Development of curcumin-cyclodextrin/cellulose nanocrystals complexes: New anticancer drug delivery systems

The Emerging Role of Natural Products in Cancer Treatment

The exploration of natural products as potential agents for cancer treatment has garnered significant attention in recent years. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the diverse array of natural compounds, including alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, lignans, polyketides, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids, highlighting their emerging roles in cancer therapy. These compounds, derived from various botanical sources, exhibit a wide range of mechanisms of action, targeting critical pathways involved in cancer progression such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Through a meticulous examination of preclinical and clinical studies, we provide insights into the therapeutic potential of these natural products across different cancer types. Furthermore, we discuss the advantages and challenges associated with their use in cancer treatment, emphasizing the need for further research to optimize their efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and delivery methods. Overall, this review underscores the importance of natural products in advancing cancer therapeutics and paves the way for future investigations into their clinical applications.

A low dose of curcumin-PDA nanoparticles improves viability and proliferation in endoneurial fibroblasts and Schwann cell cultures

Curcumin is a polyphenol extracted from Curcuma longa's roots. Low doses of curcumin are related to anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects, while high doses are used for their lethality. This diversity of behaviors allows us to understand curcumin as a compound with hormetic action. Due to its strongly hydrophobic character, curcumin is often solubilized in organic compounds. In this way, we have recently reported the undesirable and occasionally irreversible effects of alcohol and DMSO on the viability of primary Schwann cell cultures. In this scenario, the use of nanoparticles as delivery systems has become a successful alternative strategy for these compounds. In the present work, we describe the structure of Polydopamine (PDA) nanoparticles, loaded with a low dose of curcumin (Curc-PDA) without the use of additional organic solvents. We analyzed the curcumin released, and we found two different forms of curcumin. Small increased cell viability and proliferation were observed in endoneurial fibroblast and Schwann cell primary cultures when Curc-PDA was steadily supplied for 5 days. The increased bioavailability of this natural compound and the impact on cells in culture not only confirm the properties of curcumin at very low doses but also provide a glimpse of a possible therapeutic alternative for PNS conditions in which SCs are involved.

Improvement of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Phenotype with a Nanocomplex Treatment in Two Transgenic Models of CMT1A

Curcumin has been shown to exert beneficial effects in peripheral neuropathies. Despite its known biological activities, curcumin has unfavorable pharmacokinetics. Its instability has been linked to its failure in clinical trials of curcumin for the treatment of human pathologies. For this reason, we developed curcumin-loaded cyclodextrin/cellulose nanocrystals (NanoCur) to improve its pharmacokinetics. The present study aims to assess the potency of a low dose of NanoCur in 2 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A) rodent models at different stages of the disease. The efficiency of NanoCur is also compared to that of Theracurmin (Thera), a commercially available curcumin formulation. The toxicity of a short-term and chronic exposure to the treatment is investigated both in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Furthermore, the entry route, the mechanism of action and the effect on the nerve phenotype are dissected in this study. Overall, the data support an improvement in sensorimotor functions, associated with amelioration in peripheral myelination in NanoCur-treated animals; an effect that was not evident in the Thera-treated group. That was combined with a high margin of safety both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, NanoCur appears to inhibit inflammatory pathways that normally include macrophage recruitment to the diseased nerve. This study shows that NanoCur shows therapeutic benefits with minimal systemic toxicity, suggesting that it is a potential therapeutic candidate for CMT1A and, possibly, for other neuropathies.

Nanocellulose-based platforms as a multipurpose carrier for drug and bioactive compounds: From active packaging to transdermal and anticancer applications

The nanocellulose has unique characteristics, such as biocompatibility, good mechanical strength, and low cytotoxicity. The nanocellulose crystalline portion is responsible for good mechanical resistance, while the amorphous portion is responsible for flexibility. Such features make it a promising candidate for multiple applications related to the modulation of substance release: targeted cancer therapy, transdermal drug delivery, and controlled-release packaging materials. Thus, in this study, we discussed nanocellulose as a multipurpose material for drug delivery and bioactive compound carriers in controlled delivery systems with varied applications in pharmaceutic fields. Herein, we focus on understanding key factors such as i) polymer-drug interactions and surface modification strategies in controlled release rates, ii) therapeutic efficacy, and iii) biocompatibility aspects. The tunable chemistry surface plays a fundamental approach limiting the quick release of active substances in drug delivery systems. Several works on a pre-clinical stage of investigation were overviewed, reporting robust evidence on nanocellulose to design bioactive compounds/drug delivery carriers based on stimuli-responsive drug release and controlled delivery systems for higher efficiency in cancer therapies, purposing target therapy and reduced side effects. Nanocellulose was also identified as a solid candidate material in active packaging for pharmaceutical products. Cellulose nanocrystals and bacterial cellulose demonstrated strong potential to overcome the challenge of controlled release profile and open novel insights in advanced active packaging materials for pharmaceutics with controlled release of antioxidant and antimicrobial substances. Moreover, the concept overview in this work might be extended in active food packaging technologies to flavor-releasing/absorbing systems or antimicrobial/antioxidant carriers for extending the shelf life of foods.

Green Cancer Prevention and Beyond

The concept of green chemoprevention was introduced in 2012 by Drs. Jed Fahey and Thomas Kensler as whole-plant foods and/or extract-based interventions demonstrating cancer prevention activity. Refining concepts and research demonstrating proof-of-principle approaches are highlighted within this review. Early approaches included extensively investigated whole foods, including broccoli sprouts and black raspberries showing dose-responsive effects across a range of activities in both animals and humans with minimal or no apparent toxicity. A recent randomized crossover trial evaluating the detoxification of tobacco carcinogens by a broccoli seed and sprout extract in the high-risk cohort of current smokers highlights the use of a dietary supplement as a potential next-generation green chemoprevention or green cancer prevention approach. Challenges are addressed, including the selection of dose, duration and mode of delivery, choice of control group, and standardization of the plant food or extract. Identification and characterization of molecular targets and careful selection of high-risk cohorts for study are additional important considerations when designing studies. Goals for precision green cancer prevention include acquiring robust evidence from carefully controlled human studies linking plant foods, extracts, and compounds to modulation of targets for cancer risk reduction in individual cancer types.

Cellulose nanocrystals-based fluorescent biocarrier binding GAPDH protein with high affinity in cancer-target doxorubicin delivery

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have shown immense promise in medical applications, especially in cancer treatment, owing to their excellent biocompatibility and potential for functional modifications. Considering the crucial role of the protein reduced glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) in cancer progression, we embarked to immobilize CNCs with GAPDH and fluorescent molecules FITC, creating FCNC-G through regioselective modifications. Furthermore, an accelerated proliferation of cancer cells was observed in the presence of FCNC-G. To evaluate the therapeutic potential of FCNC-G, we loaded it with doxorubicin (DOX) to create FCNC-G-D and tested its effect on Hepg2. We observed a significant inhibition of Hepg2 cells exposed to low concentrations of FCNC-G-D. Additionally, mitochondrial dysfunction was detected in Hepg2 and Cal27 cells, treated with FCNC-G-D, but not in A375 cells, further highlighting its selective impact on cancer cells. Given the limitations of DOX in clinical applications, our findings establish a strong foundation for further research on the potential of CNCs grafted with GAPDH as a novel cancer-targeted biocarrier with high affinity. The combination of CNCs unique properties with targeted delivery strategies holds tremendous promise for the development of more effective and safer cancer therapies.

