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Nilsson PH, Al-Majdoub M, Ibrahim A, Aseel O, Suriyanarayanan S, Andersson L, Fostock S, Aastrup T, Tjernberg I, Rydén I, Nicholls IA. Quartz Crystal Microbalance Platform for SARS-CoV-2 Immuno-Diagnostics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16705. [PMID: 38069027 PMCID: PMC10705953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid and accurate serological analysis of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is important for assessing immune protection from vaccination or infection of individuals and for projecting virus spread within a population. The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is a label-free flow-based sensor platform that offers an opportunity to detect the binding of a fluid-phase ligand to an immobilized target molecule in real time. A QCM-based assay was developed for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibody binding and evaluated for assay reproducibility. The assay was cross-compared to the Roche electrochemiluminescence assay (ECLIA) Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 serology test kit and YHLO's chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA). The day-to-day reproducibility of the assay had a correlation of r2 = 0.99, p < 0.001. The assay linearity was r2 = 0.96, p < 0.001, for dilution in both serum and buffer. In the cross-comparison analysis of 119 human serum samples, 59 were positive in the Roche, 52 in the YHLO, and 48 in the QCM immunoassay. Despite differences in the detection method and antigen used for antibody capture, there was good coherence between the assays, 80-100% for positive and 96-100% for negative test results. In summation, the QCM-based SARS-CoV-2 IgG immunoassay showed high reproducibility and linearity, along with good coherence with the ELISA-based assays. Still, factors including antibody titer and antigen-binding affinity may differentially affect the various assays' responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per H. Nilsson
- Linnaeus University Centre for Biomaterials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-39182 Kalmar, Sweden; (P.H.N.); (S.S.); (L.A.)
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Sognsvannsveien 20, NO-0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mahmoud Al-Majdoub
- Attana AB, Greta Arwidssons Väg 21, SE-11419 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.A.-M.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (T.A.)
| | - Ahmed Ibrahim
- Attana AB, Greta Arwidssons Väg 21, SE-11419 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.A.-M.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (T.A.)
| | - Obaidullah Aseel
- Medical Programme, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-58225 Linköping, Sweden;
| | - Subramanian Suriyanarayanan
- Linnaeus University Centre for Biomaterials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-39182 Kalmar, Sweden; (P.H.N.); (S.S.); (L.A.)
| | - Linnea Andersson
- Linnaeus University Centre for Biomaterials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-39182 Kalmar, Sweden; (P.H.N.); (S.S.); (L.A.)
| | - Samir Fostock
- Attana AB, Greta Arwidssons Väg 21, SE-11419 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.A.-M.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (T.A.)
| | - Teodor Aastrup
- Attana AB, Greta Arwidssons Väg 21, SE-11419 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.A.-M.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (T.A.)
| | - Ivar Tjernberg
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Region Kalmar County, SE-39185 Kalmar, Sweden;
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Inflammation and Infection, Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ingvar Rydén
- Department of Research, Region Kalmar County, SE-39185 Kalmar, Sweden;
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ian A. Nicholls
- Linnaeus University Centre for Biomaterials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-39182 Kalmar, Sweden; (P.H.N.); (S.S.); (L.A.)
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Zhang J, Zhang Z, Hou L, Zhou W. A Novel Optical Instrument for Measuring Mass Concentration and Particle Size in Real Time. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3616. [PMID: 37050676 PMCID: PMC10099364 DOI: 10.3390/s23073616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Particle mass and particulate size are two important parameters used to characterize the aerosol. Currently, there are a few methods for measuring particle mass concentration and particle size. However, the existing methods have their own shortcomings. In this article, we describe a novel laser scattering instrument that measures mass concentration and particle size in real time over a wide concentration range. This instrument combines laser scattering and time-of-flight aerodynamics in one optical device. There are two innovations in this paper: (1) Two APD detectors are used to receive scattered light. One receives forward-scattered light and the other receives side-scattered light. The advantage is that the sensitivity of the detector is increased greatly, and the ratio of forward and side scattering is used to further obtain the size and shape information of the particles. (2) In order to measure the high concentrations of aerosol, a high-speed ADC and FPGA is combined to achieve an anti-overlap algorithm objective. It has been verified by experiments that the anti-overlapping algorithm can effectively improve the applicability of the aerodynamic particle size spectrometer under high concentration conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxiu Zhang
- School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Longfei Hou
- College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Weihu Zhou
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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Naranda J, Bračič M, Vogrin M, Maver U, Trojner T. Practical Use of Quartz Crystal Microbalance Monitoring in Cartilage Tissue Engineering. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13040159. [PMID: 36278628 PMCID: PMC9590066 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13040159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is a real-time, nanogram-accurate technique for analyzing various processes on biomaterial surfaces. QCM has proven to be an excellent tool in tissue engineering as it can monitor key parameters in developing cellular scaffolds. This review focuses on the use of QCM in the tissue engineering of cartilage. It begins with a brief discussion of biomaterials and the current state of the art in scaffold development for cartilage tissue engineering, followed by a summary of the potential uses of QCM in cartilage tissue engineering. This includes monitoring interactions with extracellular matrix components, adsorption of proteins onto biomaterials, and biomaterial–cell interactions. In the last part of the review, the material selection problem in tissue engineering is highlighted, emphasizing the importance of surface nanotopography, the role of nanofilms, and utilization of QCM as a “screening” tool to improve the material selection process. A step-by-step process for scaffold design is proposed, as well as the fabrication of thin nanofilms in a layer-by-layer manner using QCM. Finally, future trends of QCM application as a “screening” method for 3D printing of cellular scaffolds are envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Naranda
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Centre Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Correspondence: (J.N.); (M.B.); Tel.: +386-2-321-1541 (J.N.); +386-2-220-7929 (M.B.)
