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Murad H, Ali B, Twair A, Baghdadi K, Alhalabi M, Abbady AQ. "In House" assays for the quantification of Annexin V and its autoantibodies in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss and in vitro fertilisation failures. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22322. [PMID: 38102468 PMCID: PMC10724132 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49768-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have been shown that Annexin V (ANXV) autoantibodies concentrations are associated with both early recurrent pregnancy losses (RPLs) or in vitro fertilization failure (IVFf). We investigated the association between ANXV autoantibodies and ANVX levels in RPL, IVFf and normal group women. The study was conducted on 22 female patients with RPLs, 66 patients with IVFf, and 16 normal samples from women who had given birth. ANXV autoantibodies were measured using an ELISA test developed by fixing a homemade recombinant ANXV protein and examined with labeled human antibodies, while ANXV concentrations were measured by a competitive ELISA using a homemade anti ANXV polyclonal antibody. The results showed a clear relationship between the high levels of ANXV autoantibodies and the recurrent abortion. On the other hand, ANXV measurement in those patients showed decreased concentrations compared to normal samples. Negative correlation between ANXV and its autoantibodies levels was reported in almost all patients' samples. Our data supports the possibility that ANXV autoantibodies are a risk factor for reproductive failures associated with both RPLs and/or IVFf and the significant role for ANXV in the maintenance of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam Murad
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, AECS, P. O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria.
| | - Bouthina Ali
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, AECS, P. O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria
| | - Aya Twair
- Division of Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, AECS, P. O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria
| | - Khaled Baghdadi
- Division of Reproductive Medicine, Embryology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | - Marwan Alhalabi
- Division of Reproductive Medicine, Embryology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | - Abdul Qader Abbady
- Division of Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, AECS, P. O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria
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Su G, Zhang D, Li T, Pei T, Yang J, Tu S, Liu S, Ren J, Zhang Y, Duan M, Yang X, Shen Y, Zhou C, Xie J, Liu X. Annexin A5 derived from matrix vesicles protects against osteoporotic bone loss via mineralization. Bone Res 2023; 11:60. [PMID: 37940665 PMCID: PMC10632518 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-023-00290-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix vesicles (MVs) have shown strong effects in diseases such as vascular ectopic calcification and pathological calcified osteoarthritis and in wound repair of the skeletal system due to their membranous vesicle characteristics and abundant calcium and phosphorus content. However, the role of MVs in the progression of osteoporosis is poorly understood. Here, we report that annexin A5, an important component of the matrix vesicle membrane, plays a vital role in bone matrix homeostasis in the deterioration of osteoporosis. We first identified annexin A5 from adherent MVs but not dissociative MVs of osteoblasts and found that it could be sharply decreased in the bone matrix during the occurrence of osteoporosis based on ovariectomized mice. We then confirmed its potential in mediating the mineralization of the precursor osteoblast lineage via its initial binding with collagen type I to achieve MV adhesion and the subsequent activation of cellular autophagy. Finally, we proved its protective role in resisting bone loss by applying it to osteoporotic mice. Taken together, these data revealed the importance of annexin A5, originating from adherent MVs of osteoblasts, in bone matrix remodeling of osteoporosis and provided a new strategy for the treatment and intervention of bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyue Su
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Demao Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Tong Pei
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shasha Tu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Sijun Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yaojia Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Mengmeng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xinrui Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yang Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chenchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Xiaoheng Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Fluid Shear Stress Regulates Osteogenic Differentiation via AnnexinA6-Mediated Autophagy in MC3T3-E1 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415702. [PMID: 36555344 PMCID: PMC9779398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluid shear stress (FSS) facilitates bone remodeling by regulating osteogenic differentiation, and extracellular matrix maturation and mineralization. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of how mechanical stimuli from FSS are converted into osteogenesis remain largely unexplored. Here, we exposed MC3T3-E1 cells to FSS with different intensities (1 h FSS with 0, 5, 10, and 20 dyn/cm2 intensities) and treatment durations (10 dyn/cm2 FSS with 0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 h treatment). The results demonstrate that the 1 h of 10 dyn/cm2 FSS treatment greatly upregulated the expression of osteogenic markers (Runx2, ALP, Col I), accompanied by AnxA6 activation. The genetic ablation of AnxA6 suppressed the autophagic process, demonstrating lowered autophagy markers (Beclin1, ATG5, ATG7, LC3) and decreased autophagosome formation, and strongly reduced osteogenic differentiation induced by FSS. Furthermore, the addition of autophagic activator rapamycin to AnxA6 knockdown cells stimulated autophagy process, and coincided with more expressions of osteogenic proteins ALP and Col I under both static and FSS conditions. In conclusion, the findings in this study reveal a hitherto unidentified relationship between FSS-induced osteogenic differentiation and autophagy, and point to AnxA6 as a key mediator of autophagy in response to FSS, which may provide a new target for the treatment of osteoporosis and other diseases.