Highly robust quantum mechanics and umbrella sampling studies on inclusion complexes of curcumin and β-cyclodextrin

The poor aqueous solubility of curcumin (CUR) obstructs its wide utilization in nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical companies. This study is dedicated to investigate the stability of CUR inside the hydrophobic pocket of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), hydroxypropyl-β-CD (HP-β-CD), and 2,6-Di-O-methyl-β-CD (DM-β-CD). Initially, molecular mechanics (MM) calculations and subsequently quantum mechanical (QM) calculations were performed on inclusion complexes to strengthen the MM results. We performed microsecond timescale MD simulations to observe the structural dynamics of CUR inside the cavity of CDs. We elucidated the most stable binding orientations of CUR inside the cavity of CDs based on binding free energy obtained from the Molecular Mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MM-PBSA) and umbrella sampling simulations. Furthermore, the two-layered ONIOM (B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p):PM7) method with CPCM implicit water model was used to derive the complete energetics and thermodynamics of inclusion complexes at 1:1 stoichiometry. Each inclusion reaction was exothermic and spontaneous. The chemical reactivity and kinetic stability of inclusion complexes were described by HOMO-LUMO molecular orbital energies. In conclusion, our studies revealed that HP-β-CD had the highest binding affinity for CUR with the most negative complexation energy (-6520.69 kJ/mol) and Gibb's free energy change (-6448.20 kJ/mol). The atomic-level investigation of noncovalent interactions between CUR and the hydroxypropyl groups in HP-β-CD/CUR complex may be helpful to drive new derivatives of HP-β-CD with better host capacity. The computational strategy adopted here might serve as a benchmark for increasing the solubility of numerous clinically significant molecules.

Biological Potential and Bioaccessibility of Encapsulated Curcumin into Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide Modified Cellulose Nanocrystals

Curcumin is a natural phenolic compound with important biological functions. Despite its demonstrated efficacy in vitro, curcumin biological activities in vivo are dependent on its bioaccessibility and bioavailability, which have been highlighted as a crucial challenge. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-modified cellulose nanocrystals (CNC-CTAB) have been shown to be effective in curcumin encapsulation, as they have the potential to enhance biological outcomes. This study evaluated the biological effects of curcumin encapsulated within CNC-CTAB structures, namely its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, as well as the release profile under digestion conditions and intestinal permeability. Encapsulated curcumin demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, effectively reducing reactive oxygen species and cytokine production by intestinal cells. The delivery system exhibited antimicrobial properties against Campylobacter jejuni bacteria, further suggesting its potential in mitigating intestinal inflammation. The system showed the ability to protect curcumin from degradation and facilitate its interaction with the intestinal epithelium, highlighting the potential of CNC-CTAB as carrier to enhance curcumin intestinal biological functions.

Natural Chalcones and Derivatives in Colon Cancer: Pre-Clinical Challenges and the Promise of Chalcone-Based Nanoparticles

Colon cancer poses a complex and substantial global health challenge, necessitating innovative therapeutic approaches. Chalcones, a versatile class of compounds with diverse pharmacological properties, have emerged as promising candidates for addressing colon cancer. Their ability to modulate pivotal signaling pathways in the development and progression of colon cancer makes them invaluable as targeted therapeutics. Nevertheless, it is crucial to recognize that although chalcones exhibit promise, further pre-clinical studies are required to validate their efficacy and safety. The journey toward effective colon cancer treatment is multifaceted, involving considerations such as optimizing the sequencing of therapeutic agents, comprehending the resistance mechanisms, and exploring combination therapies incorporating chalcones. Furthermore, the integration of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems presents a novel avenue for enhancing the effectiveness of chalcones in colon cancer treatment. This review delves into the mechanisms of action of natural chalcones and some derivatives. It highlights the challenges associated with their use in pre-clinical studies, while also underscoring the advantages of employing chalcone-based nanoparticles for the treatment of colon cancer.

Bioresponsive and multifunctional cyclodextrin-based non-viral nanocomplexes in cancer therapy: Building foundations for gene and drug delivery, immunotherapy and bioimaging

The interest towards application of nanomaterials in field of cancer therapy is that the drawbacks of conventional therapies including chemoresistance, radio-resistance and lack of specific targeting of tumor cells can be solved by nanotechnology. Cyclodextrins (CDs) are amphiphilic cyclic oligosaccharides that can be present in three forms of α-, β- and γ-CDs, and they can be synthesized from natural sources. The application of CDs in cancer shows an increasing trend due to benefits of these nanocomplexes in improving solubility and bioavailability of current bioactives and therapeutics for cancer. CDs are widely utilized in delivery of drugs and genes in cancer therapy, and by targeted delivery of these therapeutics into target site, they improve anti-proliferative and anti-cancer potential. The blood circulation time and tumor site accumulation of therapeutics can be improved using CD-based nanostructures. More importantly, the stimuli-responsive types of CDs including pH-, redox- and light-sensitive types can accelerate release of bioactive compound at tumor site. Interestingly, the CDs are able to mediate photothermal and photodynamic impact in impairing tumorigenesis in cancer, enhancing cell death and improving response to chemotherapy. In improving the targeting ability of CDs, their surface functionalization with ligands has been conducted. Moreover, CDs can be modified with green products such as chitosan and fucoidan, and they can be embedded in green-based nanostructures to suppress tumorigenesis. The internalization of CDs into tumor cells can occur through endocytosis and this can be clethrin-, caveolae- or receptor-mediated endocytosis. Furthermore, CDs are promising candidates in bioimaging, cancer cell and organelle imaging as well as isolating tumor cells. The main benefits of using CDs in cancer therapy including sustained and low release of drugs and genes, targeted delivery, bioresponsive release of cargo, ease of surface functionalization and complexation with other nanostructures. The application of CDs in overcoming drug resistance requires more investigation.

Current advances of nanocellulose application in biomedical field

Nanocellulose (NC) is a natural fiber that can be extracted in fibrils or crystals form from different natural sources, including plants, bacteria, and algae. In recent years, nanocellulose has emerged as a sustainable biomaterial for various medicinal applications including drug delivery systems, wound healing, tissue engineering, and antimicrobial treatment due to its biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, and exceptional water holding capacity for cell immobilization. Many antimicrobial products can be produced due to the chemical functionality of nanocellulose, such disposable antibacterial smart masks for healthcare use. This article discusses comprehensively three types of nanocellulose: cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) in view of their structural and functional properties, extraction methods, and the distinctive biomedical applications based on the recently published work. On top of that, the biosafety profile and the future perspectives of nanocellulose-based biomaterials have been further discussed in this review.

