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Kiani P, Vatankhahan H, Zare-Hoseinabadi A, Ferdosi F, Ehtiati S, Heidari P, Dorostgou Z, Movahedpour A, Baktash A, Rajabivahid M, Khatami SH. Electrochemical biosensors for early detection of breast cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2025; 564:119923. [PMID: 39153652 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.119923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer continues to be a significant contributor to global cancer deaths, particularly among women. This highlights the critical role of early detection and treatment in boosting survival rates. While conventional diagnostic methods like mammograms, biopsies, ultrasounds, and MRIs are valuable tools, limitations exist in terms of cost, invasiveness, and the requirement for specialized equipment and trained personnel. Recent shifts towards biosensor technologies offer a promising alternative for monitoring biological processes and providing accurate health diagnostics in a cost-effective, non-invasive manner. These biosensors are particularly advantageous for early detection of primary tumors, metastases, and recurrent diseases, contributing to more effective breast cancer management. The integration of biosensor technology into medical devices has led to the development of low-cost, adaptable, and efficient diagnostic tools. In this framework, electrochemical screening platforms have garnered significant attention due to their selectivity, affordability, and ease of result interpretation. The current review discusses various breast cancer biomarkers and the potential of electrochemical biosensors to revolutionize early cancer detection, making provision for new diagnostic platforms and personalized healthcare solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouria Kiani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamid Vatankhahan
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Zare-Hoseinabadi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Felora Ferdosi
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sajad Ehtiati
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parasta Heidari
- School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Zahra Dorostgou
- Department of Biochemistry, Neyshabur Branch, Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur, Iran
| | | | - Aria Baktash
- Department of Medicine, Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Mansour Rajabivahid
- Department of Internal Medicine, Valiasr Hospital, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Seyyed Hossein Khatami
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Hassanzadeh J, Al Lawati HAJ, Bagheri N. Bifunctional oxidase-peroxidase mimicking Fe-Ce MOF on paper-based analytical devices to intensify luminol chemiluminescence: Application for measuring different sugars with a smartphone readout. Talanta 2024; 276:126219. [PMID: 38733936 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
This study presents a potent paper-based analytical device (PAD) for quantifying various sugars using an innovative bi-nanozyme made from a 2-dimensional Fe/Ce metal-organic framework (FeCe-BTC). The MOF showed excellent bifunctional peroxidase-oxidase activities, efficiently catalyzing luminol's chemiluminescence (CL) reaction. As a peroxidase-like nanozyme, FeCe-BTC could facilitate the dissociation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into hydroxyl radicals, which then oxidize luminol. Additionally, it was also discovered that when reacting with H2O2, the MOF turns into a mixed-valence MOF, and acts as an oxidase nanozyme. This activity is caused by the generated Ce4+ ions in the structure of MOF that can directly oxidize luminol. The MOF was directly synthesized on the PAD and cascaded with specific natural enzymes to establish simple, rapid, and selective CL sensors for the measurement of different sugars. A cell phone was also used to record light intensities, which were then correlated to the analyte concentration. The designed PAD showed a wide linear range of 0.1-10 mM for glucose, fructose, and sucrose, with detection limits of 0.03, 0.04, and 0.04 mM, respectively. It showed satisfactory results in food and biological samples with recovery values ranging from 95.8 to 102.4 %, which makes it a promising candidate for point-of-care (POC) testing for food control and medicinal purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Hassanzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Box 36, Al-Khod, 123, Oman
| | - Haider A J Al Lawati
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Box 36, Al-Khod, 123, Oman.
| | - Nafiseh Bagheri
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Box 36, Al-Khod, 123, Oman
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3
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Smith S, Sypabekova M, Kim S. Double-Sided Tape in Microfluidics: A Cost-Effective Method in Device Fabrication. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:249. [PMID: 38785723 PMCID: PMC11118809 DOI: 10.3390/bios14050249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The demand for easy-to-use, affordable, accessible, and reliable technology is increasing in biological, chemical, and medical research. Microfluidic devices have the potential to meet these standards by offering cost-effective, highly sensitive, and highly specific diagnostic tests with rapid performance and minimal sample volumes. Traditional microfluidic device fabrication methods, such as photolithography and soft lithography, are time-consuming and require specialized equipment and expertise, making them costly and less accessible to researchers and clinicians and limiting the applicability and potential of microfluidic devices. To address this, researchers have turned to using new low-cost materials, such as double-sided tape for microfluidic device fabrication, which offers simple and low-cost processes. The innovation of low-cost and easy-to-make microfluidic devices improves the potential for more devices to be transitioned from laboratories to commercialized products found in stores, offices, and homes. This review serves as a comprehensive summary of the growing interest in and use of double-sided tape-based microfluidic devices in the last 20 years. It discusses the advantages of using double-sided tape, the fabrication techniques used to create and bond microfluidic devices, and the limitations of this approach in certain applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Seunghyun Kim
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; (S.S.); (M.S.)
