the latest findings regarding the distribution, ecological effects, bioremediation methods, and microbial degradation pathways of PAEs in agricultural ecosystems. Generally, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), and di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP) exhibit the highest detection frequencies and concentrations in soil, air and agricultural products. The presence of these PAEs in agricultural ecosystems can significantly affect soil and plant-associated microbial communities, leading to decreased yield and quality of agricultural products. Bioremediation techniques, such as microbial degradation and phytoremediation, are frequently explored to address these issues. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive overview of current research on PAEs in China's agricultural systems and offers insights into potential problems and future research directions.

The potential mechanisms underlying phthalate-induced hypospadias: a systematic review of rodent model studies

Objectives

Maternal exposure to environmental endocrine disruptors, such as phthalates, during pregnancy is a significant risk factor for the development of hypospadias. By consolidating existing research on the mechanisms by which phthalates induce hypospadias in rodent models, this systematic review aims to organize and analyze the discovered mechanisms and their potential connections.

Methods

The study involved all articles that explored the mechanisms of phthalate-induced hypospadias using rodent models. A comprehensive search of the PubMed and Web of Science databases was conducted using the terms "hypospadias" and "phthalates" before January 20, 2024. Then, two investigators screened for studies worthy of inclusion by setting inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Results

Of the initial 326 search results, 22 were included in the subsequent analysis. Based on the commonalities among different results, the mechanisms of phthalate-induced hypospadias could be categorized into the following five groups: sex steroids-related signaling pathways (n=10), epithelial-mesenchymal transition (n=6), autophagy (n=5), apoptosis (n=4) and angiogenesis (n=2). Among these, sex steroids-related signaling pathways might serve as a central regulator among all mechanisms, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) also played an important mediating role.

Conclusion

The systematic review indicates that phthalates may initially disrupt the balance of sex steroids-related pathways, leading to abnormally elevated levels of ROS and subsequently to other functional abnormalities, ultimately resulting in the development of hypospadias. All these findings will help to improve prevention strategies during pregnancy to reduce the adverse effects of phthalates on the offspring.

DEHP regulates ferritinophagy to promote testicular ferroptosis via suppressing SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway

To increase elasticity and flexibility, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is used in a variety of industrial products, but excessive exposure to it can pose a threat to human health. In epidemiological studies of population exposure to DEHP, attention has been paid to damage to the male reproductive system. However, the toxicological mechanism of DEHP regarding testicular injury is not well understood. We used Western blot analysis, transmission electron microscopy, fluorescence staining, transient transfection and assay kit to detect relevant indicators, and the results were as follows: After DEHP exposure, the expression levels of ACSL4, COX2, TF, FTH1, LC3, AMPK, p-AMPK, ULK1, p-ULK1, serum iron, tissue iron and MDA in the exposure group were significantly increased. The expression levels of GPX4, NCOA4, p62, SIRT1, and PGC-1α, as well as the contents of GSH and ATP, decreased. Electron microscopy showed that more autophagosomes were observed. Our findings suggest that exposure to DEHP induced ferritinophagy and ferroptosis in the testis. In vitro, the promoting effect of ferritinophagy on ferroptosis was verified by applying the autophagy inhibitor (3-MA) and si-NCOA4. Moreover, Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) inhibited the mitochondrial regulatory protein SIRT1/PGC-1α, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction. Changes in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (MtROS) and energy over-activated AMPK/ULK1 autophagy pathway, and then promoted ferritinophagy, which increased the sensitivity of TM4 cells to ferroptosis. This research offers a theoretical framework for the prevention and management of DEHP-induced harm.

Biochar amendment affects the fate of phthalic acid esters in the soil-vegetable system

Phthalates, e.g., esters of phthalic acid (PAEs), when used as plasticizers due to weak physical bonding with polymer matrix favoring leaching, are widely noted in the environment. Their confirmed toxicity to plants and animals implies that their fate should be monitored in the environment, especially when considering the interaction between soil and vegetables. Removal of PAEs from the environment or limiting their bioavailability is a key point in reducing their harmful effects. In the present paper, the fate of six PAEs in the biochar-amended soil during the cultivation of two popular vegetables, lettuce, and radish, was estimated. High bioaccumulation in the soil was noted with the biochar obtained from residues from biogas production being up to 15% higher than in the case of the other biochar and up to 10 times higher than in plants due to increased basic character of biochar. This biochar reduced the bioavailability of DEP (diethyl phthalate), DBP (dibutyl phthalate), BBP (butyl benzyl phthalate), and DNOP (di-n-octyl phthalate) in radish roots and DBP in lettuce leaves. However, PAEs significantly increased the fresh mass of radish and slightly increased the mass of lettuce. All six tested PAEs in both plants reached higher concentrations in the leaves (up to two orders of magnitude) than in the roots. Additionally, PAEs were present in two times higher concentrations in the lettuce than in the radish. The biochar aromaticity, porosity, and the presence of organic carbon and inorganics (ash) affect the fate of tested pollutants depending on the tested plant and compound.

Microplastics in aquaculture environments: Current occurrence, adverse effects, ecological risk, and nature-based mitigation solutions

Microplastics pose detrimental effects on the environment, aquatic products, and human health. This comprehensive analysis highlights the repercussions of microplastic contamination within aquaculture. Microplastics in aquaculture are primarily from land-based plastic waste, tourism-related disposal, shipping activities, fisheries/aquaculture, and atmospheric deposition. In aquaculture environments, microplastics have the potential to discharge harmful additives, attract pollutants, degrade the aquaculture setting, and induce toxicological effects. These particles pose ecological risks and can impact human health. Assessing the destiny of microplastics in aquaculture ecosystems is crucial to determining the role of aquaculture in contributing to microplastic contamination within the watershed. It particularly emphasizes the ecological consequences for aquaculture species and the subsequent health threats for humans. The review strongly supports strict regulations to control and limit microplastic presence within aquaculture ecosystems. Clear regulations are essential for reducing microplastics in aquaculture, thereby ensuring food safety. A novel nature-based solution is proposed using methods like microplastic biofilters, biodegradation, and wetlands. These innovations can be conducted in aquatic ecosystems to serve as microplastic biofilters, effectively eliminating waterborne microplastics. In the future, however, it is crucial to develop additional emergency treatment measures to avoid the potential negative impacts of microplastics on both aquaculture and human health.

