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Lindsay C, Musgaard M, Russell AJ, Sitsapesan R. Statin activation of skeletal ryanodine receptors (RyR1) is a class effect but separable from HMG-CoA reductase inhibition. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:4941-4957. [PMID: 35703154 PMCID: PMC9804224 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Statins, inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase, are mainstay treatment for hypercholesterolaemia. However, muscle pain and weakness prevent many patients from benefiting from their cardioprotective effects. We previously demonstrated that simvastatin activates skeletal ryanodine receptors (RyR1), an effect that could be important in initiating myopathy. Using a range of structurally diverse statin analogues, we examined structural features associated with RyR1 activation, aiming to identify statins lacking this property. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Compounds were screened for RyR1 activity utilising [3 H]ryanodine binding. Mechanistic insight into RyR1 activity was studied by incorporating RyR1 channels from sheep, mouse or rabbit skeletal muscle into bilayers. KEY RESULTS All UK-prescribed statins activated RyR1 at nanomolar concentrations. Cerivastatin, withdrawn from the market due to life-threatening muscle-related side effects, was more effective than currently-prescribed statins and possessed the unique ability to open RyR1 channels independently of cytosolic Ca2+ . We synthesised the one essential structural moiety that all statins must possess for HMG-CoA reductase inhibition, the R-3,5-dihydroxypentanoic acid unit, and it did not activate RyR1. We also identified five analogues retaining potent HMG-CoA reductase inhibition that inhibited RyR1 and four that lacked the ability to modulate RyR1. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS That cerivastatin activates RyR1 most strongly supports the hypothesis that RyR1 activation is implicated in statin-induced myopathy. Demonstrating that statin regulation of RyR1 and HMG-CoA reductase are separable effects will allow the role of RyR1 in statin-induced myopathy to be further elucidated by the tool compounds we have identified, allowing development of effective cardioprotective statins with improved patient tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Lindsay
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Maria Musgaard
- Structural Bioinformatics and Computational Biochemistry, Department of BiochemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- OMass TherapeuticsOxfordUK
| | - Angela J. Russell
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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2
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Haywood J, Breese KJ, Zhang J, Waters MT, Bond CS, Stubbs KA, Mylne JS. A fungal tolerance trait and selective inhibitors proffer HMG-CoA reductase as a herbicide mode-of-action. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5563. [PMID: 36137996 PMCID: PMC9500038 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of intense herbicide use has led to resistance in weeds. Without innovative weed management practices and new herbicidal modes of action, the unabated rise of herbicide resistance will undoubtedly place further stress upon food security. HMGR (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase) is the rate limiting enzyme of the eukaryotic mevalonate pathway successfully targeted by statins to treat hypercholesterolemia in humans. As HMGR inhibitors have been shown to be herbicidal, HMGR could represent a mode of action target for the development of herbicides. Here, we present the crystal structure of a HMGR from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtHMG1) which exhibits a wider active site than previously determined structures from different species. This plant conserved feature enables the rational design of specific HMGR inhibitors and we develop a tolerance trait through sequence analysis of fungal gene clusters. These results suggest HMGR to be a viable herbicide target modifiable to provide a tolerance trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Haywood
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia.
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Karen J Breese
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Mark T Waters
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Charles S Bond
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Keith A Stubbs
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Joshua S Mylne
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia.
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
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3
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Fadeyibi O, Rybalchenko N, Mabry S, Nguyen DH, Cunningham RL. The Role of Lipid Rafts and Membrane Androgen Receptors in Androgen’s Neurotoxic Effects. J Endocr Soc 2022; 6:bvac030. [PMID: 35308305 PMCID: PMC8926069 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences have been observed in multiple oxidative stress–associated neurodegenerative diseases. Androgens, such as testosterone, can exacerbate oxidative stress through a membrane androgen receptor (mAR), AR45, localized to lipid rafts in the plasma membrane. The goal of this study is to determine if interfering with mAR localization to cholesterol-rich lipid rafts decreases androgen induced neurotoxicity under oxidative stress environments. We hypothesize that cholesterol-rich caveolar lipid rafts are necessary for androgens to induce oxidative stress generation in neurons via the mAR localized within the plasma membrane. Nystatin was used to sequester cholesterol and thus decrease cholesterol-rich caveolar lipid rafts in a neuronal cell line (N27 cells). Nystatin was applied prior to testosterone exposure in oxidatively stressed N27 cells. Cell viability, endocytosis, and protein analysis of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and mAR localization were conducted. Our results show that the loss of lipid rafts via cholesterol sequestering blocked androgen-induced oxidative stress in cells by decreasing the localization of mAR to caveolar lipid rafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwadarasimi Fadeyibi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Nataliya Rybalchenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Steve Mabry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Dianna H Nguyen
- Department of Physiology & Anatomy, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Rebecca L Cunningham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
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4
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7-Acetoxyhorminone from Salvia multicaulis Vahl. as Promising Inhibitor of 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) Reductase. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020198. [PMID: 35215310 PMCID: PMC8880194 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase is a key enzyme involved in cholesterol biosynthesis and one of the most important targets for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. A limited number of studies on the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory potential of natural products are available. Thus, in the current study, we aimed to test the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory capacity of extracts from the roots and aerial parts of Salvia multicaulis Vahl., through activity-guided isolation. Our findings revealed that the root extract prepared with dichloromethane–acetone (1:1) showed the highest inhibition (71.97 ± 0.37%) at 100 µg/mL. The extract was then initially fractionated by column chromatography and the obtained fractions were monitored by thin layer chromatography. Fractions which were similar to each other were combined and a total of 15 fractions were obtained. Further conventional chromatographic studies were carried out on the active fractions. Based on these fractions, 10 known compounds, comprising 9 terpenes and 1 steroid derivative in total, were isolated and their structures were verified by a combination of IT-TOF-MS, and 1D and 2D NMR techniques. According to the enzyme inhibition data of the identified compounds, 7-acetoxyhorminone exerted the highest inhibition (84.15 ± 0.10%, IC50 = 63.6 ± 1.21 µg/mL). The molecular docking experiments on 7-acetoxyhorminone and horminone indicated that both compounds strongly bind to the active site of the enzyme.