Applications of Curcumin and Its Nanoforms in the Treatment of Cancer

Due to the diverse medicinal and pharmacokinetic properties of turmeric, it is well-known in the therapeutic, pharmaceutic, nutraceutical, cosmetic, and dietary industries. It gained importance due to its multitude of properties, such as wound-healing, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, cytoprotective, anti-aging, anti-cancer, and immunomodulatory effects. Even though the natural healing effect of turmeric has been known to Indians as early as 2500 BCE, the global demand for turmeric has increased only recently. A major reason for the beneficiary activities of turmeric is the presence of the yellow-colored polyphenolic compound called curcumin. Many studies have been carried out on the various properties of curcumin and its derivatives. Despite its low bioavailability, curcumin has been effectively used for the treatment of many diseases, such as cardiovascular and neurological diseases, diabetes, arthritis, and cancer. The advent of nanobiotechnology has further opened wide opportunities to explore and expand the use of curcumin in the medical field. Nanoformulations using curcumin and its derivatives helped to design new treatment modalities, specifically in cancer, because of the better bioavailability and solubility of nanocurcumin when compared to natural curcumin. This review deals with the various applications of curcumin nanoparticles in cancer therapy and broadly tries to understand how it affect the immunological status of the cancer cell.

The Current State of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Treatment

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) and associated neuropathies are the most predominant genetically transmitted neuromuscular conditions; however, effective pharmacological treatments have not established. The extensive genetic heterogeneity of CMT, which impacts the peripheral nerves and causes lifelong disability, presents a significant barrier to the development of comprehensive treatments. An estimated 100 loci within the human genome are linked to various forms of CMT and its related inherited neuropathies. This review delves into prospective therapeutic strategies used for the most frequently encountered CMT variants, namely CMT1A, CMT1B, CMTX1, and CMT2A. Compounds such as PXT3003, which are being clinically and preclinically investigated, and a broad array of therapeutic agents and their corresponding mechanisms are discussed. Furthermore, the progress in established gene therapy techniques, including gene replacement via viral vectors, exon skipping using antisense oligonucleotides, splicing modification, and gene knockdown, are appraised. Each of these gene therapies has the potential for substantial advancements in future research.

How Magnetic Composites are Effective Anticancer Therapeutics? A Comprehensive Review of the Literature

Chemotherapy is the most prominent route in cancer therapy for prolonging the lifespan of cancer patients. However, its non-target specificity and the resulting off-target cytotoxicities have been reported. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies using magnetic nanocomposites (MNCs) for magnetothermal chemotherapy may potentially improve the therapeutic outcome by increasing the target selectivity. In this review, magnetic hyperthermia therapy and magnetic targeting using drug-loaded MNCs are revisited, focusing on magnetism, the fabrication and structures of magnetic nanoparticles, surface modifications, biocompatible coating, shape, size, and other important physicochemical properties of MNCs, along with the parameters of the hyperthermia therapy and external magnetic field. Due to the limited drug-loading capacity and low biocompatibility, the use of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as drug delivery system has lost traction. In contrast, MNCs show higher biocompatibility, multifunctional physicochemical properties, high drug encapsulation, and multi-stages of controlled release for localized synergistic chemo-thermotherapy. Further, combining various forms of magnetic cores and pH-sensitive coating agents can generate a more robust pH, magneto, and thermo-responsive drug delivery system. Thus, MNCs are ideal candidate as smart and remotely guided drug delivery system due to a) their magneto effects and guide-ability by the external magnetic fields, b) on-demand drug release performance, and c) thermo-chemosensitization under an applied alternating magnetic field where the tumor is selectively incinerated without harming surrounding non-tumor tissues. Given the important effects of synthesis methods, surface modifications, and coating of MNCs on their anticancer properties, we reviewed the most recent studies on magnetic hyperthermia, targeted drug delivery systems in cancer therapy, and magnetothermal chemotherapy to provide insights on the current development of MNC-based anticancer nanocarrier.

Host-guest drug delivery by β-cyclodextrin assisted polysaccharide vehicles: A review

Among different form of cyclodextrin (CD), β-CD has been taken a special attraction in pharmaceutical science due to lowest aqueous solubility and adequate cavity size. When β-CD forms inclusion complex with drugs then biopolymers such as polysaccharides in combination plays a vital role as a vehicle for safe release of drugs. It is noticed that, β-CD assisted polysaccharide-based composite achieves better drug release rate through host-guest mechanism. Present review is a critical analysis of this host-guest mechanism for release of drugs from polysaccharide supported β-CD inclusion complex. Various important polysaccharides such as cellulose, alginate, chitosan, dextran, etc. in relevant to drug delivery are logically compared in present review by their association with β-CD. Efficacy of mechanism of drug delivery by different polysaccharides with β-CD is analytically examined in schematic form. Drug release capacity at different pH conditions, mode of drug release, along with characterization techniques adopted by individual polysaccharide-based CD complexes are comparatively established in tabular form. This review may explore better visibility for researchers those are working in the area of controlled release of drugs by vehicle consist of β-CD associated polysaccharide composite through host-guest mechanism.

Design of Innovative Biocompatible Cellulose Nanostructures for the Delivery and Sustained Release of Curcumin

Poor aqueous solubility, stability and bioavailability of interesting bioactive compounds is a challenge in the development of bioactive formulations. Cellulose nanostructures are promising and sustainable carriers with unique features that may be used in enabling delivery strategies. In this work, cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and cellulose nanofibers were investigated as carriers for the delivery of curcumin, a model liposoluble compound. Nanocellulose modification with the surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), tannic acid and decylamine (TADA), and by TEMPO-mediated oxidation were also tested and compared. The carrier materials were characterized in terms of structural properties and surface charge, while the delivery systems were evaluated for their encapsulation and release properties. The release profile was assessed in conditions that mimic the gastric and intestinal fluids, and cytotoxicity studies were performed in intestinal cells to confirm safe application. Modification with CTAB and TADA resulted in high curcumin encapsulation efficiencies of 90 and 99%, respectively. While no curcumin was released from TADA-modified nanocellulose in simulated gastrointestinal conditions, CNC-CTAB allowed for a curcumin-sustained release of ca. 50% over 8 h. Furthermore, the CNC-CTAB delivery system showed no cytotoxic effects on Caco-2 intestinal cells up to 0.125 g/L, meaning that up to this concentration the system is safe to use. Overall, the use of the delivery systems allowed for the reduction in the cytotoxicity associated with higher curcumin concentrations, highlighting the potential of nanocellulose encapsulation systems.

Cyclodextrin regulated natural polysaccharide hydrogels for biomedical applications-a review

Cyclodextrin and its derivative (CDs) are natural building blocks for linking with other components to afford functional biomaterials. Hydrogels are polymer network systems that can form hydrophilic three-dimensional network structures through different cross-linking methods and are developing as potential materials in biomedical applications. Natural polysaccharide hydrogels (NPHs) are widely adopted in biomedical field with good biocompatibility, biodegradability, low cytotoxicity, and versatility in emulating natural tissue properties. Compared with conventional NPHs, CD regulated natural polysaccharide hydrogels (CD-NPHs) maintain good biocompatibility, while improving poor mechanical qualities and unpredictable gelation times. Recently, there has been increasing and considerable usage of CD-NPHs while there is still no review comprehensively introducing their construction, classification, and application of these hydrogels from the material point of view regarding biomedical fields. To draw a complete picture of the current and future development of CD-NPHs, we systematically overview the classification of CD-NPHs, and provide a holistic view on the role of CD-NPHs in different biomedical fields, especially in drug delivery, wound dressing, cell encapsulation, and tissue engineering. Moreover, the current challenges and prospects of CD-NPHs are discussed rationally, providing an insight into developing vibrant fields of CD-NPHs-based biomedicine, and facilitating their translation from bench to clinical medicine.

