Design, microwave-assisted synthesis and HIV-RT inhibitory activity of 2-(2,6-dihalophenyl)-3-(4,6-dimethyl-5-(un)substituted-pyrimidin-2-yl)thiazolidin-4-ones

N-Heterocycles as Promising Antiviral Agents: A Comprehensive Overview

Viruses are a real threat to every organism at any stage of life leading to extensive infections and casualties. N-heterocycles can affect the viral life cycle at many points, including viral entrance into host cells, viral genome replication, and the production of novel viral species. Certain N-heterocycles can also stimulate the host's immune system, producing antiviral cytokines and chemokines that can stop the reproduction of viruses. This review focused on recent five- or six-membered synthetic N-heterocyclic molecules showing antiviral activity through SAR analyses. The review will assist in identifying robust scaffolds that might be utilized to create effective antiviral drugs with either no or few side effects.

Synthesis of antiviral drugs by using carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bond formation under greener conditions

Antiviral medications are a branch of medicines notably used to treat that cause many significant diseases in humans and animals. This monograph mainly focuses on recent developments and synthesis of antiviral drugs using carbon-carbon and carbon–hetero bond cross-coupling chemistry. Viral infections exact several severe human diseases, accounting for remarkably high mortality rates. In this sense, academia and the pharmaceutical industry continuously search for novel compounds with better antiviral activity. The researchers face the challenge of developing greener and economical ways to synthesize these compounds and make significant progress.

Experimental spectral characterization, Hirshfeld surface analysis, DFT/TD-DFT calculations and docking studies of (2Z,5Z)-5-(4-nitrobenzylidene)-3-N(2-methoxyphenyl)-2-N'(2-methoxyphenylimino) thiazolidin-4-one

We reported an experimental and theoretical spectroscopic studies of (2Z,5Z)-5-(4-nitrobenzylidene)-3-N (2-methoxyphenyl)-2-N' (2-methoxyphenylimino) thiazolidin-4-one (C24H19N3O5S) molecule, using FT-IR, NMR spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) via time-dependent schema (TD-DFT) respectively. The molecular inter-contacts were explored using Hirshfeld surfaces (HS) analysis method. Vibrational frequencies, gauge-independent atomic orbital (GIAO)1H and13C NMR chemical shift values and frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) have been calculated from the optimized structure of the molecule by DFT/B3LYP functional with 6-31G(d, p) basis set. Our theoretical results show a good agreement with the experimental data. The calculated UV-visible spectrum employing TD-DFT shows electronic transitions at 388 nm and 495 nm. To get insight on the charge interaction happening inside the molecule, HOMO and LUMO were scrutinized and their calculated energy gap was found to be 2.96 eV. The molecular docking was analyzed via interplay study ofacetyl cholinesterase, and Butyrylcholinesterase using molecular docking methodology.

Microwave assisted green synthesis of thiazolidin-4-one derivatives: A perspective on potent antiviral and antimicrobial activities

Thiazolidin-4-one has been known as a powerful moiety present in various approved medications. Thiazolidin-4-ones are amongst the most effective and actively explored fields of current antimicrobial and antiviral chemotherapy that portray broad spectrum and potent activity. The wide range of medicinal properties of thiazolidin-4-one related drugs encourages the medicinal chemists to synthesize a significant variety of new medicinal substances. Microwave induced organic reactions earned substantial coverages in recent years due to many advantages such as ease of work, cost-effectiveness, short reaction time and excellent yield. Microwave radiations provide a substitute for traditional heating by incorporating energy to the reactions. The usage of microwave irradiation has contributed to the emergence of innovative ideas in chemistry, as energy absorption and propagation in microwave irradiation is entirely dissimilar to the traditional heating method. In synthetic chemistry, microwave heating is a rapidly growing area of research. This review cover organic synthesis of thiazolidin-4-one analogues via the use of microwave irradiation as an effective technique and the antiviral and antimicrobial action of thiazolidin-4-one based compounds.

•Introduction to microwave-assisted synthesis along with benefits and applications. •Microwave irradiation based synthetic routes of various thiazolidin-4-one derivatives. •Ativiral and antimicrobial activity profile of thiazolidin-4-ones prepared by MW irradiation.

New thiourea and 1,3-thiazolidin-4-one derivatives effective on the HIV-1 virus

Thiourea derivatives have been reported to possess many biological activities, among them antiviral and antitumoral properties. As part of our continuing effort to develop new active compounds, we report the synthesis and the evaluation of new fifteen thiourea derivatives with 1,3-benzothiazole-2-yl moiety, among them a group of biologically active (1-7) also underwent cyclization to 1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones. Molecular structure of four compounds (4, 13, 15 and 3a) was determined by an X-ray crystallography. We here report the evaluation of their cytotoxicity against human leukaemia/lymphoma- and solid tumour-derived cell lines and of their antiviral activity against HIV-1 and representatives of ssRNA and dsDNA viruses. Derivative 5 showed an interesting activity against HIV-1 wild type and against variants carrying clinically relevant mutations. A colorimetric enzyme immunoassay clarified its mode of action as a non-nucleoside inhibitor of the reverse transcriptase.

4-Thiazolidinone derivatives as potent antimicrobial agents: microwave-assisted synthesis, biological evaluation and docking studies

A series of ten thiazolidin-4-one derivatives was synthesized and evaluated for their antibacterial, antifungal and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitory activity.

Heterocyclic chemistry in crop protection

An overview is given of the significance of heterocycles in crop protection chemistry, which is enormous as more than two-thirds of all agrochemicals launched to the market within the last 20 years belong to this huge group of chemicals. This review focuses on two important aspects of heterocyclic agrochemistry: the different roles of heterocyclic scaffolds in crop protection agents and the major possibilities for their synthesis.

