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Gallo FN, Marquez AB, Fidalgo DM, Dana A, Dellarole M, García CC, Bollini M. Antiviral drug discovery: Pyrimidine entry inhibitors for Zika and dengue viruses. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 272:116465. [PMID: 38718623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases, constituting over 17 % of infectious diseases, are caused by parasites, viruses, and bacteria, and their prevalence is shaped by environmental and social factors. Dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV), some of the most prevalent infectious agents of this type of diseases, are transmitted by mosquitoes belonging to the genus Aedes. The highest prevalence is observed in tropical regions, inhabited by around 3 billion people. DENV infects millions of people annually and constitutes an additional sanitary challenge due to the circulation of four serotypes, which has complicated vaccine development. ZIKV causes large outbreaks globally and its infection is known to lead to severe neurological diseases, including microcephaly in newborns. Besides, not only mosquito control programs have proved to be not totally effective, but also, no antiviral drugs have been developed so far. The envelope protein (E) is a major component of DENV and ZIKV virion surface. This protein plays a key role during the virus cell entry, constituting an attractive target for the development of antiviral drugs. Our previous studies have identified two pyrimidine analogs (3e and 3h) as inhibitors; however, their activity was found to be hindered by their low water solubility. In this study, we performed a low-throughput antiviral screening, revealing compound 16a as a potent DENV-2 and ZIKV inhibitor (EC50 = 1.4 μM and 2.4 μM, respectively). This work was aimed at designing molecules with improved selectivity and pharmacokinetic properties, thus advancing the antiviral efficacy of compounds for potential therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Facundo N Gallo
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Estrategias Antivirales, CONICET, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agostina B Marquez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Estrategias Antivirales, CONICET, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela M Fidalgo
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Dana
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Meton AI, Inc, Wilmington, DE, 19801, USA
| | - Mariano Dellarole
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cybele C García
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Estrategias Antivirales, CONICET, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Mariela Bollini
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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2
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Leal ES, Pascual MJ, Adler NS, Arrupe N, Merwaiss F, Giordano L, Fidalgo D, Álvarez D, Bollini M. Unveiling tetrahydroquinolines as promising BVDV entry inhibitors: Targeting the envelope protein. Virology 2024; 590:109968. [PMID: 38141499 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is known to cause financial losses and decreased productivity in the cattle industry worldwide. Currently, there are no available antiviral treatments for effectively controlling BVDV infections in laboratories or farms. The BVDV envelope protein (E2) mediates receptor recognition on the cell surface and is required for fusion of virus and cell membranes after the endocytic uptake of the virus during the entry process. Therefore, E2 is an attractive target for the development of antiviral strategies. To identify BVDV antivirals targeting E2 function, we defined a binding site in silico located in domain IIIc at the interface between monomers in the disulfide linked dimer of E2. Employing a de novo design methodology to identify compounds with the potential to inhibit the E2 function, compound 9 emerged as a promising candidate with remarkable antiviral activity and minimal toxicity. In line with targeting of E2 function, compound 9 was found to block the virus entry into host cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that compound 9 selectively binds to recombinant E2 in vitro. Molecular dynamics simulations (MD) allowed describing a possible interaction pattern between compound 9 and E2 and indicated that the S enantiomer of compound 9 may be responsible for the antiviral activity. Future research endeavors will focus on synthesizing enantiomerically pure compounds to further support these findings. These results highlight the usefulness of de novo design strategies to identify a novel class of BVDV inhibitors that block E2 function inhibiting virus entry into the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilse S Leal
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María J Pascual
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Argentina
| | - Natalia S Adler
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Arrupe
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Merwaiss
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Argentina
| | - Luciana Giordano
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela Fidalgo
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego Álvarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Argentina.