| | - Matej Bračič
- Laboratory for Characterisation and Processing of Polymers (LCPP), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Correspondence: (J.N.); (M.B.); Tel.: +386-2-321-1541 (J.N.); +386-2-220-7929 (M.B.)
| | - Matjaž Vogrin
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Centre Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Maver
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Teodor Trojner
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Centre Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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Pham TKN, Garcia GA, Brown JJ. Measurement of isosteric heat of gas adsorption and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area using a quartz crystal microbalance. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:064105. [PMID: 35778017 DOI: 10.1063/5.0073233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The study of gas adsorption on a solid surface evaluates the affinity between sorbate gas and sorbent substrate and factors that contribute to this. This paper presents a test platform for adsorption experiments of various gases on various solid surfaces. Controlled environmental conditions enable investigations in materials surface science and increase the consistency among adsorption data. The system utilizes a quartz crystal microbalance to perform gravimetric analysis of deposition and adsorption, enabling investigation of the interaction of gaseous molecules with solid surfaces. In this study, a quartz crystal microbalance as gas adsorption detector was integrated with an environmental chamber to create a versatile tool for gas adsorption experiments on thin films. Experimental operation of this apparatus was demonstrated via acquisition of the adsorption isotherms of cyclohexane vapor on a gold surface at 55 and 70 °C. The result indicated International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Type II adsorption. Consequentially, application of the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller model to the isotherm data subject to predefined criteria for linear region selection yielded a surface area of the sorbent of 0.53 cm2 at 55 °C. From the monolayer region of the isotherms, the isosteric heat of adsorption of the cyclohexane vapor on gold was calculated to be 37 kJ mol-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Kieu Ngan Pham
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawai`i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - Geoffrey A Garcia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawai`i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - Joseph J Brown
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawai`i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
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Guliy O, Zaitsev B, Teplykh A, Balashov S, Fomin A, Staroverov S, Borodina I. Acoustical Slot Mode Sensor for the Rapid Coronaviruses Detection. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21051822. [PMID: 33807879 PMCID: PMC7961855 DOI: 10.3390/s21051822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A method for the rapid detection of coronaviruses is presented on the example of the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) directly in aqueous solutions with different conductivity. An acoustic sensor based on a slot wave in an acoustic delay line was used for the research. The addition of anti-TGEV antibodies (Abs) diluted in an aqueous solution led to a change in the depth and frequency of resonant peaks on the frequency dependence of the insertion loss of the sensor. The difference in the output parameters of the sensor before and after the biological interaction of the TGE virus in solutions with the specific antibodies allows drawing a conclusion about the presence/absence of the studied viruses in the analyzed solution. The possibility for virus detection in aqueous solutions with the conductivity of 1.9–900 μs/cm, as well as in the presence of the foreign viral particles, has been demonstrated. The analysis time did not exceed 10 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Guliy
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov 410049, Russia; (O.G.); (A.F.); (S.S.)
| | - Boris Zaitsev
- Kotel’nikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of RAS, Saratov Branch, Saratov 410019, Russia; (B.Z.); (A.T.)
| | - Andrey Teplykh
- Kotel’nikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of RAS, Saratov Branch, Saratov 410019, Russia; (B.Z.); (A.T.)
| | - Sergey Balashov
- Information Technology Center Renato Archer, Campinas CEP, SP 13069-901, Brazil;
| | - Alexander Fomin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov 410049, Russia; (O.G.); (A.F.); (S.S.)
| | - Sergey Staroverov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov 410049, Russia; (O.G.); (A.F.); (S.S.)
| | - Irina Borodina
- Kotel’nikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of RAS, Saratov Branch, Saratov 410019, Russia; (B.Z.); (A.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-8452-272401
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Taleghani N, Taghipour F. Diagnosis of COVID-19 for controlling the pandemic: A review of the state-of-the-art. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 174:112830. [PMID: 33339696 PMCID: PMC7694563 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To date, health organizations and countries around the world are struggling to completely control the spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Scientists and researchers are developing tests for the rapid detection of individuals who may carry the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), while striving to find a suitable vaccine to immunize healthy individuals. As there are clinically reported cases of asymptomatic carriers of SARS-CoV-2, fast and accurate diagnosis plays an important role in the control and further prevention of this disease. Herein, we present recent technologies and techniques that have been implemented for the diagnosis of COVID-19. We summarize the methods created by different research institutes as well as the commercial devices and kits developed by companies for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. The description of the existing methods is followed by highlighting their advantages and challenges. Finally, we propose some promising techniques that could potentially be applied to the detection of SARS-CoV-2, and tracing the asymptomatic carriers of COVID-19 rapidly and accurately in the early stages of infection, based on reviewing the research studies on the detection of similar infectious viruses, especially severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus, and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Taleghani
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Fariborz Taghipour
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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Dar KK, Shao S, Tan T, Lv Y. Molecularly imprinted polymers for the selective recognition of microorganisms. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 45:107640. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Wu Y, Li G, Hong Y, Zhao X, Reyes PI, Lu Y. Rapid and dynamic detection of antimicrobial treatment response using spectral amplitude modulation in MZO nanostructure-modified quartz crystal microbalance. J Microbiol Methods 2020; 178:106071. [PMID: 33017623 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.106071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We report a dynamic and rapid detection of the response of S. epidermidis to various antimicrobial treatments utilizing the real-time spectral amplitude modulations of the magnesium zinc oxide nanostructure-modified quartz crystal microbalance (MZOnano-QCM) biosensor. The sensor consists of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) with magnesium zinc oxide (MZO) nanostructures grown directly on the sensing electrode using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Combining the high sensitivity detection of bacteria provided by the MZO nanostructures with the QCM's dynamic acoustic spectrum makes a highly-sensitive dynamic biosensor well-suited for monitoring viscoelastic transitions during drug treatment compared to the QCM's conventional frequency shift signals. We demonstrated dynamically monitoring the response of S. epidermidis to various concentrations of the drug ciprofloxacin, and response to three different antimicrobials vancomycin, oxacillin, and ciprofloxacin, using spectral amplitude modulations of the MZOnano-QCM. Our results indicate that the amplitude modulations exhibit high sensitivity to S. epidermidis response to different drug treatments compared to the conventional frequency shift signals of the device, allowing for rapid determination (within 1.5 h) of the efficacy of the antimicrobial drug. The high sensitivity demonstrated by the spectral amplitude modulations is attributed to the direct relationship of these signals to the viscoelastic transitions of the bacterial cells on the device's sensing area while responding to drug treatment. This relationship is established by the Butterworth-Van-Dyke (BVD) model of the MZOnano-QCM. Standard microbiological protocols and assays were performed to determine the optimal drug dosages and the minimum inhibitory concentrations to serve as the benchmark for the sensor data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8058, USA
| | - Guangyuan Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8058, USA
| | - Yuzhi Hong
- Public Health Research Institute, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103-3535, USA
| | - Xilin Zhao
- Public Health Research Institute, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103-3535, USA
| | - Pavel Ivanoff Reyes
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8058, USA.