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5
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Rajathei DM, Parthasarathy S, Selvaraj S. Combined QSAR Model and Chemical Similarity Search for Novel HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors for Coronary Heart Disease. Curr Comput Aided Drug Des 2020; 16:473-485. [DOI: 10.2174/1573409915666190904114247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:Coronary heart disease generally occurs due to cholesterol accumulation in the walls of the heart arteries. Statins are the most widely used drugs which work by inhibiting the active site of 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR) enzyme that is responsible for cholesterol synthesis. A series of atorvastatin analogs with HMGCR inhibition activity have been synthesized experimentally which would be expensive and time-consuming.Methods:In the present study, we employed both the QSAR model and chemical similarity search for identifying novel HMGCR inhibitors for heart-related diseases. To implement this, a 2D QSAR model was developed by correlating the structural properties to their biological activity of a series of atorvastatin analogs reported as HMGCR inhibitors. Then, the chemical similarity search of atorvastatin analogs was performed by using PubChem database search.Results and Discussion:The three-descriptor model of charge (GATS1p), connectivity (SCH-7) and distance (VE1_D) of the molecules is obtained for HMGCR inhibition with the statistical values of R2= 0.67, RMSEtr= 0.33, R2 ext= 0.64 and CCCext= 0.76. The 109 novel compounds were obtained by chemical similarity search and the inhibition activities of the compounds were predicted using QSAR model, which were close in the range of experimentally observed threshold.Conclusion:The present study suggests that the QSAR model and chemical similarity search could be used in combination for identification of novel compounds with activity by in silico with less computation and effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mary Rajathei
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, India
| | - Subbiah Parthasarathy
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, India
| | - Samuel Selvaraj
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, India
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6
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Gesto DS, Pereira CMS, Cerqueira NMFS, Sousa SF. An Atomic-Level Perspective of HMG-CoA-Reductase: The Target Enzyme to Treat Hypercholesterolemia. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173891. [PMID: 32859023 PMCID: PMC7503714 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides an updated atomic-level perspective regarding the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoAR), linking the more recent data on this enzyme with a structure/function interpretation. This enzyme catalyzes one of the most important steps in cholesterol biosynthesis and is regarded as one of the most important drug targets in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Taking this into consideration, we review in the present article several aspects of this enzyme, including its structure and biochemistry, its catalytic mechanism and different reported and proposed approaches for inhibiting this enzyme, including the commercially available statins or the possibility of using dimerization inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana S. Gesto
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Carlos M. S. Pereira
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, BioSIM, Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (C.M.S.P.); (N.M.F.S.C.)
| | - Nuno M. F. S. Cerqueira
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, BioSIM, Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (C.M.S.P.); (N.M.F.S.C.)