| | - Mariela Bollini
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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3
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Frey KM, Bertoletti N, Chan AH, Ippolito JA, Bollini M, Spasov KA, Jorgensen WL, Anderson KS. Structural Studies and Structure Activity Relationships for Novel Computationally Designed Non-nucleoside Inhibitors and Their Interactions With HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:805187. [PMID: 35237658 PMCID: PMC8882919 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.805187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverse transcriptase (RT) from the human immunodeficiency virus continues to be an attractive drug target for antiretroviral therapy. June 2022 will commemorate the 30th anniversary of the first Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) RT crystal structure complex that was solved with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor nevirapine. The release of this structure opened opportunities for designing many families of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). In paying tribute to the first RT-nevirapine structure, we have developed several compound classes targeting the non-nucleoside inhibitor binding pocket of HIV RT. Extensive analysis of crystal structures of RT in complex with the compounds informed iterations of structure-based drug design. Structures of seven additional complexes were determined and analyzed to summarize key interactions with residues in the non-nucleoside inhibitor binding pocket (NNIBP) of RT. Additional insights comparing structures with antiviral data and results from molecular dynamics simulations elucidate key interactions and dynamics between the nucleotide and non-nucleoside binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M. Frey
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Nicole Bertoletti
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Albert H. Chan
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | | | - Mariela Bollini
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Krasimir A. Spasov
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | | | - Karen S. Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- *Correspondence: Karen S. Anderson,
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4
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Jin X, Piao HR, Pannecouque C, De Clercq E, Zhuang C, Chen FE. Design of the naphthyl-diarylpyrimidines as potent non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) via structure-based extension into the entrance channel. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 226:113868. [PMID: 34583311 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel naphthyl-diarylpyrimidine (DAPY) derivatives were designed and synthesized to explore the entrance channel of the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors binding pocket (NNIBP) by incorporating different flexible side chains at the C-6 position. The biological evaluation results showed that all analogues possessed promising HIV-1 inhibitory activity at the nanomolar concentration range. Three compounds (7, 9 and 39) displayed excellent potency against WT HIV-1 strain with EC50 values ranging from 5 to 10 nM and high selectivity indexes (SI = 3504, 30488 and 22846, respectively), which were higher than for nevirapine and comparable to the values for etravirine. The RT inhibition activity, preliminary structure-activity relationship and molecular docking study showed that the side chain at the C-6 position of the DAPYs occupied the entrance channel and significantly influenced anti-HIV activity and selectivity. Additionally, the physicochemical properties were investigated to evaluate the drug-like features, which indicated that introducing various substituents on the pyrimidine ring can improve solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, 977 Gongyuan Road, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Hu-Ri Piao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, 977 Gongyuan Road, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | | | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chunlin Zhuang
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Fen-Er Chen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, 977 Gongyuan Road, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai, 200433, China; Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Lotfaliei M, Rezaee E, Hajimahdi Z, Mahboubi Rabbani M, Zabihollahi R, Aghasadeghi MR, Tabatabai SA. Novel 2-(Diphenylmethylidene) Malonic Acid Derivatives as Anti-HIV Agents: Molecular Modeling, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH 2021; 21:e123827. [PMID: 35765501 PMCID: PMC9191218 DOI: 10.5812/ijpr.123827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
HIV, the virus that causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), is one of the world's most severe health and development challenges. In this study, a novel series of 2-(diphenyl methylidene) malonic acid derivatives were designed as triple inhibitors of HIV reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. Docking models revealed that the target compounds have appropriate affinities to the active sites of the three HIV key enzymes. The synthesized malonic acid analogs were evaluated for their activities against the HIV virus (NL4-3) in HeLa cells cultures. Among them, compound 3 was the most potent anti-HIV agent with 55.20% inhibition at 10 μM and an EC50 of 8.4 μM. Interestingly, all the synthesized compounds do not show significant cytotoxicity at a concentration of 10 μM. As a result, these compounds may serve as worthy hits for the development of novel anti-HIV-agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnaz Lotfaliei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Rezaee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding Author: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Hajimahdi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahboubi Rabbani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Sayyed Abbas Tabatabai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding Author: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Design, antihuman immunodeficiency activity and molecular docking studies of synthesized 2-aryl and 2-pyrimidinyl pyrrolidines. Mol Divers 2020; 25:2045-2052. [PMID: 32372249 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-020-10095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of thirty-one new compounds were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-HIV-1 and cytotoxicity activity. Of these, twelve were found to be inhibitors of HIV replications in primary human lymphocytes with median effective concentration (EC50) values < 20 µM. However, most of the compounds demonstrated cytotoxicity in different cells. Our structure activity relationship study identified different patterns. In the series of 2-aryl pyrrolidines, comparing the activity of the compounds containing 2-aryl substituents we observed that compounds 1c, 1f-j, 2f,g with benzyloxyphenyl and isopropoxy groups were more potent. Compounds 1g-j, 2f,g, in which the 1-aryl moiety contained a methyl group in 3,5- or 4-positions also showed high activity. In the series of compounds containing the amide, aminomethyl and nitrile groups we observed an increase in activity with C(O)NH2 < CH2NH2 < CN. In the series of 2-pyrimidinyl pyrrolidines, the best results were demonstrated with derivatives 5e and 5f, in which the presence of a benzyl fragment in 1st and aniline fragment in 6th positions of pyrimidine ring we observed an increase in anti-HIV activity. Molecular docking studies of synthesized compounds with HIV-1 reverse transcriptase enzyme were performed. Binding energies of ligands were estimated, and the interacting amino acids of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase protein were shown. Based on corroborative results of the molecular docking studies and in vitro experiments, we suggest that three groups of synthesized ligands (1c, 1f-i), (2f,g), (5e,f, 7) are of high interest for further research on new drugs against HIV. General structure of synthesized 2-aryl and 2-pyrimidinyl pyrrolidines.