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4
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Mahapatra S, Kumari R, Chandra P. Printed circuit boards: system automation and alternative matrix for biosensing. Trends Biotechnol 2024; 42:591-611. [PMID: 38052681 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Circuit integration has revolutionized the diagnostic sector by improving the sensing ability and rapidity of biosensors. Bioelectronics has led to the development of point-of-care (PoC) devices, offering superior performance compared with conventional biosensing systems. These devices have lower production costs, are smaller, and have greater reproducibility, enabling the construction of compact sensing modules. Flexible upgrades to the fabrication pattern of the printed circuit board (PCB) remains the most reliable and consistent means so far, offering portability, wearability, a lower detection limit, and smart output integration to these devices. This review summarizes the advances in PCB technology for biosensing devices for introducing automation and their emerging application as an alternative matrix material for detecting various analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supratim Mahapatra
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nanobioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Rohini Kumari
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nanobioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Pranjal Chandra
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nanobioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India.
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5
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Wang X, Wang Z, Xiao M, Li Z, Zhu Z. Advances in biomedical systems based on microneedles: design, fabrication, and application. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:530-563. [PMID: 37971423 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01551c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Wearable devices have become prevalent in biomedical studies due to their convenient portability and potential utility in biomarker monitoring for healthcare. Accessing interstitial fluid (ISF) across the skin barrier, microneedle (MN) is a promising minimally invasive wearable technology for transdermal sensing and drug delivery. MN has the potential to overcome the limitations of conventional transdermal drug administration, making it another prospective mode of drug delivery after oral and injectable. Subsequently, combining MN with multiple sensing approaches has led to its extensive application to detect biomarkers in ISF. In this context, employing MN platforms and control schemes to merge diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities into theranostic systems will facilitate on-demand therapy and point-of-care diagnostics, paving the way for future MN technologies. A comprehensive analysis of the growing advances of microneedles in biomedical systems is presented in this review to summarize the latest studies for academics in the field and to offer for reference the issues that need to be addressed in MN application for healthcare. Covering an array of novel studies, we discuss the following main topics: classification of microneedles in the biomedical field, considerations of MN design, current applications of microneedles in diagnosis and therapy, and the regulatory landscape and prospects of microneedles for biomedical applications. This review sheds light on the significance of microneedle-based innovations, presenting an analysis of their potential implications and contributions to the community of wearable healthcare technologies. The review provides a comprehensive understanding of the field's current state and potential, making it a valuable resource for academics and clinicians seeking to harness the full potential of MN applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghao Wang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Zifeng Wang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Min Xiao
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Zhanhong Li
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Zhigang Zhu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China.