Selective phthalate removal by molecularly imprinted biomass carbon modified electro-Fenton cathode

A novel molecularly imprinted biomass carbon (MIP@BC) catalyst functionalized with the virtual template of phthalates was designed as the cathode material which possesses excellent 2-electron oxygen reduction ability and H2O2 production capacity, which is suitable for targeted degradation of phthalates in the electro-Fenton system. Following molecularly imprinted modification, the adsorption capacity of MIP@BC for Dimethyl phthalate (DMP) increased by 40 %, reached 9.26 mg/g. Compared with non-imprinted biomass carbon (NIP@BC), the MIP@BC-mediated electro-Fenton process enhanced the degradation rate of DMP by 72 %. Additionally, the degradation rate of DMP rises by 51 % and 104 % respectively on the basis of river water and domestic sewage. The reactive oxygen species that induced DMP degradation were OH and O2- and targeted adsorption and catalysis exert a synergistic effect. This study provides a new insight into targeted degradation for high-toxicity of emerging contaminants from complex aqueous environment.

Sources, environmental fate, and impacts of microplastic contamination in agricultural soils: A comprehensive review

The pervasive presence of microplastics has emerged as a pressing global environmental concern, posing threats to food security and human health upon infiltrating agricultural soils. These microplastics primarily originate from agricultural activities, including fertilizer inputs, compost-based soil remediation, irrigation, and atmospheric deposition. Their remarkable durability and resistance to biodegradation contribute to their persistent presence in the environment. Microplastics within agricultural soils have prompted concerns regarding their potential impacts on agricultural practices. Functioning as significant pollutants and carriers of microcontaminants within agricultural ecosystems, microplastics and their accompanying contaminants represent ongoing challenges. Within these soil ecosystems, the fate and transportation of microplastics can detrimentally affect plant growth, microbial communities, and, subsequently, human health via the food chain. Specifically, microplastics interact with soil factors, impacting soil health and functionality. Their high adsorption capacity for hazardous microcontaminants exacerbates soil contamination, leading to increased adverse effects on organisms and human health. Due to their tiny size, microplastic debris is easily ingested by soil organisms and can transfer through the food chain, causing physiological and/or mechanical damage. Additionally, microplastics can affect plant growth and have the potential to accumulate and be transported within plants. Efforts to mitigate these impacts are crucial to safeguarding agricultural sustainability and environmental health. Future research should delve into the long-term impacts of environmental aging processes on microplastic debris within agricultural soil ecosystems from various sources, primarily focusing on food security and human beings.

Liver DE(HP)toxification: luteolin as "phthalates-cleaner" to protect from environmental pollution

A Mengozzi and F Cappelli discuss a potential pharmacological strategy for phthalate detoxification of the liver as reported by S Chen, C Liu, W Zhang and colleagues, in this issue of EMBO Mol Med .

Scientists' call to action: Microbes, planetary health, and the Sustainable Development Goals

Microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, and protists, are essential to life on Earth and the functioning of the biosphere. Here, we discuss the key roles of microorganisms in achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), highlighting recent and emerging advances in microbial research and technology that can facilitate our transition toward a sustainable future. Given the central role of microorganisms in the biochemical processing of elements, synthesizing new materials, supporting human health, and facilitating life in managed and natural landscapes, microbial research and technologies are directly or indirectly relevant for achieving each of the SDGs. More importantly, the ubiquitous and global role of microbes means that they present new opportunities for synergistically accelerating progress toward multiple sustainability goals. By effectively managing microbial health, we can achieve solutions that address multiple sustainability targets ranging from climate and human health to food and energy production. Emerging international policy frameworks should reflect the vital importance of microorganisms in achieving a sustainable future.

Whole-cell biocatalysis for phthalate esters biodegradation in wastewater by a saline soil bacteria SSB-consortium

Phthalic acid esters (PAE) are widely used as plasticizers and have been classified as ubiquitous environmental contaminants of primary concern. PAE have accumulated intensively in surface water, groundwater, and wastewaters; thus, PAE degradation is essential. In the present study, the ability of a saline soil bacteria (SSB)-consortium to degrade synthetic wastewater-phthalates with alkyl chains of different lengths, such as diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), and di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was characterized. A central composite design-response surface methodology was applied to optimize the degradation of each phthalate, where the independent variables were temperature (21-41 °C), pH (5.3-8.6) and PAE concentration (79.5-920.4 mg L-1), and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry was used to identify the metabolites generated during phthalate degradation. Optimal conditions were 31 °C, pH 7.0, and an initial PAE concentration of 500 mg L-1, where the SSB-consortium removed 84.9%, 98.47%, 99.09% and 98.25% of initial DEP, DBP, BBP, and DEHP, respectively, in 168h. A first-order kinetic model explained - the biodegradation progression, while the half-life of PAE degradation ranged from 12.8 to 29.8 h. Genera distribution of the SSB-consortium was determined by bacterial meta-taxonomic analysis. Serratia, Methylobacillus, Acrhomobacter, and Pseudomonas were the predominant genera; however, the type of phthalate directly affected their distribution. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that high concentrations (1000 mg L-1) of phthalates induced morphological alterations in the bacterial SSB-consortium. The metabolite profiling showed that DEP, DBP, BBP, and DEHP could be fully metabolized through the de-esterification and β-oxidation pathways. Therefore, the SSB-consortium can be considered a potential candidate for bioremediation of complex phthalate-contaminated water resources.