Anticancer potential of curcumin-cyclodextrin complexes and their pharmacokinetic properties

Cancer is one of the most common diseases throughout the world, with many treatment modalities currently being used, and new treatment strategies being sought. Most chemotherapeutic molecules have shown extensive toxicity for normal cells, which leads to severe adverse effects. Chemotherapy may also lead to drug resistance, which is one of the major obstacles to the clinical treatment of cancer. Curcumin, a polyphenolic natural compound, has long been considered a therapeutic molecule for a variety of diseases and possesses anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its use is limited due to its hydrophobic nature, poor solubility in water at acidic or neutral pH, and limited bioavailability at the tumor site. Cyclodextrin complexes of curcumin increase curcumin's water solubility, as well as its physicochemical stability to hydrolysis and photochemical decomposition. The most common type of cyclodextrin used for pharmaceutical preparations is β-cyclodextrin. This review focuses on different curcumin-cyclodextrin formulations and compares their pharmacokinetic parameters and efficacy.

Valorization of nano-based lignocellulosic derivatives to procure commercially significant value-added products for biomedical applications

Biowaste, produced from nature, is preferred to be a good source of carbon and ligninolytic machinery for many microorganisms. They are complex biopolymers composed of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose traces. This biomass can be depolymerized to its nano-dimensions to gain exceptional properties useful in the field of cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, high-strength materials, etc. Nano-sized biomass derivatives overcome the inherent drawbacks of the parent material and offer promises as a potential material for a wide range of applications with their unique traits such as low-toxicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability and environmentally friendly nature with versatility. This review focuses on the production of value-added products feasible from nanocellulose, nano lignin, and xylan nanoparticles which is quite a novel study of its kind. Dawn of nanotechnology has converted bio waste by-products (hemicellulose and lignin) into useful precursors for many commercial products. Nano-cellulose has been employed in the fields of electronics, cosmetics, drug delivery, scaffolds, fillers, packaging, and engineering structures. Xylan nanoparticles and nano lignin have numerous applications as stabilizers, additives, textiles, adhesives, emulsifiers, and prodrugs for many polyphenols with an encapsulation efficiency of 50%. This study will support the potential development of composites for emerging applications in all aspects of interest and open up novel paths for multifunctional biomaterials in nano-dimensions for cosmetic, drug carrier, and clinical applications.

Bioactivity and Cell Imaging of Antitumor Fluorescent Agents (Curcumin Derivatives) Coated by Two-Way Embedded Cyclodextrin Strategy

Curcumin has a wide range of pharmacological activities, which can be used to treat tumors, inflammation and other diseases. However, curcumin's poor solubility and low bioavailability limit its application. In this article, the structure of curcumin was modified with boron trifluoride ether to change fluorescent labeling. The compounds were then embedded into the hydrophobic cavity of α-cyclodextrin and hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin to form inclusion complexes. The two inclusion complexes have excellent photophysical properties, and the maximum emission wavelength is in the range of 550-565 nm. In addition, the two compounds were applied to the fluorescence imaging of HCT-116 cells and HeLa cells, and the proliferation toxicity of the compounds was detected. Both compounds showed certain inhibitory effects on the proliferation of cancer cells. In short, the fluorescent drug molecule synthesized in this article has great reference value for the development of new dosage forms of curcumin.

Cellulose nanocrystals based delivery vehicles for anticancer agent curcumin

Cancer is a complex disease that starts with genetic alterations and mutations in healthy cells. The past decade has witnessed a huge demand for new biocompatibility and high-performance intelligent drug delivery systems. Curcumin (CUR) is a bioactive stimulant with numerous medical benefits. However, because of its hydrophobic nature, it has low bioavailability. The utilization of many biobased materials has been found to improve the loading of hydrophobic drugs. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with exceptional qualities and a wide range of applications, feature strong hydrophilicity and lipophilicity, great emulsification stability, high crystallinity and outstanding mechanical attributes. In this review, numerous CNCs-based composites have been evaluated for involvement in the controlled release of CUR. The first part of the review deals with recent advancements in the extraction of CNCs from lignocellulose biomass. The second elaborates some recent developments in the post-processing of CNCs in conjunction with other materials like natural polymers, synthetic polymers, β-CD, and surfactants for CUR loading/encapsulation and controlled release. Furthermore, numerous CUR drug delivery systems, challenges, and techniques for effective loading/encapsulation of CUR on CNCs-based composites have been presented. Finally, conclusions and future outlooks are also explored.

Cyclodextrin nanoparticles for diagnosis and potential cancer therapy: A systematic review

Cancer is still one of the world’s deadliest health concerns. As per latest statistics, lung, breast, liver, prostate, and cervical cancers are reported topmost worldwide. Although chemotherapy is most widely used methodology to treat cancer, poor pharmacokinetic parameters of anticancer drugs render them less effective. Novel nano-drug delivery systems have the caliber to improve the solubility and biocompatibility of various such chemical compounds. In this regard, cyclodextrins (CD), a group of natural nano-oligosaccharide possessing unique physicochemical characteristics has been highly exploited for drug delivery and other pharmaceutical purposes. Their cup-like structure and amphiphilic nature allows better accumulation of drugs, improved solubility, and stability, whereas CDs supramolecular chemical compatibility renders it to be highly receptive to various kinds of functionalization. Therefore combining physical, chemical, and bio-engineering approaches at nanoscale to specifically target the tumor cells can help in maximizing the tumor damage without harming non-malignant cells. Numerous combinations of CD nanocomposites were developed over the years, which employed photodynamic, photothermal therapy, chemotherapy, and hyperthermia methods, particularly targeting cancer cells. In this review, we discuss the vivid roles of cyclodextrin nanocomposites developed for the treatment and theranostics of most important cancers to highlight its clinical significance and potential as a medical tool.

Curcumin-Based Nanoformulations: A Promising Adjuvant towards Cancer Treatment

Throughout the United States, cancer remains the second leading cause of death. Traditional treatments induce significant medical toxic effects and unpleasant adverse reactions, making them inappropriate for long-term use. Consequently, anticancer-drug resistance and relapse are frequent in certain situations. Thus, there is an urgent necessity to find effective antitumor medications that are specific and have few adverse consequences. Curcumin is a polyphenol derivative found in the turmeric plant (Curcuma longa L.), and provides chemopreventive, antitumor, chemo-, and radio-sensitizing properties. In this paper, we summarize the new nano-based formulations of polyphenolic curcumin because of the growing interest in its application against cancers and tumors. According to recent studies, the use of nanoparticles can overcome the hydrophobic nature of curcumin, as well as improving its stability and cellular bioavailability in vitro and in vivo. Several strategies for nanocurcumin production have been developed, each with its own set of advantages and unique features. Because the majority of the curcumin-based nanoformulation evidence is still in the conceptual stage, there are still numerous issues impeding the provision of nanocurcumin as a possible therapeutic option. To support the science, further work is necessary to develop curcumin as a viable anti-cancer adjuvant. In this review, we cover the various curcumin nanoformulations and nanocurcumin implications for therapeutic uses for cancer, as well as the current state of clinical studies and patents. We further address the knowledge gaps and future research orientations required to develop curcumin as a feasible treatment candidate.

