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Gassner C, Vongsvivut J, Ng SH, Ryu M, Tobin MJ, Juodkazis S, Morikawa J, Wood BR. Linearly Polarized Infrared Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Biological Materials. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 77:977-1008. [PMID: 37464791 DOI: 10.1177/00037028231180233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of biological samples with polarized infrared spectroscopy (p-IR) has long been a widely practiced method for the determination of sample orientation and structural properties. In contrast to earlier works, which employed this method to investigate the fundamental chemistry of biological systems, recent interests are moving toward "real-world" applications for the evaluation and diagnosis of pathological states. This focal point review provides an up-to-date synopsis of the knowledge of biological materials garnered through linearly p-IR on biomolecules, cells, and tissues. An overview of the theory with special consideration to biological samples is provided. Different modalities which can be employed along with their capabilities and limitations are outlined. Furthermore, an in-depth discussion of factors regarding sample preparation, sample properties, and instrumentation, which can affect p-IR analysis is provided. Additionally, attention is drawn to the potential impacts of analysis of biological samples with inherently polarized light sources, such as synchrotron light and quantum cascade lasers. The vast applications of p-IR for the determination of the structure and orientation of biological samples are given. In conclusion, with considerations to emerging instrumentation, findings by other techniques, and the shift of focus toward clinical applications, we speculate on the future directions of this methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum Gassner
- Centre for Biospectroscopy, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Jitraporn Vongsvivut
- Infrared Microspectroscopy (IRM) Beamline, ANSTO-Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Australia
| | - Soon Hock Ng
- Optical Sciences Centre and ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Meguya Ryu
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mark J Tobin
- Infrared Microspectroscopy (IRM) Beamline, ANSTO-Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Australia
| | - Saulius Juodkazis
- Optical Sciences Centre and ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Junko Morikawa
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bayden R Wood
- Centre for Biospectroscopy, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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Blank M, McGregor NE, Rowley L, Kung LHW, Crimeen-Irwin B, Poulton IJ, Walker EC, Gooi JH, Lamandé SR, Sims NA, Bateman JF. The effect of carbamazepine on bone structure and strength in control and osteogenesis imperfecta (Col1a2 +/p.G610C ) mice. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:4021-4031. [PMID: 35701367 PMCID: PMC9279589 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The inherited brittle bone disease osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is commonly caused by COL1A1 and COL1A2 mutations that disrupt the collagen I triple helix. This causes intracellular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention of the misfolded collagen and can result in a pathological ER stress response. A therapeutic approach to reduce this toxic mutant load could be to stimulate mutant collagen degradation by manipulating autophagy and/or ER‐associated degradation. Since carbamazepine (CBZ) both stimulates autophagy of misfolded collagen X and improves skeletal pathology in a metaphyseal chondrodysplasia model, we tested the effect of CBZ on bone structure and strength in 3‐week‐old male OI Col1a2+/p.G610C and control mice. Treatment for 3 or 6 weeks with CBZ, at the dose effective in metaphyseal chondrodysplasia, provided no therapeutic benefit to Col1a2+/p.G610C mouse bone structure, strength or composition, measured by micro‐computed tomography, three point bending tests and Fourier‐transform infrared microspectroscopy. In control mice, however, CBZ treatment for 6 weeks impaired femur growth and led to lower femoral cortical and trabecular bone mass. These data, showing the negative impact of CBZ treatment on the developing mouse bones, raise important issues which must be considered in any human clinical applications of CBZ in growing individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Blank
- Bone Cell Biology and Disease Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Narelle E McGregor
- Bone Cell Biology and Disease Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lynn Rowley
- Musculoskeletal Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise H W Kung
- Musculoskeletal Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Blessing Crimeen-Irwin
- Bone Cell Biology and Disease Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ingrid J Poulton
- Bone Cell Biology and Disease Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma C Walker
- Bone Cell Biology and Disease Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan H Gooi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotecβhnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shireen R Lamandé
- Musculoskeletal Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalie A Sims
- Bone Cell Biology and Disease Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John F Bateman
