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Bhadouria N, Holguin N. Osteoporosis treatments for intervertebral disc degeneration and back pain: a perspective. JBMR Plus 2024; 8:ziae048. [PMID: 38706880 PMCID: PMC11066806 DOI: 10.1093/jbmrpl/ziae048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Low back pain derived from intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a debilitating spinal condition that, despite its prevalence, does not have any intermediary guidelines for pharmacological treatment between palliative care and invasive surgery. The development of treatments for the IVD is complicated by the variety of resident cell types needed to maintain the regionally distinct structural properties of the IVD that permit the safe, complex motions of the spine. Osteoporosis of the spine increases the risk of vertebral bone fracture that can increase the incidence of back pain. Fortunately, there are a variety of pharmacological treatments for osteoporosis that target osteoblasts, osteoclasts and/or osteocytes to build bone and prevent vertebral fracture. Of particular note, clinical and preclinical studies suggest that commonly prescribed osteoporosis drugs like bisphosphonates, intermittent parathyroid hormone, anti-sclerostin antibody, selective estrogen receptor modulators and anti-receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand inhibitor denosumab may also relieve back pain. Here, we cite clinical and preclinical studies and include unpublished data to support the argument that a subset of these therapeutics for osteoporosis may alleviate low back pain by also targeting the IVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neharika Bhadouria
- Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Nilsson Holguin
- Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
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2
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He Y, Liu S, Lin H, Ding F, Shao Z, Xiong L. Roles of organokines in intervertebral disc homeostasis and degeneration. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1340625. [PMID: 38532900 PMCID: PMC10963452 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1340625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The intervertebral disc is not isolated from other tissues. Recently, abundant research has linked intervertebral disc homeostasis and degeneration to various systemic diseases, including obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes. Organokines are a group of diverse factors named for the tissue of origin, including adipokines, osteokines, myokines, cardiokines, gastrointestinal hormones, and hepatokines. Through endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine mechanisms, organokines modulate energy homeostasis, oxidative stress, and metabolic balance in various tissues to mediate cross-organ communication. These molecules are involved in the regulation of cellular behavior, inflammation, and matrix metabolism under physiological and pathological conditions. In this review, we aimed to summarize the impact of organokines on disc homeostasis and degeneration and the underlying signaling mechanism. We focused on the regulatory mechanisms of organokines to provide a basis for the development of early diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin He
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fan Ding
- Department of Orthopaedics, JingMen Central Hospital, Jingmen, China
- Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China
| | - Zengwu Shao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liming Xiong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Xue C, Luo H, Wang L, Deng Q, Kui W, Da W, Chen L, Liu S, Xue Y, Yang J, Li L, Du W, Shi Q, Li X. Aconine attenuates osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and ferroptosis to improve osteoporosis via inhibiting NF-κB signaling. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1234563. [PMID: 38034017 PMCID: PMC10682992 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1234563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP), a prevalent public health concern primarily caused by osteoclast-induced bone resorption, requires potential therapeutic interventions. Natural compounds show potential as therapeutics for postmenopausal OP. Emerging evidence from in vitro osteoclastogenesis assay suggests that aconine (AC) serves as an osteoclast differentiation regulator without causing cytotoxicity. However, the in vivo functions of AC in various OP models need clarification. To address this, we administered intraperitoneal injections of AC to ovariectomy (OVX)-induced OP mice for 8 weeks and found that AC effectively reversed the OP phenotype of OVX mice, leading to a reduction in vertebral bone loss and restoration of high bone turnover markers. Specifically, AC significantly suppressed osteoclastogenesis in vivo and in vitro by decreasing the expression of osteoclast-specific genes such as NFATc1, c-Fos, Cathepsin K, and Mmp9. Importantly, AC can regulate osteoclast ferroptosis by suppressing Gpx4 and upregulating Acsl4, which is achieved through inhibition of the phosphorylation of I-κB and p65 in the NF-κB signaling pathway. These findings suggest that AC is a potential therapeutic option for managing OP by suppressing NF-κB signaling-mediated osteoclast ferroptosis and formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunchun Xue