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The mechanosensory and mechanotransductive processes mediated by ion channels and the impact on bone metabolism: A systematic review. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 711:109020. [PMID: 34461086 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.109020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical environments were associated with alterations in bone metabolism. Ion channels present on bone cells are indispensable for bone metabolism and can be directly or indirectly activated by mechanical stimulation. This review aimed to discuss the literature reporting the mechanical regulatory effects of ion channels on bone cells and bone tissue. An electronic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase and Web of Science. Studies about mechanically induced alteration of bone cells and bone tissue by ion channels were included. Ion channels including TRP family channels, Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ channels (CRACs), Piezo1/2 channels, purinergic receptors, NMDA receptors, voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCCs), TREK2 potassium channels, calcium- and voltage-dependent big conductance potassium (BKCa) channels, small conductance, calcium-activated potassium (SKCa) channels and epithelial sodium channels (ENaCs) present on bone cells and bone tissue participate in the mechanical regulation of bone development in addition to contributing to direct or indirect mechanotransduction such as altered membrane potential and ionic flux. Physiological (beneficial) mechanical stimulation could induce the anabolism of bone cells and bone tissue through ion channels, but abnormal (harmful) mechanical stimulation could also induce the catabolism of bone cells and bone tissue through ion channels. Functional expression of ion channels is vital for the mechanotransduction of bone cells. Mechanical activation (opening) of ion channels triggers ion influx and induces the activation of intracellular modulators that can influence bone metabolism. Therefore, mechanosensitive ion channels provide new insights into therapeutic targets for the treatment of bone-related diseases such as osteopenia and aseptic implant loosening.
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Hagan ML, Balayan V, McGee-Lawrence ME. Plasma membrane disruption (PMD) formation and repair in mechanosensitive tissues. Bone 2021; 149:115970. [PMID: 33892174 PMCID: PMC8217198 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.115970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cells employ an array of biological mechanisms to detect and respond to mechanical loading in their environment. One such mechanism is the formation of plasma membrane disruptions (PMD), which foster a molecular flux across cell membranes that promotes tissue adaptation. Repair of PMD through an orchestrated activity of molecular machinery is critical for cell survival, and the rate of PMD repair can affect downstream cellular signaling. PMD have been observed to influence the mechanical behavior of skin, alveolar, and gut epithelial cells, aortic endothelial cells, corneal keratocytes and epithelial cells, cardiac and skeletal muscle myocytes, neurons, and most recently, bone cells including osteoblasts, periodontal ligament cells, and osteocytes. PMD are therefore positioned to affect the physiological behavior of a wide range of vertebrate organ systems including skeletal and cardiac muscle, skin, eyes, the gastrointestinal tract, the vasculature, the respiratory system, and the skeleton. The purpose of this review is to describe the processes of PMD formation and repair across these mechanosensitive tissues, with a particular emphasis on comparing and contrasting repair mechanisms and downstream signaling to better understand the role of PMD in skeletal mechanobiology. The implications of PMD-related mechanisms for disease and potential therapeutic applications are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie L Hagan
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd., CB1101, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Vanshika Balayan
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd., CB1101, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Meghan E McGee-Lawrence
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd., CB1101, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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Eichholz KF, Woods I, Riffault M, Johnson GP, Corrigan M, Lowry MC, Shen N, Labour M, Wynne K, O'Driscoll L, Hoey DA. Human bone marrow stem/stromal cell osteogenesis is regulated via mechanically activated osteocyte-derived extracellular vesicles. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 9:1431-1447. [PMID: 32672416 PMCID: PMC7581449 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone formation or regeneration requires the recruitment, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of stem/stromal progenitor cells. A potent stimulus driving this process is mechanical loading. Osteocytes are mechanosensitive cells that play fundamental roles in coordinating loading-induced bone formation via the secretion of paracrine factors. However, the exact mechanisms by which osteocytes relay mechanical signals to these progenitor cells are poorly understood. Therefore, this study aimed to demonstrate the potency of the mechanically stimulated osteocyte secretome in driving human bone marrow stem/stromal cell (hMSC) recruitment and differentiation, and characterize the secretome to identify potential factors regulating stem cell behavior and bone mechanobiology. We demonstrate that osteocytes subjected to fluid shear secrete a distinct collection of factors that significantly enhance hMSC recruitment and osteogenesis and demonstrate the key role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in driving these effects. This demonstrates the pro-osteogenic potential of osteocyte-derived mechanically activated extracellular vesicles, which have great potential as a cell-free therapy to enhance bone regeneration and repair in diseases such as osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kian F. Eichholz
- Department of Mechanical, Aeronautical and Biomedical EngineeringMaterials and Surface Science Institute, University of LimerickLimerickIreland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical EngineeringTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringSchool of Engineering, Trinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Ian Woods
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical EngineeringTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringSchool of Engineering, Trinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Mathieu Riffault
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical EngineeringTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringSchool of Engineering, Trinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Gillian P. Johnson
- Department of Mechanical, Aeronautical and Biomedical EngineeringMaterials and Surface Science Institute, University of LimerickLimerickIreland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical EngineeringTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringSchool of Engineering, Trinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Michele Corrigan
- Department of Mechanical, Aeronautical and Biomedical EngineeringMaterials and Surface Science Institute, University of LimerickLimerickIreland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical EngineeringTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringSchool of Engineering, Trinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Michelle C. Lowry
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Nian Shen
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical EngineeringTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringSchool of Engineering, Trinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Marie‐Noelle Labour
- Department of Mechanical, Aeronautical and Biomedical EngineeringMaterials and Surface Science Institute, University of LimerickLimerickIreland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical EngineeringTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringSchool of Engineering, Trinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Kieran Wynne
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical ResearchUniversity College DublinDublin 4Ireland
- Mass Spectrometry ResourceUniversity College DublinDublin 4Ireland
| | - Lorraine O'Driscoll
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - David A. Hoey
- Department of Mechanical, Aeronautical and Biomedical EngineeringMaterials and Surface Science Institute, University of LimerickLimerickIreland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical EngineeringTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringSchool of Engineering, Trinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research CentreTrinity College Dublin & RCSIDublinIreland
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7
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Alfieri R, Vassalli M, Viti F. Flow-induced mechanotransduction in skeletal cells. Biophys Rev 2019; 11:729-743. [PMID: 31529361 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-019-00596-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human body is subject to many and variegated mechanical stimuli, actuated in different ranges of force, frequency, and duration. The process through which cells "feel" forces and convert them into biochemical cascades is called mechanotransduction. In this review, the effects of fluid shear stress on bone cells will be presented. After an introduction to present the major players in bone system, we describe the mechanoreceptors in bone tissue that can feel and process fluid flow. In the second part of the review, we present an overview of the biological processes and biochemical cascades initiated by fluid shear stress in bone cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Alfieri
- Institute of Molecular Genetics "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" - National Research Council (IGM-CNR), Via Abbiategrasso, 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Massimo Vassalli
- Institute of Biophysics - National Research Council (IBF-CNR), Via De Marini, 6, 16149, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federica Viti
- Institute of Biophysics - National Research Council (IBF-CNR), Via De Marini, 6, 16149, Genoa, Italy.