| | - Yicheng Lu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8058, USA.
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Casari Bariani G, Zhou L, Poggesi S, Mittapalli R, Manzano M, Ionescu RE. Acoustic Multi-Detection of Gliadin Using QCM Crystals Patterned with Controlled Sectors of TEM Grid and Annealed Nanoislands on Gold Electrode. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E790. [PMID: 32326007 PMCID: PMC7221722 DOI: 10.3390/nano10040790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Celiac diseases are a group of gluten ingestion-correlated pathologies that are widespread and, in some cases, very dangerous for human health. The only effective treatment is the elimination of gluten from the diet throughout life. Nowadays, the food industries are very interested in cheap, easy-to-handle methods for detecting gluten in food, in order to provide their consumers with safe and high-quality food. Here, for the first time, the manufacture of controlled micropatterns of annealed gold nanoislands (AuNIs) on a single QCM crystal (QCM-color) and their biofunctionalization for the specific detection of traces of gliadin is reported. In addition, the modified quartz crystal with a TEM grid and 30 nm Au (Q-TEM grid crystal) is proposed as an acoustic sensitive biosensing platform for the rapid screening of the gliadin content in real food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliocesare Casari Bariani
- Laboratoire Lumière, Nanomatériaux et Nanotechnologies – L2n, Université de Technologie de Troyes, CNRS ERL 7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, CS 42060, 10004 Troyes CEDEX, France; (G.C.B.); (L.Z.); (S.P.); (R.M.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali (DI4A), Università degli Studi di Udine, Via Sondrio 2/A, 33,100 Udine, Italy;
| | - Lan Zhou
- Laboratoire Lumière, Nanomatériaux et Nanotechnologies – L2n, Université de Technologie de Troyes, CNRS ERL 7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, CS 42060, 10004 Troyes CEDEX, France; (G.C.B.); (L.Z.); (S.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Simone Poggesi
- Laboratoire Lumière, Nanomatériaux et Nanotechnologies – L2n, Université de Technologie de Troyes, CNRS ERL 7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, CS 42060, 10004 Troyes CEDEX, France; (G.C.B.); (L.Z.); (S.P.); (R.M.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali (DI4A), Università degli Studi di Udine, Via Sondrio 2/A, 33,100 Udine, Italy;
| | - Rakesh Mittapalli
- Laboratoire Lumière, Nanomatériaux et Nanotechnologies – L2n, Université de Technologie de Troyes, CNRS ERL 7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, CS 42060, 10004 Troyes CEDEX, France; (G.C.B.); (L.Z.); (S.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Marisa Manzano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali (DI4A), Università degli Studi di Udine, Via Sondrio 2/A, 33,100 Udine, Italy;
| | - Rodica Elena Ionescu
- Laboratoire Lumière, Nanomatériaux et Nanotechnologies – L2n, Université de Technologie de Troyes, CNRS ERL 7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, CS 42060, 10004 Troyes CEDEX, France; (G.C.B.); (L.Z.); (S.P.); (R.M.)
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Guliy OI, Zaitsev BD, Larionova OS, Borodina IA. Virus Detection Methods and Biosensor Technologies. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350919060095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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11
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Lin CH, Lin MJ, Huang JD, Chuang YS, Kuo YF, Chen JC, Wu CC. Label-Free Impedimetric Immunosensors Modulated by Protein A/Bovine Serum Albumin Layer for Ultrasensitive Detection of Salbutamol. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20030771. [PMID: 32023863 PMCID: PMC7038488 DOI: 10.3390/s20030771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The sensing properties of immunosensors are determined not only by the amount of immobilized antibodies but also by the number of effective antigen-binding sites of the immobilized antibody. Protein A (PA) exhibits a high degree of affinity with the Fc part of IgG antibody to feasibly produce oriented antibody immobilization. This work proposes a simple method to control the PA surface density on gold nanostructure (AuNS)-deposited screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) by mixing concentration-varied PA and bovine serum albumin (BSA), and to explore the effect of PA density on the affinity attachment of anti-salbutamol (SAL) antibodies by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. A concentration of 100 μg/mL PA and 100 μg/mL BSA can obtain a saturated coverage on the 3-mercaptoproponic acid (MPA)/AuNS/SPCEs and exhibit a 50% PA density to adsorb the amount of anti-SAL, more than other concentration-varied PA/BSA-modified electrodes. Compared with the randomly immobilized anti-SAL/MPA/AuNS/SPCEs and the anti-SAL/PA(100 μg/mL):BSA(0 μg/mL)/MPA/AuNS/SPCE, the anti-SAL/PA(100 μg/mL): BSA(100 μg/mL)/MPA/AuNS/SPCE-based immunosensors have better sensing properties for SAL detection, with an extremely low detection limit of 0.2 fg/mL and high reproducibility (<2.5% relative standard deviation). The mixture of PA(100 μg/mL):BSA(100 μg/mL) for the modification of AuNS/SPCEs has great promise for forming an optimal protein layer for the oriented adsorption of IgG antibodies to construct ultrasensitive SAL immunosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hung Lin
- Department of Bio-industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, No. 145, Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung City 402, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (M.-J.L.); (J.-D.H.); (Y.-S.C.)