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Libo Wang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Deng
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyun Kui
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Da
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongpeng Xue
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiafan Yang
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingxing Li
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenlan Du
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Shi
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Wu W, Song K, Chen G, Liu N, Cao T. Ganoderic acid A improves osteoarthritis by regulating RANKL/OPG ratio. Chem Biol Drug Des 2022; 100:313-319. [PMID: 35708158 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderma mushrooms have been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in East Asia. Whether Ganoderic acid A (GAA), the natural product extracted from Ganoderma, could be utilized to alleviate osteoarthritis (OA) is investigated in this study. Destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) model was constructed to reveal the in vivo effect of GAA. We found that GAA could significantly alleviate the pathology of DMM, as confirmed by the diminished maximum histologic scores. On the other hand, GAA could down-regulate the relative expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and up-regulate the relative expression of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) in DMM cartilage and human articular chondrocytes (HC-A) cells with diminished matrix metallopeptidase 13 (MMP-13) secretion in the synovial fluid. It was further demonstrated that the serum concentration of OPG was correlated with the severity of osteoarthritis. All these data reveal that GAA could improve OA by regulating the RANKL/OPG ratio to inhibit the secretion of MMP-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiao Wu
- The Third Department of Orthopaedics, Cangzhou Central Hospital, 16 Xinhua West Road, Cangzhou, Heibei Province, 061001, China
| | - Kun Song
- The Third Department of Orthopaedics, Cangzhou Central Hospital, 16 Xinhua West Road, Cangzhou, Heibei Province, 061001, China
| | - Guangdong Chen
- The Third Department of Orthopaedics, Cangzhou Central Hospital, 16 Xinhua West Road, Cangzhou, Heibei Province, 061001, China
| | - Ning Liu
- The Third Department of Orthopaedics, Cangzhou Central Hospital, 16 Xinhua West Road, Cangzhou, Heibei Province, 061001, China
| | - Tongjun Cao
- The Third Department of Orthopaedics, Cangzhou Central Hospital, 16 Xinhua West Road, Cangzhou, Heibei Province, 061001, China
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Henrotin Y. Osteoarthritis in year 2021: biochemical markers. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2022; 30:237-248. [PMID: 34798278 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize recent scientific advances in protein-derived soluble biomarkers of osteoarthritis. DESIGN A systematic search on the PubMed electronic database of clinical studies on protein-derived soluble biochemical markers of osteoarthritis in humans that were published between January 1st 2020 and March 31th 2021. The studies were selected on the basis of objective criteria and summarized in a table. Then they were described in a narrative review. RESULTS Out of 1971 publications, 48 fulfilled all selection criteria and 16 were selected by the author for the narrative review. The papers were classified according their clinical significance as defined in the BIPEDS classification. Two papers investigated the "burden of disease", two were dedicated to "investigative biomarkers", four papers question the "prognosis", three the "efficacy of treatment" and five the "diagnosis and phenotyping" value of protein-derived biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS Currently, biomarkers research is focused on their use as tools to identify molecular endotypes and clinical phenotypes and to facilitate patient screening and monitoring in clinical trials. This approach should allow a more targeted management of patients suffering from osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Henrotin
- musculoSKeletal Innovative research Lab (mSKIL), Institute of Pathology, Level 5, CHU Sart-Tilman, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Department of Motricity Sciences, University of Liège, Belgium; Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Princess Paola Hospital, Vivalia, Marche-en-Famenne, Belgium.