| | - Sérgio F. Sousa
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, BioSIM, Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (C.M.S.P.); (N.M.F.S.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Roy S, Hyman D, Ayyala S, Bakhshi A, Kim SH, Anoruo N, Weinstock J, Balogun A, D'Souza M, Filatova N, Penabad J, Shah P, Perez C, Mehta A, Hunter K. Cognitive Function Assessment in Patients on Moderate- or High-Intensity Statin Therapy. J Clin Med Res 2020; 12:255-265. [PMID: 32362974 PMCID: PMC7188372 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr4144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in the USA. Statin therapy reduces cardiovascular events significantly. Cognitive impairment has been reported with statin therapy but there is a lack of consensus. We analyzed the cognitive functions of adult patients who were on moderate-intensity statin therapy (MIST) or high-intensity statin therapy (HIST). Methods A total of 213 patients underwent cognitive assessment testing. Cognitive function scores were correlated with the durations of statin therapy, age, and level of education by using Pearson correlation. Independent t-test was used to compare the mean cognitive function score to the gender, race, type of statin therapy, and comorbid conditions. Results Mean age of all the patients was 55.4 years. Majority of the patients (66.2%) were on MIST while the rest (33.8%) were on HIST. Cognitive impairment was observed in 17.8% of the studied patients. A total of 41.7% of the patients in the HIST group and 5.7% in the MIST group had cognitive impairment (P < 0.001). There was no correlation between cognitive function score and age (r = -0.106), weakly positive correlation between the level of education and cognitive function score (r = 0.252), and weakly negative correlation between the duration of statin therapy and cognitive function score (r = -0.283). In the group of patients on HIST with cognitive impairment, the proportion of patients on atorvastatin 40 - 80 mg was significantly higher than the proportion of patients on rosuvastatin 20 - 40 mg (66.7% vs. 33.3%; P < 0.05). In the group of patients on MIST with cognitive impairment, atorvastatin 10 - 20 mg was the most commonly used statin therapy (50%), followed by rosuvastatin 10 mg (25%), simvastatin 20 - 40 mg (12.5%) and pravastatin 40 - 80 mg (12.5%). Conclusions We found a significantly higher association of cognitive impairment in patients who were on MIST or HIST compared to the general population. We found no correlation between cognitive function score and age, weakly positive correlation between the level of education and cognitive function score, and weakly negative correlation between the duration of statin therapy and cognitive function score. HIST was associated with a higher frequency of cognitive impairment compared to the MIST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyajeet Roy
- Department of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Daniel Hyman
- Department of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Srinivas Ayyala
- Department of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Aditya Bakhshi
- Department of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Sang Hoon Kim
- Department of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Nancy Anoruo
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School-UMASS Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Joshua Weinstock
- Department of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Ayobamidele Balogun
- Department of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Michelle D'Souza
- Department of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Nika Filatova
- Department of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Jesus Penabad
- Department of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Pratik Shah
- Department of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Christopher Perez
- Department of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Anita Mehta
- Department of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Krystal Hunter
- Cooper Research Institute, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
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8
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Kumar SP, Patel CN, Rawal RM, Pandya HA. Energetic contributions of amino acid residues and its cross‐talk to delineate ligand‐binding mechanism. Proteins 2020; 88:1207-1225. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.25894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chirag N. Patel
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics, and Climate Change Impacts ManagementUniversity School of Sciences, Gujarat University Ahmedabad India
| | - Rakesh M. Rawal
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity School of Sciences, Gujarat University Ahmedabad India
| | - Himanshu A. Pandya
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity School of Sciences, Gujarat University Ahmedabad India
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics, and Climate Change Impacts ManagementUniversity School of Sciences, Gujarat University Ahmedabad India
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9
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Ercan S, Çınar E, Özaydın C, Efe Ertürk N, Çakmak R. Inhibitor design for
3‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐glutaryl‐CoA
reductase enzyme; molecular docking and determination of molecular and electronic properties of ligands by density functional theory method. J Heterocycl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Selami Ercan
- Department of Nursing, School of Health SciencesBatman University Batman Turkey
| | - Ercan Çınar
- Department of Nursing, School of Health SciencesBatman University Batman Turkey
| | - Cihat Özaydın
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Computer Engineering DepartmentBatman University Batman Turkey
| | - Nuriye Efe Ertürk
- Department of Nursing, School of Health SciencesBatman University Batman Turkey
| | - Reşit Çakmak
- Vocational School of Health ServicesBatman University Batman Turkey
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10
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Akinwunmi B, Vitonis AF, Titus L, Terry KL, Cramer DW. Statin therapy and association with ovarian cancer risk in the New England Case Control (NEC) study. Int J Cancer 2018; 144:991-1000. [PMID: 30006925 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Statins are widely used to lower blood cholesterol and reduce risk for cardiovascular diseases, but attention has recently focused on a role in cancer prevention or therapy. Here we present data from a large case-control study addressing whether statin use can lower the risk for epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Between 1992 and 2008, data including medications used for at least 6 months were collected from 2,040 cases with EOC and 2,100 frequency-matched controls without the disease who participated in the New England Case Control study. We used unconditional logistic regression controlling for matching factors and potential confounders to examine the association between statin use and the risk for EOC. Overall, women who used statins had 32% lower risk of ovarian cancer compared to non-users (Odds ratio (OR) 0.68, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.54-0.85), adjusting for the matching factors and other covariates. The reduced risk was most apparent in women taking a lipophilic statin who began use after age 49, and who had used them 2-4.9 years. Statin use was associated with lower risks for both serous and non-serous histologic subtypes with the strongest effect seen for mucinous and mixed epithelial subtypes. The association became apparent about a decade after the introduction of statins and did not appear to be confounded by indications for use of statins or medications used concomitantly. In this case-control study, statins were found to lower the risk for both serous and non-serous EOC and especially mucinous EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babatunde Akinwunmi
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Department of Global Education, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Allison F Vitonis
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Linda Titus
- Departments of Epidemiology and Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
| | - Kathryn L Terry
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Daniel W Cramer
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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11
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Ahmad S, Alam O, Naim MJ, Shaquiquzzaman M, Alam MM, Iqbal M. Pyrrole: An insight into recent pharmacological advances with structure activity relationship. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:527-561. [PMID: 30119011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrole is a heterocyclic ring template with multiple pharmacophores that provides a way for the generation of library of enormous lead molecules. Owing to its vast pharmacological profile, pyrrole and its analogues have drawn much attention of the researchers/chemists round the globe to be explored exhaustively for the benefit of mankind. This review focusses on recent advancements; pertaining to pyrrole scaffold, discussing various aspects of structure activity relationship and its bioactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujauddin Ahmad
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 62, India
| | - Ozair Alam
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 62, India.