Phthalate monoesters accumulation in residential indoor dust and influence factors

Phthalate monoesters (mPAEs) possess biological activity that matches or even exceeds that of their parent compounds, phthalate esters (PAEs), negatively impacting humans. Indoor dust is the main carrier of indoor pollutants. In this study, indoor dust samples were collected from 46 households in Changchun City, Jilin Province, in May 2019, and particulate and flocculent fibrous dust was used as the research target to analyze the concentration and compositional characteristics of mPAEs, primary metabolites of five significant PAEs. The influence of factors such as architectural features and living habits in residential areas on exposure to mPAEs was explored. Ten suspected enzyme genes along with two metabolic pathways with the ability to degrade PAEs were screened using PICRUSt2. The results showed that the total concentrations of the five mPAEs in the indoor dust samples were particulate dust (11.49-78.69 μg/g) and flocculent fibrous dust (21.61-72.63 μg/g), respectively. The molar concentration ratio (RC) of mPAEs to corresponding PAEs significantly differed among chemicals, with MMP/DMP and MEP/DEP sporting the highest RC values. Different bacterial types have shown distinct influences against mPAEs and PAEs. Enzyme function and metabolic pathway abundance had a significant effect on the concentration of some mPAEs, mPAEs are most likely derived from microbial degradation of PAEs.

Multi-target aptamer assay for endocrine-disrupting phthalic acid ester panel screening in plastic leachates

A multi-target aptamer assay was developed as a phthalic acid ester (PAE) panel to screen selected PAEs in plastic leachate samples. The panel comprises 13 PAEs (PAE-13), namely dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, di-n-hexyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, diisononyl phthalate, diisodecyl phthalate, mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, diphenyl phthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate, dicyclohexyl phthalate, and phthalic acid. Herein, we proposed an aptamer assay using a newly truncated aptamer (20-mer) and the 7-aminoactinomycin D fluorophore, which selectively binds to guanine in single-stranded DNA, resulting in increased fluorescence intensity. The assay is highly selective for PAE-13 clusters. The selectivity of the assay was evaluated using 13 different PAEs and mixtures depending on the side chain structure. The quantitative detection of PAEs was demonstrated by adopting mixed PAE-13 simulants and achieved a limit of detection of ∼1.4 pg/mL. The repeatability and reproducibility of the assay were also evaluated by presenting acceptable coefficients of variation (%CV less than 10% and 15%, respectively). The performance of the assay was demonstrated by analyzing the plastic leachate samples, and the positive correlation (correlation coefficient, r = 0.985) was confirmed by comparing them with the total sum of individual PAE peak areas obtained by gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis.

Long-Term Polyethylene (Bio)Degradation in Landfill: Environmental and Human Health Implications from Comprehensive Analysis

This study investigates the process of long-term (bio)degradation of polyethylene (PE) in an old municipal waste landfill (MWL) and its implications for environmental and human health. Advanced techniques, such as ICP-ES/MS and IC-LC, were used to analyze heavy metals and anions/cations, demonstrating significant concentration deviations from control samples. The soil's chemical composition revealed numerous hazardous organic compounds, further indicating the migration of additives from PE to the soil. Toxicological assessments, including Phytotoxkit FTM, Microtox® bioassay, and Ostracodtoxkit®, demonstrated phytotoxicity, acute toxicity, and high mortality in living organisms (over 85% for Heterocypris Incongruens). An unusual concentration of contaminants in the MWL's middle layers, linked to Poland's economic changes during the 1980s and 1990s, suggests increased risks of pollutant migration, posing additional environmental and health threats. Moreover, the infiltration capability of microorganisms, including pathogens, into PE structures raises concerns about potential groundwater contamination through the landfill bottom. This research underscores the need for vigilant management and updated strategies to protect the environment and public health, particularly in older landfill sites.

Applications of engineered biochar in remediation of heavy metal(loid)s pollution from wastewater: Current perspectives toward sustainable development goals

Environmental pollution of heavy metal(loid)s (HMs) caused adverse impacts, has become one of the emerging concerns and challenges worldwide. Metal(loid)s can pose significant threats to living organisms even when present in trace levels within environmental matrices. Extended exposure to these substances can lead to adverse health consequences in humans. Removing HM-contaminated water and moving toward sustainable development goals (SDGs) is critical. In this mission, biochar has recently gained attention in the environmental sector as a green and alternative material for wastewater removal. This work provides a comprehensive analysis of the remediation of typical HMs by biochars, associated with an understanding of remediation mechanisms, and gives practical solutions for ecologically sustainable. Applying engineered biochar in various fields, especially with nanoscale biochar-aided wastewater treatment approaches, can eliminate hazardous metal(loid) contaminants, highlighting an environmentally friendly and low-cost method. Surface modification of engineered biochar with nanomaterials is a potential strategy that positively influences its sorption capacity to remove contaminants. The research findings highlighted the biochars' ability to adsorb HM ions based on increased specific surface area (SSA), heightened porosity, and forming inner-sphere complexes with oxygen-rich groups. Utilizing biochar modification emerged as a viable approach for addressing lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), and chromium (Cr) pollution in aqueous environments. Most biochars investigated demonstrated a removal efficiency >90 % (Cd, As, Hg) and can reach an impressive 99 % (Pb and Cr). Furthermore, biochar and advanced engineered applications are also considered alternative solutions based on the circular economy.