| | - Ming-Jie Lin
- Department of Bio-industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, No. 145, Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung City 402, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (M.-J.L.); (J.-D.H.); (Y.-S.C.)
| | - Jie-De Huang
- Department of Bio-industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, No. 145, Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung City 402, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (M.-J.L.); (J.-D.H.); (Y.-S.C.)
| | - Yu-Sheng Chuang
- Department of Bio-industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, No. 145, Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung City 402, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (M.-J.L.); (J.-D.H.); (Y.-S.C.)
| | - Yu-Fen Kuo
- Metal Industries Research & Development Centre, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan;
| | - Jung-Chih Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (J.-C.C.); (C.-C.W.); Tel.: +886-3-5712-121 (ext. 54047) (J.-C.C.); +886-4-2285-1268 (C.-C.W.)
| | - Ching-Chou Wu
- Department of Bio-industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, No. 145, Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung City 402, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (M.-J.L.); (J.-D.H.); (Y.-S.C.)
- Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, No. 145, Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung City 402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (J.-C.C.); (C.-C.W.); Tel.: +886-3-5712-121 (ext. 54047) (J.-C.C.); +886-4-2285-1268 (C.-C.W.)
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12
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Mujahid A, Afzal A, Dickert FL. An Overview of High Frequency Acoustic Sensors-QCMs, SAWs and FBARs-Chemical and Biochemical Applications. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19204395. [PMID: 31614484 PMCID: PMC6833005 DOI: 10.3390/s19204395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acoustic devices have found wide applications in chemical and biosensing fields owing to their high sensitivity, ruggedness, miniaturized design and integration ability with on-field electronic systems. One of the potential advantages of using these devices are their label-free detection mechanism since mass is the fundamental property of any target analyte which is monitored by these devices. Herein, we provide a concise overview of high frequency acoustic transducers such as quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), surface acoustic wave (SAW) and film bulk acoustic resonators (FBARs) to compare their working principles, resonance frequencies, selection of piezoelectric materials for their fabrication, temperature-frequency dependency and operation in the liquid phase. The selected sensor applications of these high frequency acoustic transducers are discussed primarily focusing on the two main sensing domains, i.e., biosensing for working in liquids and gas/vapor phase sensing. Furthermore, the sensor performance of high frequency acoustic transducers in selected cases is compared with well-established analytical tools such as liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS), gas chromatographic (GC) analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. Finally, a general comparison of these acoustic devices is conducted to discuss their strengths, limitations, and commercial adaptability thus, to select the most suitable transducer for a particular chemical/biochemical sensing domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Mujahid
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan.
| | - Adeel Afzal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin 39524, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Franz L Dickert
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Possibilities and Prospects of Immunosensors for a Highly Sensitive Pesticide Detection in Vegetables and Fruits: a Review. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-019-01630-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abstract
Antibodies are large proteins generated in vivo to bind specifically to a wide spectrum of targets ranging from biological to environmental molecules. They play a vital role in research, diagnostics, sensing, and therapeutic applications. Over the past few decades, advancements have been made to improve the performance of antibodies, specifically in the area of immunosensors. However, there has been an urgent need for alternative high-quality recognition probes that can be produced synthetically in bulk quantity to ensure better reproducibility and lower cost, as well as avoiding the need of using animals in the production process. Aptamers are synthetic nucleic acid single-stranded (ss) DNAs or RNAs that can bind with high affinity and specificity to their targets. They can be generated via in vitro section protocol, known as systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). The advantages of aptamers promoted their successful incorporation in several signal transduction schemes, some of which reached the commercial market for point-of-care and in-field applications. This chapter describes the two types of affinity reagents: antibodies and aptamers, and their methods of production, advantages, and limitations. The focus will be directed at their incorporation in analytical transduction methods and how aptamer molecular size as well as unique conformational change upon target binding has triggered the evolution of new sensing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar A. Alsager
- National Center for Irradiation Technology, Nuclear Science Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology P.O. Box 6086 Riyadh 11442 Saudi Arabia
| | - Shimaa Eissa
- Department of Chemistry, Alfaisal University Al Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, Al Takhassusi Rd Riyadh 11533 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Zourob
- Department of Chemistry, Alfaisal University Al Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, Al Takhassusi Rd Riyadh 11533 Saudi Arabia
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Huang XH, Pan W, Hu JG, Bai QS. The Exploration and Confirmation of the Maximum Mass Sensitivity of Quartz Crystal Microbalance. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2018; 65:1888-1892. [PMID: 30059298 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2018.2860597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
After the advent of the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) technology, various QCM-based sensing systems have got certain applications in many science and technology fields and resulted in dramatic progress in these fields. The core advantage of QCM is its high mass sensitivity which leads to high accuracy and low detection limit. For a QCM, the mass sensitivity is determined by the diameter and thickness of the electrode to a certain extent when the frequency of the quartz wafer is already determined. Theoretical approximate calculation reveals that there is an optimum electrode diameter corresponding to the maximum sensitivity. This is different from the traditional opinion that the smaller the electrode, the higher the mass sensitivity. A plating experiment was carried out using 28 QCMs with different electrode diameters, and the experimental results verified the existence of the optimum diameter. This study is helpful to obtain higher mass sensitivity by optimizing electrode parameters.