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8
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Cheng B, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Li Q, Liu Y, Wang J, Chen Y, Zhang M. The role of anthrax toxin protein receptor 1 as a new mechanosensor molecule and its mechanotransduction in BMSCs under hydrostatic pressure. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12642. [PMID: 31477767 PMCID: PMC6718418 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49100-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthrax toxin protein receptor (ANTXR) 1 has many similarities to integrin and is regarded in some respects as a single-stranded integrin protein. However, it is not clear whether ANTXR1 responds to mechanical signals secondary to the activation of integrins or whether it is a completely new, independent and previously undiscovered mechanosensor that responds to an undefined subset of mechanical signaling molecules. Our study demonstrates that ANTXR1 is a novel mechanosensor on the cell membrane, acting independently from the classical mechanoreceptor molecule integrinβ1. We show that bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) respond to the hydrostatic pressure towards chondrogenic differentiation partly through the glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3β/β-Catenin signaling pathway, which can be partly regulated by ANTXR1 and might be related to the direct binding between ANTXR1 and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) 5/6. In addition, ANTXR1 specifically activates Smad2 and upregulates Smad4 expression to facilitate the transport of activated Smad2 to the nucleus to regulate chondrogenesis, which might be related to the direct binding between ANTXR1 and Actin/Fascin1. We also demonstrate that ANTXR1 binds to some extent with integrinβ1, but this interaction does not affect the expression and function of either protein under pressure. Thus, we conclude that ANTXR1 plays a crucial role in BMSC mechanotransduction and controls specific signaling pathways that are distinct from those of integrin to influence the chondrogenic responses of BMSCs under hydrostatic pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baixiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry and Emergency, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, No.145 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yanzheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry and Emergency, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, No.145 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry and Emergency, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, No.145 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry and Emergency, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, No.145 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yanli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry and Emergency, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, No.145 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry and Emergency, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, No.145 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yongjin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry and Emergency, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, No.145 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry and Emergency, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, No.145 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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Investigation of the Cell Surface Proteome of Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:1947157. [PMID: 27579043 PMCID: PMC4989088 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1947157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the cell surface proteome of human periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSC) compared to human fibroblasts. Cell surface proteins were prelabelled with CyDye before processing to extract the membrane lysates, which were separated using 2D electrophoresis. Selected differentially expressed protein “spots” were identified using Mass spectrometry. Four proteins were selected for validation: CD73, CD90, Annexin A2, and sphingosine kinase 1 previously associated with mesenchymal stem cells. Flow cytometric analysis found that CD73 and CD90 were highly expressed by human PDLSC and gingival fibroblasts but not by keratinocytes, indicating that these antigens could be used as potential markers for distinguishing between mesenchymal cells and epithelial cell populations. Annexin A2 was also found to be expressed at low copy number on the cell surface of human PDLSC and gingival fibroblasts, while human keratinocytes lacked any cell surface expression of Annexin A2. In contrast, sphingosine kinase 1 expression was detected in all the cell types examined using immunocytochemical analysis. These proteomic studies form the foundation to further define the cell surface protein expression profile of PDLSC in order to better characterise this cell population and help develop novel strategies for the purification of this stem cell population.
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10
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Miron RJ, Shuang Y, Sculean A, Buser D, Chandad F, Zhang Y. Gene array of PDL cells exposed to Osteogain in combination with a bone grafting material. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 20:2037-2043. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-015-1702-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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11
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Swimming Activity Prevents the Unloading Induced Loss of Bone Mass, Architecture, and Strength in Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:507848. [PMID: 26090414 PMCID: PMC4450217 DOI: 10.1155/2015/507848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether swimming activity associated with a three-week period of hypoactivity could prevent the deleterious effects of disuse on the tibias of tail-suspended rats. Forty Wistar rats were divided into five groups: (HS) permanently hindlimb suspension rats; (HS + Swim) rats submitted to unloading interrupted by swimming exercise; (HS + WB) hindlimb suspension rats with interruption for regular weight bearing for the same length of time as the HS+Swim rats; (Control) control rats that were allowed regular cage activities; and (Control + Swim) control rats that underwent swimming exercise. At the end of the experiment, bone mineral density, bone strength, and trabecular quantification were analyzed. The hindlimb-suspended rats exhibited bone quality loss (significant decrease in BMD, bone strength, and deterioration of trabecular and cortical bone architecture; decrease in BV/TV, TbN, TbTh, ConnD, CtV, and CtTh; and increase in TbSp) when compared to control rats. In contrast, trained rats showed a significant increase of 43% in bone mass, 29% in bone strength, 58% in trabecular thickness, 85% in bone volume, 27% in trabeculae number, and 30% in cortical volume, when compared to the hindlimb-suspended rats. We conclude that swimming activity not only ameliorates but also fully prevents the deleterious effects on bone quality in osteopenic rats.