Synthesis and biological activity evaluation of 5-pyrazoline substituted 4-thiazolidinones

A series of novel 5-pyrazoline substituted 4-thiazolidinones have been synthesized. Target compounds were evaluated for their anticancer activity in vitro within DTP NCI protocol. Among the tested compounds, the derivatives 4d and 4f were found to be the most active, which demonstrated certain sensitivity profile toward the leukemia subpanel cell lines with GI₅₀ value ranges of 2.12–4.58 μM (4d) and 1.64–3.20 μM (4f). The screening of antitrypanosomal and antiviral activities of 5-(3-naphthalen-2-yl-5-aryl-4,5-dihydropyrazol-1-yl)-thiazolidine-2,4-diones was carried out with the promising influence of the mentioned compounds on Trypanosoma brucei, but minimal effect on SARS coronavirus and influenza types A and B viruses.

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Synthesis of novel 5-pyrazoline substituted 4-thiazolidinones was performed.

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Compounds 4d and 4f showed promising activity on the leukemia subpanel cell lines.

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Compounds were evaluated for antitrypanosomal and antiviral properties.

A convenient synthesis of N-linked diglycose derivatives based on one-pot tandem Staudinger/aza-Wittig/reduction and biological evaluation

A series of novel N-linked diglycose derivatives 9 and 10 were conveniently and directly synthesized based on the key step of one-pot tandem Staudinger/aza-Wittig/reduction reaction from the azido sugar and sugar-derived aldehyde followed by deprotection. The biological activities against glycosidases (α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and β-glucosidase) and HIV-RT and antitumor activity of these compounds were preliminarily evaluated.

Recent developments and biological activities of thiazolidinone derivatives: a review

Thiazolidinone is considered as a biologically important active scaffold that possesses almost all types of biological activities. Successful introduction of ralitoline as a potent anti-convulsant, etozoline as a antihypertensive, pioglitazone as a hypoglycemic agent and thiazolidomycin activity against streptomyces species proved potential of thiazolidinone moiety. This diversity in the biological response profile has attracted the attention of many researchers to explore this skeleton to its multiple potential against several activities. This review is complementary to earlier reviews and aims to review the work reported on various biological activities of thiazolidinone derivatives from year 2000 to the beginning of 2011. Data are presented for active compounds, some of which have passed the preclinical testing stage.

Synthesis and HIV-1 RT inhibitory action of novel (4/6-substituted benzo[d]thiazol -2-yl)thiazolidin-4-ones. Divergence from the non-competitive inhibition mechanism

Reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors play a major role in the therapy of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Although, many compounds are already used as anti-HIV drugs, research on development of novel inhibitors continues, since drug resistant strains appear because of prolonged therapy. In this paper, we present the synthesis and evaluation of HIV-1 RT inhibitory action of eighteen novel (4/6-halogen/MeO/EtO-substituted benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)thiazolidin-4-ones. The two more active compounds (IC50 : 0.04 µM and 0.25 µM) exhibited better inhibitory action than the reference compound, nevirapine. Docking analysis supports a stable binding of the most active derivative to the allosteric centre of RT. Kinetic analysis of two of the most active compounds indicate an uncompetitive inhibition mode. This is a desired characteristic, since mutations that affect activity of traditional non-competitive NNRTIs may not affect activity of compounds of this series. Interestingly, the less active derivatives (IC50 > 40 µM) exhibit a competitive mode of action.

Microwave-assisted synthesis of small molecules targeting the infectious diseases tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, malaria and hepatitis C

The unique properties of microwave in situ heating offer unparalleled opportunities for medicinal chemists to speed up lead optimisation processes in early drug discovery. The technology is ideal for small-scale discovery chemistry because it allows full reaction control, short reaction times, high safety and rapid feedback. To illustrate these advantages, we herein describe applications and approaches in the synthesis of small molecules to combat four of the most prevalent infectious diseases; tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, malaria and hepatitis C, using dedicated microwave instrumentation.

Lead optimization at C-2 and N-3 positions of thiazolidin-4-ones as HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Based on rational drug design approach, a series of novel thiazolidin-4-ones bearing different aryl/heteroaryl moieties at position C-2 and N-3 are synthesized and evaluated as potent inhibitors for human immunodeficiency virus type-1 reverse transcriptase enzyme (HIV-1 RT). An in vitro HIV-1 RT assay showed that the compounds 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 13, 14 and 17 have shown high inhibition of reverse transcriptase (75.41, 95.50, 98.07, 91.24, 85.27, 77.59, 84.11 & 76.49% inhibition) enzyme activity. Further, cell based assay showed that compounds 4, 5, 8 &12 are identified as the best compounds of the series (EC(50) ranged from 0.09 to 0.8 μg/ml and 0.12 to 1.06 μg/ml) against HIV-1 III(B) and HIV-1 ADA5 strains, respectively. Moreover, the compounds which were active against HIV-1 III(B) and HIV-1 ADA5 were also found to be active against primary isolates (EC(50) ranged from 0.10 to 1.55 μg/ml against HIV-1 UG070 and 0.07 to 1.1 μg/ml against HIV-1 VB59), respectively. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies demonstrated the importance of the lipophilic bulky substituent pattern on compact heteroaryl ring at N-3, replacement of C4' at C-2 phenyl by trivalent bioisosteric nitrogen and dihalo groups at C-2 aryl/heteroaryl of thiazolidin-4-ones is crucial for anti-HIV-1 activity. Molecular modeling of compounds 4, 5, 8 and 12 in complex with HIV-1 RT demonstrate that there is good correlation of results obtained from SAR studies. Therefore the compounds 4, 5, 8 and 12 may be considered as good candidates for further optimization of anti-HIV-1 activity.