Effects and Mechanisms of Curcumin for the Prevention and Management of Cancers: An Updated Review

Cancer is the leading cause of death in the world. Curcumin is the main ingredient in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), and is widely used in the food industry. It shows anticancer properties on different types of cancers, and the underlying mechanisms of action include inhibiting cell proliferation, suppressing invasion and migration, promoting cell apoptosis, inducing autophagy, decreasing cancer stemness, increasing reactive oxygen species production, reducing inflammation, triggering ferroptosis, regulating gut microbiota, and adjuvant therapy. In addition, the anticancer action of curcumin is demonstrated in clinical trials. Moreover, the poor water solubility and low bioavailability of curcumin can be improved by a variety of nanotechnologies, which will promote its clinical effects. Furthermore, although curcumin shows some adverse effects, such as diarrhea and nausea, it is generally safe and tolerable. This paper is an updated review of the prevention and management of cancers by curcumin with a special attention to its mechanisms of action.

Slow release curcumin-containing soy protein nanoparticles as anticancer agents for osteosarcoma: synthesis and characterization

Curcumin-containing soy protein nanoparticles (curcumin-SPNs) were synthesized by desolvation (coacervation) method and characterized by SEM, DLS, FTIR, and XRD. For anticancer evaluation, osteogenic sarcoma (SAOS2) cell lines were incubated with different concentrations of nanostructures. The dialysis method was used for assessment of drug release. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were evaluated in IC50 dose after 24 h of exposure to free curcumin and curcumin-SPNs. Characterization data showed that the size of drug-free SPNs and curcumin-SPNs were 278.2 and 294.7 nm, respectively. The zeta potential of drug-free SPNs and curcumin-SPNs were - 37.1 and - 36.51 mv, respectively. There was no significant difference between the control and drug-free SPNs groups in terms of cell viability (p > 0.05). The viability of cells in different concentrations of the designed curcumin-SPNs in Saos2 cell line was significantly higher than free drug (p < 0.05). The release of curcumin showed that more than 50% of the drug was released in the first 2 h of incubation. After this time, the slow release of drug was continued to 62-83% of drug. IC50 values of free curcumin and curcumin-SPNs (1/10) were 156.8 and 65.9 µg/mL, respectively (a free curcumin IC50 was 2.4 times more than curcumin-SPNs). Slow-release of the curcumin causes the cell to be exposed to the anticancer drug for a longer period of time. The intracellular ROS levels significantly increased in an IC50 dose after 24 h of exposure to both free curcumin and curcumin-SPNs compared with controls (p < 0.05).

A translatable RNAi-driven gene therapy silences PMP22/Pmp22 genes and improves neuropathy in CMT1A mice

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A), the most common inherited demyelinating peripheral neuropathy, is caused by PMP22 gene duplication. Overexpression of WT PMP22 in Schwann cells destabilizes the myelin sheath, leading to demyelination and ultimately to secondary axonal loss and disability. No treatments currently exist that modify the disease course. The most direct route to CMT1A therapy will involve reducing PMP22 to normal levels. To accomplish this, we developed a gene therapy strategy to reduce PMP22 using artificial miRNAs targeting human PMP22 and mouse Pmp22 mRNAs. Our lead therapeutic miRNA, miR871, was packaged into an adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9) vector and delivered by lumbar intrathecal injection into C61-het mice, a model of CMT1A. AAV9-miR871 efficiently transduced Schwann cells in C61-het peripheral nerves and reduced human and mouse PMP22 mRNA and protein levels. Treatment at early and late stages of the disease significantly improved multiple functional outcome measures and nerve conduction velocities. Furthermore, myelin pathology in lumbar roots and femoral motor nerves was ameliorated. The treated mice also showed reductions in circulating biomarkers of CMT1A. Taken together, our data demonstrate that AAV9-miR871–driven silencing of PMP22 rescues a CMT1A model and provides proof of principle for treating CMT1A using a translatable gene therapy approach.

Nanocellulose, a versatile platform: From the delivery of active molecules to tissue engineering applications

Nanocellulose, a biopolymer, has received wide attention from researchers owing to its superior physicochemical properties, such as high mechanical strength, low density, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. Nanocellulose can be extracted from wide range of sources, including plants, bacteria, and algae. Depending on the extraction process and dimensions (diameter and length), they are categorized into three main types: cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC). CNCs are a highly crystalline and needle-like structure, whereas CNFs have both amorphous and crystalline regions in their network. BNC is the purest form of nanocellulose. The nanocellulose properties can be tuned by chemical functionalization, which increases its applicability in biomedical applications. This review highlights the fabrication of different surface-modified nanocellulose to deliver active molecules, such as drugs, proteins, and plasmids. Nanocellulose-mediated delivery of active molecules is profoundly affected by its topographical structure and the interaction between the loaded molecules and nanocellulose. The applications of nanocellulose and its composites in tissue engineering have been discussed. Finally, the review is concluded with further opportunities and challenges in nanocellulose-mediated delivery of active molecules.

Fabrication of cellulose nanocrystals as potential anticancer drug delivery systems for colorectal cancer treatment

Polysaccharide nanocrystals have great potential to be used as improved drug carriers due to their low cost, high biodegradability, and biocompatibility. This study reports the synthesis of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) loaded with 5-fluorouracil (CNC/5FU) to evaluate their anticancer activity against colorectal cancer cells. X-ray and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy demonstrated that acid hydrolysis successfully degraded the amorphous cellulose to liberate the crystal regions. From transmission electron microscopy, CNC/5FU appeared as rod-like nanocrystals with an average length and width of 69.53 ± 1.14 nm and 8.13 ± 0.72 nm, respectively. The anticancer drug 5FU showed improved thermal stability after being loading onto CNC. From UV-vis spectroscopy data, the drug encapsulation efficiency in CNC/5FU was estimated to be 83.50 ± 1.52%. The drug release of CNC/5FU was higher at pH 7.4 compared to those at pH 4.2 and 1.2. From the cytotoxicity assays, CNC did not affect the viability of CCD112 colon normal cells. On the other hand, CNC/5FU exhibited anticancer effects against HCT116 and HT-29 colorectal cancer cells. The anticancer actions of CNC/5FU against HCT116 cells were then confirmed using an in vitro tumor-on-chip model and clonogenic assay. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that CNC/5FU killed the cancer cells by mainly inducing cell apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane damage. Overall, this study indicated that CNC/5FU could be a potential nanoformulation for improved drug delivery and colorectal cancer treatment.

Curcumin nanoformulations: Beneficial nanomedicine against cancer

Curcumin is a phytochemical achieved from the plant turmeric. It is extensively utilized for the treatment of several types of diseases such as cancers. Nevertheless, its efficiency has been limited because of rapid metabolism, low bioavailability, poor water solubility, and systemic elimination. Scientists have tried to solve these problems by exploring novel drug delivery systems such as lipid-based nanoparticles (NPs) (e.g., solid lipid NPs, nanostructured lipid carriers, and liposomes), polymeric NPs, micelles, nanogels, cyclodextrin, gold, and mesoporous silica NPs. Among these, liposomes have been the most expansively studied. This review mainly focuses on the different curcumin nanoformulations and their use in cancer therapy in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies. Despite the development of curcumin-containing NPs for the treatment of cancer, potentially serious side effects, including interactions with other drugs, some toxicity aspects of NPs may occur that require more high-quality investigations to firmly establish the clinical efficacy.