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6
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Papamatthaiou S, Boxall-Clasby J, Douglas EJA, Jajesniak P, Peyret H, Mercer-Chalmers J, Kumar VKS, Lomonossoff GP, Reboud J, Laabei M, Cooper JM, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Moschou D. LoCKAmp: lab-on-PCB technology for <3 minute virus genetic detection. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:4400-4412. [PMID: 37740394 PMCID: PMC10563828 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00441d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The recent COVID-19 outbreak highlighted the need for lab-on-chip diagnostic technology fit for real-life deployment in the field. Existing bottlenecks in multistep analytical microsystem integration and upscalable, standardized fabrication techniques delayed the large-scale deployment of lab-on-chip solutions during the outbreak, throughout a global diagnostic test shortage. This study presents a technology that has the potential to address these issues by redeploying and repurposing the ubiquitous printed circuit board (PCB) technology and manufacturing infrastructure. We demonstrate the first commercially manufactured, miniaturised lab-on-PCB device for loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) genetic detection of SARS-CoV-2. The system incorporates a mass-manufactured, continuous-flow PCB chip with ultra-low cost fluorescent detection circuitry, rendering it the only continuous-flow μLAMP platform with off-the-shelf optical detection components. Ultrafast, SARS-CoV-2 RNA amplification in wastewater samples was demonstrated within 2 min analysis, at concentrations as low as 17 gc μL-1. We further demonstrate our device operation by detecting SARS-CoV-2 in 20 human nasopharyngeal swab samples, without the need for any RNA extraction or purification. This renders the presented miniaturised nucleic-acid amplification-based diagnostic test the fastest reported SARS-CoV-2 genetic detection platform, in a practical implementation suitable for deployment in the field. This technology can be readily extended to the detection of alternative pathogens or genetic targets for a very broad range of applications and matrices. LoCKAmp lab-on-PCB chips are currently mass-manufactured in a commercial, ISO-compliant PCB factory, at a small-scale production cost of £2.50 per chip. Thus, with this work, we demonstrate a high technology-readiness-level lab-on-chip-based genetic detection system, successfully benchmarked against standard analytical techniques both for wastewater and nasopharyngeal swab SARS-CoV-2 detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios Papamatthaiou
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | | | | | - Pawel Jajesniak
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Hadrien Peyret
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - June Mercer-Chalmers
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Varun K S Kumar
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - George P Lomonossoff
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Julien Reboud
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Maisem Laabei
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Jonathan M Cooper
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Despina Moschou
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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7
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Shao W, Cui T, Li D, Jian J, Li Z, Ji S, Cheng A, Li X, Liu K, Liu H, Yang Y, Ren T. Carbon-Based Textile Sensors for Physiological-Signal Monitoring. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16113932. [PMID: 37297066 DOI: 10.3390/ma16113932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As the focus on physical health increases, the market demand for flexible wearable sensors increases. Textiles combined with sensitive materials and electronic circuits can form flexible, breathable high-performance sensors for physiological-signal monitoring. Carbon-based materials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and carbon black (CB) have been widely utilized in the development of flexible wearable sensors due to their high electrical conductivity, low toxicity, low mass density, and easy functionalization. This review provides an overview of recent advancements in carbon-based flexible textile sensors, highlighting the development, properties, and applications of graphene, CNTs, and CB for flexible textile sensors. The physiological signals that can be monitored by carbon-based textile sensors include electrocardiogram (ECG), human body movement, pulse and respiration, body temperature, and tactile perception. We categorize and describe carbon-based textile sensors based on the physiological signals they monitor. Finally, we discuss the current challenges associated with carbon-based textile sensors and explore the future direction of textile sensors for monitoring physiological signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wancheng Shao
- School of Integrated Circuit, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tianrui Cui
- School of Integrated Circuit, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ding Li
- School of Integrated Circuit, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinming Jian
- School of Integrated Circuit, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhen Li
- School of Integrated Circuit, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shourui Ji
- School of Integrated Circuit, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Aobo Cheng
- School of Integrated Circuit, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinyue Li
- School of Integrated Circuit, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kaiyin Liu
- School of Integrated Circuit, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Houfang Liu
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Integrated Circuit, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tianling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuit, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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8