| | - Mohd Javed Naim
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 62, India
| | - Mohammad Shaquiquzzaman
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 62, India
| | - M Mumtaz Alam
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 62, India
| | - Muzaffar Iqbal
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Barman G. Synthesis of N-Aryl Formyl Pyrrole from γ-Lactam Derivatives: A Highlight. J Heterocycl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gopa Barman
- Department of Chemistry; Berhampore Girls' College; Berhampore 742101 India
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13
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Schultz BG, Patten DK, Berlau DJ. The role of statins in both cognitive impairment and protection against dementia: a tale of two mechanisms. Transl Neurodegener 2018; 7:5. [PMID: 29507718 PMCID: PMC5830056 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-018-0110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly 30% of adults 40 years and older in the United States are on a statin. Their widespread use heightens the importance of careful consideration of their varied effects on the body. Although randomized controlled trials have not confirmed cognitive impairing effects with statins, continuing evidence suggests statins have the ability to cause reversible cognitive impairment in some patients. Paradoxically, statins have also been shown to decrease the risk of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and improve cognitive impairment in some cases. However, randomized controlled trials have similarly failed to find the beneficial effect. Supporting evidence for both claims is compelling whereas known limitations of the clinical trials may explain the lack of findings. This narrative review aims to explain why there is still controversy and how both effects can, and may, be possible. The mechanisms that have been hypothesized for each effect are seemingly independent from one another and may explain the contradicting results. Being mindful of the complex effects of statins, health care providers need to be able to identify patients who are at risk for or already experiencing cognitive impairment from statin use while also identifying those who could potentially decrease their risk of dementia with statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob G. Schultz
- Regis University School of Pharmacy, 3333 Regis Boulevard H-28, Denver, CO 80221 USA
| | - Denise K. Patten
- Regis University School of Pharmacy, 3333 Regis Boulevard H-28, Denver, CO 80221 USA
| | - Daniel J. Berlau
- Regis University School of Pharmacy, 3333 Regis Boulevard H-28, Denver, CO 80221 USA
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Roy S, Weinstock JL, Ishino AS, Benites JF, Pop SR, Perez CD, Gumbs EA, Rosenbaum JA, Roccato MK, Shah H, Contino G, Hunter K. Association of Cognitive Impairment in Patients on 3-Hydroxy-3-Methyl-Glutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors. J Clin Med Res 2017; 9:638-649. [PMID: 28611866 PMCID: PMC5458663 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr3066w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in the United States. A reduction in cholesterol with 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors (statin) significantly reduces mortality and morbidity. Statins may be associated with cognitive impairment or dementia. Our aim was to study the association of cognitive impairment or dementia in patients who were on a statin. METHODS Electronic medical records of 3,500 adult patients in our suburban internal medicine office were reviewed. RESULTS There were 720 (20.6%) patients in the statin treatment group. Dementia or cognitive impairment was an associated comorbid condition in 7.9% patients in the statin treatment group compared to 3.1% patients in the non-statin group (P < 0.001). Analysis of all of the patients with cognitive impairment or dementia showed that among the age ranges of 51 years through 100 years, the patients in the statin treatment group had a higher prevalence of cognitive impairment or dementia compared to the non-statin group. In the statin treatment group, we found significantly higher prevalence of hyperlipidemia (86.3%), hypertension (69.6%), diabetes mellitus (36.0%), osteoarthritis (31.5%), coronary artery disease (26.1%), hypothyroidism (21.5%) and depression (19.3%) compared to the non-statin group (P < 0.001). About 39.9% of the patients with dementia or cognitive impairment were on statin therapy compared to 18.9% patients who had no dementia or cognitive impairment and were on statin therapy (P < 0.001). Among the patients with cognitive deficit or dementia in the statin treatment group, the majority of the patients were either on atorvastatin (43.9%) or simvastatin (35.1%), followed by rosuvastatin (12.2%) and pravastatin (8.8%). We found greater odds of dementia or cognitive impairment with each year increase in age (1.3 times), in women (2.2 times), African American race (2.7 times), non-consumption of moderate amount of alcohol (two times), diabetes mellitus (1.6 times), hypothyroidism (1.7 times), cerebrovascular accident (3.2 times), and other rheumatological diseases (1.8 times). CONCLUSIONS The association of dementia or cognitive impairment was significantly higher in the patients who were on statin therapy compared to the patients who were not on a statin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyajeet Roy
- Department of Medicine, Cooper University Hospital, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hely Shah
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | | | - Krystal Hunter