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12
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Genetos DC, Wong A, Weber TJ, Karin NJ, Yellowley CE. Impaired osteoblast differentiation in annexin A2- and -A5-deficient cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107482. [PMID: 25222280 PMCID: PMC4164658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexins are a class of calcium-binding proteins with diverse functions in the regulation of lipid rafts, inflammation, fibrinolysis, transcriptional programming and ion transport. Within bone, they are well-characterized as components of mineralizing matrix vesicles, although little else is known as to their function during osteogenesis. We employed shRNA to generate annexin A2 (AnxA2)- or annexin A5 (AnxA5)-knockdown pre-osteoblasts, and determined whether proliferation or osteogenic differentiation was altered in knockdown cells, compared to pSiren (Si) controls. We report that DNA content, a marker of proliferation, was significantly reduced in both AnxA2 and AnxA5 knockdown cells. Alkaline phosphatase expression and activity were also suppressed in AnxA2- or AnxA5-knockdown after 14 days of culture. The pattern of osteogenic gene expression was altered in knockdown cells, with Col1a1 expressed more rapidly in knock-down cells, compared to pSiren. In contrast, Runx2, Ibsp, and Bglap all revealed decreased expression after 14 days of culture. In both AnxA2- and AnxA5-knockdown, interleukin-induced STAT6 signaling was markedly attenuated compared to pSiren controls. These data suggest that AnxA2 and AnxA5 can influence bone formation via regulation of osteoprogenitor proliferation, differentiation, and responsiveness to cytokines in addition to their well-studied function in matrix vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian C. Genetos
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Alice Wong
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Weber
- Systems Toxicology, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States of America
| | - Norman J. Karin
- Systems Toxicology, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States of America
| | - Clare E. Yellowley
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Govey PM, Jacobs JM, Tilton SC, Loiselle AE, Zhang Y, Freeman WM, Waters KM, Karin NJ, Donahue HJ. Integrative transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of osteocytic cells exposed to fluid flow reveals novel mechano-sensitive signaling pathways. J Biomech 2014; 47:1838-45. [PMID: 24720889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Osteocytes, positioned within bone׳s porous structure, are subject to interstitial fluid flow upon whole bone loading. Such fluid flow is widely theorized to be a mechanical signal transduced by osteocytes, initiating a poorly understood cascade of signaling events mediating bone adaptation to mechanical load. The objective of this study was to examine the time course of flow-induced changes in osteocyte gene transcript and protein levels using high-throughput approaches. Osteocyte-like MLO-Y4 cells were subjected to 2h of oscillating fluid flow (1Pa peak shear stress) and analyzed following 0, 2, 8, and 24h post-flow incubation. Transcriptomic microarray analysis, followed by gene ontology pathway analysis, demonstrated fluid flow regulation of genes consistent with both known and unknown metabolic and inflammatory responses in bone. Additionally, two of the more highly up-regulated gene products - chemokines Cxcl1 and Cxcl2, supported by qPCR - have not previously been reported as responsive to fluid flow. Proteomic analysis demonstrated greatest up-regulation of the ATP-producing enzyme NDK, calcium-binding Calcyclin, and G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6. Finally, an integrative pathway analysis merging fold changes in transcript and protein levels predicted signaling nodes not directly detected at the sampled time points, including transcription factors c-Myc, c-Jun, and RelA/NF-κB. These results extend our knowledge of the osteocytic response to fluid flow, most notably up-regulation of Cxcl1 and Cxcl2 as possible paracrine agents for osteoblastic and osteoclastic recruitment. Moreover, these results demonstrate the utility of integrative, high-throughput approaches in place of a traditional candidate approach for identifying novel mechano-sensitive signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Govey
- Division of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Jon M Jacobs
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Susan C Tilton
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Alayna E Loiselle
- Division of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Division of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Willard M Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Katrina M Waters
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Norman J Karin
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Henry J Donahue
- Division of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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14
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Suzuki T, Notomi T, Miyajima D, Mizoguchi F, Hayata T, Nakamoto T, Hanyu R, Kamolratanakul P, Mizuno A, Suzuki M, Ezura Y, Izumi Y, Noda M. Osteoblastic differentiation enhances expression of TRPV4 that is required for calcium oscillation induced by mechanical force. Bone 2013; 54:172-8. [PMID: 23314072 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stress is known to alter bone mass and the loss of force stimuli leads to reduction of bone mass. However, molecules involved in this phenomenon are incompletely understood. As mechanical force would affect signaling events in cells, we focused on a calcium channel, TRPV4 regarding its role in the effects of force stimuli on calcium in osteoblasts. TRPV4 expression levels were enhanced upon differentiation of osteoblasts in culture. We found that BMP-2 treatment enhanced TRPV4 gene expression in a dose dependent manner. BMP-2 effects on TRPV4 expression were suppressed by inhibitors for transcription and new protein synthesis. In these osteoblasts, a TRPV4-selective agonist, 4α-PDD, enhanced calcium signaling and the effects of 4α-PDD were enhanced in differentiated osteoblasts compared to the control cells. Fluid flow, as a mechanical stimulation, induced intracellular calcium oscillation in wild type osteoblasts. In contrast, TRPV4 deficiency suppressed calcium oscillation significantly even when the cells were subjected to fluid flow. These data suggest that TRPV4 is involved in the flow-induced calcium signaling in osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
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15