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Ekram S, Khalid S, Bashir I, Salim A, Khan I. Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells and their chondroprogenitor derivatives reduced pain and inflammation signaling and promote regeneration in a rat intervertebral disc degeneration model. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:3191-3205. [PMID: 33864569 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04155-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is an asymptomatic pathophysiological condition and a strong causative factor of low back pain. There is no cure available except spinal fusion and pain management. Stem cell-based regenerative medicine is being considered as an alternative approach to treat disc diseases. The current study aimed to differentiate human umbilical cord-mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) into chondrocyte-like cells and to elucidate their feasibility and efficacy in the degenerated IVD rat model. Chondrogenic induction medium was used to differentiate hUC-MSCs into chondroprogenitors. Rat tail IVD model was established with three consecutive coccygeal discs. qPCR was performed to quantify the molecular markers of pain and inflammation. Histological staining was performed to evaluate the degree of regeneration. Induced chondroprogenitors showed the expression of chondrogenic genes, SOX9, TGF-β1, ACAN, BMP2, and GDF5. Immunocytochemical staining showed positive expression of chondrogenic proteins SOX9, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and Collagen 2. In in vivo study, transplanted chondroprogenitors showed better survival, homing, and distribution in IVD as compared to normal MSCs. Expression of pain and inflammatory genes at day 5 of cell transplantation modulated immune response significantly. The transplanted labeled MSCs and induced chondroprogenitors differentiated into functional nucleus pulposus (NP) cells as evident from co-localization of red (DiI) and green fluorescence for SOX9, TGF-β1, and TGF-β2. Alcian blue and H & E staining showed standard histological features, indicating better preservation of the NP structure and cellularity than degenerated discs. hUC-MSCs-derived chondroprogenitors showed better regeneration potential as compared to normal MSCs. The pain and inflammation genes were downregulated in the treated group as compared to the degenerated IVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobia Ekram
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Shumaila Khalid
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Imtiaz Bashir
- Zainab Panjwani Memorial Hospital, Mohammadali Habib Road, Numaish Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
| | - Asmat Salim
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Khan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
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Lin JB, Wu H, Liu YL, Shaw PC, Li PB. N16 suppresses RANKL-mediated osteoclatogenesis by down-regulating RANK expression. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 151:1154-1162. [PMID: 31751723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
N16 is an active protein existing in Pinctada martensi. Our previous studies have demonstrated that N16 inhibited osteoclast differentiation in vitro. To better understand how N16 regulates osteoclast differentiation, RAW264.7 cells, a murine monocytic cell line and murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) were adopted. Treatment of RAW264.7 cells with RANKL activated osteoclastogenesis and N16 inhibited the formation of multinucleated osteoclasts and TRAP activity. The suppression occurred at the early stage of osteoclastogenesis. Moreover, we found that N16 inhibited PU.1 and MITF expressions, mirroring the inhibition of RANK expressions, indicating that N16 inhibited RANK expression by down-regulating the expressions of MITF and PU.1, thus preventing osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Bi Lin
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wu
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ling Liu
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Pang-Chui Shaw
- State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants (CUHK), LDS YYC R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pei-Bo Li
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Goode AP, Schwartz TA, Kraus VB, Huebner JL, George SZ, Cleveland RJ, Gracely R, Jimenez M, DeFrate LE, Chen J, Golightly YM, Jordan JM. Inflammatory, Structural, and Pain Biochemical Biomarkers May Reflect Radiographic Disc Space Narrowing: The Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project. J Orthop Res 2020; 38:1027-1037. [PMID: 31750565 PMCID: PMC7162706 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to determine the relationship between biomarkers of inflammation, structure, and pain with radiographic disc space narrowing (DSN) in community-based participants. A total of 74 participants (37 cases and 37 controls) enrolled in the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project during 2006-2010 were selected. The cases had at least mild radiographic DSN and low back pain (LBP). The controls had neither radiographic evidence of DSN nor LBP. The measured analytes from human serum included N-cadherin, Keratin-19, Lumican, CXCL6, RANTES, IL-17, IL-6, BDNF, OPG, and NPY. A standard dolorimeter measured pressure-pain threshold. The coefficients of variation were used to evaluate inter- and intra-assay reliability. Participants with similar