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Yang J, Gong X, Chen S, Zheng Y, Peng L, Liu B, Chen Z, Xie X, Yi C, Jiang L. Development of Smartphone-Controlled and Microneedle-Based Wearable Continuous Glucose Monitoring System for Home-Care Diabetes Management. ACS Sens 2023; 8:1241-1251. [PMID: 36821704 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) can mini-invasively track blood glucose fluctuation and reduce the risk of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, and this is is in great demand for diabetes management. However, cost-effective manufacture of CGM systems with continuously improved convenience and performance is still the persistent goal. Herein, we developed a smartphone-controlled and microneedle (MN)-based wearable CGM system for long-term glucose monitoring. The CGM system modified with a sandwich-type enzyme immobilization strategy can satisfy the clinical requirement of interstitial fluid (ISF) glucose monitoring for 14 days with a mean absolute relative difference of 10.2% and a cost of less than $15, which correlated well with the commercial glucometer and FDA-approved CGM system FreeStyle Libre (Abbott Inc., Illinois, USA). The self-developed CGM system is demonstrated to accurately monitor glucose fluctuations and provide abundant clinical information. It is better to find the cause of individual blood glucose changes and beneficial for the guide of precise glucose control. On the whole, the intelligently wearable CGM system may provide an alternative solution for home-care diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P. R. China
| | - Xia Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P. R. China
| | - Shuijin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P. R. China
| | - Lelun Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P. R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P. R. China
| | - Xi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Changqing Yi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P. R. China
- Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, P. R. China
| | - Lelun Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P. R. China
- Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, P. R. China
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9
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Mandal M, Shukla J, Datta B, Dutta G. Role of Biosensors in Regenerative Therapeutics: Past, Present, and Future Prospects. Regen Med 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-6008-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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10
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Yamaguchi H, Miyazaki M. Enzyme-immobilized microfluidic devices for biomolecule detection. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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11
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Electrochemical Microneedles: Innovative Instruments in Health Care. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12100801. [PMID: 36290938 PMCID: PMC9599258 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As a significant part of drug therapy, the mode of drug transport has attracted worldwide attention. Efficient drug delivery methods not only markedly improve the drug absorption rate, but also reduce the risk of infection. Recently, microneedles have combined the advantages of subcutaneous injection administration and transdermal patch administration, which is not only painless, but also has high drug absorption efficiency. In addition, microneedle-based electrochemical sensors have unique capabilities for continuous health state monitoring, playing a crucial role in the real-time monitoring of various patient physiological indicators. Therefore, they are commonly applied in both laboratories and hospitals. There are a variety of reports regarding electrochemical microneedles; however, the comprehensive introduction of new electrochemical microneedles is still rare. Herein, significant work on electrochemical microneedles over the past two years is summarized, and the main challenges faced by electrochemical microneedles and future development directions are proposed.
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12
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Stoukatch S, Dupont F, Redouté JM. Device Processing Challenges for Miniaturized Sensing Systems Targeting Biological Fluids. BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS & DEVICES 2022. [PMCID: PMC9510362 DOI: 10.1007/s44174-022-00034-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a review of device processing technologies used in the fabrication of biomedical systems, and highlights the requirements of advanced manufacturing technology. We focus on biomedical systems that perform diagnostics of fluidic specimens, with analytes that are in the liquid phase. In the introduction, we define biomedical systems as well as their versatile applications and the essential current trends. The paper gives an overview of the most important biomolecules that typically must be detected or analyzed in several applications. The paper is structured as follows. First, the conventional architecture and construction of a biosensing system is introduced. We provide an overview of the most common biosensing methods that are currently used for the detection of biomolecules and its analysis. We present an overview of reported biochips, and explain the technology of biofunctionalization and detection principles, including their corresponding advantages and disadvantages. Next, we introduce microfluidics as a method for delivery of the specimen to the biochip sensing area. A special focus lies on material requirements and on manufacturing technology for fabricating microfluidic systems, both for niche and mass-scale production segments. We formulate requirements and constraints for integrating the biochips and microfluidic systems. The possible impacts of the conventional microassembly techniques and processing methods on the entire biomedical system and its specific parts are also described. On that basis, we explain the need for alternative microassembly technologies to enable the integration of biochips and microfluidic systems into fully functional systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Stoukatch
- Microsys Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Liege University, Seraing, Belgium
| | - F. Dupont