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7
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Improving the positional adaptability: structure-based design of biphenyl-substituted diaryltriazines as novel non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:344-357. [PMID: 32082978 PMCID: PMC7016291 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to improve the positional adaptability of our previously reported naphthyl diaryltriazines (NP-DATAs), synthesis of a series of novel biphenyl-substituted diaryltriazines (BP-DATAs) with a flexible side chain attached at the C-6 position is presented. These compounds exhibited excellent potency against wild-type (WT) HIV-1 with EC50 values ranging from 2.6 to 39 nmol/L and most of them showed low nanomolar anti-viral potency against a panel of HIV-1 mutant strains. Compounds 5j and 6k had the best activity against WT, single and double HIV-1 mutants and reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme comparable to two reference drugs (EFV and ETR) and our lead compound NP-DATA (1). Molecular modeling disclosed that the side chain at the C-6 position of DATAs occupied the entrance channel of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase non-nucleoside binding pocket (NNIBP) attributing to the improved activity. The preliminary structure–activity relationship and PK profiles were also discussed.
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Key Words
- AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
- BP-DATA, biphenyl-substituted diaryltriazine
- BP-DATAs
- CC50, 50% cytotoxicity concentration
- DAPY, diarylpyrimidine
- DATA, diaryltriazine
- EC50, the concentration causing 50% inhibition of antiviral activity
- EFV, efavirenz
- ETR, etravirine
- HEPT, 1-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]-6-(phenylthio)thymine
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- HIV-1
- MD, molecular dynamic
- Molecular modeling
- NNIBP, non-nucleoside inhibitor binding pocket
- NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
- NNRTIs
- NP-DATA, naphthyl diaryltriazine
- NP-DATAs
- NVP, nevirapine
- PK, pharmacokinetics
- Positional adaptability
- RMSD, root-mean square deviation
- RPV, rilpivirine
- RT, reverse transcriptase
- SAR, structure–activity relationship
- SI, selectivity index
- TSAO, tert-butyldimethylsilyl-spiroaminooxathioledioxide
- WT, wild-type
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Pobsuk N, Suphakun P, Hannongbua S, Nantasenamat C, Choowongkomon K, Gleeson MP. Synthesis, Plasmodium falciparum Inhibitory Activity, Cytotoxicity and Solubility of N2 ,N4 -Disubstituted Quinazoline-2,4-diamines. Med Chem 2019; 15:693-704. [PMID: 30569870 DOI: 10.2174/1573406415666181219100307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the development of extensive control strategies and treatment options, approximately 200 million malaria cases, leading to approximately 450,000 deaths, were reported in 2015. Due to issue of disease resistance, additional drug development efforts are needed to produce new, more effective treatments. Quinazoline-2,4-diamines were identified as antiparasitic compounds over three decades ago and have remained of interest to date in industry and academia. OBJECTIVE An anti-malarial SAR evaluation of previously unreported N2 ,N4 -disubstituted quinazoline- 2,4-diamines have been undertaken in this study. We have synthesized and evaluated new derivatives against P. falciparum in our attempt to better characterize their biological activity and overall physical properties. METHODS The synthesis of N2 ,N4 -disubstituted quinazoline-2,4-diamines inhibitors is reported along with activities in a radioactive labeled hypoxanthine incorporation assay against the f Plasmodium falciparum (Pf.) K1 strain. In addition, cytotoxicity was determined in the A549 and Vero cell lines using an MTT based. The aqueous solubility of key compounds was assessed at pH 7.4 using a shake flask-based approach. RESULTS We identified compounds 1 and 6p as sub µM inhibitors of P. falciparum, having equivalent anti-malarial activity to Chloroquine. Compounds 1 and 6m are low µM inhibitors of P. falciparum with improved cytotoxicity profiles. Compound 6m displayed the best balance between P. falciparum Inhibitory activity (2 µM) and cytotoxicity, displaying >49 fold selectivity over A549 and Vero cell lines. CONCLUSION Twenty one N2 ,N4 -Disubstituted Quinazoline-2,4-diamines have been prepared in our group and characterized in terms of their antimalarial activity, cytotoxicity and physical properties. Compounds with good activity and reasonable selectivity over mammalian cell lines have been identified. SAR analyses suggest further exploration is are necessary to improve the balance of P. falciparum Inhibitory activity, cytotoxicity and solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattakarn Pobsuk
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Praphasri Suphakun
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supa Hannongbua
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanin Nantasenamat
- Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - M Paul Gleeson
- Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand
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9
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Leal ES, Adler NS, Fernández GA, Gebhard LG, Battini L, Aucar MG, Videla M, Monge ME, Hernández de Los Ríos A, Acosta Dávila JA, Morell ML, Cordo SM, García CC, Gamarnik AV, Cavasotto CN, Bollini M. De novo design approaches targeting an envelope protein pocket to identify small molecules against dengue virus. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 182:111628. [PMID: 31472473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral disease that has become a major public health concern worldwide. This disease presents with a wide range of clinical manifestations, from a mild cold-like illness to the more serious hemorrhagic dengue fever and dengue shock syndrome. Currently, neither an approved drug nor an effective vaccine for the treatment are available to fight the disease. The envelope protein (E) is a major component of the virion surface. This protein plays a key role during the viral entry process, constituting an attractive target for the development of antiviral drugs. The crystal structure of the E protein reveals the existence of a hydrophobic pocket occupied by the detergent n-octyl-β-d-glucoside (β-OG). This pocket lies at the hinge region between domains I and II and is important for the low pH-triggered conformational rearrangement required for the fusion of the virion with the host's cell. Aiming at the design of novel molecules which bind to E and act as virus entry inhibitors, we undertook a de novo design approach by "growing" molecules inside the hydrophobic site (β-OG). From more than 240000 small-molecules generated, the 2,4 pyrimidine scaffold was selected as the best candidate, from which one synthesized compound displayed micromolar activity. Molecular dynamics-based optimization was performed on this hit, and thirty derivatives were designed in silico, synthesized and evaluated on their capacity to inhibit dengue virus entry into the host cell. Four compounds were found to be potent antiviral compounds in the low-micromolar range. The assessment of drug-like physicochemical and in vitro pharmacokinetic properties revealed that compounds 3e and 3h presented acceptable solubility values and were stable in mouse plasma, simulated gastric fluid, simulated intestinal fluid, and phosphate buffered saline solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilse S Leal
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, 2390, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia S Adler
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, 2390, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Computational Drug Design and Molecular Informatics Laboratory, Translational Medicine Research Institute (IIMT), CONICET-Universidad Austral, Pilar-Derqui, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela A Fernández
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, 2390, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leopoldo G Gebhard
- CONICET-Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, B1876, Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leandro Battini
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, 2390, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria G Aucar
- Computational Drug Design and Molecular Informatics Laboratory, Translational Medicine Research Institute (IIMT), CONICET-Universidad Austral, Pilar-Derqui, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela Videla
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, 2390, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Eugenia Monge
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, 2390, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Hernández de Los Ríos
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Estrategias Antivirales, CONICET, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - John Alejandro Acosta Dávila
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Estrategias Antivirales, CONICET, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María L Morell
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Estrategias Antivirales, CONICET, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra M Cordo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Estrategias Antivirales, CONICET, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cybele C García
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Estrategias Antivirales, CONICET, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea V Gamarnik
- Fundación Instituto Leloir-CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudio N Cavasotto
- Computational Drug Design and Molecular Informatics Laboratory, Translational Medicine Research Institute (IIMT), CONICET-Universidad Austral, Pilar-Derqui, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, y Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Austral, Pilar-Derqui, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Austral Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Universidad Austral, Pilar-Derqui, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela Bollini
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, 2390, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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10
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Sasaki T, Gannam ZTK, Kudalkar SN, Frey KM, Lee WG, Spasov KA, Jorgensen WL, Anderson KS. Molecular and cellular studies evaluating a potent 2-cyanoindolizine catechol diether NNRTI targeting wildtype and Y181C mutant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:2182-2188. [PMID: 31281023 PMCID: PMC6690785 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of efficacious NNRTIs for HIV/AIDS therapy is commonly met with the emergence of drug resistant strains, including the Y181C variant. Using a computationally-guided approach, we synthesized the catechol diether series of NNRTIs, which display sub-nanomolar potency in cellular assays. Among the most potent were a series of 2-cyanoindolizine substituted catechol diethers, including Compound 1. We present here a thorough evaluation of this compound, including biochemical, cellular, and structural studies. The compound demonstrates low nanomolar potency against both WT and Y181C HIV-1 RT in in vitro and cellular assays. Our crystal structures of both the wildtype and mutant forms of RT in complex with Compound 1 allow the interrogation of this compound's features that allow it to maintain strong efficacy against the drug resistant mutant. Among these are compensatory shifts in the NNRTI binding pocket, persistence of multiple hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals contacts throughout the binding site. Further, the fluorine at the C6 position of the indolizine moiety makes multiple favorable interactions with both RT forms. The present study highlights the indolizine-substituted catechol diether class of NNRTIs as promising therapeutic candidates possessing optimal pharmacological properties and significant potency against multiple RT variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Sasaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Zira T K Gannam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Shalley N Kudalkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Kathleen M Frey
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Won-Gil Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, PO Box 208107, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Krasimir A Spasov
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - William L Jorgensen
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, PO Box 208107, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Karen S Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.