biomarker profiles were grouped together using cluster analysis. The binomial regression models were used to estimate risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) in propensity score-matched models. Significant associations were found between radiographic DSN and OPG (RR = 3.90; 95% CI: 1.83, 8.31), IL-6 (RR = 2.54; 95% CI: 1.92, 3.36), and NPY (RR = 2.06 95% CI: 1.62, 2.63). Relative to a cluster with low levels of biomarkers, a cluster representing elevated levels of OPG, RANTES, Lumican, Keratin-19, and NPY (RR = 3.04; 95% CI: 1.22, 7.54) and a cluster representing elevated levels of NPY (RR = 2.91; 95% CI: 1.15, 7.39) were significantly associated with radiographic DSN. Clinical Significance: These findings suggest that individual and combinations of biochemical biomarkers may reflect radiographic DSN. This is just one step toward understanding the relationships between biochemical biomarkers and DSN that may lead to improved intervention delivery. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:1027-1037, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P. Goode
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA,Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,Department of Population Health Science, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Todd A. Schwartz
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Virginia B. Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Janet L. Huebner
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Steven Z. George
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA,Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rebecca J. Cleveland
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rick Gracely
- Department of Endodontics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Maria Jimenez
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Louis E. DeFrate
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yvonne M. Golightly
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Division of Physical Therapy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joanne M. Jordan
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Department of Orthopedics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Yu HM, Chen XL, Wei W, Yao XD, Sun JQ, Su XT, Lin SF. Effect of osteoprotegerin gene polymorphisms on the risk of cervical spondylotic myelopathy in a Chinese population. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2018; 175:149-154. [PMID: 30447607 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is the most common cause of spinal cord dysfunction. Our study aims to explore the correlation of osteoprotegerin (OPG) gene polymorphisms and the risk factors and severity of CSM. PATIENTS AND METHODS The peripheral blood samples from 494 CSM patients and 515 healthy individuals were collected for detecting the 950T/C, 1181G/C and 163A/G genotypes and genetic equilibrium of OPG in the CSM and control groups and analyzing the genotype distribution and allele frequency. The severity of CSM and the impaired segments were evaluated by the Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) scoring combined with cervical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in order to investigate the relations between the three genotypes of OPG promoter gene loci (950T/C, 163A/G and 1181G/C) and occurrence as well as severity of CSM. RESULTS The risk rate of TC genotype carrier suffered from CSM was 0.46, of TT genotype carrier was 0.27. The risk rate of T allele carrier suffered from CSM was 0.37. In 950T/C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), patients with TC, TT and T genotypes had lower risk to suffer from CSM. CONCLUSION Taken together, OPG 950T/C SNP protects against CSM, and it is correlated with the severity of CSM, providing a new idea for the prevention and treatment of CSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ming Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Lei Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second People's Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 451191, PR China
| | - Wu Wei
- The First Department of Orthopedics, Wuzhou Red Cross Hospital of Guangxi, Wuzhou, 543002, PR China
| | - Xue-Dong Yao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, PR China
| | - Jing-Qun Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Hospital of Xiamen, Xiamen, 361100, PR China
| | - Xiao-Tao Su
- Affiliated NanHua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421002, PR China
| | - Shu-Feng Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, PR China
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Deletion of Opg Leads to Increased Neovascularization and Expression of Inflammatory Cytokines in the Lumbar Intervertebral Disc of Mice. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2017; 42:E8-E14. [PMID: 27196016 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000001701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Neovascularization and expression of inflammatory cytokines were examined in Osteoprotegerin (Opg) knockout (KO) mice that show intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to clarify the pathological changes in lumbar IVD degeneration in Opg KO mice. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Osteoporosis is a controversial risk factor for IVD degeneration. Deletion of Opg resulted in IVD degeneration in mice. Neovascularization and inflammatory cytokines are key factors in IVD degeneration. METHODS Opg KO mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates were euthanized. Lumbar IVDs were harvested. Safranin O/Fast Green staining was performed to examine the pathological changes. Microcomputed tomographic (micro-CT) analysis was performed to determine the structural changes at the junction of lumbar IVD cartilage and vertebrae. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining was performed to evaluate osteoclast formation. Protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), CD31, VE-cadherin, CD 34, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factors α (TNF-α) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays. Gene expressions of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS In 12-week-old Opg KO mice, new bone was formed in the endplate cartilage of lumbar IVDs and this became more obvious in 24-week-old Opg KO mice. Three-dimensional (3D) μCT reconstruction analyses showed that the edges of the L4 and L5 vertebrae were rugged with bone marrow cavities in it. Protein expression of VEGF-A, CD31, VE-cadherin, and CD34 was increased in the endplate and growth plate of lumbar IVDs of Opg KO mice. Gene expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α as well as protein expression of IL-1β and TNF-α were highly expressed in the lumbar IVDs of Opg KO mice. CONCLUSION Deletion of Opg leads to increased neovascularization and expression of inflammatory cytokines in the lumbar disc in Opg KO mice, which may play important roles in IVD degeneration. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
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Wang GD, Zhao XW, Zhang YG, Kong Y, Niu SS, Ma LF, Zhang YM. Effects of miR-145 on the inhibition of chondrocyte proliferation and fibrosis by targeting TNFRSF11B in human osteoarthritis. Mol Med Rep 2016; 15:75-80. [PMID: 27922673 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common cause of functional deterioration in older adults, and altered chondrogenesis is the most common pathophysiological process involved in the development of OA. MicroRNA‑145 (miR‑145) has been shown to regulate chondrocyte homeostasis. However, the function of miR‑145 in OA remains to be elucidated. In the present study, the expression levels of miR‑145 were examined in cartilage specimens from 25 patients with knee OA using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. The effects of miR‑145 on the proliferation and fibrosis of the C‑20/A4 and CH8 cell lines were also investigated using 3-(4,5-dimethylth-iazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and western blot assays in vitro. The results revealed that the expression of miR-145 was decreased in the OA cartilage tissues, compared with normal cartilage tissues. The overexpression of miR‑145 by transfection of cells with miR‑145 mimics significantly inhibited C‑20/A4 and CH8 cell proliferation and fibrosis. Furthermore, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 11b (TNFRSF11B) was identified as a direct target of miR‑145 in chondrocytes, which was confirmed using a dual‑luciferase reporter assay. The expression level of TNFRSF11B was markedly upregulated in the patients with OA, and the ectopic expression of miR‑145 was capable of suppressing the expression of TNFRSF11B. In addition, the knock down of TNFRSF11B using specific small interfering RNA also inhibited the proliferation and fibrosis of C‑20/A4 and CH8 cells in vitro. These data provide the first evidence, to the best of our knowledge, to suggest the critical function of miR‑145 in regulating the expression of TNFRSF11B, which may have important implications on the regulation of chondrocyte proliferation and fibrosis in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Dong Wang
- Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Wei Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Ge Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, P.R. China
| | - Ying Kong
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, P.R. China
| | - Shuai-Shuai Niu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, P.R. China
| | - Long-Fei Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, P.R. China
| | - Yuan-Min Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, P.R. China
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Xue JB, Zhan XL, Wang WJ, Yan YG, Liu C. OPG rs2073617 polymorphism is associated with upregulated OPG protein expression and an increased risk of intervertebral disc degeneration. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:702-710. [PMID: 27446264 PMCID: PMC4950610 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the associations between three distinct osteoprotegerin (OPG) gene polymorphisms and the risk of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). A total of 200 IDD patients and 200 healthy controls were recruited from the Department of Spine Surgery at the First Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China (Hengyang, China) between January 2013 and May 2014. The allele, genotype and haplotype frequency distributions of three OPG polymorphisms in the study and control populations were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction prior to restriction fragment length polymorphism or high resolution melting assays. In addition, serum OPG levels were measured via an ELISA. The genotype and allele frequencies of the OPG rs2073617 polymorphisms were significantly higher in the IDD patients, as compared with the control group (P<0.05). Furthermore, carriers of the C allele exhibited a higher risk of IDD, as compared with carriers of the T allele (P<0.001). Conversely, the