- Microsys Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Liege University, Seraing, Belgium
| | - J.-M. Redouté
- Microsys Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Liege University, Seraing, Belgium
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13
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Yang J, Yang J, Gong X, Zheng Y, Yi S, Cheng Y, Li Y, Liu B, Xie X, Yi C, Jiang L. Recent Progress in Microneedles-Mediated Diagnosis, Therapy, and Theranostic Systems. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2102547. [PMID: 35034429 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202102547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Theranostic system combined diagnostic and therapeutic modalities is critical for the real-time monitoring of disease-related biomarkers and personalized therapy. Microneedles, as a multifunctional platform, are promising for transdermal diagnostics and drug delivery. They have shown attractive properties including painless skin penetration, easy self-administration, prominent therapeutic effects, and good biosafety. Herein, an overview of the microneedles-based diagnosis, therapies, and theranostic systems is given. Four microneedles-based detection methods are concluded based on the sensing mechanism: i) electrochemistry, ii) fluorometric, iii) colorimetric, and iv) Raman methods. Additionally, robust microneedles are suitable for implantable drug delivery. Microneedles-assisted transdermal drug delivery can be primarily classified as passive, active, and responsive drug release, based on the release mechanisms. Microneedles-assisted oral and implantable drug delivery mechanisms are also presented in this review. Furthermore, the key frontier developments in microneedles-mediated theranostic systems as the major selling points are emphasized in this review. These systems are classified into open-loop and closed-loop theranostic systems based on the indirectness and directness of feedback between the transdermal diagnosis and therapy, respectively. Finally, conclusions and future perspectives for next-generation microneedles-mediated theranostic systems are also discussed. Taken together, microneedle-based systems are promising as the new avenue for diagnosis, therapy, and disease-specific closed-loop theranostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument School of Biomedical Engineering Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐Sen University Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Jingbo Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument School of Biomedical Engineering Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐Sen University Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Xia Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument School of Biomedical Engineering Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐Sen University Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument School of Biomedical Engineering Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐Sen University Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Shengzhu Yi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument School of Biomedical Engineering Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐Sen University Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Yanxiang Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument School of Biomedical Engineering Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐Sen University Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Yanjun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument School of Biomedical Engineering Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐Sen University Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument School of Biomedical Engineering Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐Sen University Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Xi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies School of Electronics and Information Technology Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Changqing Yi
- Research Institute of Sun Yat‐Sen University in Shenzhen Shenzhen 518057 P. R. China
| | - Lelun Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument School of Biomedical Engineering Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐Sen University Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
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14
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Mandal M, Dutta N, Dutta G. Aptamer-based biosensors and their implications in COVID-19 diagnosis. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:5400-5417. [PMID: 34751684 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01519b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel infectious member of the coronavirus family, has caused millions of cases of infection and deaths all over the world, and been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. Conventional laboratory-based diagnostic testing has faced extreme difficulties in meeting the overwhelming demand for testing worldwide, and this has brought about a pressing need for cost-effective rapid diagnosis. There has been a surge in the number of prototypes of diagnostic kits developed, although many of these have been found to be lacking in terms of their accuracy and sensitivity. One type of chip-based diagnostic platform is the aptamer-based biosensor. Aptamers are artificially synthesized oligonucleotides that are capable of specifically binding to a target antigen. As of now, some aptamers have been reported for SARS-CoV-2. Although many ultrasensitive aptasensors have been developed for viruses, few have been successfully adapted for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Our review discusses the recent developments in the domain of SARS-CoV-2 specific aptamer isolation, the design of electrochemical and optical aptasensors, and the implications of aptasensor-based COVID-19 diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukti Mandal
- School of Medical Science and Technology (SMST), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India.
| | - Nirmita Dutta
- School of Medical Science and Technology (SMST), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India.
| | - Gorachand Dutta
- School of Medical Science and Technology (SMST), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India.