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Chang A, Li HY, Chang IN, Chu YH. Affinity Ionic Liquids for Chemoselective Gas Sensing. Molecules 2018; 23:E2380. [PMID: 30231477 PMCID: PMC6225420 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective gas sensing is of great importance for applications in health, safety, military, industry and environment. Many man-made and naturally occurring volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can harmfully affect human health or cause impairment to the environment. Gas analysis based on different principles has been developed to convert gaseous analytes into readable output signals. However, gas sensors such as metal-oxide semiconductors suffer from high operating temperatures that are impractical and therefore have limited its applications. The cost-effective quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) device represents an excellent platform if sensitive, selective and versatile sensing materials were available. Recent advances in affinity ionic liquids (AILs) have led them to incorporation with QCM to be highly sensitive for real-time detection of target gases at ambient temperature. The tailorable functional groups in AIL structures allow for chemoselective reaction with target analytes for single digit parts-per-billion detection on mass-sensitive QCM. This structural diversity makes AILs promising for the creation of a library of chemical sensor arrays that could be designed to efficiently detect gas mixtures simultaneously as a potential electronic in future. This review first provides brief introduction to some conventional gas sensing technologies and then delivers the latest results on our development of chemoselective AIL-on-QCM methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Minghsiung, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin-Yi Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Minghsiung, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan.
| | - I-Nan Chang
- ANT Technology Co., Ltd., 137, Section 1, Fushing South Road, Taipei 10666, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Ho Chu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Minghsiung, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan.
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Label-Free QCM Immunosensor for the Detection of Ochratoxin A. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18041161. [PMID: 29641432 PMCID: PMC5948555 DOI: 10.3390/s18041161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a potent mycotoxin that poses a risk in food and feed moieties and subject to worldwide regulation. Laboratory-based analytical methods are traditionally employed for reliable OTA quantification, but these methods cannot provide rapid and on-site analysis, where biosensors fill this gap. In this study a label-free quartz crystal microbalance (QCM)-based immunosensor for the detection of OTA, which is one of the most important small molecule contaminants, was developed by direct immobilization of OTA to amine-bearing sensor surfaces using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC)/N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) chemistry. The protein-free sensor surface enabled regeneration of sensor surface with 50 mM NaOH and 1% SDS up to 13 times without loss of performance, which would disrupt a protein-containing sensor surface. We developed a QCM immunosensor using the developed sensor surface with a 17.2–200 ng/mL detection range which can be used for on-site detection of feedstuffs.
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Chitosan: An undisputed bio-fabrication material for tissue engineering and bio-sensing applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 110:110-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Electro-acoustic sensor for the real-time identification of the bacteriophages. Talanta 2018; 178:743-750. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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A Quartz Crystal Microbalance Immunosensor for Stem Cell Selection and Extraction. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17122747. [PMID: 29182568 PMCID: PMC5751627 DOI: 10.3390/s17122747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A cost-effective immunosensor for the detection and isolation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) based on a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) has been developed. The recognition mechanism relies on anti-CD34 antibodies, DPSC-specific monoclonal antibodies that are anchored on the surface of the quartz crystals. Due to its high specificity, real time detection, and low cost, the proposed technology has a promising potential in the field of cell biology, for the simultaneous detection and sorting of stem cells from heterogeneous cell samples. The QCM surface was properly tailored through a biotinylated self-assembled monolayer (SAM). The biotin–avidin interaction was used to immobilize the biotinylated anti-CD34 antibody on the gold-coated quartz crystal. After antibody immobilization, a cellular pellet, with a mixed cell population, was analyzed; the results indicated that the developed QCM immunosensor is highly specific, being able to detect and sort only CD34+ cells. Our study suggests that the proposed technology can detect and efficiently sort any kind of cell from samples with high complexity, being simple, selective, and providing for more convenient and time-saving operations.
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Guliy OI, Zaitsev BD, Borodina IA, Fomin AS, Staroverov SA, Dykman LA, Shikhabudinov AM. Use of mini-antibodies for detection of bacteriophages by the electroaucoustic analysis method. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s000635091703006x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Huang R, Yi P, Tang Y. Probing the interactions of organic molecules, nanomaterials, and microbes with solid surfaces using quartz crystal microbalances: methodology, advantages, and limitations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:793-811. [PMID: 28488712 DOI: 10.1039/c6em00628k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Quartz crystal microbalances (QCMs) provide a new analytical opportunity and prospect to characterize many environmental processes at solid/liquid interfaces, thanks to their almost real-time measurement of physicochemical changes on their quartz sensor. This work reviews the applications of QCMs in probing the interactions of organic molecules, nanomaterials (NMs) and microbes with solid surfaces. These interfacial interactions are relevant to critical environmental processes such as biofilm formation, fate and transport of NMs, fouling in engineering systems and antifouling practices. The high sensitivity, real-time monitoring, and simultaneous frequency and dissipation measurements make QCM-D a unique technique that helps reveal the interaction mechanisms for the abovementioned processes (e.g., driving forces, affinity, kinetics, and the interplay between surface chemistry and solution chemistry). On the other hand, QCM measurement is nonselective and spatially-dependent. Thus, caution should be taken during data analysis and interpretation, and it is necessary to cross-validate the results using complementary information from other techniques for more quantitative and accurate interpretation. This review summarizes the general methodologies for collecting and analyzing raw QCM data, as well as for evaluating the associated uncertainties. It serves to help researchers gain deeper insights into the fundamentals and applications of QCMs, and provides new perspectives on future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rixiang Huang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, Georgia 30324-0340, USA.