Fast and reliable determination of phthalic acid esters in soil and lettuce samples based on QuEChERS GC-MS/MS

Phthalates are commonly used as plasticizers, and solvents in industry and households. We propose an application of the QuEChERS method for the determination of six PAEs in the soil and lettuce (roots and leaves) by GC-MS/MS. The QuEChERS method validation procedure was performed and good linearity (>0.997), recovery (97.2-99.1 %), very low detection limits (0.09-0.43 ng/g), and satisfactory inter- and intraday precision (∼4%) were obtained confirming that QuEChERS GC-MS/MS applied for PAEs determination in the environmental samples is a cheap and environmentally friendly method. In general, the higher the number of carbon atoms in PAEs, the higher the percentage noted in the lettuce roots. At higher PAEs concentration (60 ng/g) the main bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) sink were roots whereas at lower concentrations (30 ng/g) most of DEHP was noted in lettuce leaves implying that the fate of PAEs was governed not by the chemical structure of PAEs but rather partitioning (logKow).

Non-targeted screening and photolysis transformation of tire-related compounds in roadway runoff

Roadway runoff serves as a crucial pathway for transporting contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) from urban environments to receiving water bodies. Tire-related compounds originating from tire wear particles (TWPs) have been frequently detected, posing a potential ecological threat. Yet, the photolysis of tire-related compounds within roadway runoff remains inadequately acknowledged. Addressing this deficit, our study utilized high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) to characterize the chemical profile of roadway runoff across eight strategically selected sites in Guangzhou, China. 219 chemicals were identified or detected within different confidence levels. Among them, 29 tire-related contaminants were validated with reference standards, including hexa(methoxymethyl)melamine (HMMM), 1,3-diphenylguanidine (DPG), dicyclohexylurea (DCU), and N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazol-amine (DCMA). HMMM exhibited with the abundance ranging from 2.30 × 104-3.10 × 106, followed by DPG, 1.69 × 104-8.34 × 106. Runoff sample were exposed to irradiation of 500 W mercury lamp for photodegradation experiment. Photolysis results indicated that tire-related compounds with a low photolysis rate, notably DCU, DCMA, and DPG, are more likely to persist within the runoff. The photolytic rates were significantly correlated with the spatial distribution patterns of these contaminants. Our findings underscore TWPs as a significant source of pollution in water bodies, emphasizing the need for enhanced environmental monitoring and assessment strategies.

Analysis and remediation of phthalates in aquatic matrices: current perspectives

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are high production volume chemicals used extensively as plasticizers, to increase the flexibility of the main polymer. They are reported to leach into their surroundings from plastic products and are now a ubiquitous environmental contaminant. Phthalate levels have been determined in several environmental matrices, especially in water. These levels serve as an indicator of plasticizer abuse and plastic pollution, and also serve as a route of exposure to different species including humans. Reports published on effects of different PAEs on experimental models demonstrate their carcinogenic, teratogenic, reproductive, and endocrine disruptive effects. Therefore, regular monitoring and remediation of environmental water samples is essential to ascertain their hazard quotient and daily exposure levels. This review summarises the extraction and detection techniques available for phthalate analysis in water samples such as chromatography, biosensors, immunoassays, and spectroscopy. Current remediation strategies for phthalate removal such as adsorption, advanced oxidation, and microbial degradation have also been highlighted.

Activated DBP degradation and relevant signal transduction path via quorum sensing autoinducers in Streptomyces sp. SH5

Microbe-mediated DBP (dibutyl phthalate) mineralization is acknowledged to be affected by diverse extracellular factors. However, little is known about the regulatory effects from quorum sensing (QS) signals. In this study, extracellularly applied QS signals A-like (hydroxymethyl dihydrofuran) was discovered to significantly enhance DBP degradation efficiency in Streptomyces sp. SH5. Monobutyl phthalate, protocatechuic acid and beta-ketoadipate were discovered as degradation intermediates by HPLC-TOF-MS/MS. Multi-omics analysis revealed the up-regulation of multiple hydrolases, transferases and decarboxylases that potentially contributed to A-like accelerated DBP degradation. Transcription of Orf2708, an orthologue of global transcriptional activator, was significantly induced by A-like. Orf2708 was demonstrated to interact specifically with the promoter of hydrolase orf2879 gene by EMSA, and the overexpression of orf2879 led to an enhanced DBP degradation in SH5. Taken together with the molecular docking studies showing the stability of ligand-receptor complex of A-like and its potential receptor Orf3712, a hierarchical regulatory cascade underlying the QS signal mediated DBP degradation was proposed as A-like/Orf3712 duplex formation, enhanced orf2708 expression and the downstream specific activation of hydrolase Orf2879. Our study presents the first evidence of GBLs-type promoted DBP degradation among bacteria, and the elucidated signal transduction path indicates a universal application potential of this activation strategy.

Unpacking Phthalates from Obscurity in the Environment

Phthalates (PAEs) are a group of synthetic esters of phthalic acid compounds mostly used as plasticizers in plastic materials but are widely applied in most industries and products. As plasticizers in plastic materials, they are not chemically bound to the polymeric matrix and easily leach out. Logically, PAEs should be prevalent in the environment, but their prevalence, transport, fate, and effects have been largely unknown until recently. This has been attributed, inter alia, to a lack of standardized analytical procedures for identifying them in complex matrices. Nevertheless, current advancements in analytical techniques facilitate the understanding of PAEs in the environment. It is now known that they can potentially impact ecological and human health adversely, leading to their categorization as endocrine-disrupting chemicals, carcinogenic, and liver- and kidney-failure-causing agents, which has landed them among contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). Thus, this review article reports and discusses the developments and advancements in PAEs' standard analytical methods, facilitating their emergence from obscurity. It further explores the opportunities, challenges, and limits of their advancements.