- Cooper Research Institute, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Elevated blood lipids may be a major risk factor for CVD. Due to consistent and robust association of higher low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol levels with CVD across experimental and epidemiologic studies, therapeutic strategies to decrease risk have focused on LDL-cholesterol reduction as the primary goal. Current medication options for lipid-lowering therapy include statins, bile acid sequestrants, a cholesterol-absorption inhibitor, fibrates, nicotinic acid, and omega-3 fatty acids, which all have various mechanisms of action and pharmacokinetic properties. The most widely prescribed lipid-lowering agents are the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, or statins. Since their introduction in the 1980s, statins have emerged as the one of the best-selling medication classes to date, with numerous trials demonstrating powerful efficacy in preventing cardiovascular outcomes (Kapur and Musunuru, 2008 [1]). The statins are commonly used in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and mixed hyperlipidemia. This chapter focuses on the biochemistry of statins including their structures, pharmacokinetics, and mechanism of actions as well as the potential adverse reactions linked to their clinical uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Eroume A Egom
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin/The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Egom Clinical & Translational Research Services Ltd, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Hafsa Hafeez
- Egom Clinical & Translational Research Services Ltd, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Rao L, Chi B, Ren Y, Li Y, Xu X, Wan J. DOX: A new computational protocol for accurate prediction of the protein-ligand binding structures. J Comput Chem 2015; 37:336-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.24217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Rao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Central China Normal University; Wuhan 430079 People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Chi
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Central China Normal University; Wuhan 430079 People's Republic of China
| | - Yanliang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Central China Normal University; Wuhan 430079 People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjian Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Central China Normal University; Wuhan 430079 People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Ministry of Education (MOE) Laboratory for Computational Physical Science, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wan
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Central China Normal University; Wuhan 430079 People's Republic of China
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Goyal S, Patel B, Sharma R, Chouhan M, Kumar K, Gangar M, Nair VA. An efficient strategy for the synthesis of syn 1,3-diols via iterative acetate aldol reactions and synthesis of atorvastatin lactone. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Qian J, Zhang Z, Liu Q, Liu T, Zhang G. Dimethyl Sulfoxide Participating in Copper(I) Iodide-Catalyzed Cascade Oxidation/Formylation Reactions: The Synthesis of α-Formylpyrroles from 2,3-Dihydro-1H-pyrroles. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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19
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Zhang Z, Tian Q, Qian J, Liu Q, Liu T, Shi L, Zhang G. Dimethyl Sulfoxide Participant Iron-Mediated Cascade Oxidation/α-Formylation Reaction of Substituted 2,3-Dihydropyrroles under Air and Protonic Acid Free Condition. J Org Chem 2014; 79:8182-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501385w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Zhang
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine
Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry
of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P. R. China
| | - Qing Tian
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine
Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry
of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Qian
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine
Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry
of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P. R. China
| | - Qingfeng Liu
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine
Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry
of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P. R. China
| | - Tongxin Liu
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine
Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry
of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P. R. China
| | - Lei Shi
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine
Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry
of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P. R. China
| | - Guisheng Zhang
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine
Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry
of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P. R. China
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Wang Z, Cheng L, Kai Z, Wu F, Liu Z, Cai M. Molecular modeling studies of atorvastatin analogues as HMGR inhibitors using 3D-QSAR, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3869-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Goyal A, Singh S, Tandon N, Gupta N, Gupta YK. Effect of atorvastatin on pancreatic Beta-cell function and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a randomized pilot study. Can J Diabetes 2014; 38:466-72. [PMID: 24933106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Statins are commonly used for the management of dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. We hypothesized that atorvastatin could modulate the beta-cell function by altering the levels of proapoptotic and antiapoptotic lipoproteins and could also have an effect on insulin resistance. The aim of the present pilot study was to assess the effect of atorvastatin 10 mg on pancreatic beta-cell function and insulin resistance in patients with hyperlipidemia and type 2 diabetes by using the homeostasis model assessment-2 (HOMA2) index. METHODS Fifty-one type 2 diabetes patients receiving oral antidiabetes drugs, not taking statins, with baseline low-density lipoprotein cholesterol between 2.6 mmol/L and 4.1 mmol/L were included. Forty-three patients (21 in placebo group and 22 in atorvastatin group) completed the study and were taken up for final analysis. Fasting blood samples were obtained at baseline and at 12 weeks to determine levels of blood glucose, lipid profile, insulin, C-peptide and glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C). RESULTS Atorvastatin nonsignificantly increased fasting serum insulin (+14.29%, p=0.18), accompanied by marginal nonsignificant increases in fasting plasma glucose and A1C. There was a decrease in HOMA2 percent beta-cell function (-2.9%, p=0.72) and increase in HOMA2 insulin resistance (+14%, p=0.16) in the atorvastatin group as compared with baseline, but the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Atorvastatin in the dose used failed to produce significant change in pancreatic beta-cell function and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes patients as assessed by the HOMA2 index. The possible explanations include absence of lipotoxicity at prevailing levels of dyslipidemia at baseline or inadequacy of statin dose used in the study. (Clinical Trials Registry-India: CTRI/2008/091/000099).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Goyal