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Wang Z, Zong S, Wu L, Zhu D, Cui Y. SERS-Activated Platforms for Immunoassay: Probes, Encoding Methods, and Applications. Chem Rev 2017; 117:7910-7963. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuyuan Wang
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shenfei Zong
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiping Cui
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, China
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Guliy OI, Zaitsev BD, Shikhabudinov AM, Teplykh AA, Borodina IA, Pavliy SA, Larionova OS, Fomin AS, Staroverov SA, Dykman LA, Ignatov OV. Immunodetection of bacteriophages by a piezoelectric resonator with lateral electric field. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683816040062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Bragazzi NL, Amicizia D, Panatto D, Tramalloni D, Valle I, Gasparini R. Quartz-Crystal Microbalance (QCM) for Public Health: An Overview of Its Applications. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2015; 101:149-211. [PMID: 26572979 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanobiotechnologies, from the convergence of nanotechnology and molecular biology and postgenomics medicine, play a major role in the field of public health. This overview summarizes the potentiality of piezoelectric sensors, and in particular, of quartz-crystal microbalance (QCM), a physical nanogram-sensitive device. QCM enables the rapid, real time, on-site detection of pathogens with an enormous burden in public health, such as influenza and other respiratory viruses, hepatitis B virus (HBV), and drug-resistant bacteria, among others. Further, it allows to detect food allergens, food-borne pathogens, such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium, and food chemical contaminants, as well as water-borne microorganisms and environmental contaminants. Moreover, QCM holds promises in early cancer detection and screening of new antiblastic drugs. Applications for monitoring biohazards, for assuring homeland security, and preventing bioterrorism are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Via Antonio Pastore 1, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniela Amicizia
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Via Antonio Pastore 1, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Donatella Panatto
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Via Antonio Pastore 1, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniela Tramalloni
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Via Antonio Pastore 1, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ivana Valle
- SSD "Popolazione a rischio," Health Prevention Department, Local Health Unit ASL3 Genovese, Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberto Gasparini
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Via Antonio Pastore 1, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
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Ito T, Aoki N, Tsuchiya A, Kaneko S, Suzuki K. Sequential Analysis of β-Lactoglobulin for Allergen Check Using QCM with a Passive Flow System. CHEM LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.150309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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28
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Casalini S, Dumitru AC, Leonardi F, Bortolotti CA, Herruzo ET, Campana A, de Oliveira RF, Cramer T, Garcia R, Biscarini F. Multiscale sensing of antibody-antigen interactions by organic transistors and single-molecule force spectroscopy. ACS NANO 2015; 9:5051-62. [PMID: 25868724 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-antigen (Ab-Ag) recognition is the primary event at the basis of many biosensing platforms. In label-free biosensors, these events occurring at solid-liquid interfaces are complex and often difficult to control technologically across the smallest length scales down to the molecular scale. Here a molecular-scale technique, such as single-molecule force spectroscopy, is performed across areas of a real electrode functionalized for the immunodetection of an inflammatory cytokine, viz. interleukin-4 (IL4). The statistical analysis of force-distance curves allows us to quantify the probability, the characteristic length scales, the adhesion energy, and the time scales of specific recognition. These results enable us to rationalize the response of an electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistor (EGOFET) operated as an IL4 immunosensor. Two different strategies for the immobilization of IL4 antibodies on the Au gate electrode have been compared: antibodies are bound to (i) a smooth film of His-tagged protein G (PG)/Au; (ii) a 6-aminohexanethiol (HSC6NH2) self-assembled monolayer on Au through glutaraldehyde. The most sensitive EGOFET (concentration minimum detection level down to 5 nM of IL4) is obtained with the first functionalization strategy. This result is correlated to the highest probability (30%) of specific binding events detected by force spectroscopy on Ab/PG/Au electrodes, compared to 10% probability on electrodes with the second functionalization. Specifically, this demonstrates that Ab/PG/Au yields the largest areal density of oriented antibodies available for recognition. More in general, this work shows that specific recognition events in multiscale biosensors can be assessed, quantified, and optimized by means of a nanoscale technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Casalini
- †Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 183, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Andra C Dumitru
- ‡Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Carlo A Bortolotti
- †Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 183, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Elena T Herruzo
- ‡Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alessandra Campana
- ⊥"Alma Mater Studiorum", Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rafael F de Oliveira
- †Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 183, 41125 Modena, Italy
- #Unesp, Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Technology, São Paulo State University, 17033-360, Bauru, SP Brazil
| | - Tobias Cramer
- ∞"Alma Mater Studiorum", Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Ricardo Garcia
- ‡Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fabio Biscarini
- †Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 183, 41125 Modena, Italy
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Development of molecular imprinted nanosensor for determination of tobramycin in pharmaceuticals and foods. Talanta 2014; 120:318-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Suginta W, Khunkaewla P, Schulte A. Electrochemical Biosensor Applications of Polysaccharides Chitin and Chitosan. Chem Rev 2013; 113:5458-79. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300325r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wipa Suginta
- Biochemistry and Electrochemistry
Research Unit, Schools
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima
30000, Thailand
| | - Panida Khunkaewla
- Biochemistry and Electrochemistry
Research Unit, Schools
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima
30000, Thailand
| | - Albert Schulte
- Biochemistry and Electrochemistry
Research Unit, Schools
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima
30000, Thailand