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Clark GB, Morgan RO, Fernandez MP, Roux SJ. Evolutionary adaptation of plant annexins has diversified their molecular structures, interactions and functional roles. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 196:695-712. [PMID: 22994944 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Annexins are an homologous, structurally related superfamily of proteins known to associate with membrane lipid and cytoskeletal components. Their involvement in membrane organization, vesicle trafficking and signaling is fundamental to cellular processes such as growth, differentiation, secretion and repair. Annexins exist in some prokaryotes and all eukaryotic phyla within which plant annexins represent a monophyletic clade of homologs descended from green algae. Genomic, proteomic and transcriptomic approaches have provided data on the diversity, cellular localization and expression patterns of different plant annexins. The availability of 35 complete plant genomes has enabled systematic comparative analysis to determine phylogenetic relationships, characterize structures and observe functional specificity between and within individual subfamilies. Short amino termini and selective erosion of the canonical type 2 calcium coordinating sites in domains 2 and 3 are typical of plant annexins. The convergent evolution of alternate functional motifs such as 'KGD', redox-sensitive Cys and hydrophobic Trp/Phe residues argues for their functional relevance and contribution to mechanistic diversity in plant annexins. This review examines recent findings and advances in plant annexin research with special focus on their structural diversity, cellular and molecular interactions and their potential integrated functions in the broader context of physiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg B Clark
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78713, USA
| | - Reginald O Morgan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias, University of Oviedo, E-33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Maria-Pilar Fernandez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias, University of Oviedo, E-33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Stanley J Roux
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78713, USA
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16
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Whitney NP, Lamb AC, Louw TM, Subramanian A. Integrin-mediated mechanotransduction pathway of low-intensity continuous ultrasound in human chondrocytes. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2012; 38:1734-43. [PMID: 22920546 PMCID: PMC3438336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Chondrocytes are mechanosensitive cells that require mechanical stimulation for proper growth and function in in vitro culture systems. Ultrasound (US) has emerged as a technique to deliver mechanical stress; however, the intracellular signaling components of the mechanotransduction pathways that transmit the extracellular mechanical stimulus to gene regulatory mechanisms are not fully defined. We evaluated a possible integrin/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) mechanotransduction pathway using Western blotting with antibodies targeting specific phosphorylation sites on intracellular signaling proteins. US stimulation of chondrocytes induced phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), Src, p130 Crk-associated substrate (p130Cas), CrkII and extracellular-regulated kinase (Erk). Furthermore, pre-incubation with inhibitors of integrin receptors, Src and MAPK/Erk kinase (MEK) reduced US-induced Erk phosphorylation levels, indicating integrins and Src are upstream of Erk in an US-mediated mechanotransduction pathway. These findings suggest US signals through integrin receptors to the MAPK/Erk pathway via a mechanotransduction pathway involving FAK, Src, p130Cas and CrkII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P. Whitney
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA 68588-0643
| | - Allyson C. Lamb
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA 68588-0643
| | - Tobias M. Louw
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA 68588-0643
| | - Anuradha Subramanian
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA 68588-0643
- Correspondence: Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 207L Othmer Hall, 820 N. 16th St., Lincoln, NE 68588-0643, USA., Phone: (402)-472-3463 Fax: (402)-472-6989,
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17
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Kantawong F, Robertson ME, Gadegaard N, Oreffo ROC, Burchmore RJ, Dalby MJ. Protein Expression of STRO-1 Cells in Response to Different Topographic Features. J Tissue Eng 2011; 2011:534603. [PMID: 21772957 PMCID: PMC3136090 DOI: 10.4061/2011/534603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human skeletal stem cells (STRO-1 positive) display distinct responses to different topographical features. On a flat surface, skeletal cells spread, and in vitro, they typically display a polarized, fibroblast-like morphology. However, on microgrooved surfaces, these cells prefer to stretch along the grooves forming a similar morphology to in vivo, bipolarized fibroblasts. In contrast, on nanopits, these cells display a polygonal and osteoblastic phenotype. We have examined mechanotransduction events of STRO-1 positive in response to fibroblastic, microgrooved and osteogenic, controlled disorder nanopit, topographies using proteomics after 3 days in culture. Protein expression profiles were analyzed by difference gel electrophoresis to identify proteins that showed modulation of expression in response to different topographic features to assess early decision events in these cells on these discrete topographies. After only 72 hours in culture, STRO-1 positive displayed differential regulations of families of proteins involved in cell migration and proliferation. The current study indicated that osteogenic decision specific events had already occurred. Runx2 was localized in nuclei of the skeletal stem cells on the osteogenic nanopits; however, few signaling pathway changes were observed. This study demonstrated that micro- and nanotopographies activated skeletal stem cells at different times and with distinct mechanotransduction profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahsai Kantawong
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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18