Comparative Study between Curcumin and Nanocurcumin Loaded PLGA on Colon Carcinogenesis Induced Mice

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer. Because curcumin (CUR) has anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties, research has been undertaken to indicate that nanocurcumin compounds can be used to treat a variety of cancers. CUR in nanoform has been found to have a stronger effect than conventional CUR. The purpose of this study was to show that CUR-loaded poly lactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles (PLGA) (CUR-loaded PLGA) have anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects on colon carcinogenesis in male dimethyl hydrazine (DMH) mice as a comparative study between the nanoform of curcumin and normal curcumin, focusing on the anticancer effect of nanocurcumin. Mice were separated into six groups: No treatment was given to Group I (negative Group-I). Group II was treated with CUR. Group III was treated with CUR-loaded PLGA. Group IV was treated with DMH. Group V received DMH and curcumin. Group VI received DMH and CUR-loaded PLGA. At the conclusion of the trial, the animals were slain (6 weeks). Inflammatory indicators and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels all changed significantly in this study, as the following inflammatory markers as TNF showed percent of change compared to the DMH group. Recovery percentage for Groups V and VI, respectively, were 9.18 and 55.31%. In addition, IL1 was 7.45 and 50.37% for Groups V and VI, respectively. The results of IL6 were 4.86 and 25.79% for Groups V and VI, respectively. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) recovery percent was 16.98 and 45.12% for Groups V and VI, respectively. Following the effect of DMH on colon mucosa shape, the researchers looked at the effect of CUR-loaded PLGA on colon histology. It was shown that CUR-loaded PLGA affects the cell cycle and PCNA expression. We conclude that nanocurcumin is an important anti-inflammatory and cancer-fighting agent.

Highly Soluble and Stable, High Release Rate Nanocellulose Codrug Delivery System of Curcumin and AuNPs for Dual Chemo-Photothermal Therapy

As a natural antitumor drug, curcumin (CUR) has received increasing attention from researchers and patients due to its various medicinal properties. However, currently CUR is still restricted due to its low and stand-alone therapeutic effects that seriously limit its clinical application. Here, by using cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as a nanocarrier to load CUR and AuNPs simultaneously, we developed a hybrid nanoparticle as a codrug delivery system to enhance the low and stand-alone therapeutic effects of CUR. Aided with the encapsulation of β-cyclodextrin (βCD), both the solubility and the stability of CUR are greatly enhanced (solubility increased from 0.89 to 131.7 μg/mL). Owing to the unique rod-like morphology of CNCs, the system exhibits an outstanding loading capacity of 31.4 μg/mg. Under the heat effects of coloaded AuNPs, the system demonstrates a high release rate of 77.63%. Finally, with CNC as a bridge nanocarrier, all aforementioned functions were integrated into one hybrid nanoparticle. The all-in-one integration ensures CUR to have enhanced therapeutic effects and enables the delivery system to exhibit combined chemo-photothermal therapy outcomes. This work presents a significant step toward CUR's clinical application and provides a new strategy for effective and integrative treatment of tumor disease.

Prospects of Curcumin Nanoformulations in Cancer Management

There is increasing interest in the use of natural compounds with beneficial pharmacological effects for managing diseases. Curcumin (CUR) is a phytochemical that is reportedly effective against some cancers through its ability to regulate signaling pathways and protein expression in cancer development and progression. Unfortunately, its use is limited due to its hydrophobicity, low bioavailability, chemical instability, photodegradation, and fast metabolism. Nanoparticles (NPs) are drug delivery systems that can increase the bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs and improve drug targeting to cancer cells via different mechanisms and formulation techniques. In this review, we have discussed various CUR-NPs that have been evaluated for their potential use in treating cancers. Formulations reviewed include lipid, gold, zinc oxide, magnetic, polymeric, and silica NPs, as well as micelles, dendrimers, nanogels, cyclodextrin complexes, and liposomes, with an emphasis on their formulation and characteristics. CUR incorporation into the NPs enhanced its pharmaceutical and therapeutic significance with respect to solubility, absorption, bioavailability, stability, plasma half-life, targeted delivery, and anticancer effect. Our review shows that several CUR-NPs have promising anticancer activity; however, clinical reports on them are limited. We believe that clinical trials must be conducted on CUR-NPs to ensure their effective translation into clinical applications.

Cellulose nanocrystals: Fundamentals and biomedical applications

The present review explores the recent developments of cellulose nanocrystals, a class of captivating nanomaterials in variety of applications. CNCs are made by acid hydrolysing cellulosic materials like wood, cotton, tunicate, flax fibers by sonochemistry. It has many desirable properties, including a high tensile strength, wide surface area, stiffness, exceptional colloidal stability, and the ability to be modified. CNCs are colloidally stable, hydrophilic, and rigid rod-shaped bio-based nanomaterials in the form of rigid rods with high strength and surface area that has a diverse set of applications and properties. The intriguing features emerging from numerous fibers studies, such as renewable character and biodegradability, piqued the curiosity of many researchers who worked on lowering the size of these fibers. Physicochemical properties such as rheological, mechanical, thermal, lipid crystalline, swelling capacity, microstructural properties result in affecting surface-area to volume ratio and crystallinity of cellulose nanocrystals. The present article highlights the fundamentals of cellulose nanocrystals such as sources, isolation, fabrication, properties and surface modification with an emphasis on plethora of biomedical applications. Selected nanocellulose studies with significant findings on cellular labelling and bioimaging, tissue engineering, biosensors, gene delivery, anti-viral property, anti-bacterial property, ocular delivery, modified drug release, anti-cancer activity and enzyme immobilization are emphasized.

Targeted drug delivery via folate decorated nanocarriers based on linear polymer for treatment of breast cancer

In this project, a biocompatible block copolymer including poly ethylene glycol and poly caprolactone was synthesized using ring-opening reaction. Then, the copolymer was conjugated to folic acid using lysine as a linker. Also, curcumin (CUR) was used as a therapeutic anticancer agent. Nanoprecipitation method was used to prepare CUR-loaded polymeric micelles. Different methods including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were used to characterize the prepared nanocarriers (NCs). MTT assay and hemolysis assay were used to evaluate in vitro anticancer efficiency and biocompatibility of the prepared NCs, respectively. The results proved efficiency of NCs as a drug delivery system (DDS) in various aspects such as physicochemical properties and biocompatibility. Also, in vivo results showed that NCs did not show any severe weight loss and side effects on mice, and the anti-cancer study results of the CUR-loaded NCs proved that the conjugation of folic acid on the surface of NCs as a targeting agent could increase the therapeutic efficacy of CUR.

Cyclodextrin-Modified Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery: Classification and Advances in Controlled Release and Bioavailability

In drug delivery, one widely used way of overcoming the biopharmaceutical problems present in several active pharmaceutical ingredients, such as poor aqueous solubility, early instability, and low bioavailability, is the formation of inclusion compounds with cyclodextrins (CD). In recent years, the use of CD derivatives in combination with nanomaterials has shown to be a promising strategy for formulating new, optimized systems. The goals of this review are to give in-depth knowledge and critical appraisal of the main CD-modified or CD-based nanomaterials for drug delivery, such as lipid-based nanocarriers, natural and synthetic polymeric nanocarriers, nanosponges, graphene derivatives, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, plasmonic and magnetic nanoparticles, quantum dots and other miscellaneous systems such as nanovalves, metal-organic frameworks, Janus nanoparticles, and nanofibers. Special attention is given to nanosystems that achieve controlled drug release and increase their bioavailability during in vivo studies.