- Musculoskeletal Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Isojima T, Sims NA. Cortical bone development, maintenance and porosity: genetic alterations in humans and mice influencing chondrocytes, osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5755-5773. [PMID: 34196732 PMCID: PMC11073036 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03884-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cortical bone structure is a crucial determinant of bone strength, yet for many years studies of novel genes and cell signalling pathways regulating bone strength have focused on the control of trabecular bone mass. Here we focus on mechanisms responsible for cortical bone development, growth, and degeneration, and describe some recently described genetic-driven modifications in humans and mice that reveal how these processes may be controlled. We start with embryonic osteogenesis of preliminary bone structures preceding the cortex and describe how this structure consolidates then matures to a dense, vascularised cortex containing an increasing proportion of lamellar bone. These processes include modelling-induced, and load-dependent, asymmetric cortical expansion, which enables the cortex's transition from a highly porous woven structure to a consolidated and thickened highly mineralised lamellar bone structure, infiltrated by vascular channels. Sex-specific differences emerge during this process. With aging, the process of consolidation reverses: cortical pores enlarge, leading to greater cortical porosity, trabecularisation and loss of bone strength. Each process requires co-ordination between bone formation, bone mineralisation, vascularisation, and bone resorption, with a need for locational-, spatial- and cell-specific signalling pathways to mediate this co-ordination. We will discuss these processes, and a number of cell-signalling pathways identified in both murine and human genetic studies to regulate cortical bone mass, including signalling through gp130, STAT3, PTHR1, WNT16, NOTCH, NOTUM and sFRP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Isojima
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes St, Fitzroy, VIC, 3122, Australia
- Department of Pediatrics, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natalie A Sims
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes St, Fitzroy, VIC, 3122, Australia.
- Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia.
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Endocrine role of bone in the regulation of energy metabolism. Bone Res 2021; 9:25. [PMID: 34016950 PMCID: PMC8137703 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-021-00142-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone mainly functions as a supportive framework for the whole body and is the major regulator of calcium homeostasis and hematopoietic function. Recently, an increasing number of studies have characterized the significance of bone as an endocrine organ, suggesting that bone-derived factors regulate local bone metabolism and metabolic functions. In addition, these factors can regulate global energy homeostasis by altering insulin sensitivity, feeding behavior, and adipocyte commitment. These findings may provide a new pathological mechanism for related metabolic diseases or be used in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of metabolic diseases such as osteoporosis, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. In this review, we summarize the regulatory effect of bone and bone-derived factors on energy metabolism and discuss directions for future research.
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Miszkiewicz JJ, Valentin F, Vrahnas C, Sims NA, Vongsvivut J, Tobin MJ, Clark G. Bone loss markers in the earliest Pacific Islanders. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3981. [PMID: 33597553 PMCID: PMC7889909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83264-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Kingdom of Tonga in Polynesia is one of the most obese nations where metabolic conditions, sedentary lifestyles, and poor quality diet are widespread. These factors can lead to poor musculoskeletal health. However, whether metabolic abnormalities such as osteoporosis occurred in archaeological populations of Tonga is unknown. We employed a microscopic investigation of femur samples to establish whether bone loss afflicted humans in this Pacific region approximately 3000 years ago. Histology, laser confocal microscopy, and synchrotron Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy were used to measure bone vascular canal densities, bone porosity, and carbonate and phosphate content of bone composition in eight samples extracted from adult Talasiu males and females dated to 2650 BP. Compared to males, samples from females had fewer vascular canals, lower carbonate and phosphate content, and higher bone porosity. Although both sexes showed evidence of trabecularised cortical bone, it was more widespread in females (35.5%) than males (15.8%). Our data suggest experiences of advanced bone resorption, possibly as a result of osteoporosis. This provides first evidence for microscopic bone loss in a sample of archaeological humans from a Pacific population widely afflicted by metabolic conditions today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna J Miszkiewicz
- School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, 44 Linnaeus Way, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Frédérique Valentin
- CNRS, UMR 7041, ArScAn, Ethnologie préhistorique, Maison René-Ginouvès, Archéologie et Ethnologie, 21 Allée de l'Université, 92023, Nanterre Cedex, France.,Archaeology and Natural History, School of Culture History and Language, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Christina Vrahnas
- Bone Biology and Disease Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, Melbourne, VIC, 3065, Australia.,Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3065, Australia.,MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, James Black Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Natalie A Sims