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11
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Recent progress in HIV-1 inhibitors targeting the entrance channel of HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor binding pocket. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 174:277-291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Jiang X, Yu J, Zhou Z, Kongsted J, Song Y, Pannecouque C, De Clercq E, Kang D, Poongavanam V, Liu X, Zhan P. Molecular design opportunities presented by solvent‐exposed regions of target proteins. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:2194-2238. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Jiang
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University Jinan Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Yu
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University Jinan Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongxia Zhou
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University Jinan Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
| | - Yuning Song
- Department of Clinical PharmacyQilu Hospital of Shandong University Jinan China
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Rega Institute for Medical ResearchLaboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy Leuven Belgium
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical ResearchLaboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy Leuven Belgium
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University Jinan Shandong People's Republic of China
| | | | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University Jinan Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University Jinan Shandong People's Republic of China
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13
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Huang B, Chen W, Zhao T, Li Z, Jiang X, Ginex T, Vílchez D, Luque FJ, Kang D, Gao P, Zhang J, Tian Y, Daelemans D, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Zhan P, Liu X. Exploiting the Tolerant Region I of the Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NNRTI) Binding Pocket: Discovery of Potent Diarylpyrimidine-Typed HIV-1 NNRTIs against Wild-Type and E138K Mutant Virus with Significantly Improved Water Solubility and Favorable Safety Profiles. J Med Chem 2019; 62:2083-2098. [PMID: 30721060 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boshi Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Wenmin Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021 Shandong, China
| | - Xiangyi Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Tiziana Ginex
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Torribera, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) and Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), University of Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - David Vílchez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Torribera, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) and Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), University of Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Luque
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Torribera, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) and Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), University of Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Ping Gao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Dirk Daelemans
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
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14
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Dodda LS, Tirado-Rives J, Jorgensen WL. Unbinding Dynamics of Non-Nucleoside Inhibitors from HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:1741-1748. [PMID: 30571126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b10341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (NNRTIs), which bind to an allosteric site 10-15 Å from the polymerase active site, play a central role in anti-HIV chemotherapy. Though NNRTIs have been known for 30 years, the pathways by which they bind and unbind from HIV-RT have not been characterized. In crystal structures for complexes, three channels are found to extend from the NNRTI binding site to the exterior of the protein, while added mystery comes from the fact that the binding site is collapsed in the unliganded protein. To address this issue, metadynamics simulations have been performed to elucidate the unbinding of four NNRTIs from HIV-RT. A general and transferable collective variable defined by the distance between the center-of-mass (COM) of the binding pocket and COM of the ligand is used to follow the dynamics while minimizing the bias. The metadynamics also allows computation of the barriers to unbinding, which are compared with the observed potencies of the compounds in an antiviral assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leela S Dodda
- Department of Chemistry , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520-8107 , United States
| | - Julian Tirado-Rives
- Department of Chemistry , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520-8107 , United States
| | - William L Jorgensen
- Department of Chemistry , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520-8107 , United States
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15
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Battini L, Bollini M. Challenges and approaches in the discovery of human immunodeficiency virus type‐1 non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:1235-1273. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Battini
- Laboratorio de Química Medicinal, Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION), CONICETCiudad de Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Mariela Bollini
- Laboratorio de Química Medicinal, Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION), CONICETCiudad de Buenos Aires Argentina
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16
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Szűcs Z, Kelemen V, Le Thai S, Csávás M, Rőth E, Batta G, Stevaert A, Vanderlinden E, Naesens L, Herczegh P, Borbás A. Structure-activity relationship studies of lipophilic teicoplanin pseudoaglycon derivatives as new anti-influenza virus agents. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:1017-1030. [PMID: 30170320 PMCID: PMC7115582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Six series of semisynthetic lipophilic glycopeptide antibiotic derivatives were evaluated for in vitro activity against influenza A and B viruses. The new teicoplanin pseudoaglycon-derived lipoglycopeptides were prepared by coupling one or two side chains to the N-terminus of the glycopeptide core, using various conjugation methods. Three series of derivatives bearing two lipophilic groups were synthesized by attaching bis-alkylthio maleimides directly or through linkers of different lengths to the glycopeptide. Access to the fourth and fifth series of compounds was achieved by click chemistry, introducing single alkyl/aryl chains directly or through a tetraethylene glycol linker to the same position. A sixth group of semisynthetic derivatives was obtained by sulfonylation of the N-terminus. Of the 42 lipophilic teicoplanin pseudoaglycon derivatives tested, about half showed broad activity against influenza A and B viruses, with some of them having reasonable or no cytotoxicity. Minor differences in the side chain length as well as lipophilicity appeared to have significant impact on antiviral activity and cytotoxicity. Several lipoglycopeptides were also found to be active against human coronavirus. Multiple series of lipophilic teicoplanin pseudoaglycon derivatives were prepared. Alkyl or aryl chains were coupled to the N-terminus by various conjugation methods. The activity of new antibiotic derivatives was evaluated against influenza viruses. Half of the 42 derivatives showed high activity against influenza A and B viruses. The length and lipophilicity of the side chains influence the antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Szűcs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Viktor Kelemen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Son Le Thai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Magdolna Csávás
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Rőth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gyula Batta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Annelies Stevaert
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Lieve Naesens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Pál Herczegh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Anikó Borbás
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
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17
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Structure-based methods to predict mutational resistance to diarylpyrimidine non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. J Mol Graph Model 2018; 79:133-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Frączek T, Kamiński R, Krakowiak A, Naessens E, Verhasselt B, Paneth P. Diaryl ethers with carboxymethoxyphenacyl motif as potent HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors with improved solubility. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 33:9-16. [PMID: 29098886 PMCID: PMC6009982 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2017.1387542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In search of new non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) with improved solubility, two series of novel diaryl ethers with phenacyl moiety were designed and evaluated for their HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibition potentials. All compounds exhibited good to excellent results with IC50 at low micromolar to submicromolar concentrations. Two most active compounds (7e and 7 g) exhibit inhibitory potency comparable or even better than that of nevirapine and rilpivirine. Furthermore, SupT1 and CD4+ cell infectivity assays for the most promising (7e) have confirmed its strong antiviral potential while docking studies indicate a novel binding interactions responsible for high activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Frączek
- a Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry , Lodz University of Technology , Lodz , Poland
| | - Rafał Kamiński
- a Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry , Lodz University of Technology , Lodz , Poland
| | - Agnieszka Krakowiak
- a Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry , Lodz University of Technology , Lodz , Poland.,b Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies , Polish Academy of Sciences , Lodz , Poland
| | - Evelien Naessens
- c Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology , Ghent University, Ghent University Hospital , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Bruno Verhasselt
- c Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology , Ghent University, Ghent University Hospital , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Piotr Paneth
- a Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry , Lodz University of Technology , Lodz , Poland
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19
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Jorgensen WL. Computer-aided discovery of anti-HIV agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:4768-4778. [PMID: 27485603 PMCID: PMC5114837 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A review is provided on efforts in our laboratory over the last decade to discover anti-HIV agents. The work has focused on computer-aided design and synthesis of non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (NNRTIs) with collaborative efforts on biological assaying and protein crystallography. Numerous design issues were successfully addressed including the need for potency against a wide range of viral variants, good aqueous solubility, and avoidance of electrophilic substructures. Computational methods including docking, de novo design, and free-energy perturbation (FEP) calculations made essential contributions. The result is novel NNRTIs with picomolar and low-nanomolar activities against wild-type HIV-1 and key variants that also show much improved solubility and lower cytotoxicity than recently approved drugs in the class.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Jorgensen
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, United States.
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20
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Bassetto M, Massarotti A, Coluccia A, Brancale A. Structural biology in antiviral drug discovery. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2016; 30:116-130. [PMID: 27611878 PMCID: PMC7185576 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Structural biology has emerged during the last thirty years as a powerful tool for rational drug discovery. Crystal structures of biological targets alone and in complex with ligands and inhibitors provide essential insights into the mechanisms of actions of enzymes, their conformational changes upon ligand binding, the architectures and interactions of binding pockets. Structure-based methods such as crystallographic fragment screening represent nowadays invaluable instruments for the identification of new biologically active compounds. In this context, three-dimensional protein structures have played essential roles for the understanding of the activity and for the design of novel antiviral agents against several different viruses. In this review, the evolution in the resolution of viral structures is analysed, along with the role of crystal structures in the discovery and optimisation of new antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Bassetto
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Alberto Massarotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale A, Avogadro Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Antonio Coluccia
- Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Brancale
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK.