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Mrozik KM, Zilm PS, Bagley CJ, Hack S, Hoffmann P, Gronthos S, Bartold PM. Proteomic characterization of mesenchymal stem cell-like populations derived from ovine periodontal ligament, dental pulp, and bone marrow: analysis of differentially expressed proteins. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 19:1485-99. [PMID: 20050811 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Postnatal mesenchymal stem/stromal-like cells (MSCs) including periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) are capable of self-renewal and differentiation into multiple mesenchymal cell lineages. Despite their similar expression of MSC-associated and osteoblastic markers, MSCs retain the capacity to generate structures resembling the microenvironments from which they are derived in vivo and represent a promising therapy for the regeneration of complex tissues in the clinical setting. With this in mind, systematic approaches are required to identify the differential protein expression patterns responsible for lineage commitment and mediating the formation of these complex structures. This is the first study to compare the differential proteomic expression profiles of ex vivo-expanded ovine PDLSCs, DPSCs, and BMSCs derived from an individual donor. The two-dimensional electrophoresis was performed and regulated proteins were identified by liquid chromatography--electrospray-ionization tandem mass spectrometry (MS and MS/MS), database searching, and de novo sequencing. In total, 58 proteins were differentially expressed between at least 2 MSC populations in both sheep, 12 of which were up-regulated in one MSC population relative to the other two. In addition, the regulation of selected proteins was also conserved between equivalent human MSC populations. We anticipate that differential protein expression profiling will provide a basis for elucidating the protein expression patterns and molecular cues that are crucial in specifying the characteristic growth and developmental capacity of dental and non-dental tissue-derived MSC populations. These expression patterns can serve as important tools for the regeneration of particular tissues in future stem cell-based tissue engineering studies using animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof M Mrozik
- Colgate Australian Clinical Dental Research Centre, Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
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19
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Genetos DC, Wong A, Watari S, Yellowley CE. Hypoxia increases Annexin A2 expression in osteoblastic cells via VEGF and ERK. Bone 2010; 47:1013-9. [PMID: 20817051 PMCID: PMC4420171 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-stimulated angiogenesis is critical for endochondral ossification that occurs during bone development and bone repair. Under these circumstances, VEGF production appears to be driven by low oxygen tension, under the control of the hypoxia-inducible factor-α family of transcription factors (HIF-α). Annexin 2 (AnxA2) a calcium-dependent phospholipid binding protein has been implicated in VEGF-mediated retinal neovascularization and is upregulated by VEGF in choroid retinal endothelial cells. AnxA2 is also expressed in cells of the osteoblast lineage and chondrocytes and may play a role in matrix mineralization. In this paper, we examined the effects of hypoxia (1% O(2)) and VEGF on the expression of AnxA2 in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Hypoxia, desferrioxamine (hypoxia mimetic), and recombinant VEGF all increased AnxA2 mRNA and protein levels in osteoblastic cells. The hypoxia-induced increase in AnxA2 was inhibited by a blocking antibody to VEGF-R1; however, VEGF(120), a VEGF-R1 agonist, demonstrated no influence upon Anxa2 expression. This suggests that VEGF induction of Annexin A2 is not mediated via VEGF-R1 agonism alone but by VEGF-R1 and Neuropilin-1 or Neuropilin-2 heterodimers. In addition, we demonstrated that VEGF-stimulated changes in AnxA2 expression via a pathway involving Src and MEK kinase. These data demonstrate that AnxA2 expression in osteoblasts is under the control of VEGF, which may have implications for both angiogenesis and bone mineralization under low oxygen conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian C. Genetos
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Alice Wong
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Shinya Watari
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Clare E. Yellowley
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Clare E. Yellowley, Ph.D. Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, Tel: 530-754-6513, FAX: 530-754-0150,
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20
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Jacobs CR, Temiyasathit S, Castillo AB. Osteocyte Mechanobiology and Pericellular Mechanics. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2010; 12:369-400. [PMID: 20617941 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-070909-105302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Jacobs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027;
| | - Sara Temiyasathit
- Bioengineering and Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Alesha B. Castillo
- Bone and Joint Center, Department of Rehabilitation Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304
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21
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Regulation of myofibroblast activities: calcium pulls some strings behind the scene. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:2390-401. [PMID: 20451515 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Myofibroblast-induced remodeling of collagenous extracellular matrix is a key component of our body's strategy to rapidly and efficiently repair damaged tissues; thus myofibroblast activity is considered crucial in assuring the mechanical integrity of vital organs and tissues after injury. Typical examples of beneficial myofibroblast activities are scarring after myocardial infarct and repair of damaged connective tissues including dermis, tendon, bone, and cartilage. However, deregulation of myofibroblast contraction causes the tissue deformities that characterize hypertrophic scars as well as organ fibrosis that ultimately leads to heart, lung, liver and kidney failure. The phenotypic features of the myofibroblast, within a spectrum going from the fibroblast to the smooth muscle cell, raise the question as to whether it regulates contraction in a fibroblast- or muscle-like fashion. In this review, we attempt to elucidate this point with a particular focus on the role of calcium signaling. We suggest that calcium plays a central role in myofibroblast biological activity not only in regulating contraction but also in mediating intracellular and extracellular mechanical signals, structurally organizing the contractile actin-myosin cytoskeleton, and establishing lines of intercellular communication.