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Pei X, Zhang B, Tang J, Liu B, Lai W, Tang D. Sandwich-type immunosensors and immunoassays exploiting nanostructure labels: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 758:1-18. [PMID: 23245891 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Methods based on sandwich-type immunosensors and immunoassays have been developed for detection of multivalent antigens/analytes with more than one eptiope due to the use of two matched antibodies. High-affinity antibodies and appropriate labels are usually employed for the amplification of detectable signal. Recent research has looked to develop innovative and powerful novel nanoparticle labels, controlling and tailoring their properties in a very predictable manner to meet the requirements of specific applications. This articles reviews recent advances, exploiting nanoparticle labels, in the sandwich-type immunosensors and immunoassays. Routine approaches involve noble metal nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterials, semiconductor nanoparticles, metal oxide nanostructures, and hybrid nanostructures. The enormous signal enhancement associated with the use of nanoparticle labels and with the formation of nanoparticle-antibody-antigen assemblies provides the basis for sensitive detection of disease-related proteins or biomolecules. Techniques commonly rely on the use of biofunctionalized nanoparticles, inorganic-biological hybrid nanoparticles, and signal tag-doped nanoparticles. Rather than being exhaustive, this review focuses on selected examples to illustrate novel concepts and promising applications. Approaches described include the biofunctionalized nanoparticles, inorganic-biological hybrid nanoparticles, and signal tage-doped nanoparticles. Further, promising application in electrochemical, mass-sensitive, optical and multianalyte detection are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Pei
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, PR China
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Singh S, Srivastava A, Oh HM, Ahn CY, Choi GG, Asthana RK. Recent trends in development of biosensors for detection of microcystin. Toxicon 2012; 60:878-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Jia K, Toury T, Ionescu RE. Fabrication of an atrazine acoustic immunosensor based on a drop-deposition procedure. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2012; 59:2015-2021. [PMID: 23007775 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2012.2421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Among the various novel analytical systems, immunosensors based on acoustic waves are of emerging interest because of their good sensitivity, real-time monitoring capability, and experimental simplicity. In this work, piezoelectric immunosensors were constructed for the detection of atrazine through the immobilization of specific monoclonal anti-atrazine antibodies on thiolated modified quartz crystal microbalances (QCMs). The immunoassay was conducted by a novel drop-deposition procedure using different atrazine dilutions in phosphate buffer solution ranging from 10(-10) to 10(-1) mg/mL. The immunoreactions between varying contents of atrazine and its antibody were dynamically exhibited through in situ monitoring of the frequency and motional resistance changes over 20 min. Thus, atrazine recognition by the anti-atrazine antibody leads to a decrease of the resonant frequency that is proportional to a given atrazine concentration. Interestingly, the motional resistance also increased proportionally during the measurements, which could be attributed to the specific viscoelastic properties and/or conformation changes of the antibodies once the immunoreactions occurred. By combining the measurements of frequency with those of motional resistance, additional information was provided about the interaction between the atrazine-named antigen and its respective antibody. Finally, the analytical specificity of the immunosensor to atrazine was evaluated through the response to a nonspecific anti-human IgG antibody-modified QCM crystal under the same drop conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Jia
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologies et d’Instrumentation Optique, Université de Technologie de Troyes, Troyes, France
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Nanogold–polyaniline–nanogold microspheres-functionalized molecular tags for sensitive electrochemical immunoassay of thyroid-stimulating hormone. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 738:76-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Chu PT, Lin CS, Chen WJ, Chen CF, Wen HW. Detection of gliadin in foods using a quartz crystal microbalance biosensor that incorporates gold nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:6483-6492. [PMID: 22694361 DOI: 10.1021/jf2047866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This work develops a label-free gliadin immunosensor that is based on changes in the frequency of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) chip. A higher sensitivity was obtained by applying 25 nm gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to the surface of a bare QCM electrode. Subsequently, chicken anti-gliadin antibodies (IgY) were immobilized directly on the AuNP-modified surface by cross-linking amine groups in IgY with glutaraldehyde. Experimental results revealed that the change in frequency exhibited when 2 ppm gliadin was bound to the AuNP-modified electrode was 35 Hz (48%) greater than that of the bare gold electrode. The linear dynamic range in 60% ethanol was from 1 × 10(1) to 2 × 10(5) ppb gliadin, and the calculated limit of detection (LOD) was 8 ppb. The entire detection process was completed in 40 min and was highly repeatable. Additionally, the AuNP-modified QCM system generated results in the detection of gliadin in 10 commercial food products that were consistent with those obtained using an AOAC-approved gliadin kit. In conclusion, the QCM platform provides a potential alternative means of ensuring that people with wheat allergies and celiac patients have access to gliadin-free food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Tzu Chu
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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37
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Functional polymers in protein detection platforms: optical, electrochemical, electrical, mass-sensitive, and magnetic biosensors. SENSORS 2012; 11:3327-55. [PMID: 21691441 PMCID: PMC3117287 DOI: 10.3390/s110303327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The rapidly growing field of proteomics and related applied sectors in the life sciences demands convenient methodologies for detecting and measuring the levels of specific proteins as well as for screening and analyzing for interacting protein systems. Materials utilized for such protein detection and measurement platforms should meet particular specifications which include ease-of-mass manufacture, biological stability, chemical functionality, cost effectiveness, and portability. Polymers can satisfy many of these requirements and are often considered as choice materials in various biological detection platforms. Therefore, tremendous research efforts have been made for developing new polymers both in macroscopic and nanoscopic length scales as well as applying existing polymeric materials for protein measurements. In this review article, both conventional and alternative techniques for protein detection are overviewed while focusing on the use of various polymeric materials in different protein sensing technologies. Among many available detection mechanisms, most common approaches such as optical, electrochemical, electrical, mass-sensitive, and magnetic methods are comprehensively discussed in this article. Desired properties of polymers exploited for each type of protein detection approach are summarized. Current challenges associated with the application of polymeric materials are examined in each protein detection category. Difficulties facing both quantitative and qualitative protein measurements are also identified. The latest efforts on the development and evaluation of nanoscale polymeric systems for improved protein detection are also discussed from the standpoint of quantitative and qualitative measurements. Finally, future research directions towards further advancements in the field are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Zaera
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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39
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Sassolas A, Prieto-Simón B, Marty JL. Biosensors for Pesticide Detection: New Trends. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2012.33030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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40