A comprehensive review of micro- and nano-plastics in the atmosphere: Occurrence, fate, toxicity, and strategies for risk reduction

Micro- and nano-plastics (MNPs) have received considerable attention over the past 10 years due to their environmental prevalence and potential toxic effects. With the increase in global plastic production and disposal, MNP pollution has become a topic of emerging concern. In this review, we describe MNPs in the atmospheric environment, and potential toxicological effects of exposure to MNPs. Studies have reported the occurrence of MNPs in outdoor and indoor air at concentrations ranging from 0.0065 items m-3 to 1583 items m-3. Findings have identified plastic fragments, fibers, and films in sizes predominantly <1000 μm with polyamide (PA), polyester (PES), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), rayon, polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), and ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) as the major compounds. Exposure through indoor air and dust is an important pathway for humans. Airborne MNPs pose health risks to plants, animals, and humans. Atmospheric MNPs can enter organism bodies via inhalation and subsequent deposition in the lungs, which triggers inflammation and other adverse health effects. MNPs could be eliminated through source reduction, policy/regulation, environmental awareness and education, biodegradable materials, bioremediation, and efficient air-filtration systems. To achieve a sustainable society, it is crucial to implement effective strategies for reducing the usage of single-use plastics (SUPs). Further, governments play a pivotal role in addressing the pressing issue of MNPs pollution and must establish viable solutions to tackle this significant challenge.

A review of biosensor for environmental monitoring: principle, application, and corresponding achievement of sustainable development goals

Human health/socioeconomic development is closely correlated to environmental pollution, highlighting the need to monitor contaminants in the real environment with reliable devices such as biosensors. Recently, variety of biosensors gained high attention and employed as in-situ application, in real-time, and cost-effective analytical tools for healthy environment. For continuous environmental monitoring, it is necessary for portable, cost-effective, quick, and flexible biosensing devices. These benefits of the biosensor strategy are related to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) established by the United Nations (UN), especially with reference to clean water and sources of energy. However, the relationship between SDGs and biosensor application for environmental monitoring is not well understood. In addition, some limitations and challenges might hinder the biosensor application on environmental monitoring. Herein, we reviewed the different types of biosensors, principle and applications, and their correlation with SDG 6, 12, 13, 14, and 15 as a reference for related authorities and administrators to consider. In this review, biosensors for different pollutants such as heavy metals and organics were documented. The present study highlights the application of biosensor for achieving SDGs. Current advantages and future research aspects are summarized in this paper.Abbreviations: ATP: Adenosine triphosphate; BOD: Biological oxygen demand; COD: Chemical oxygen demand; Cu-TCPP: Cu-porphyrin; DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid; EDCs: Endocrine disrupting chemicals; EPA: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Fc-HPNs: Ferrocene (Fc)-based hollow polymeric nanospheres; Fe₃O₄@3D-GO: Fe₃O₄@three-dimensional graphene oxide; GC: Gas chromatography; GCE: Glassy carbon electrode; GFP: Green fluorescent protein; GHGs: Greenhouse gases; HPLC: High performance liquid chromatography; ICP-MS: Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; ITO: Indium tin oxide; LAS: Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate; LIG: Laser-induced graphene; LOD: Limit of detection; ME: Magnetoelastic; MFC: Microbial fuel cell; MIP: Molecular imprinting polymers; MWCNT: Multi-walled carbon nanotube; MXC: Microbial electrochemical cell-based; NA: Nucleic acid; OBP: Odorant binding protein; OPs: Organophosphorus; PAHs: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; PBBs: Polybrominated biphenyls; PBDEs: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers; PCBs: Polychlorinated biphenyls; PGE: Polycrystalline gold electrode; photoMFC: photosynthetic MFC; POPs: Persistent organic pollutants; rGO: Reduced graphene oxide; RNA: Ribonucleic acid; SDGs: Sustainable Development Goals; SERS: Surface enhancement Raman spectrum; SPGE: Screen-printed gold electrode; SPR: Surface plasmon resonance; SWCNTs: single-walled carbon nanotubes; TCPP: Tetrakis (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin; TIRF: Total internal reflection fluorescence; TIRF: Total internal reflection fluorescence; TOL: Toluene-catabolic; TPHs: Total petroleum hydrocarbons; UN: United Nations; VOCs: Volatile organic compounds.

A review on solution- and vapor-responsive sensors for the detection of phthalates

Phthalic acid esters, largely referred to as phthalates, are today acknowledged as important pollutants used in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-based plastics, whose use extends to almost every aspect of modern life. The risk of exposure to phthalates is particularly relevant as high concentrations are regularly found in drinking water, food-contact materials and medical devices, motivating an immense body of research devoted to methods for their detection in liquid samples. Conversely, phthalate vapors have only recently been acknowledged as potentially important atmospheric pollutants and as early fire indicators; additionally, deposition of these vapors can pose significant problems to the proper functioning of spacecraft and diverse on-board devices, leading to major space agencies recognizing the need of developing vapor-responsive phthalate sensors. In this manuscript we present a literature survey on solution- and vapor-responsive sensors and analytical assays for the detection of phthalates, providing a detailed analysis of a vast array of analytical data to offer a clear idea on the analytical performance (limits of detection and quantification, linear range) and advantages provided by each class of sensor covered in this review (electrochemical, optical and vapor-responsive) in the context of their potential real-life applications; the manuscript also gives detailed fundamental information on the various physicochemical responses exploited by these sensors and assays that could potentially be harnessed by new researchers entering the field.

Ecotoxicity of micro- and nanoplastics on aquatic algae: Facts, challenges, and future opportunities

The production of plastic has exponentially increased in recent years, leading to the release of millions of tons of plastic waste into the environment annually. This waste can break down into smaller micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) that are toxic and reactive to life forms, including humans. MNPs are particularly concerning for marine biologists and environmental scientists due to their toxic impacts on aquatic organisms, including algae, which are the foundation of the food chain. The review provides a comprehensive overview of the (eco)toxicity assessment of MNPs on aquatic algal communities, highlighting the novel insights gained into the ecotoxicity of various MNPs on algae and the associated health risks for aquatic ecosystems, food chains, and humans. This article also discusses current challenges and future research opportunities to address these challenges, making it a valuable contribution to the field of environmental science. Overall, this work is one of the first efforts to comprehensively assess the effects of MNPs on aquatic algae, emphasizing the significant risks that MNPs pose to essential ecosystems and human health.