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22
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Deficiency of annexins A5 and A6 induces complex changes in the transcriptome of growth plate cartilage but does not inhibit the induction of mineralization. J Bone Miner Res 2010; 25:141-53. [PMID: 19580468 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.090710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Initiation of mineralization during endochondral ossification is a multistep process and has been assumed to correlate with specific interactions of annexins A5 and A6 and collagens. However, skeletal development appears to be normal in mice deficient for either A5 or A6, and the highly conserved structures led to the assumption that A5 and A6 may fulfill redundant functions. We have now generated mice deficient of both proteins. These mice were viable and fertile and showed no obvious abnormalities. Assessment of skeletal elements using histologic, ultrastructural, and peripheral quantitative computed tomographic methods revealed that mineralization and development of the skeleton were not significantly affected in mutant mice. Otherwise, global gene expression analysis showed subtle changes at the transcriptome level of genes involved in cell growth and intermediate metabolism. These results indicate that annexins A5 and A6 may not represent the essential annexins that promote mineralization in vivo.
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23
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Bozic B, Irman S, Gaspersic N, Kveder T, Rozman B. Antibodies against annexin A5: detection pitfalls and clinical associations. Autoimmunity 2008; 38:425-30. [PMID: 16278147 DOI: 10.1080/08916930500288356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) has been defined as a clinical and laboratory entity. Laboratory criteria include the presence of anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) and/or lupus anticoagulant (LA), collectively termed as antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). However, there has been a rising interest in antibodies against so-called protein cofactors, particularly in beta(2)-glycoprotein I. In the early 90s, annexins were considered as target antigens for aPL, but at present the exact role of antibodies against annexins (aANX) remains puzzling. This review is concerned with annexin V or annexin A5 (ANXA5), a widespread member of the annexin family, and antibodies directed towards it. We have endeavoured to summarise essential information about the detection of anti-annexin V antibodies (aANXA5) and their clinical relevance. This review has also brought together some relevant published data concerning the structure, physiological role and therapeutic potential of ANXA5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borut Bozic
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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24
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Scott A, Khan KM, Duronio V, Hart DA. Mechanotransduction in human bone: in vitro cellular physiology that underpins bone changes with exercise. Sports Med 2008; 38:139-60. [PMID: 18201116 DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200838020-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bone has a remarkable ability to adjust its mass and architecture in response to a wide range of loads, from low-level gravitational forces to high-level impacts. A variety of types and magnitudes of mechanical stimuli have been shown to influence human bone cell metabolism in vitro, including fluid shear, tensile and compressive strain, altered gravity and vibration. Therefore, the current article aims to synthesize in vitro data regarding the cellular mechanisms underlying the response of human bone cells to mechanical loading. Current data demonstrate commonalities in response to different types of mechanical stimuli on the one hand, along with differential activation of intracellular signalling on the other. A major unanswered question is, how do bone cells sense and distinguish between different types of load? The studies included in the present article suggest that the type and magnitude of loading may be discriminated by overlapping mechanosensory mechanisms including (i) ion channels; (ii) integrins; (iii) G-proteins; and (iv) the cytoskeleton. The downstream signalling pathways identified to date appear to overlap with known growth factor and hormone signals, providing a mechanism of interaction between systemic influences and the local mechanical environment. Finally, the data suggest that exercise should emphasize the amount of load rather than the number of repetitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Scott
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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25
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Waters KM, Tan R, Genetos DC, Verma S, Yellowley CE, Karin NJ. DNA microarray analysis reveals a role for lysophosphatidic acid in the regulation of anti-inflammatory genes in MC3T3-E1 cells. Bone 2007; 41:833-41. [PMID: 17719864 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2007.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2007] [Revised: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid with functional properties that overlap those of growth factors and cytokines. LPA production in vivo is linked to platelet degranulation and the biological activities of this lipid are associated with wound healing. Osteoblasts and their progenitor cells are exposed to high levels of this lipid factor in regions adjacent to bone fractures and we postulate a role for LPA in skeletal healing. The regeneration of bone injuries requires a complex array of changes in gene expression, but the effects of LPA on mRNA levels in bone cells have not been investigated. We performed a genome-wide expression analysis in LPA-treated MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblastic cells using Affymetrix GeneChip arrays. Cells exposed to LPA for 6 h exhibited 513 regulated genes, whereas changes in the levels of 54 transcripts were detected after a 24-h LPA treatment. Gene ontology analysis linked LPA-regulated gene products to biological processes that are known to govern bone healing, including cell proliferation, response to stress, organ development, chemotaxis/motility, and response to stimuli. Among the gene products most highly up-regulated by LPA were transcripts encoding the anti-inflammatory proteins sST2, ST2L, and heat-shock protein 25 (HSP25). RT-PCR analysis confirmed that these mRNAs were increased significantly in MC3T3-E1 cells and primary osteoblasts exposed to LPA. The response of cells to LPA is mediated by G-protein-coupled receptors, and the stimulation of anti-inflammatory gene expression in MC3T3-E1 cells was blocked by Ki16425, an inhibitor of LPA(1) and LPA(3) receptor forms. Pertussis toxin impaired only the LPA-induced expression of sST2. LPA-stimulated levels of sST2, ST2L and HSP25 mRNAs persisted if the cytosolic Ca(2+) elevations elicited by this lipid were blocked with BAPTA. In contrast to the stimulatory effect of LPA, exposure of MC3T3-E1 cells to fluid shear reduced the transcript levels of all three anti-inflammatory genes. The induction of sST2, ST2L and HSP25 expression by LPA suggests a role for this lipid factor in the regulation of osteoblastic cell function during periods of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina M Waters