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15
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Balbach S, Jiang N, Moreddu R, Dong X, Kurz W, Wang C, Dong J, Yin Y, Butt H, Brischwein M, Hayden O, Jakobi M, Tasoglu S, Koch AW, Yetisen AK. Smartphone-based colorimetric detection system for portable health tracking. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:4361-4369. [PMID: 34494633 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01209f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Colorimetric tests for at-home health monitoring became popular 50 years ago with the advent of the urinalysis test strips, due to their reduced costs, practicality, and ease of operation. However, developing digital systems that can interface these sensors in an efficient manner remains a challenge. Efforts have been put towards the development of portable optical readout systems, such as smartphones. However, their use in daily settings is still limited by their error-prone nature associated to optical noise from the ambient lighting, and their low sensitivity. Here, a smartphone application (Colourine) to readout colorimetric signals was developed on Android OS and tested on commercial urinalysis test strips for pH, proteins, and glucose detection. The novelty of this approach includes two features: a pre-calibration step where the user is asked to take a photo of the commercial reference chart, and a CIE-RGB-to-HSV color space transformation of the acquired data. These two elements allow the background noise given by environmental lighting to be minimized. The sensors were characterized in the ambient light range 100-400 lx, yielding a reliable output. Readouts were taken from urine strips in buffer solutions of pH (5.0-9.0 units), proteins (0-500 mg dL-1) and glucose (0-1000 mg dL-1), yielding a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.13 units (pH), 7.5 mg dL-1 (proteins) and 22 mg dL-1 (glucose), resulting in an average LOD decrease by about 2.8 fold compared to the visual method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Balbach
- Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Technical University of Munich, Munich 80333, Germany
| | - Nan Jiang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | | | - Xingchen Dong
- Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Technical University of Munich, Munich 80333, Germany
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Wolfgang Kurz
- Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Technical University of Munich, Munich 80333, Germany
| | - Congyan Wang
- Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Technical University of Munich, Munich 80333, Germany
| | - Jie Dong
- Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Technical University of Munich, Munich 80333, Germany
| | - Yixia Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Haider Butt
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 1277788, UAE
| | - Martin Brischwein
- Heinz Nixdorf Chair Biomedical Electronics, TranslaTUM, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Oliver Hayden
- Heinz Nixdorf Chair Biomedical Electronics, TranslaTUM, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Martin Jakobi
- Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Technical University of Munich, Munich 80333, Germany
| | - Savas Tasoglu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Alexander W Koch
- Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Technical University of Munich, Munich 80333, Germany
| | - Ali K Yetisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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16
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Yang Y, Wei X, Zhang N, Zheng J, Chen X, Wen Q, Luo X, Lee CY, Liu X, Zhang X, Chen J, Tao C, Zhang W, Fan X. A non-printed integrated-circuit textile for wireless theranostics. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4876. [PMID: 34385436 PMCID: PMC8361012 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25075-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
While the printed circuit board (PCB) has been widely considered as the building block of integrated electronics, the world is switching to pursue new ways of merging integrated electronic circuits with textiles to create flexible and wearable devices. Herein, as an alternative for PCB, we described a non-printed integrated-circuit textile (NIT) for biomedical and theranostic application via a weaving method. All the devices are built as fibers or interlaced nodes and woven into a deformable textile integrated circuit. Built on an electrochemical gating principle, the fiber-woven-type transistors exhibit superior bending or stretching robustness, and were woven as a textile logical computing module to distinguish different emergencies. A fiber-type sweat sensor was woven with strain and light sensors fibers for simultaneously monitoring body health and the environment. With a photo-rechargeable energy textile based on a detailed power consumption analysis, the woven circuit textile is completely self-powered and capable of both wireless biomedical monitoring and early warning. The NIT could be used as a 24/7 private AI "nurse" for routine healthcare, diabetes monitoring, or emergencies such as hypoglycemia, metabolic alkalosis, and even COVID-19 patient care, a potential future on-body AI hardware and possibly a forerunner to fabric-like computers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Industrial Technology Research Institute of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaofei Wei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nannan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Juanjuan Zheng
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xing Chen
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Qian Wen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Industrial Technology Research Institute of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinxin Luo
- Industrial Technology Research Institute of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chong-Yew Lee
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingcai Zhang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- School of Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Changyuan Tao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China.