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Surender Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Nikhil Tandon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nandita Gupta
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Yogendra Kumar Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Zhou C, Ma D. A copper-catalyzed coupling reaction of vinyl halides and carbazates: application in the assembly of polysubstituted pyrroles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:3085-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc49724k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Son M, Baek A, Sakkiah S, Park C, John S, Lee KW. Exploration of virtual candidates for human HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors using pharmacophore modeling and molecular dynamics simulations. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83496. [PMID: 24386216 PMCID: PMC3875450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) is a rate-controlling enzyme in the mevalonate pathway which involved in biosynthesis of cholesterol and other isoprenoids. This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate and is regarded as a drug target to treat hypercholesterolemia. In this study, ten qualitative pharmacophore models were generated based on chemical features in active inhibitors of HMGR. The generated models were validated using a test set. In a validation process, the best hypothesis was selected based on the statistical parameters and used for virtual screening of chemical databases to find novel lead candidates. The screened compounds were sorted by applying drug-like properties. The compounds that satisfied all drug-like properties were used for molecular docking study to identify their binding conformations at active site of HMGR. The final hit compounds were selected based on docking score and binding orientation. The HMGR structures in complex with the hit compounds were subjected to 10 ns molecular dynamics simulations to refine the binding orientation as well as to check the stability of the hits. After simulation, binding modes including hydrogen bonding patterns and molecular interactions with the active site residues were analyzed. In conclusion, four hit compounds with new structural scaffold were suggested as novel and potent HMGR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minky Son
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Gazwa-dong, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ayoung Baek
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Gazwa-dong, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sugunadevi Sakkiah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Chanin Park
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Gazwa-dong, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Shalini John
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Gazwa-dong, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Woo Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Gazwa-dong, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Wang X, Fang X, Yang X, Ni M, Wu F. Synthesis of 1,3,5-Trisubstituted [4-tert-Butyl 2-(5,5-difluoro-2,2-dimethyl-6-vinyl-1,3-dioxan-4-yl)acetate]pyrazoles via a Pd-Catalyzed CH Activation. CHINESE J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201201100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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26
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Teli MK, K RG. Pharmacophore generation and atom-based 3D-QSAR of N-iso-propyl pyrrole-based derivatives as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Org Med Chem Lett 2012; 2:25. [PMID: 22747771 PMCID: PMC3519668 DOI: 10.1186/2191-2858-2-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Coronary heart disease continues to be the leading cause of mortality and a significant cause of morbidity and account for nearly 30% of all deaths each year worldwide. High levels of cholesterol are an important risk factor for coronary heart disease. The blockage of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity by small molecule inhibitors has been shown to inhibit hypercholesterolemia. Herein, we describe the development of effective and robust pharmacophore model and the structure–activity relationship studies of 43N-iso-propyl pyrrole-based derivatives previously reported for HMG-CoA reductase inhibition. Results A 5-point pharmacophore model was developed and the generated pharmacophore model was used to derive a predictive atom-based 3D quantitative structure–activity relationship analysis (3D-QSAR) model for the studied dataset. The obtained 3D-QSAR model has an excellent correlation coefficient value (r2 = 0.96) along with good statistical significance as shown by high Fisher ratio (F = 143.2). The model also exhibited good predictive power confirmed by the high value of cross validated correlation coefficient (q2 = 0.672). Further, pharmacophoric model was employed for virtual screening to identify four potential HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Conclusions The QSAR model suggests that electron-withdrawing character is crucial for the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activity. In addition to the electron-withdrawing character, hydrogen bond--donating groups, hydrophobic and negative ionic groups positively contribute to the HMG-CoA reductase inhibition. These findings provide a set of guidelines for designing compounds with better HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Kumar Teli
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, 673601, Kerala, India.