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
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26
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Abstract
Forces are increasingly recognized as major regulators of cell structure and function, and the mechanical properties of cells are essential to the mechanisms by which cells sense forces, transmit them to the cell interior or to other cells, and transduce them into chemical signals that impact a spectrum of cellular responses. Comparison of the mechanical properties of intact cells with those of the purified cytoskeletal biopolymers that are thought to dominate their elasticity reveal the extent to which the studies of purified systems can account for the mechanical properties of the much more heterogeneous and complex cell. This review summarizes selected aspects of current work on cell mechanics with an emphasis on the structures that are activated in cell-cell contacts, that regulate ion flow across the plasma membrane, and that may sense fluid flow that produces low levels of shear stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Janmey
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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27
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Zhang AX, Yu WH, Ma BF, Yu XB, Mao FF, Liu W, Zhang JQ, Zhang XM, Li SN, Li MT, Lahn BT, Xiang AP. Proteomic identification of differently expressed proteins responsible for osteoblast differentiation from human mesenchymal stem cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2007; 304:167-79. [PMID: 17530189 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-007-9497-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) are a population of multipotent cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, and other cells. The exact mechanism governing the differentiation of hMSC into osteoblasts remains largely unknown. Here, we analyzed protein expression profiles of undifferentiated as well as osteogenic induced hMSC using 2-D gel electrophoresis (2-DE), mass spectrometry (MS), and peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) to investigate the early gene expression in osteoblast differentiation. We have generated proteome maps of undifferentiated hMSC and osteogenic induced hMSC on day 3 and day 7. 2-DE revealed 102 spots with at least 2.0-fold changes in expression and 52 differently expressed proteins were successfully identified by MALDI-TOF-MS. These proteins were classified into 7 functional categories: metabolism, signal transduction, transcription, calcium-binding protein, protein degradation, protein folding and others. The expression of some identified proteins was confirmed by further RT-PCR analyses. This study clarifies the global proteome during osteoblast differentiation. Our results will play an important role in better elucidating the underlying molecular mechanism in hMSC differentiation into osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Xia Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
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28
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Stokes IAF, Burwell RG, Dangerfield PH. Biomechanical spinal growth modulation and progressive adolescent scoliosis--a test of the 'vicious cycle' pathogenetic hypothesis: summary of an electronic focus group debate of the IBSE. SCOLIOSIS 2006; 1:16. [PMID: 17049077 PMCID: PMC1626075 DOI: 10.1186/1748-7161-1-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 10/18/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There is no generally accepted scientific theory for the causes of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). As part of its mission to widen understanding of scoliosis etiology, the International Federated Body on Scoliosis Etiology (IBSE) introduced the electronic focus group (EFG) as a means of increasing debate on knowledge of important topics. This has been designated as an on-line Delphi discussion. The text for this debate was written by Dr Ian A Stokes. It evaluates the hypothesis that in progressive scoliosis vertebral body wedging during adolescent growth results from asymmetric muscular loading in a "vicious cycle" (vicious cycle hypothesis of pathogenesis) by affecting vertebral body growth plates (endplate physes). A frontal plane mathematical simulation tested whether the calculated loading asymmetry created by muscles in a scoliotic spine could explain the observed rate of scoliosis increase by measuring the vertebral growth modulation by altered compression. The model deals only with vertebral (not disc) wedging. It assumes that a pre-existing scoliosis curve initiates the mechanically-modulated alteration of vertebral body growth that in turn causes worsening of the scoliosis, while everything else is anatomically and physiologically 'normal' The results provide quantitative data consistent with the vicious cycle hypothesis. Dr Stokes' biomechanical research engenders controversy. A new speculative concept is proposed of vertebral symphyseal dysplasia with implications for Dr Stokes' research and the etiology of AIS. What is not controversial is the need to test this hypothesis using additional factors in his current model and in three-dimensional quantitative models that incorporate intervertebral discs and simulate thoracic as well as lumbar scoliosis. The growth modulation process in the vertebral body can be viewed as one type of the biologic phenomenon of mechanotransduction. In certain connective tissues this involves the effects of mechanical strain on chondrocytic metabolism a possible target for novel therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian AF Stokes
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
| | - R Geoffrey Burwell
- The Centre for Spinal Studies & Surgery, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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Vogel V, Sheetz M. Local force and geometry sensing regulate cell functions. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2006; 7:265-75. [PMID: 16607289 DOI: 10.1038/nrm1890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1560] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The shapes of eukaryotic cells and ultimately the organisms that they form are defined by cycles of mechanosensing, mechanotransduction and mechanoresponse. Local sensing of force or geometry is transduced into biochemical signals that result in cell responses even for complex mechanical parameters such as substrate rigidity and cell-level form. These responses regulate cell growth, differentiation, shape changes and cell death. Recent tissue scaffolds that have been engineered at the micro- and nanoscale level now enable better dissection of the mechanosensing, transduction and response mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Vogel
- Laboratory for Biologically Oriented Materials, Department of Materials, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, ETH Hönggerberg, HCI F443, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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