The Effects of Curcumin Nanoparticles Incorporated into Collagen-Alginate Scaffold on Wound Healing of Skin Tissue in Trauma Patients

Wound healing is a biological process that is mainly crucial for the rehabilitation of injured tissue. The incorporation of curcumin (Cur) into a hydrogel system is used to treat skin wounds in different diseases due to its hydrophobic character. In this study, sodium alginate and collagen, which possess hydrophilic, low toxic, and biocompatible properties, were utilized. Collagen/alginate scaffolds were synthesized, and nanocurcumin was incorporated inside them; their interaction was evaluated by FTIR spectroscopy. Morphological studies investigated structures of the samples studied by FE-SEM. The release profile of curcumin was detected, and the cytotoxic test was determined on the L929 cell line using an MTT assay. Analysis of tissue wound healing was performed by H&E staining. Nanocurcumin was spherical, its average particle size was 45 nm, and the structure of COL/ALG scaffold was visible. The cell viability of samples was recorded in cells after 24 h incubation. Results of in vivo wound healing remarkably showed CUR-COL/ALG scaffold at about 90% (p < 0.001), which is better than that of COL/ALG, 80% (p < 0.001), and the control 73.4% (p < 0.01) groups at 14 days/ The results of the samples’ FTIR indicated that nanocurcumin was well-entrapped into the scaffold, which led to improving the wound-healing process. Our results revealed the potential of nanocurcumin incorporated in COL/ALG scaffolds for the wound healing of skin tissue in trauma patients.

A New Approach for β-Cyclodextrin Conjugated Drug Delivery System in Cancer Therapy

Natural cyclodextrins (CDs) are macrocyclic starch molecules discovered a decade ago, in which α-, β-, and γ-CD were commonly used. They originally acted as pharmaceutical excipients to enhance the aqueous solubility and alter the physicochemical properties of drugs that fall under class II and IV categories according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BPS). The industrial significance of CDs became apparent during the 1970s as scientists started to discover more of CD's potential in chemical modifications and the formation of inclusion complexes. CDs can help in masking and prolonging the half-life of drugs used in cancer. Multiple optimization techniques were discovered to prepare the derivatives of CDs and increase their complexation and drug delivery efficiency. In recent years, due to the advancement of nanotechnology in pharmaceutical sectors, there has been growing interest in CDs. This review mainly focuses on the formulation of cyclodextrin conjugated nanocarriers using graphenes, carbon nanotubes, nanosponges, hydrogels, dendrimers, and polymers to achieve drug-release characteristics specific to cells. These approaches benefit the discovery of novel anti-cancer treatments, solubilization of new drug compounds, and cell specific drug delivery properties. Due to these unique properties of CDs, they are essential in achieving and enhancing tumor-specific cancer treatment.

Lichen Polyphenolic Compounds for the Eradication of Candida albicans Biofilms

Lichens, due to their symbiotic nature (association between fungi and algae), constitute a chemical factory of original compounds. Polyphenolic compounds (depsides and depsidones) are the main constituents of lichens and are exclusively biosynthesized by these organisms. A panel of 11 polyphenols was evaluated for their anti-biofilm activity against Candida albicans biofilms on the maturation phase (anti-maturation) (MMIC₅₀) as well as on preformed 24-h-old biofilm (anti-biofilm) (MBIC₅₀) using the XTT assay. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of compounds (MICs) against C. albicans planktonic yeast were also determined using a broth microdilution method. While none of the tested compounds were active against planktonic cells (IC₅₀ > 100 µg/ml), three depsides slowed the biofilm maturation (MMIC₅₀ ≤12.5 µg/ml after 48 h of contact with Candida cells). Evernic acid was able to both slow the maturation and reduce the already formed biofilms with MBIC₅₀ ≤12.5 µg/ml after 48 h of contact with the biofilm. This compound shows a weak toxicity against HeLa cells (22%) at the minimal active concentration and no hemolytic activity at 100 µg/ml. Microscopic observations of evernic acid and optimization of its solubility were performed to further study this compound. This work confirmed the anti-biofilm potential of depsides, especially evernic acid, and allows to establish the structure-activity relationships to better explain the anti-biofilm potential of these compounds.

Pintado M, Fernandes JC, Ramos ÓL. Novel Micro- and Nanocellulose-Based Delivery Systems for Liposoluble Compounds

Poor aqueous solubility of bioactive compounds is becoming a pronounced challenge in the development of bioactive formulations. Numerous liposoluble compounds have very interesting biological activities, but their low water solubility, stability, and bioavailability restrict their applications. To overcome these limitations there is a need to use enabling delivering strategies, which often demand new carrier materials. Cellulose and its micro- and nanostructures are promising carriers with unique features. In this context, this review describes the fast-growing field of micro- and nanocellulose based delivery systems with a focus on the release of liposoluble bioactive compounds. The state of research on this field is reviewed in this article, which also covers the chemistry, preparation, properties, and applications of micro- and nanocellulose based delivery systems. Although there are promising perspectives for introducing these materials into various fields, aspects of safety and toxicity must be revealed and are discussed in this review. The impact of gastrointestinal conditions on the systems and on the bioavailability of the bioactive compounds are also addressed in this review. This article helps to unveil the whole panorama of micro- and nanocellulose as delivery systems for liposoluble compounds, showing that these represent a great promise in a wide range of applications.

Nanotechnology in Colorectal Cancer for Precision Diagnosis and Therapy

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most frequently occurring tumor in the human population. CRCs are usually adenocarcinomatous and originate as a polyp on the inner wall of the colon or rectum which may become malignant in the due course of time. Although the therapeutic options of CRC are limited, the early diagnosis of CRC may play an important role in preventive and therapeutic interventions to decrease the mortality rate. The CRC-affected tissues exhibit several molecular markers that may be exploited as the novel strategy to develop newer approaches for the treatment of the disease. Nanotechnology consists of a wide array of innovative and astonishing nanomaterials with both diagnostics and therapeutic potential. Several nanomaterials and nano formulations such as Carbon nanotubes, Dendrimer, Liposomes, Silica Nanoparticles, Gold nanoparticles, Metal-organic frameworks, Core-shell polymeric nano-formulations, Nano-emulsion System, etc can be used to targeted anticancer drug delivery and diagnostic purposes in CRC. The light-sensitive photosensitizer drugs loaded gold and silica nanoparticles can be used to diagnose as well as the killing of CRC cells by the targeted delivery of anticancer drugs to cancer cells. This review is focused on the recent advancement of nanotechnology in the diagnosis and treatment of CRC.