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3065, Australia.,MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, James Black Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Jitraporn Vongsvivut
- Infrared Microspectroscopy Beamline, ANSTO - Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Mark J Tobin
- Infrared Microspectroscopy Beamline, ANSTO - Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Clark
- Archaeology and Natural History, School of Culture History and Language, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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Malkovskiy AV, Van Wassenhove LD, Goltsev Y, Osei-Sarfo K, Chen CH, Efron B, Gudas LJ, Mochly-Rosen D, Rajadas J. The Effect of Ethanol Consumption on Composition and Morphology of Femur Cortical Bone in Wild-Type and ALDH2*2-Homozygous Mice. Calcif Tissue Int 2021; 108:265-276. [PMID: 33068139 PMCID: PMC8092984 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-020-00769-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
ALDH2 inactivating mutation (ALDH2*2) is the most abundant mutation leading to bone morphological aberration. Osteoporosis has long been associated with changes in bone biomaterial in elderly populations. Such changes can be exacerbated with elevated ethanol consumption and in subjects with impaired ethanol metabolism, such as carriers of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2)-deficient gene, ALDH2*2. So far, little is known about bone compositional changes besides a decrease in mineralization. Raman spectroscopic imaging has been utilized to study the changes in overall composition of C57BL/6 female femur bone sections, as well as in compound spatial distribution. Raman maps of bone sections were analyzed using multilinear regression with these four isolated components, resulting in maps of their relative distribution. A 15-week treatment of both wild-type (WT) and ALDH2*2/*2 mice with 20% ethanol in the drinking water resulted in a significantly lower mineral content (p < 0.05) in the bones. There was no significant change in mineral and collagen content due to the mutation alone (p > 0.4). Highly localized islets of elongated adipose tissue were observed on most maps. Elevated fat content was found in ALDH2*2 knock-in mice consuming ethanol (p < 0.0001) and this effect appeared cumulative. This work conclusively demonstrates that that osteocytes in femurs of older female mice accumulate fat, as has been previously theorized, and that fat accumulation is likely modulated by levels of acetaldehyde, the ethanol metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Malkovskiy
- Biomaterials and Advanced Drug Delivery Laboratory, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Lauren D Van Wassenhove
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yury Goltsev
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Kwame Osei-Sarfo
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Che-Hong Chen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Bradley Efron
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Lorraine J Gudas
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Daria Mochly-Rosen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jayakumar Rajadas
- Biomaterials and Advanced Drug Delivery Laboratory, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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7
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Miszkiewicz JJ, Rider C, Kealy S, Vrahnas C, Sims NA, Vongsvivut J, Tobin MJ, Bolunia MJLA, De Leon AS, Peñalosa AL, Pagulayan PS, Soriano AV, Page R, Oxenham MF. Asymmetric midshaft femur remodeling in an adult male with left sided hip joint ankylosis, Metal Period Nagsabaran, Philippines. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2020; 31:14-22. [PMID: 32877865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated microstructural changes of the right and left midshaft femur in an archaeological individual afflicted with left-sided hip joint ankylosis to assess whether increased cortical porosity was present as a result of leg disuse. MATERIALS The individual is a middle-aged adult male excavated from the Metal Period (∼2000 BP) Nagsabaran, Luzon Island, Philippines. METHODS Following standard examination of femur gross anatomy and differential diagnosis of the hip joint fusion, ∼1 cm thick posterior midshaft femur samples were removed for microstructural examination. Using static histomorphometry, bone multi-cellular unit activity from Haversian canal (vascular pore) density, area, and circularity was reconstructed. Spatial positioning of Haversian canals was mapped using Geographic Information Systems software. Phosphate, carbonate, and carbonate:phosphate ratios were obtained using synchrotron-sourced Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy. RESULTS The left femur had greater cortical pore density, with smaller and rounder vascular canals, in addition to lower matrix levels of phosphate and carbonate, when compared to the right femur. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate compromised bone tissue in the left femur, and conform to expected bone functional adaptation paradigms of remodeling responses to pathological and biomechanical changes. SIGNIFICANCE The preservation of this individual's hip abnormality created a unique opportunity to evaluate intra-skeletal bone health asymmetry, which may help other researchers evaluate the presence of limb disuse in archaeological samples. LIMITATIONS A lack of lower limb data limits our interpretations to femur remodeling only. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Future research efforts should aim to examine the presence of remodeling changes in all bones of the lower limb. LAYUNIN Gamit ang buto ng magkabilang pemur ng isang taong natagpuan sa isang archaeological site na may sakit na ankylosis sa kaliwang balakang, pinag-aralan ang iba't-ibang microstructures galing sa gitnang bahagi o midshaft ng pemur upang malaman kung may makikitang mataas na cortical porosity ang buto dahil hindi ito malimit gamitin. GAMIT Ang pinag-aaralang buto ay galing sa isang indibidwal na tinatayang middle-age na lalaki na namuhay noong Panahon ng Metal (∼2000 BP) sa Nagsabaran, Cagayan, Republika ng Pilipinas. PAMAMARAAN Matapos ang unang pagkilatis sa femur at ang pagkilala ng sakit sa balakang, kumuha ng ∼1 sentimetro ng buto galing sa midshaft ng pemur upang lalong mapag-aralan ang kanyang microstructure. Gamit ang static histomorphometry, napag-aralan ang mga naiwang bakas ng multi-cellular unit activity ayon sa kapal, laki at pagkakabilog ng Haversian canal (vascular pore). Gumamit din ng Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software upang mapag-aralan ang kaugnayan ng posisyon ng Haversian canal. Panghuli, gumamit din ng synchroton-sourced Fourier transform infrared (sFTIR) microspectroscopy upang makuha ang bilang ng phosphate, carbonate, at carbonate:phosphate ratio. RESULTA Napag-alaman na ang kaliwang pemur ay mayroong higit na maraming cortical pores, maliit at mabilog na vascular canals, at mababang bilang ng phosphate, carbonate kung ihahambing sa kanang pemur. KONKLUSYON Ayon sa aming datos, ang kaliwang pemur ay umaayon sa mga katangian ng isang butong may sakit. Sumunod din ito sa inaasahang bone functional adaptation paradigms of remodeling ng buto dahil may sakit at hindi nagamit. KAHALAGAHAN Dahil maganda ang pagkakalibing ng buto ng balakang, nagkaroon ng pagkakataong makilatis ang kalusugan ng sinaunang-tao sa pamamagitan ng pag-aaral ng kalusugan ng buto. Dagdag pa, makakatulong din ito upang malaman kung ibang mananaliksik ang pag-aaral ng ibang butong hindi nagagamit mula sa archaeological site. LIMITASYON Dahil walang nakuhang ibang buto mula sa binti at paa, ang pemur lang ang naimbestigahan. MUNGKAHI PARA SA MGA SUSUNOD NA PAG-AARAL Kung magkakaroon ng pagkakataon sa susunod, dapat maimbistigahan ang lahat ng buto ng binti (lower limb).
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna J Miszkiewicz
- School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, 44 Linnaeus Way, Canberra, ACT, 2601 Australia.
| | - Claire Rider
- School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, 44 Linnaeus Way, Canberra, ACT, 2601 Australia
| | - Shimona Kealy
- School of Culture, History, and Language, Archaeology and Natural History, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
| | - Christina Vrahnas
- Bone Biology and Disease Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, Melbourne, VIC, 3065, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3065, Australia; MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, James Black Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie A Sims
- Bone Biology and Disease Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, Melbourne, VIC, 3065, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Jitraporn Vongsvivut
- Infrared Microspectroscopy (IRM) Beamline, ANSTO - Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Mark J Tobin
- Infrared Microspectroscopy (IRM) Beamline, ANSTO - Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | | | - Alexandra S De Leon
- Archaeology Division, National Museum of the Philippines, P. Burgos St., Manila, 1000, Philippines
| | - Antonio L Peñalosa
- Archaeology Division, National Museum of the Philippines, P. Burgos St., Manila, 1000, Philippines
| | - Pablo S Pagulayan
- Archaeology Division, National Museum of the Philippines, P. Burgos St., Manila, 1000, Philippines
| | - Adan V Soriano
- Archaeology Division, National Museum of the Philippines, P. Burgos St., Manila, 1000, Philippines
| | - Ruth Page
- School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, 44 Linnaeus Way, Canberra, ACT, 2601 Australia
| | - Marc F Oxenham
- School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, 44 Linnaeus Way, Canberra, ACT, 2601 Australia; Department of Archaeology, University of Aberdeen, St. Mary's, Elphinstone Road, Aberdeen, AB24 3UF, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Bakr MM, Kelly WL, Brunt AR, Paterson BC, Massa HM, Morrison NA, Forwood MR. Intermittent Parathyroid Hormone Accelerates Stress Fracture Healing More Effectively Following Cessation of Bisphosphonate Treatment. JBMR Plus 2020; 4:e10387. [PMID: 32995690 PMCID: PMC7507447 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and bisphosphonates (BPs), including alendronate (ALN), have opposing effects on bone dynamics. The extent to which PTH remains effective in the treatment of stress fracture (SFx) in the presence of an ongoing BP treatment has not been tested. SFx was induced in 150 female Wistar rats, divided into five equal groups (n = 30). All rats were pretreated with ALN (1 μg/kg-1/day-1) for 14 days prior to SFx induction, followed by ALN cessation or continuation for the duration of the experiment; this was combined with daily PTH (8 μg/100 g-1/day-1) on SFx induction for 14 days, followed by cessation or continuation of ALN after SFx induction or an equivalent vehicle as a control. Ulnas were examined 2 weeks or 6 weeks following SFx. Two toluidine blue- and two tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-stained sections were examined for histomorphometric analysis using Osteomeasure software. There was a significant interaction between the effects of time and treatment type on the woven bone width and apposition rate, as well as an improvement in the woven bone architecture. However, woven bone variables remained unaffected by the cessation or continuation of ALN. Cessation of ALN increased osteoclast number when compared with the ALN-PTH continuation group (p = 0.006), and vehicle (p = 0.024) after 2 weeks. There was a significant interaction between the effects of time and treatment type on the number of osteoclasts per unit BMU area and length. The number of osteoclasts per unit BMU area and length was significantly greater in ALN cessation groups. It was concluded that intermittent short-duration iPTH treatment effectively increased remodeling of SFx with a concurrent BP treatment, provided that BP was ceased at the time of SFx. Our results could help develop shorter iPTH treatment protocols for the clinical management of SFxs and guide clinical decision-making to cease BP treatment in cases of SFx. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Bakr
- School of Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia.,School of Dentistry and Oral Health Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia
| | - Wendy L Kelly
- School of Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia
| | - Athena R Brunt
- School of Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia
| | - Bradley C Paterson
- School of Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia
| | - Helen M Massa
- School of Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia
| | - Nigel A Morrison
- School of Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia
| | - Mark R Forwood
- School of Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia
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9
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Ouyang N, Li H, Wang M, Shen H, Si J, Shen G. The Transcription Factor Foxc1 Promotes Osteogenesis by Directly Regulating Runx2 in Response of Intermittent Parathyroid Hormone (1-34) Treatment. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:592. [PMID: 32431614 PMCID: PMC7216818 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is crucial for bone remodeling. Intermittent PTH (1–34) administration stimulates osteogenesis and promotes bone formation; however, the possible targets and underlying mechanisms still remain unclear. In this study, functional links between PTH and Foxc1, a transcription factor reported to be predominant in skeletal development and formation, were indicated. We determined the impacts of Foxc1 on in vitro osteogenic differentiation and in vivo bone regeneration under intermittent PTH induction, and further explored its possible targets. We found that the expression level of Foxc1 was upregulated during osteogenic induction by intermittent PTH treatment, and the elevated expression of Foxc1 induced by PTH was inhibited by PTH1R silencing, while rescued by intermittent PTH supplement. By gain- and loss-of-function strategies targeting Foxc1 in MC3T3-E1 cells, we demonstrated that Foxc1 could promote in vitro osteogenic differentiation by intermittent PTH induction. Moreover, immunofluorescence analysis indicated the nuclear co-localization of Foxc1 with Runx2. Luciferase-reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis further confirmed that Foxc1 could bind to the P1 promoter region of Runx2 directly, which plays an indispensable part in osteogenic differentiation and bone mineralization. Meanwhile, we also revealed that Foxc1 could promote bone regeneration induced by intermittent PTH treatment in vivo. Taken together, this study revealed the role and mechanism of Foxc1 on in vitro osteogenic differentiation and in vivo bone regeneration in response of intermittent PTH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningjuan Ouyang
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Minjiao Wang
- Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongzhou Shen
- Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiawen Si
- Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Guofang Shen
- Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
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10
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Blank M, Sims NA. Cellular Processes by Which Osteoblasts and Osteocytes Control Bone Mineral Deposition and Maturation Revealed by Stage-Specific EphrinB2 Knockdown. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2019; 17:270-280. [PMID: 31401710 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-019-00524-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We outline the diverse processes contributing to bone mineralization and bone matrix maturation by describing two mouse models with bone strength defects caused by restricted deletion of the receptor tyrosine kinase ligand EphrinB2. RECENT FINDINGS Stage-specific EphrinB2 deletion differs in its effects on skeletal strength. Early-stage deletion in osteoblasts leads to osteoblast apoptosis, delayed initiation of mineralization, and increased bone flexibility. Deletion later in the lineage targeted to osteocytes leads to a brittle bone phenotype and increased osteocyte autophagy. In these latter mice, although mineralization is initiated normally, all processes involved in matrix maturation, including mineral accrual, carbonate substitution, and collagen compaction, progress more rapidly. Osteoblasts and osteocytes control the many processes involved in bone mineralization; defining the contributing signaling activities may lead to new ways to understand and treat human skeletal fragilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Blank
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Melbourne, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Natalie A Sims
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, and the Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Melbourne, VIC, 3065, Australia.