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21
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Kang D, Fang Z, Li Z, Huang B, Zhang H, Lu X, Xu H, Zhou Z, Ding X, Daelemans D, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Zhan P, Liu X. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Thiophene[3,2-d]pyrimidine Derivatives as HIV-1 Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors with Significantly Improved Drug Resistance Profiles. J Med Chem 2016; 59:7991-8007. [PMID: 27541578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We designed and synthesized a series of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) with a piperidine-substituted thiophene[3,2-d]pyrimidine scaffold, employing a strategy of structure-based molecular hybridization and substituent decorating. Most of the synthesized compounds exhibited broad-spectrum activity with low (single-digit) nanomolar EC50 values toward a panel of wild-type (WT), single-mutant, and double-mutant HIV-1 strains. Compound 27 was the most potent; compared with ETV, its antiviral efficacy was 3-fold greater against WT, 5-7-fold greater against Y181C, Y188L, E138K, and F227L+V106A, and nearly equipotent against L100I and K103N, though somewhat weaker against K103N+Y181C. Importantly, 27 has lower cytotoxicity (CC50 > 227 μM) and a huge selectivity index (SI) value (ratio of CC50/EC50) of >159101. 27 also showed favorable, drug-like pharmacokinetic and safety properties in rats in vivo. Molecular docking studies and the structure-activity relationships provide important clues for further molecular elaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong P.R. China
| | - Zengjun Fang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong P.R. China.,The Second Hospital, Shandong University , No. 247 Beiyuan Avenue, Jinan 250033, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong P.R. China
| | - Boshi Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong P.R. China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong P.R. China
| | - Xueyi Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong P.R. China
| | - Haoran Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong P.R. China
| | - Zhongxia Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong P.R. China
| | - Xiao Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong P.R. China
| | - Dirk Daelemans
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven , Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven , Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven , Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong P.R. China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong P.R. China
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22
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Meng Q, Chen X, Kang D, Huang B, Li W, Zhan P, Daelemans D, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Liu X. Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel HIV-1 NNRTIs with dual structural conformations targeting the entrance channel of the NNRTI binding pocket. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 115:53-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Huang B, Kang D, Yang J, Zhan P, Liu X. Novel diarylpyrimidines and diaryltriazines as potent HIV-1 NNRTIs with dramatically improved solubility: a patent evaluation of US20140378443A1. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 26:281-9. [PMID: 26559996 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2016.1113256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Diarylpyrimidine and diaryltriazine derivatives, two representative structurally related classes of HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) with robust potencies against wild-type and several mutant strains of HIV-1, have attracted more and more attention in the last decade. However, they have been suffering from poor aqueous solubility. A series of novel diarylpyrimidines and diaryltriazines with solubilizing substituents attached to the central rings were reported as potent NNRTIs in the patent US20140378443A1. Some compounds exhibited potencies against wild-type HIV-1 which were comparable or even superior to those of dapivirine, etravirine and rilpivirine. In addition, dramatically enhanced solubilities were observed for these new compounds. Moreover, some structure optimization strategies for improving aqueous solubility are detailed in this review, providing new insights into development of next-generation NNRTIs endowed with favorable solubility. We anticipate that application of these strategies will ultimately lead to discovery of new anti-HIV drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boshi Huang
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Dongwei Kang
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Jiapei Yang
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhan
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong , P. R. China
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Lee WG, Frey KM, Gallardo-Macias R, Spasov KA, Chan AH, Anderson KS, Jorgensen WL. Discovery and crystallography of bicyclic arylaminoazines as potent inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4824-4827. [PMID: 26166629 PMCID: PMC4607639 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (HIV-RT) are reported that incorporate a 7-indolizinylamino or 2-naphthylamino substituent on a pyrimidine or 1,3,5-triazine core. The most potent compounds show below 10 nanomolar activity towards wild-type HIV-1 and variants bearing Tyr181Cys and Lys103Asn/Tyr181Cys resistance mutations. The compounds also feature good aqueous solubility. Crystal structures for two complexes enhance the analysis of the structure-activity data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Gil Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
| | - Kathleen M Frey
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA
| | | | - Krasimir A Spasov
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA
| | - Albert H Chan
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA
| | - Karen S Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA.
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25
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Singla P, Luxami V, Paul K. Triazine as a promising scaffold for its versatile biological behavior. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 102:39-57. [PMID: 26241876 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Among all heterocycles, the triazine scaffold occupies a prominent position, possessing a broad range of biological activities. Triazine is found in many potent biologically active molecules with promising biological potential like anti-inflammatory, anti-mycobacterial, anti-viral, anti-cancer etc. which makes it an attractive scaffold for the design and development of new drugs. The wide spectrum of biological activity of this moiety has attracted attention in the field of medicinal chemistry. Due to these biological activities, their structure-activity relationship has generated interest among medicinal chemists and this has culminated in the discovery of several lead molecules. The outstanding development of triazine derivatives in diverse diseases within very short span of time proves its magnitude for medicinal chemistry research. Therefore, these compounds have been synthesized as target structure by many researchers, and were further evaluated for their biological activities. In this review, we have compiled and discussed the biological potential of s-triazine derivatives, which could provide a low-height flying bird's eye view of the triazine derived compounds to a medicinal chemist, for a comprehensive and target oriented information for the development of clinically viable drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prinka Singla
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar University, Patiala 147004, India
| | - Vijay Luxami
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar University, Patiala 147004, India
| | - Kamaldeep Paul
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar University, Patiala 147004, India.