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Greger JG, Yoon-Miller SJP, Bechtold NR, Flewelling SA, MacDonald JP, Downey CR, Cohen EA, Pelkey ET. Synthesis of unsymmetrical 3,4-diaryl-3-pyrrolin-2-ones utilizing pyrrole Weinreb amides. J Org Chem 2011; 76:8203-14. [PMID: 21913662 DOI: 10.1021/jo2013516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A regiocontrolled synthesis of unsymmetrical 3,4-diaryl-3-pyrrolin-2-ones has been achieved in three steps from 1,2-diaryl-1-nitroethenes with pyrrole-2-carboxamides (pyrrole Weinreb amides) serving as the key linchpin intermediates. Two different methods for the preparation of the requisite nitroalkenes were investigated: (1) modified Henry reaction between arylnitromethanes and arylimines; and (2) Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction of 2-aryl-1-bromo-1-nitroethenes with arylboronic acids. Some difficulty was encountered in the preparation of arylnitromethanes, thus leading to the exploration of a cross-coupling strategy that proved more useful. A Barton-Zard pyrrole cyclocondensation reaction between 1,2-diaryl-1-nitroethenes and N-methoxy-N-methyl-2-isocyanoacetamide gave the corresponding pyrrole Weinreb amides, which were then converted into the desired 3-pyrrolin-2-ones in two steps. Overall, this method allowed for the construction of 3,4-diaryl-3-pyrrolin-2-ones with complete regiocontrol of the substituents with respect to the lactam carbonyl. The utility of this synthetic methodology was demonstrated by the preparation of eight unsymmetrical and symmetrical 3,4-diaryl-3-pyrrolin-2-ones including the N-H lactam analogue of the selective COX-II inhibitor, rofecoxib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica G Greger
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart College, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
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Tiwari R, Pathak K. Statins therapy: a review on conventional and novel formulation approaches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:983-98. [PMID: 21718281 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE High levels of cholesterol lead to atherosclerosis, a factor predisposing to the development of coronary artery disease. Statin drugs, i.e. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, have been known since the end of the last century for their benefits against cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases and are widely used clinically. This review aims at compiling the research inputs being made for developing therapeutically efficacious dosage forms that have the potential to surmount the limitations of conventional dosage forms of statins. KEY FINDINGS Statin drugs can reduce the endogenous synthesis of cholesterol and prevent the onset and development of atherosclerosis, and are therefore used as an effective treatment against primary hypercholesterolemia. At present, statin drugs are most often administered orally, on a daily basis. After administration, the bioavailability and the general circulation of statin drugs is fairly low due to the first-pass metabolism in the liver and clearance by the digestive system. Extensive pharmaceutical research in understanding the causes of low oral bioavailability has led to the development of novel technologies to address these challenges. SUMMARY These technologies vary from conventional dosage forms to nanoparticulate drug-delivery systems, and have the potential to cause improvements in bioavailability and consequently therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radheshyam Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Dong SH, Lee J, Koh DH, Choi MH, Jang HJ, Kae SH. Pravastatin activates PPARalpha/PPARgamma expression in the liver and gallbladder epithelium of hamsters. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2011; 10:185-90. [PMID: 21459726 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(11)60029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our earlier study with cultured gallbladder epithelial cells demonstrated that statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) activate the expression of PPARalpha and PPARgamma, consequently blocking the production of pro-inflmmatory cytokines. The present study used hamsters to investigate the effects of pavastatin on PPARalpha/PPARgamma expression in the liver and gallbladder epithelium, and to determine whether pravastatin suppresses cholesterol crystal formation in the gallbladder. METHODS A total of 40 Golden Syrian male hamsters (4 weeks old) were randomly assigned to four groups (basal diet control; basal diet+pavastatin; high cholesterol diet; high cholesterol diet+pravastatin). All hamsters were 11 weeks old at the end of the experiment. The liver, gallbladder and bile were harvested. Immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting for PPARalpha and PPARgamma were performed in the liver and gallbladder. A drop of fresh bile was examined for cholesterol crystals under a microscope. RESULTS In the gallbladder and liver of the hamsters, pravastatin activated the PPARalpha and PPARgamma expression of gallbladder epithelial cells and hepatocytes, and particularly the response of PPARgamma was much stronger than that of PPARalpha. Pravastatin suppressed the formation of cholesterol gallstones or crystals in the gallbladder. CONCLUSION Pravastatin is an effective medication to activate PPARs (especially PPARgamma) in the liver and the gallbladder epithelium of hamsters, and contributes to the prevention of gallstone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Ho Dong
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Pfefferkorn JA. Novel 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:187-203. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.547478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Jia Z, Wei S, Zhu Q. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: Benzylidene-prop-2-ynyl-amines Analogues. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:725-8. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Jia
- Institute of Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology (Chaohui Campus)
| | - Shen Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Jinhua Central Hospital
| | - Qing Zhu
- Institute of Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology (Chaohui Campus)