Curcumin and Nano-Curcumin Mitigate Copper Neurotoxicity by Modulating Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Akt/GSK-3β Signaling

Copper (Cu) is essential for multiple biochemical processes, and copper sulphate (CuSO₄) is a pesticide used for repelling pests. Accidental or intentional intoxication can induce multiorgan toxicity and could be fatal. Curcumin (CUR) is a potent antioxidant, but its poor systemic bioavailability is the main drawback in its therapeutic uses. This study investigated the protective effect of CUR and N-CUR on CuSO₄-induced cerebral oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in rats, pointing to the possible involvement of Akt/GSK-3β. Rats received 100 mg/kg CuSO₄ and were concurrently treated with CUR or N-CUR for 7 days. Cu-administered rats exhibited a remarkable increase in cerebral malondialdehyde (MDA), NF-κB p65, TNF-α, and IL-6 associated with decreased GSH, SOD, and catalase. Cu provoked DNA fragmentation, upregulated BAX, caspase-3, and p53, and decreased BCL-2 in the brain of rats. N-CUR and CUR ameliorated MDA, NF-κB p65, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, downregulated pro-apoptotic genes, upregulated BCL-2, and enhanced antioxidants and DNA integrity. In addition, both N-CUR and CUR increased AKT Ser473 and GSK-3β Ser9 phosphorylation in the brain of Cu-administered rats. In conclusion, N-CUR and CUR prevent Cu neurotoxicity by attenuating oxidative injury, inflammatory response, and apoptosis and upregulating AKT/GSK-3β signaling. The neuroprotective effect of N-CUR was more potent than CUR.

Synthesis of Biomaterial-Based Hydrogels Reinforced with Cellulose Nanocrystals for Biomedical Applications

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) were prepared by formic acid hydrolysis and TEMPO- (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine-1-oxyl-) mediated oxidation. The prepared CNCs were reinforced into biopolymers chitosan (CHI), alginate (ALG), and gelatin (GEL) to obtain “CNC-ALG-GEL” and “CNC-CHI-GEL” hydrogels. The synthesized hydrogels were characterized for physicochemical, thermal, and structural characterization using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal gravity analysis (TGA), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. Notably, the reinforcement of CNC has not altered the molecular structure of a biopolymer as revealed by FT-IR analysis. The hydrogels reinforced with CNC have shown better thermal stability and miscibility as revealed by thermal gravity analysis. The physicochemical, thermal, and structural characterization revealed the chemical interaction and electrostatic attraction between the CNC and biopolymers. The biocompatibility was investigated by evaluating the viability of the L929 fibroblast cell, which represents good biocompatibility and nontoxic nature. These hydrogels could be implemented in therapeutic biomedical research and regenerative medicinal applications.

Development of curcumin loaded core-shell zein microparticles stabilized by cellulose nanocrystals and whey protein microgels through interparticle interactions

Novel multilayered core-shell microparticles were developed to deliver curcumin using positively charged zein microparticles coated with negatively charged cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and positively charged whey protein microgels (WPMs) at pH 4. Different levels of WPMs (0.10%-1.50%, w/v) were utilized to regulate the structure, stability, and in vitro digestion of curcumin loaded zein-CNC core-shell microparticles. The size of zein-CNC-WPM core-shell microparticles ranged from 2087.7 to 2928.2 nm. The electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bonding were mainly involved in the assembly of the core-shell microparticles through particle-particle interactions. The microstructure of the core-shell microparticles was dependent on the level of the WPM. When its appropriate level was adopted (0.50%-1.00%, w/v), the WPM formed a protective shell for zein-CNC-WPM core-shell microparticles. The retention rate of curcumin in the core-shell microparticles increased by 47.56% and 32.79% during light and thermal treatment, respectively. Excess microgels facilitated the bridging aggregation and formation of a network structure on the particle surface, which further reduced their stability and greatly restricted the curcumin release. The potential of nanosized protein microgels was explored to stabilize and modulate the physicochemical properties of multilayered core-shell microparticles through interparticle interactions.

Recent Progress on Cellulose-Based Ionic Compounds for Biomaterials

Glycans play important roles in all major kingdoms of organisms, such as archea, bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. Cellulose, the most abundant polysaccharide on the Earth, plays a predominant role for mechanical stability in plants, and finds a plethora of applications by humans. Beyond traditional use, biomedical application of cellulose becomes feasible with advances of soluble cellulose derivatives with diverse functional moieties along the backbone and modified nanocellulose with versatile functional groups on the surface due to the native features of cellulose as both cellulose chains and supramolecular ordered domains as extractable nanocellulose. With the focus on ionic cellulose-based compounds involving both these groups primarily for biomedical applications, a brief introduction about glycoscience and especially native biologically active glycosaminoglycans with specific biomedical application areas on humans is given, which inspires further development of bioactive compounds from glycans. Then, both polymeric cellulose derivatives and nanocellulose-based compounds synthesized as versatile biomaterials for a large variety of biomedical applications, such as for wound dressings, controlled release, encapsulation of cells and enzymes, and tissue engineering, are separately described, regarding the diverse routes of synthesis and the established and suggested applications for these highly interesting materials.

5-Fluorouracil Encapsulated Chitosan-Cellulose Fiber Bionanocomposites: Synthesis, Characterization and In Vitro Analysis towards Colorectal Cancer Cells

Cellulose and chitosan with remarkable biocompatibility and sophisticated physiochemical characteristics can be a new dawn to the advanced drug nano-carriers in cancer treatment. This study aims to synthesize layer-by-layer bionanocomposites from chitosan and rice straw cellulose encapsulated 5-Fluorouracil (CS-CF/5FU BNCs) using the ionic gelation method and the sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) cross-linker. Data from X-ray and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed successful preparation of CS-CF/5FU BNCs. Based on images of scanning electron microscopy, 48.73 ± 1.52 nm was estimated for an average size of the bionanocomposites as spherical chitosan nanoparticles mostly coated rod-shaped cellulose reinforcement. 5-Fluorouracil indicated an increase in thermal stability after its encapsulation in the bionanocomposites. The drug encapsulation efficiency was found to be 86 ± 2.75%. CS-CF/5FU BNCs triggered higher drug release in a media simulating the colorectal fluid with pH 7.4 (76.82 ± 1.29%) than the gastric fluid with pH 1.2 (42.37 ± 0.43%). In in vitro cytotoxicity assays, cellulose fibers, chitosan nanoparticles and the bionanocomposites indicated biocompatibility towards CCD112 normal cells. Most promisingly, CS-CF/5FU BNCs at 250 µg/mL concentration eliminated 56.42 ± 0.41% of HCT116 cancer cells and only 8.16 ± 2.11% of CCD112 normal cells. Therefore, this study demonstrates that CS-CF/5FU BNCs can be considered as an eco-friendly and innovative nanodrug candidate for potential colorectal cancer treatment.

Cellulose nanocrystals in cancer diagnostics and treatment

Cancer is currently a major threat to public health, being among the principal causes of death to the global population. With carcinogenesis mechanisms, cancer invasion, and metastasis remaining blurred, cancer diagnosis and novel drug delivery approaches should be developed urgently to enable management and treatment. A dream break-through would be a non-invasive instantaneous monitoring of cancer initiation and progression to fast-track diagnosis for timely specialist treatment decisions. These innovations would enhance the established treatment protocols, unlimited by evasive biological complexities during tumorigenesis. It is therefore contingent that emerging and future scientific technologies be equally biased towards such innovations by exploiting the apparent properties of new developments and materials especially nanomaterials. CNCs as nanomaterials have undisputable physical and excellent biological properties that enhanced their interest as biomedical materials. This article therefore highlights CNCs utility in cancer diagnosis and therapy. Their extraction, properties, modification, in-vivo/in-vitro medical applications, biocompatibility, challenges and future perspectives are precisely discussed.