| | - Xing Fan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
- Industrial Technology Research Institute of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
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17
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Singh B, Datta B, Ashish A, Dutta G. A comprehensive review on current COVID-19 detection methods: From lab care to point of care diagnosis. SENSORS INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2:100119. [PMID: 34766062 PMCID: PMC8302821 DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2021.100119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Without a doubt, the current global pandemic affects all walks of our life. It affected almost every age group all over the world with a disease named COVID-19, declared as a global pandemic by WHO in early 2020. Due to the high transmission and moderate mortality rate of this virus, it is also regarded as the panic-zone virus. This potentially deadly virus has pointed up the significance of COVID-19 research. Due to the rapid transmission of COVID-19, early detection is very crucial. Presently, there are different conventional techniques are available for coronavirus detection like CT-scan, PCR, Sequencing, CRISPR, ELISA, LFA, LAMP. The urgent need for rapid, accurate, and cost-effective detection and the requirement to cut off shortcomings of traditional detection methods, make scientists realize to advance new technologies. Biosensors are one of the reliable platforms for accurate, early diagnosis. In this article, we have pointed recent diagnosis approaches for COVID-19. The review includes basic virology of SARS-CoV-2 mainly clinical and pathological features. We have also briefly discussed different types of biosensors, their working principles, and current advancement for COVID-19 detection and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishal Singh
- School of Medical Science and Technology (SMST), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Brateen Datta
- School of Medical Science and Technology (SMST), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Amlan Ashish
- School of Medical Science and Technology (SMST), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Gorachand Dutta
- School of Medical Science and Technology (SMST), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
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18
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Dutta N, Lillehoj PB, Estrela P, Dutta G. Electrochemical Biosensors for Cytokine Profiling: Recent Advancements and Possibilities in the Near Future. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:94. [PMID: 33806879 PMCID: PMC8004910 DOI: 10.3390/bios11030094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are soluble proteins secreted by immune cells that act as molecular messengers relaying instructions and mediating various functions performed by the cellular counterparts of the immune system, by means of a synchronized cascade of signaling pathways. Aberrant expression of cytokines can be indicative of anomalous behavior of the immunoregulatory system, as seen in various illnesses and conditions, such as cancer, autoimmunity, neurodegeneration and other physiological disorders. Cancer and autoimmune diseases are particularly adept at developing mechanisms to escape and modulate the immune system checkpoints, reflected by an altered cytokine profile. Cytokine profiling can provide valuable information for diagnosing such diseases and monitoring their progression, as well as assessing the efficacy of immunotherapeutic regiments. Toward this goal, there has been immense interest in the development of ultrasensitive quantitative detection techniques for cytokines, which involves technologies from various scientific disciplines, such as immunology, electrochemistry, photometry, nanotechnology and electronics. This review focusses on one aspect of this collective effort: electrochemical biosensors. Among the various types of biosensors available, electrochemical biosensors are one of the most reliable, user-friendly, easy to manufacture, cost-effective and versatile technologies that can yield results within a short period of time, making it extremely promising for routine clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmita Dutta
- School of Medical Science and Technology (SMST), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India;
| | - Peter B. Lillehoj
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA;
| | - Pedro Estrela
- Centre for Biosensors, Bioelectronics and Biodevices (C3Bio) and Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Gorachand Dutta
- School of Medical Science and Technology (SMST), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India;
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19
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Perdigones F. Lab-on-PCB and Flow Driving: A Critical Review. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:175. [PMID: 33578984 PMCID: PMC7916810 DOI: 10.3390/mi12020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lab-on-PCB devices have been developed for many biomedical and biochemical applications. However, much work has to be done towards commercial applications. Even so, the research on devices of this kind is rapidly increasing. The reason for this lies in the great potential of lab-on-PCB devices to provide marketable devices. This review describes the active flow driving methods for lab-on-PCB devices, while commenting on their main characteristics. Among others, the methods described are the typical external impulsion devices, that is, syringe or peristaltic pumps; pressurized microchambers for precise displacement of liquid samples; electrowetting on dielectrics; and electroosmotic and phase-change-based flow driving, to name a few. In general, there is not a perfect method because all of them have drawbacks. The main problems with regard to marketable devices are the complex fabrication processes, the integration of many materials, the sealing process, and the use of many facilities for the PCB-chips. The larger the numbers of integrated sensors and actuators in the PCB-chip, the more complex the fabrication. In addition, the flow driving-integrated devices increase that difficulty. Moreover, the biological applications are demanding. They require transparency, biocompatibility, and specific ambient conditions. All the problems have to be solved when trying to reach repetitiveness and reliability, for both the fabrication process and the working of the lab-on-PCB, including the flow driving system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Perdigones
- Electronic Engineering Department, Higher Technical School of Engineering, University of Seville, 41092 Seville, Spain
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20
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Javaid M, Haleem A, Singh RP, Rab S, Suman R. Significance of sensors for industry 4.0: Roles, capabilities, and applications. SENSORS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2021.100110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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21
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Emerging evidence for serum procalcitonin estimation at point-of-care and advancement in quantitative sensing strategies over the past decade. SENSORS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2021.100107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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22
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Haleem A, Javaid M, Singh RP, Suman R, Rab S. Biosensors applications in medical field: A brief review. SENSORS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2021.100100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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23
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24
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Advanced integrative sensing technologies for detection of drug-resistant tuberculosis in point-of-care settings. SENSORS INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2020.100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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