Emergence of microplastics in the aquatic ecosystem and their potential effects on health risks: The insights into Vietnam

The increase of microplastic contamination in Vietnam is a growing concern due to various domestic, agricultural, and industrial activities. The use of plastic mulch and sludge application in agricultural farmland, textile production, daily consumer items, cleaning agents, and health/personal care products contribute significantly to the increasing microplastic pollution in the aquatic ecosystem. The concentration of microplastics reported in surface water ranged from 0.35 to 519,000 items m-3, with fibers and fragments being the most prevalent shapes. Notably, the high concentration of microplastics was observed in lakes, canals, and megacities such as Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh City, which poses potential health risks to the local community via drinking-water supply and food chains. As an emerging pollutant, MPs are the transport vectors for contaminants in environmental matrices that act as a carrier of hazardous pollutants, release toxic compounds, and evenly aggregate/accumulate in biota. Recent studies have reported the presence of microplastics in various marine organisms, including fish and shellfish, highlighting the risk of ingestion of these particles by humans and wildlife. Thus, it is imperative to monitor microplastic contamination in the ecosystem to provide helpful information for the government and local communities. Efforts should be taken to reduce microplastic pollution at the source to minimize potential effects on ecological and health safety. This review paper emphasizes the urgent need for further research on microplastic pollution in Vietnam and highlights potential solutions to mitigate this emerging environmental threat. KEYWORKS: single-use plastics; microplastics; ecosystems; plastic waste; health risk; ecological and health safety; pollution mitigation.

Full life cycle and sustainability transitions of phthalates in landfill: A review

Phthalates (PAEs) are added to various products as a plasticizer. As these products age and are disposed of, plastic waste containing PAEs enters the landfill. The landfill environment is complicated and can be regarded as a "black box". Also, PAEs do not bind with the polymer matrix. Therefore, when a series of physical chemistry and biological reactions occur during the stabilization of landfills, PAEs leach from waste and migrate to the surrounding environmental media, thereby contaminating the surrounding soil, water ecosystems, and atmosphere. Although research on PAEs has achieved progress over the years, they are mainly concentrated on a particular aspect of PAEs in the landfill; there are fewer inquiries on the life cycle of PAEs. In this study, we review the presence of PAEs in the landfill in the following aspects: (1) the main source of PAEs in landfills; (2) the impact of the landfill environment on PAE migration and conversion; (3) distribution and transmedia migration of PAEs in aquatic ecosystems, soils, and atmosphere; and (4) PAE management and control in the landfill and future research direction. The purpose is to track the life cycle of PAEs in landfills, provide scientific basis for in-depth understanding of the migration and transformation of PAEs and environmental pollution control in landfills, and new ideas for the sustainable utilization of landfills.

Organic composts as A vehicle for the entry of microplastics into the environment: A comprehensive review

Plastic pollution is a widespread issue that poses a threat to agroecosystems. Recent data on microplastic (MP) pollution from compost and its application to soil have highlighted the potential impact of micropollutants that may be transferred from compost. Thus, we aim with this review to elucidate the distribution-occurrence, characterization, fate/transport, and potential risk of MPs from organic compost to gain comprehensive knowledge and mitigate the adverse impacts of compost application. The concentration of MPs in compost was up to thousands of items/kg. Among micropollutants, fibers, fragments, and films are the most common, with small MPs having a higher potential to absorb other pollutants and cause harm to organisms. Various synthetic polymers, including polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyester (PES), and acrylic polymers (AP), have been widely used of plastic items. MPs are emerging pollutants that can have diverse effects on soil ecosystems, as they can transfer potential pollutants from MPs to compost and then to the soil. Following the microbial degradation scheme, the transfer chain from plastics to compost to soil can be broken down into main stages, i.e., colonization - (bio)fragmentation - assimilation - and mineralization. Microorganisms and adding biochar play an essential role during composting, which can be an effective solution to enhance MP degradation. Findings have shown that stimulating free radical generation could promote the biodegradation efficacy of MPs and possibly remove their occurrence in compost, thereby reducing their contribution to ecosystem pollution. Furthermore, future recommendations were discussed to reduce ecosystem risks and health challenges.

Composition, distribution, health risks, and drivers of phthalates in typical red paddy soils

The accelerated accumulation of phthalate esters (PAEs) in paddy soils poses a serious threat to human health. However, related studies mainly focus on facility vegetable fields, drylands, and orchards, and little is known about paddy soils. In this study, 125 samples were collected from typical red paddy fields to investigate the pollution characteristics, sources, health risks, and main drivers of PAEs. Soil physicochemical properties, enzyme activity, and bacterial community composition were also measured simultaneously. The results showed that eight PAE congeners were detected ranging from 0.17 to 1.97 mg kg-1. Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and di-isobutyl phthalate (DIBP) were the most abundant PAE congeners, accounting for 81% of the total PAEs. DEHP exhibited a potential carcinogenic risk to humans through the intake route. The main PAEs were positively correlated with soil organic matter (SOM) and soil water content (SWC) contents. Low levels of PAEs increased bacterial abundance. Furthermore, most PAE congeners were positively correlated with hydrolase activity. Soil acidity and nutrient dynamics played a dominant role in the bacterial community composition, with PAE congeners playing a secondary role. These findings suggest that there may be a threshold response between PAEs and organic matter and nutrient transformation in red paddy soils, and that microbial community should be the key driver. Overall, this study deepens the understanding of ecological risks and microbial mechanisms of PAEs in red paddy soils.