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Kato S, Smalley S, Sadarangani A, Chen-Lin K, Oliva B, Brañes J, Carvajal J, Gejman R, Owen GI, Cuello M. Lipophilic but not hydrophilic statins selectively induce cell death in gynaecological cancers expressing high levels of HMGCoA reductase. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 14:1180-93. [PMID: 19432822 PMCID: PMC3822754 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00771.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports have suggested that statins induce cell death in certain epithelial cancers and that patients taking statins to reduce cholesterol levels possess lower cancer incidence. However, little is known about the mechanisms of action of different statins or the effects of these statins in gynaecological malignancies. The apoptotic potential of two lipophilic statins (lovastatin and simvastatin) and one hydrophilic statin (pravastatin) was assessed in cancer cell lines (ovarian, endometrial and cervical) and primary cultured cancerous and normal tissues. Cell viability was studied by MTS assays and apoptosis was confirmed by Western blotting of PARP and flow cytometry. The expressions of key apoptotic cascade proteins were analysed. Our results demonstrate that both lovastatin and simvastatin, but not pravastatin, selectively induced cell death in dose- and time-dependent manner in ovarian, endometrial and cervical cancers. Little or no toxicity was observed with any statin on normal cells. Lipophilic statins induced activation of caspase-8 and -9; BID cleavage, cytochrome C release and PARP cleavage. Statin-sensitive cancers expressed high levels of HMG-CoA reductase compared with resistant cultures. The effect of lipophilic statins was dependent on inhibition of enzymatic activity of HMG-CoA reductase since mevalonate pre-incubation almost completely abrogated the apoptotic effect. Moreover, the apoptotic effect involved the inhibition of synthesis of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate rather than farnesyl pyrophosphate. In conclusion, lipophilic but not hydrophilic statins induce cell death through activation of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic cascades in cancerous cells from the human female genital tract, which express high levels of HMG-CoA reductase. These results promote further investigation in the use of lipophilic statins as anticancer agents in gynaecological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Ahmad S, Madsen CS, Stein PD, Janovitz E, Huang C, Ngu K, Bisaha S, Kennedy LJ, Chen BC, Zhao R, Sitkoff D, Monshizadegan H, Yin X, Ryan CS, Zhang R, Giancarli M, Bird E, Chang M, Chen X, Setters R, Search D, Zhuang S, Nguyen-Tran V, Cuff CA, Harrity T, Darienzo CJ, Li T, Reeves RA, Blanar MA, Barrish JC, Zahler R, Robl JA. (3R,5S,E)-7-(4-(4-Fluorophenyl)-6-isopropyl-2-(methyl(1-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-5-yl)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic Acid (BMS-644950): A Rationally Designed Orally Efficacious 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme-A Reductase Inhibitor with Reduced Myotoxicity Potential. J Med Chem 2008; 51:2722-33. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800001n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saleem Ahmad
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Cort S. Madsen
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Philip D. Stein
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Evan Janovitz
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Christine Huang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Khehyong Ngu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Sharon Bisaha
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Lawrence J. Kennedy
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Bang-Chi Chen
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Rulin Zhao
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Doree Sitkoff
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Hossain Monshizadegan
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Xiaohong Yin
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Carol S. Ryan
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Rongan Zhang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Mary Giancarli
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Eileen Bird
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Ming Chang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Xing Chen
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Robert Setters
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Debra Search
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Shaobin Zhuang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Van Nguyen-Tran
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Carolyn A. Cuff
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Thomas Harrity
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Celia J. Darienzo
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Tong Li
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Richard A. Reeves
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Michael A. Blanar
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Joel C. Barrish
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Robert Zahler
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Jeffrey A. Robl
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
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Pfefferkorn JA, Choi C, Larsen SD, Auerbach B, Hutchings R, Park W, Askew V, Dillon L, Hanselman JC, Lin Z, Lu GH, Robertson A, Sekerke C, Harris MS, Pavlovsky A, Bainbridge G, Caspers N, Kowala M, Tait BD. Substituted pyrazoles as hepatoselective HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: discovery of (3R,5R)-7-[2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(4-methyl-benzylcarbamoyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid (PF-3052334) as a candidate for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. J Med Chem 2007; 51:31-45. [PMID: 18072721 DOI: 10.1021/jm070849r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In light of accumulating evidence that aggressive LDL-lowering therapy may offer increased protection against coronary heart disease, we undertook the design and synthesis of a novel series of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors based upon a substituted pyrazole template. Optimizing this series using both structure-based design and molecular property considerations afforded a class of highly efficacious and hepatoselective inhibitors resulting in the identification of (3 R,5 R)-7-[2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(4-methyl-benzylcarbamoyl)-2 H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3,5-dihydroxy-heptanoic (PF-3052334) as a candidate for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Pfefferkorn
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA.
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