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11
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Increased autophagy in EphrinB2-deficient osteocytes is associated with elevated secondary mineralization and brittle bone. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3436. [PMID: 31366886 PMCID: PMC6668467 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11373-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mineralized bone forms when collagen-containing osteoid accrues mineral crystals. This is initiated rapidly (primary mineralization), and continues slowly (secondary mineralization) until bone is remodeled. The interconnected osteocyte network within the bone matrix differentiates from bone-forming osteoblasts; although osteoblast differentiation requires EphrinB2, osteocytes retain its expression. Here we report brittle bones in mice with osteocyte-targeted EphrinB2 deletion. This is not caused by low bone mass, but by defective bone material. While osteoid mineralization is initiated at normal rate, mineral accrual is accelerated, indicating that EphrinB2 in osteocytes limits mineral accumulation. No known regulators of mineralization are modified in the brittle cortical bone but a cluster of autophagy-associated genes are dysregulated. EphrinB2-deficient osteocytes displayed more autophagosomes in vivo and in vitro, and EphrinB2-Fc treatment suppresses autophagy in a RhoA-ROCK dependent manner. We conclude that secondary mineralization involves EphrinB2-RhoA-limited autophagy in osteocytes, and disruption leads to a bone fragility independent of bone mass. Osteoblasts mediate bone formation, and their differentiation requires expression of EphrinB2. Here, the authors show that EphrinB2 is also expressed by osteocytes, and that its genetic ablation in mice is associated with altered autophagy, elevated mineralization and brittle bone.
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12
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Abstract
Bone tissue is comprised of a collagen-rich matrix containing non-collagenous organic compounds, strengthened by mineral crystals. Bone strength reflects the amount and structure of bone, as well as its quality. These qualities are determined and maintained by osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) and osteoclasts (bone-resorbing cells) on the surface of the bone and osteocytes embedded within the bone matrix. Bone development and growth also involves cartilage cells (chondrocytes). These cells do not act in isolation, but function in a coordinated manner, including co-ordination within each lineage, between the cells of bone, and between these cells and other cell types within the bone microenvironment. This chapter will briefly outline the cells of bone, their major functions, and some communication pathways responsible for controlling bone development and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Ansari
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalie A Sims
- Bone Biology and Disease Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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13
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Vrahnas C, Buenzli PR, Pearson TA, Pennypacker BL, Tobin MJ, Bambery KR, Duong LT, Sims NA. Differing Effects of Parathyroid Hormone, Alendronate, and Odanacatib on Bone Formation and on the Mineralization Process in Intracortical and Endocortical Bone of Ovariectomized Rabbits. Calcif Tissue Int 2018; 103:625-637. [PMID: 30019315 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-018-0455-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Bone is formed by deposition of a collagen-containing matrix (osteoid) that hardens over time as mineral crystals accrue and are modified; this continues until bone remodeling renews that site. Pharmacological agents for osteoporosis differ in their effects on bone remodeling, and we hypothesized that they may differently modify bone mineral accrual. We, therefore, assessed newly formed bone in mature ovariectomized rabbits treated with the anti-resorptive bisphosphonate alendronate (ALN-100µ g/kg/2×/week), the anabolic parathyroid hormone (PTH (1-34)-15µ g/kg/5×/week), or the experimental anti-resorptive odanacatib (ODN 7.5 µM/day), which suppresses bone resorption without suppressing bone formation. Treatments were administered for 10 months commencing 6 months after ovariectomy (OVX). Strength testing, histomorphometry, and synchrotron Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy were used to measure bone strength, bone formation, and mineral accrual, respectively, in newly formed endocortical and intracortical bone. In Sham and OVX endocortical and intracortical bone, three modifications occurred as the bone matrix aged: mineral accrual (increase in mineral:matrix ratio), carbonate substitution (increase in carbonate:mineral ratio), and collagen molecular compaction (decrease in amide I:II ratio). ALN suppressed bone formation but mineral accrued normally at those sites where bone formation occurred. PTH stimulated bone formation on endocortical, periosteal, and intracortical bone surfaces, but mineral accrual and carbonate substitution were suppressed, particularly in intracortical bone. ODN treatment did not suppress bone formation, but newly deposited endocortical bone matured more slowly with ODN, and ODN-treated intracortical bone had less carbonate substitution than controls. In conclusion, these agents differ in their effects on the bone matrix. While ALN suppresses bone formation, it does not modify bone mineral accrual in endocortical or intracortical bone. While ODN does not suppress bone formation, it slows matrix maturation. PTH stimulates modelling-based bone formation not only on endocortical and trabecular surfaces, but may also do so in intracortical bone; at this site, new bone deposited contains less mineral than normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Vrahnas