genotype and allele frequencies of the two other gene polymorphisms, rs2073618 and rs3102735, showed no significant differences between the patients and controls (P>0.05). The serum OPG levels were significantly higher in IDD patients with TT, TC and CC genotypes at the OPG rs2073617 polymorphism, as compared with the control group (P<0.05). Logistic-regression analysis suggested that high serum levels of OPG were positively correlated with IDD risk, whereas the T-C-A, T-G-A and T-G-G haplotypes were negatively correlated with IDD risk (P<0.05). Furthermore, the G-T-G haplotype was associated with protection against IDD (P=0.008), whereas the G-C-G haplotype was associated with an elevated susceptibility to IDD (P=0.007). The results of the present study suggested that OPG rs2073617 polymorphisms and upregulated serum levels of OPG were associated with an increased risk of IDD, whereas the T-C-A, T-G-A and T-G-G haplotypes were protective factors for IDD. The results of the present study suggested that the OPG gene polymorphism may have an important role in the progression of IDD, and its serum level may function as a valuable predictive indicator of the severity of degenerative disc diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Bo Xue
- Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530000, P.R. China; Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Li Zhan
- Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530000, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Jun Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Guo Yan
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Chong Liu
- Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530000, P.R. China
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Wang L, Qiu XM, Gui YY, Xu YP, Gober HJ, Li DJ. Bu-Shen-Ning-Xin decoction: inhibition of osteoclastogenesis by abrogation of the RANKL-induced NFATc1 and NF-κB signaling pathways via selective estrogen receptor α. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:3755-66. [PMID: 26229438 PMCID: PMC4516212 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s88512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bu-Shen-Ning-Xin decoction (BSNXD) is a traditional Chinese medicinal composition that has been used as a remedy for postmenopausal osteoporosis, but the mechanisms affecting bone metabolism are not fully understood. PURPOSE We investigated the molecular mechanism and signaling pathway underlying the effect of BSNXD on osteoclastogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A postmenopausal osteoporosis animal model generated by ovariectomy was administered BSNXD and drug-derived serum was prepared. An enzyme immunoassay was conducted to measure the 17-β-estradiol (E2) concentration in the drug-derived serum. Bone marrow-derived monocyte/macrophage precursor cells were treated with drug-derived serum, and tartrate-resistance acid phosphatase staining was conducted to observe osteoclastogenesis. A bone resorption assay was performed to analyze the effect on osteoclastic resorptive function. Real-time PCR, flow cytometry, Western blotting, transfection, and luciferase assays were conducted to explore the related mechanism. RESULTS E2 was not elevated in BSNXD-derived serum. BSNXD-derived serum suppressed receptor activation of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL)-activated osteoclastogenesis in a dose-dependent manner; this effect could be reversed by estrogen receptor α antagonist methyl-piperidino-pyrazole. The serum suppressed RANKL-induced NF-κB transcription and inhibited the accumulation of nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 in osteoclast precursor cells; the inhibitory effect was abolished by methyl-piperidino-pyrazole but not the estrogen receptor β antagonist or androgen receptor antagonist. CONCLUSION These results collectively suggest that administration of BSNXD presents inhibitory effects on osteoclast differentiation by abrogating the RANKL-induced nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 and NF-κB signaling pathways downstream of estrogen receptor α, thereby contributing to the inhibitory effect on bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IBS, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, People's Republic of China ; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Min Qiu
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IBS, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, People's Republic of China ; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Yan Gui
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IBS, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, People's Republic of China ; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Ping Xu
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IBS, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, People's Republic of China ; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hans-Jürgen Gober
- Department of Pharmacy, Wagner Jauregg Hospital and Children's Hospital, Wagner Jauregg Weg, Linz, Austria
| | - Da-Jin Li