Urinary phthalate metabolites and heart rate variability: A panel study

Phthalates exposure is linked with cardiovascular disease. Decreased heart rate variability (HRV) is an early indicator of cardiac autonomic imbalance. We conducted a longitudinal panel study in 127 Chinese adults with 3 repeated visits to explore the associations of individual and mixtures of phthalates exposure with HRV. We quantified 10 urinary phthalate metabolites by gas chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometer (GC-MS/MS) and 6 HRV indices by 3-channel digital Holter monitors. Linear mixed-effect (LME) models and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models were separately implemented to evaluate the associations. After multivariate adjustments, we found that urinary mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-iso-butyl phthalate (MiBP), and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) at lag 0 day were inversely associated with low-frequency power (LF) or total power (TP) (all P-FDR <0.05). In mixture analysis, we observed negative overall associations of phthalate mixtures at lag 0 day with LF or TP, and MiBP was the major contributor. Moreover, stratified analysis suggested that the inverse relationships of MiBP at lag 0 day with LF and TP were more prominent in subjects aged >50 years (all P_interaction < 0.01). Our findings revealed that exposure to individual and mixtures of phthalates, especially MiBP, were related to decreased HRV.

Biochar Can Improve Absorption of Nitrogen in Chicken Manure by Black Soldier Fly

(1) Background: There is growing interest in using insects to treat nutrient-rich organic wastes, such as the black soldier fly (BSF), one of the most efficient organic waste recyclers for upcycling nutrients into the food system. Although biochar (BC) was shown to enhance nutrient retention and the final product quality during the composting of livestock and poultry manure in many previous studies, little information is available on the effect of BC on livestock manure bioconversion by black soldier fly larvae (BSFL). (2) Methods: This study investigated the effect of adding a small amount of BC to chicken manure (CM) on the bioconversion system of the black soldier fly (including N2O and NH3 emissions and the final distribution of nitrogen during the treatment process). (3) Results: The lowest N2O and NH3 emission and highest residual nitrogen in the substrate were observed in the 15% BC treatment. The highest bioconversion rate of CM (8.31%) and the peak of larval biomass was obtained in the 5% BC treatment. (4) Conclusions: The results demonstrate the feasibility of adding 5% BC to reduce pollution and achieve a satisfactory BSFL-based CM bioconversion efficiency.

Mixed exposure to phthalates and organic UV filters affects Children's pubertal development in a gender-specific manner

BACKGROUND

Previous studies showed phthalates and UV filters are endocrine-disruptive and associated with puberty. However, few studies have examined effects of mixed exposure.

METHODS

Six phthalate metabolites and 12 organic UV filters were detected among 223 school-age children. Puberty development was evaluated at baseline and after 18 months of follow-up. Ordered logistic regression models, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression and quantile-based g-computation (qgcomp) were used to evaluate relationships between phthalate metabolites or UV filters exposure and pubertal development.

RESULTS

Six phthalate metabolites and 5 UV filters were detectable in urine samples. In boys, BP-3 and 4'-MAP were negatively associated with genital (ORBP-3 = 0.52, (0.27, 0.93), OR4'-MAP = 0.45, (0.25, 0.74)) and pubic hair development (ORBP-3:0.24, (0.05, 0.76), OR4'-MAP:0.24, (0.05, 0.77)). In girls, MEP levels were associated with advanced breast development (OR: 1.29, (1.04, 1.64)). LASSO regression identified BP-3, 4'-MAP, and OD-PABA for inverse associations with pubertal development in boys. MEP was related to an increase in girls' breast development (OR: 1.64, (1.08, 2.63)). Overall mixture was related to a 70% reduction in boys' genital development stage, with a larger effect size than a single chemical in qgcomp. Mixed exposure was associated with girls' earlier puberty onset (OR: 2.61, (1.06, 6.42)).

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggested higher levels of phthalate metabolites and UV filters were associated with delayed pubertal development in boys but with earlier puberty in girls. Higher effect size of joint exposure than single chemicals suggested phthalates and UV filters might have synergistic effects on puberty and distort adolescent endocrine function together.

Daphnia magna sub-lethal exposure to phthalate pollutants elicits disruptions in amino acid and energy metabolism

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are a class of chemicals that are usually incorporated as additives in the manufacturing of plastics. PAEs are not covalently bound to the material matrix and can, consequently, be leached into the environment. PAEs have been reported to act as endocrine disruptors, neurotoxins, metabolic stressors, and immunotoxins to aquatic organisms but there is a lack of information regarding the impact of sub-lethal concentrations to target organisms. The freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna, a commonly used model organism in aquatic toxicity, was exposed to four phthalate pollutants: dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), monomethyl phthalate (MMP), and monoethyl phthalate (MEP). Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was employed in a targeted metabolomic approach to quantify polar metabolites extracted from a single Daphnia body. Individual metabolite percent changes and hierarchical clustering heatmap analysis showed unique metabolic profiles for each phthalate pollutant. Metabolite percent changes were mostly downregulated or presented opposing responses for the low and high concentrations tested. Meanwhile, pathway analyses suggest the disruption of related and unique pathways, mostly connected with amino acid and energy metabolism. The pathways aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, arginine biosynthesis, and glutathione metabolism were disrupted by most selected PAEs. Overall, this study indicates that although phthalate pollutants can elicit distinct metabolic perturbations to each PAE, they still impacted related biochemical pathways. These chemical-class based responses could be associated with a common toxic mechanism of action. The reported findings show how targeted metabolomic approaches can lead to a better understanding of sub-lethal exposure to pollutants, revealing metabolomic endpoints do not hold a close relationship with traditional acute toxicity endpoints.