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Pascal R Buenzli
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Thomas A Pearson
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Mark J Tobin
- The Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Keith R Bambery
- The Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, The Australian Synchrotron, Lucas Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Le T Duong
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Natalie A Sims
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia.
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14
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Lodberg A, Eijken M, van der Eerden BCJ, Okkels MW, Thomsen JS, Brüel A. A soluble activin type IIA receptor mitigates the loss of femoral neck bone strength and cancellous bone mass in a mouse model of disuse osteopenia. Bone 2018; 110:326-334. [PMID: 29499419 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Disuse causes a rapid and substantial bone loss distinct in its pathophysiology from the bone loss associated with cancers, age, and menopause. While inhibitors of the activin-receptor signaling pathway (IASPs) have been shown to prevent ovariectomy- and cancer-induced bone loss, their application in a model of disuse osteopenia remains to be tested. Here, we show that a soluble activin type IIA receptor (ActRIIA-mFc) increases diaphyseal bone strength and cancellous bone mass, and mitigates the loss of femoral neck bone strength in the Botulinum Toxin A (BTX)-model of disuse osteopenia in female C57BL/6J mice. We show that ActRIIA-mFc treatment preferentially stimulates a dual-effect (anabolic-antiresorptive) on the periosteal envelope of diaphyseal bone, demonstrating in detail the effects of ActRIIA-mFc on cortical bone. These observations constitute a previously undescribed feature of IASPs that mediates at least part of their ability to mitigate detrimental effects of unloading on bone tissue. The study findings support the application of IASPs as a strategy to combat bone loss during disuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lodberg
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Marco Eijken
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Renal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | - Annemarie Brüel
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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15
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Ansari N, Ho PW, Crimeen-Irwin B, Poulton IJ, Brunt AR, Forwood MR, Divieti Pajevic P, Gooi JH, Martin TJ, Sims NA. Autocrine and Paracrine Regulation of the Murine Skeleton by Osteocyte-Derived Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein. J Bone Miner Res 2018; 33:137-153. [PMID: 28914969 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) have N-terminal domains that bind a common receptor, PTHR1. N-terminal PTH (teriparatide) and now a modified N-terminal PTHrP (abaloparatide) are US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapies for osteoporosis. In physiology, PTHrP does not normally circulate at significant levels, but acts locally, and osteocytes, cells residing within the bone matrix, express both PTHrP and the PTHR1. Because PTHR1 in osteocytes is required for normal bone resorption, we determined how osteocyte-derived PTHrP influences the skeleton. We observed that adult mice with low PTHrP in osteocytes (targeted with the Dmp1(10kb)-Cre) have low trabecular bone volume and osteoblast numbers, but osteoclast numbers were unaffected. In addition, bone size was normal, but cortical bone strength was impaired. Osteocyte-derived PTHrP therefore stimulates bone formation and bone matrix strength, but is not required for normal osteoclastogenesis. PTHrP knockdown and overexpression studies in cultured osteocytes indicate that osteocyte-secreted PTHrP regulates their expression of genes involved in matrix mineralization. We determined that osteocytes secrete full-length PTHrP with no evidence for secretion of lower molecular weight forms containing the N-terminus. We conclude that osteocyte-derived full-length PTHrP acts through both PTHR1 receptor-mediated and receptor-independent actions in a paracrine/autocrine manner to stimulate bone formation and to modify adult cortical bone strength. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Ansari
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patricia Wm Ho
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Ingrid J Poulton
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Athena R Brunt
- School of Medical Science and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark R Forwood
- School of Medical Science and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paola Divieti Pajevic
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan H Gooi
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - T John Martin
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalie A Sims