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26
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Frey KM, Puleo DE, Spasov KA, Bollini M, Jorgensen WL, Anderson KS. Structure-based evaluation of non-nucleoside inhibitors with improved potency and solubility that target HIV reverse transcriptase variants. J Med Chem 2015; 58:2737-45. [PMID: 25700160 PMCID: PMC4378236 DOI: 10.1021/jm501908a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The
development of novel non-nucleoside inhibitors (NNRTIs) with
activity against variants of HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) is crucial
for overcoming treatment failure. The NNRTIs bind in an allosteric
pocket in RT ∼10 Å away from the active site. Earlier
analogues of the catechol diether compound series have picomolar activity
against HIV strains with wild-type RT but lose potency against variants
with single Y181C and double K103N/Y181C mutations. As guided by structure-based
and computational studies, removal of the 5-Cl substitution of compound 1 on the catechol aryl ring system led to a new analogue compound 2 that maintains greater potency against Y181C and K103N/Y181C
variants and better solubility (510 μg/mL). Crystal structures
were determined for wild-type, Y181C, and K103N/Y181C RT in complex
with both compounds 1 and 2 to understand
the structural basis for these findings. Comparison of the structures
reveals that the Y181C mutation destabilizes the binding mode of compound 1 and disrupts the interactions with residues in the pocket.
Compound 2 maintains the same conformation in wild-type
and mutant structures, in addition to several interactions with the
NNRTI binding pocket. Comparison of the six crystal structures will
assist in the understanding of compound binding modes and future optimization
of the catechol diether series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Frey
- †Department of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - David E Puleo
- †Department of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - Krasimir A Spasov
- †Department of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - Mariella Bollini
- †Department of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - William L Jorgensen
- †Department of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - Karen S Anderson
- †Department of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
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Huang B, Liang X, Li C, Chen W, Liu T, Li X, Sun Y, Fu L, Liu H, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Zhan P, Liu X. Fused heterocycles bearing bridgehead nitrogen as potent HIV-1 NNRTIs. Part 4: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazines. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 93:330-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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28
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Li X, Zhang L, Tian Y, Song Y, Zhan P, Liu X. Novel HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: a patent review (2011 – 2014). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2014; 24:1199-227. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.964685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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29
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Song FT, Ouyang GH, Li Y, He YM, Fan QH. Metallacrown Ether Catalysts Containing Phosphine-Phosphite Polyether Ligands for Rh-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation - Enhancements in Activity and Enantioselectivity. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Mislak AC, Frey KM, Bollini M, Jorgensen WL, Anderson KS. A mechanistic and structural investigation of modified derivatives of the diaryltriazine class of NNRTIs targeting HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2203-11. [PMID: 24726448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are vital in treating HIV-1 infection by inhibiting reverse transcriptase (RT). Drug toxicity and resistance drive the need for effective new inhibitors with improved physiochemical properties and potent antiviral activity. Computer-aided and structure-based drug design have guided the addition of solubilizing substituents to the diaryltriazine scaffold. These derivatives have markedly improved solubility and maintain low nanomolar antiviral activity against RT. The molecular and structural basis of inhibition for this series was determined to facilitate future inhibitor development with improved pharmacological profiles. METHODS The molecular mechanism of inhibition was investigated using transient-state kinetic analysis. Crystal structures of RT in complex with each inhibitor were obtained to investigate the structural basis of inhibition. RESULTS The diaryltriazine and its morpholine derivative have RT inhibition constants of 9±2nM and 14±4nM, respectively. They adopt differential binding modes within the non-nucleoside inhibitor binding pocket to distort the catalytic site geometry and primer grip regions. The novel morpholinopropoxy substituent extends into the RT/solvent interface of the NNIBP. CONCLUSIONS Kinetic and structural analyses show that these inhibitors behave as conventional NNRTIs and inhibit the polymerization step. This study confirms that appending solubilizing substituents on the azine ring of diaryltriazine class of NNRTIs that extend into the RT/solvent interface effectively maintains low nanomolar potency and improves physiochemical properties. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The modification of NNRTI scaffolds with solubilizing substituents, which extend into the RT/solvent interface, yields potent antivirals and is an effective strategy for developing novel inhibitors with improved pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Mislak
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA
| | - Kathleen M Frey
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA
| | - Mariela Bollini
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
| | | | - Karen S Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA.
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31
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Discovery of nitropyridine derivatives as potent HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors via a structure-based core refining approach. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 76:531-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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32
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Bollini M, Cisneros JA, Spasov KA, Anderson KS, Jorgensen WL. Optimization of diarylazines as anti-HIV agents with dramatically enhanced solubility. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5213-6. [PMID: 23937980 PMCID: PMC3759246 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase are reported that have ca. 100-fold greater solubility than the structurally related drugs etravirine and rilpivirine, while retaining high anti-viral activity. The solubility enhancements come from strategic placement of a morpholinylalkoxy substituent in the entrance channel of the NNRTI binding site. Compound 4d shows low-nanomolar activity similar to etravirine towards wild-type HIV-1 and key viral variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Bollini
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
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