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Reusable chromium-coated quartz crystal microbalance for immunosensing. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2011; 88:191-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Yoshimine H, Kojima T, Furusawa H, Okahata Y. Small Mass-Change Detectable Quartz Crystal Microbalance and Its Application to Enzymatic One-Base Elongation on DNA. Anal Chem 2011; 83:8741-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202224d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yoshimine
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology and SENTAN, JST, 4259 Nagatsuda, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Taisuke Kojima
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology and SENTAN, JST, 4259 Nagatsuda, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furusawa
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology and SENTAN, JST, 4259 Nagatsuda, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshio Okahata
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology and SENTAN, JST, 4259 Nagatsuda, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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42
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A novel dendritic surfactant for enhanced microcystin-LR detection by double amplification in a quartz crystal microbalance biosensor. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2011; 86:81-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Becker B, Cooper MA. A survey of the 2006-2009 quartz crystal microbalance biosensor literature. J Mol Recognit 2011; 24:754-87. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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44
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Preparation of scFv-immobilized quartz crystal microbalance sensor by PS-tag-mediated solid-phase refolding. J Biosci Bioeng 2011; 111:459-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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An immunoassay in which magnetic beads act both as collectors and sensitive amplifiers for detecting antigens in a microfluidic chip (MFC)–quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) system. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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46
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Wang X, Ren L, Tu Q, Wang J, Zhang Y, Li M, Liu R, Wang J. Magnetic protein microbead-aided indirect fluoroimmunoassay for the determination of canine virus specific antibodies. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:3353-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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47
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Tajima N, Takai M, Ishihara K. Significance of Antibody Orientation Unraveled: Well-Oriented Antibodies Recorded High Binding Affinity. Anal Chem 2011; 83:1969-76. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1026786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Madoka Takai
- Department of Materials Engineering,
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ishihara
- Department of Materials Engineering,
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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Tang J, Tang D, Su B, Li Q, Qiu B, Chen G. Specific immunoreaction-induced controlled release strategy for sensitive impedance immunoassay of a cancer marker. Analyst 2011; 136:3869-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15443e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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49
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Wang SH, Shen CY, Weng TC, Lin PH, Yang JJ, Chen IF, Kuo SM, Chang SJ, Tu YK, Kao YH, Hung CH. Detection of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein using a quartz crystal microbalance. SENSORS 2010; 10:11633-43. [PMID: 22163547 PMCID: PMC3231063 DOI: 10.3390/s101211633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Current methods for diagnosing early stage osteoarthritis (OA) based on the magnetic resonance imaging and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods are specific, but require specialized laboratory facilities and highly trained personal to obtain a definitive result. In this work, a user friendly and non-invasive quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) immunosensor method has been developed to detect Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein (COMP) for early stage OA diagnosis. This QCM immunosensor was fabricated to immobilize COMP antibodies utilizing the self-assembled monolayer technique. The surface properties of the immunosensor were characterized by its FTIR and electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS). The feasibility study was based on urine samples obtained from 41 volunteers. Experiments were carried out in a flow system and the reproducibility of the electrodes was evaluated by the impedance measured by EIS. Its potential dynamically monitored the immunoreaction processes and could increase the efficiency and sensitivity of COMP detection in laboratory-cultured preparations and clinical samples. The frequency responses of the QCM immunosensor changed from 6 kHz when testing 50 ng/mL COMP concentration. The linear regression equation of frequency shift and COMP concentration was determined as: y = 0.0872 x + 1.2138 (R2 = 0.9957). The COMP in urine was also determined by both QCM and EIS for comparison. A highly sensitive, user friendly and cost effective analytical method for the early stage OA diagnosis has thus been successfully developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Han Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Syuecheng Rd., Dashu Township, Kaohsiung County 840, Taiwan; E-Mails: (S.-H.W.); (P.-H.L); (J.-J.Y.)
| | - Chi-Yen Shen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, I-Shou University, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-Y.S.); (T.-C.W.)
| | - Ting-Chan Weng
- Department of Electrical Engineering, I-Shou University, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-Y.S.); (T.-C.W.)
| | - Pin-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Syuecheng Rd., Dashu Township, Kaohsiung County 840, Taiwan; E-Mails: (S.-H.W.); (P.-H.L); (J.-J.Y.)
| | - Jia-Jyun Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Syuecheng Rd., Dashu Township, Kaohsiung County 840, Taiwan; E-Mails: (S.-H.W.); (P.-H.L); (J.-J.Y.)
| | - I-Fen Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, I-Shou University, No.8, Yi-Da Road, Jiau-shu Tsuen, Yan-chau Shiang, Kaohsiung County, Taiwan; E-Mails: (I.-F.C.); (S.-M.K); (S.-J.S.)
| | - Shyh-Ming Kuo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, I-Shou University, No.8, Yi-Da Road, Jiau-shu Tsuen, Yan-chau Shiang, Kaohsiung County, Taiwan; E-Mails: (I.-F.C.); (S.-M.K); (S.-J.S.)
| | - Shwu-Jen Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, I-Shou University, No.8, Yi-Da Road, Jiau-shu Tsuen, Yan-chau Shiang, Kaohsiung County, Taiwan; E-Mails: (I.-F.C.); (S.-M.K); (S.-J.S.)
| | - Yuan-Kun Tu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, E-Da Hospital; No.1, Yi-Da Road, Jiau-shu Tsuen, Yan-chau Shiang, Kaohsiung County, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-K.T.); (Y.-H.K.)
| | - Yu-Hsien Kao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, E-Da Hospital; No.1, Yi-Da Road, Jiau-shu Tsuen, Yan-chau Shiang, Kaohsiung County, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-K.T.); (Y.-H.K.)
| | - Chih-Hsin Hung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Syuecheng Rd., Dashu Township, Kaohsiung County 840, Taiwan; E-Mails: (S.-H.W.); (P.-H.L); (J.-J.Y.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +886-7-6577711 ext 3414; Fax: +886-7-6578945
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50
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Farré M, Pérez S, Gonçalves C, Alpendurada M, Barceló D. Green analytical chemistry in the determination of organic pollutants in the aquatic environment. Trends Analyt Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2010.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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