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IBS, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Chan WCW, Au TYK, Tam V, Cheah KSE, Chan D. Coming together is a beginning: the making of an intervertebral disc. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 102:83-100. [PMID: 24677725 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The intervertebral disc (IVD) is a complex fibrocartilaginous structure located between the vertebral bodies that allows for movement and acts as a shock absorber in our spine for daily activities. It is composed of three components: the nucleus pulposus (NP), annulus fibrosus, and cartilaginous endplate. The characteristics of these cells are different, as they produce specific extracellular matrix (ECM) for tissue function and the niche in supporting the differentiation status of the cells in the IVD. Furthermore, cell heterogeneities exist in each compartment. The cells and the supporting ECM change as we age, leading to degenerative outcomes that often lead to pathological symptoms such as back pain and sciatica. There are speculations as to the potential of cell therapy or the use of tissue engineering as treatments. However, the nature of the cells present in the IVD that support tissue function is not clear. This review looks at the origin of cells in the making of an IVD, from the earliest stages of embryogenesis in the formation of the notochord, and its role as a signaling center, guiding the formation of spine, and in its journey to become the NP at the center of the IVD. While our current understanding of the molecular signatures of IVD cells is still limited, the field is moving fast and the potential is enormous as we begin to understand the progenitor and differentiated cells present, their molecular signatures, and signals that we could harness in directing the appropriate in vitro and in vivo cellular responses in our quest to regain or maintain a healthy IVD as we age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson C W Chan
- Department of Biochemistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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15
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Zhao YP, Tian QY, Liu B, Cuellar J, Richbourgh B, Jia TH, Liu CJ. Progranulin knockout accelerates intervertebral disc degeneration in aging mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9102. [PMID: 25777988 PMCID: PMC4894449 DOI: 10.1038/srep09102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a common degenerative disease, yet much is unknown about the mechanisms during its pathogenesis. Herein we investigated whether progranulin (PGRN), a chondroprotective growth factor, is associated with IVD degeneration. PGRN was detectable in both human and murine IVD. The levels of PGRN were upregulated in murine IVD tissue during aging process. Loss of PGRN resulted in an early onset of degenerative changes in the IVD tissue and altered expressions of the degeneration-associated molecules in the mouse IVD tissue. Moreover, PGRN knockout mice exhibited accelerated IVD matrix degeneration, abnormal bone formation and exaggerated bone resorption in vertebra with aging. The acceleration of IVD degeneration observed in PGRN null mice was probably due to the enhanced activation of NF-κB signaling and β-catenin signaling. Taken together, PGRN may play a critical role in homeostasis of IVD, and may serve as a potential molecular target for prevention and treatment of disc degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-peng Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY. 10003
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Qing-yun Tian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY. 10003
| | - Ben Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY. 10003
| | - Jason Cuellar
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY. 10003
| | - Brendon Richbourgh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY. 10003
| | - Tang-hong Jia
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Chuan-ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY. 10003
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
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OPG/RANKL/RANK axis is a critical inflammatory signaling system in ischemic brain in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:8191-6. [PMID: 24847069 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1400544111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a soluble secreted protein and a decoy receptor, which inhibits a receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)/the receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) signaling. Recent clinical studies have shown that a high-serum-OPG level is associated with unfavorable outcome in ischemic stroke, but it is unclear whether OPG is a culprit or an innocent bystander. Here we demonstrate that enhanced RANKL/RANK signaling in OPG(-/-) mice or recombinant RANKL-treated mice contributed to the reduction of infarct volume and brain edema via reduced postischemic inflammation. On the contrary, infarct volume was increased by reduced RANKL/RANK signaling in OPG(-/-) mice and WT mice treated with anti-RANKL neutralizing antibody. OPG, RANKL, and RANK mRNA were increased in the acute stage and were expressed in activated microglia and macrophages. Although enhanced RANKL/RANK signaling had no effects in glutamate, CoCl2, or H2O2-stimulated neuronal culture, enhanced RANKL/RANK signaling showed neuroprotective effects with reduced expression in inflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated neuron-glia mixed culture, suggesting that RANKL/RANK signaling can attenuate inflammation through a Toll-like receptor signaling pathway in microglia. Our findings propose that increased OPG could be a causal factor of reducing RANKL/RANK signaling and increasing postischemic inflammation. Thus, the OPG/RANKL/RANK axis plays critical roles in controlling inflammation in ischemic brains.