Investigation of biochar amendments on odor reduction and their characteristics during food waste co-composting

The odor emission such as ammonia (NH₃) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) during the composting process is a severe problem that adversely affects the environment and human health. Therefore, this study aimed to (1) evaluate the variation of physicochemical characteristics during the co-composting of food waste, and sawdust mixed biochar; (2) assess the efficiency of biochar-composting combined amendment materials for reducing odor emissions and their maturity. The raw materials including food waste (FW), straw dust (SD), and biochar (BC) were prepared and homogeneously mixed with the weight ranging from 120.0 kg to 135.8 kg with five treatments, BC0 (Control), BC1 (5 % biochar), BC2 (5 % distilled water washed biochar), BC3 (10 % biochar), BC4 (20 % biochar). Adding biochar could change physicochemical properties such as temperature, moisture, and pH during composting. The results indicated applying biochar-composting covering to minimalized NH₃ and H₂S aided by higher porous structure and surface functional groups. Among trials, biochar 20 % obtained the lowest NH₃ (2 ppm) and H₂S (3 ppm) emission on day 16 and stopping their emission on day 17. The NH₃/NH₄⁺ adsorption on large specific surface areas and highly porous micro-structure of biochar lead to reduced nitrogen losses, while nitrification (NH₄⁺ ➔ NO₂^- ➔ NO₃^-) may also contribute to nitrogen retention. The H₂S concentration decreased with increasing the biochar proportion, suggesting that biochar could reduce the H₂S emission. Correlation analysis illustrated that temperature, moisture, and oxygen are the most critical factors affecting H₂S and NH₃ emissions (p <0.05). The physicochemical properties and seed germination index indicated that the compost was mature without phytotoxicity. These novelty findings illustrated that the biochar amendment is an effective solution to reduce odor emission and enhances the maturity of compost mixture, which is promising to approach in real-scale conditions and could apply in agricultural fields.

Investigation of ecological risk of microplastics in peatland areas: A case study in Vietnam

This study aims to investigate the distribution and ecological risk assessment of microplastics (MPs) in peatland areas located in Long An province, Vietnam's Mekong Delta. In general, polyvinyl chloride (60.7%), polyethylene (25.8%), and polypropylene (11.9%) were the most abundant polymers determined in the thirty sediment samples. The hazard index (HI) remarked a level of III for MPs contamination in Tan Thanh and Thanh Hoa districts. The pollution load index (PLI) and potential ecological risk index (RI) indicated that the contamination risk of MPs polymer types in the studied sites is relatively high. According to PLI values, MPs levels of peatlands in Tan Thanh and Thanh Hoa are high and moderate, respectively, while the peatland sediments in Duc Hue district are less contaminated. Furthermore, ecological risk indexes in the peatland areas were relatively high, with PLI_overall (level III); HI_overall (level V), and RI_overall (extreme danger). Hence, this study proposed a SWOT framework for challenges of MPs pollution in order to manage peatlands appropriately and minimize ecological risks. As a result, several practical strategies and appropriate approaches have been recommended to reduce microplastics towards a circular economy. These findings provide the initial quantitative assessment insights into hazard levels and ecological impacts of MPs in Vietnam's Mekong Delta peatlands.

Biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and plasticizers residues: role of bees and honey as bioindicators of environmental contamination

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heavy metals, and plasticizer residues are continuously released into the environment. The use of living organisms, such as Apis mellifera L. and honey, is advantageous as bioindicator of the environmental health status, instead of traditional monitoring methods, showing the ability to record spatial and temporal pollutant variations. The PAHs and heavy metal presence were determined in two sampling years (2017 and 2018) in five different locations in the Molise region (Italy), characterized by different pollution levels. During 2017, most PAHs in all samples were lower than limit of detection (LOD), while in 2018, their mean concentration in bee and honey samples was of 3 μg kg^-1 and 35 μg kg^-1, respectively. For heavy metals, lower values were detected in 2017 (Be, Cd, and V below LOD), while in 2018, the mean concentrations were higher, 138 μg kg^-1 and 69 μg kg^-1, in bees and honey, respectively. Honey has been used as indicator of the presence of phthalate esters and bisphenol A in the environment. The satisfactory results confirmed that both bees and honey are an important tool for environmental monitoring. The chemometric analysis highlighted the differences in terms of pollutant concentration and variability in the different areas, validating the suitability of these matrices as bioindicators.

Mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate induces transcriptomic changes in placental cells based on concentration, fetal sex, and trophoblast cell type

Phthalates are ubiquitous plasticizer chemicals found in consumer products. Exposure to phthalates during pregnancy has been associated with adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes and differences in placental gene expression in human studies. The objective of this research was to evaluate global changes in placental gene expression via RNA sequencing in two placental cell models following exposure to the phthalate metabolite mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP). HTR-8/SVneo and primary syncytiotrophoblast cells were exposed to three concentrations (1, 90, 180 µM) of MEHP for 24 h with DMSO (0.1%) as a vehicle control. mRNA and lncRNAs were quantified using paired-end RNA sequencing, followed by identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), significant KEGG pathways, and enriched transcription factors (TFs). MEHP caused gene expression changes across all concentrations for HTR-8/SVneo and primary syncytiotrophoblast cells. Sex-stratified analysis of primary cells identified different patterns of sensitivity in response to MEHP dose by sex, with male placentas being more responsive to MEHP exposure. Pathway analysis identified 11 KEGG pathways significantly associated with at least one concentration in both cell types. Four ligand-inducible nuclear hormone TFs (PPARG, PPARD, ESR1, AR) were enriched in at least three treatment groups. Overall, we demonstrated that MEHP differentially affects placental gene expression based on concentration, fetal sex, and trophoblast cell type. This study confirms prior studies, as enrichment of nuclear hormone receptor TFs were concordant with previously published mechanisms of phthalate disruption, and generates new hypotheses, as we identified many pathways and genes not previously linked to phthalate exposure.