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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16
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Lu Y, Boudiffa M, Dall'Ara E, Liu Y, Bellantuono I, Viceconti M. Longitudinal effects of Parathyroid Hormone treatment on morphological, densitometric and mechanical properties of mouse tibia. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 75:244-251. [PMID: 28756285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) as bone anabolic is limited due to cost-benefit assessments. Preclinical studies evaluating the effects of PTH on bone have reported variable and often contradictory results. Here, we have applied a new approach using a combination of in-vivo longitudinal µCT, image processing techniques and finite element models to monitor early local changes in the whole tibia (divided in 40 compartments) and mechanical properties of female C57BL/6J mice treated with PTH 1-34, compared to controls. Compared with standard 3D bone morphometric analysis, our new approach allowed detection of much smaller and localised changes in bone mineral content (BMC) at very early time points (1 week vs 3 weeks with standard methods) and showed that changes do not occur uniformly over time and across the anatomical space. Indeed, in the PTH treated mice, significant changes in BMC were observed in the medial and posterior sectors of the proximal tibia, a week after treatment, and in the medial sector of the tibia midshaft region a week later (p < 0.05). By the third week, two thirds of the regions showed significantly higher values of BMC (p < 0.05). The effect of PTH on bone regional volume is similar to that on BMC, but there is almost no effect of PTH on bone tissue mineral density. The differences in estimated mechanical properties became significant after three weeks of treatment (p < 0.05). These results provide the first evidence of an early and localised PTH effect on murine bone, and show that our novel partitioning approach, compared to the standard evaluation protocol, allows a more precise quantification of bone changes following treatment, which would facilitate preclinical testing of novel mono- and/or combination therapies throughout the bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Lu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China; Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Insigneo Institute for in Silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Maya Boudiffa
- MRC Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Enrico Dall'Ara
- Insigneo Institute for in Silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; MRC Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Ilaria Bellantuono
- Insigneo Institute for in Silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; MRC Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Marco Viceconti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Insigneo Institute for in Silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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17
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Martin TJ, Seeman E. Abaloparatide Is an Anabolic, but Does It Spare Resorption? J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:11-16. [PMID: 27859635 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T John Martin
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ego Seeman
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Institute of Health and Ageing, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
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18
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Retinoic acid receptor signalling directly regulates osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation from mesenchymal progenitor cells. Exp Cell Res 2016; 350:284-297. [PMID: 27964926 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Low and high serum retinol levels are associated with increased fracture risk and poor bone health. We recently showed retinoic acid receptors (RARs) are negative regulators of osteoclastogenesis. Here we show RARs are also negative regulators of osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation. The pan-RAR agonist, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), directly inhibited differentiation and mineralisation of early osteoprogenitors and impaired the differentiation of more mature osteoblast populations. In contrast, the pan-RAR antagonist, IRX4310, accelerated differentiation of early osteoprogenitors. These effects predominantly occurred via RARγ and were further enhanced by an RARα agonist or antagonist, respectively. RAR agonists similarly impaired adipogenesis in osteogenic cultures. RAR agonist treatment resulted in significant upregulation of the Wnt antagonist, Sfrp4. This accompanied reduced nuclear and cytosolic β-catenin protein and reduced expression of the Wnt target gene Axin2, suggesting impaired Wnt/β-catenin signalling. To determine the effect of RAR inhibition in post-natal mice, IRX4310 was administered to male mice for 10 days and bones were assessed by µCT. No change to trabecular bone volume was observed, however, radial bone growth was impaired. These studies show RARs directly influence osteoblast and adipocyte formation from mesenchymal cells, and inhibition of RAR signalling in vivo impairs radial bone growth in post-natal mice.
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