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Samartzis D, Karppinen J, Cheung JPY, Lotz J. Disk degeneration and low back pain: are they fat-related conditions? Global Spine J 2013; 3:133-44. [PMID: 24436864 PMCID: PMC3854598 DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1350054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Low back pain (LBP) is the world's most debilitating condition. Disk degeneration has been regarded as a strong determinant associated with LBP. Overweight and obesity are public health concerns that affect every population worldwide and whose prevalence continues to rise. Studies have indicated strong associations between overweight/obesity and disk degeneration as well as with LBP. This broad narrative review article addresses the various mechanisms that may be involved leading to disk degeneration and/or LBP in the setting of overweight/obesity. In particular, our goal is to raise awareness of the role of fat cells and their involvement via altered metabolism or the release of adipokines as well as other pathways that may lead to the development of disk degeneration and LBP. Understanding the role of fat in this process may aid in the development of novel biological therapies and technologies to halt the progression or regenerate the disk. Moreover, with genetic advancements and the appreciation of genetic epidemiology, a more personalized approach to spine care may have to consider the role of fat in any preventative, therapeutic, and/or prognosis modalities toward the disk and LBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dino Samartzis
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Jaro Karppinen
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jason Pui Yin Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Jeffrey Lotz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
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Nosikova Y, Santerre JP, Grynpas MD, Kandel RA. Annulus fibrosus cells can induce mineralization: an in vitro study. Spine J 2013; 13:443-53. [PMID: 23332388 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2012.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT There is still no consensus as to whether the calcification observed in degenerate intervertebral discs (IVDs) is a cause or a consequence of disc degeneration. PURPOSE To investigate the mineralization potential of healthy (independent of other associated changes) annulus fibrosus (AF) cells under controlled in vitro conditions. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING In vitro study to investigate the mineralization potential of the AF cells. METHODS Annulus fibrosus cells, isolated from bovine IVDs, were grown in monolayer. The effect of cell density, culture time, age of cell source, and passage on the percentage of AF cells with alkaline phosphatase activity (ALPa) was evaluated. Gene expression of mineralization-associated markers was determined. Cells were immunostained for Type I, II, and X collagens. To study mineralization potential, AF cells and AF cells that were sorted into two populations, high (top 5% ± 1%) or low (bottom 5% ± 1%) ALPa expressors, were grown in the presence of β-glycerophosphate for 2 weeks. RESULTS The percentage of AF cells that express ALPa changes with time in culture and seeding density for primary immature and mature cell sources but not for passaged cells. Gene expression of ALP, matrix metallopeptidase-13 (MMP-13), osteopontin, and runt-related transcription factor 2 was upregulated by Day 7. Under mineralization-inducing conditions, high ALPa expressors and unsorted AF cells formed von Kossa-positive nodules, composed of hydroxyapatite as determined by electron diffraction analysis. Low ALPa expressors had significantly fewer von Kossa-positive nodules (p<.01) compared with high ALPa expressors. Cells showed colocalization of Type I collagen and ALPa. No Type II collagen was detected suggesting that these were AF cells and not chondrocytes. CONCLUSIONS Annulus fibrosus cells have mineralizing capability and form hydroxyapatite crystalline deposits when cultured under appropriate conditions. This system could be used to investigate mineralization mechanisms in the AF during pathological calcification and at the AF-bone interface in disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslavna Nosikova
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Room 407, Toronto, M5S 3G9 Ontario, Canada
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Nosikova YS, Santerre JP, Grynpas M, Gibson G, Kandel RA. Characterization of the annulus fibrosus-vertebral body interface: identification of new structural features. J Anat 2012; 221:577-89. [PMID: 22747710 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01537.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Current surgical treatments for degenerative intervertebral disc disease do not restore full normal spinal movement. Tissue engineering a functional disc replacement may be one way to circumvent this limitation, but will require an integration of the different tissues making up the disc for this approach to be successful. Hence, an in-depth characterization of the native tissue interfaces, including annulus insertion into bone is necessary, as knowledge of this interface is limited. The objective of this study was to characterize the annulus fibrosus-vertebral bone (AF-VB) interface in immature (6-9 months old) and mature (18-24 months old) bovine discs, as well as to define these structures for normal adult human (22 and 45 years old) discs. Histological assessment showed that collagen fibers in the inner annulus, which are predominantly type II collagen, all appear to insert into the mineralized endplate zone. In contrast, some of the collagen fibers of the outer annulus, predominantly type I collagen, insert into this endplate, while other fibers curve laterally, at an ∼ 90° angle, to the outer aspect of the bone, and merge with the periosteum. This is seen in both human and bovine discs. Where the AF inserts into the calcified zone of the AF-VB interface, it passes through a chondroid region, rich in type II collagen and proteoglycans. Annulus cells (elongated cells that are not surrounded by proteoglycans) are present at this interface. This cartilage zone is evident in both human and bovine discs. Type X collagen and alkaline phosphatase are localized to the interface region. Age-associated differences in bovine spines are observed when examining the interface thickness and the matrix composition of the cartilaginous endplate, as well as the thickness of the mineralized endplate. These findings will assist with the design of the AF-VB interface in the tissue engineered disc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Nosikova
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
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