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Jin Z, Xu H, Sun X, Yan B, Wang L. Targeting SAT1 prevents osteoporosis through promoting osteoclast apoptosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116732. [PMID: 38739990 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a systemic bone disease characterized by decreased bone mass that is tightly regulated by the coordinated actions of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Apoptosis as a precise programmed cell death involves a cascade of gene expression events which are mechanistically linked to the regulation of bone metabolism. Nevertheless, the critical biomolecules involved in regulating cell apoptosis in osteoporosis remain unknown. To gain a deeper insight into the relationship between apoptosis and osteoporosis, this study integrated the sequencing results of human samples and using a machine learning workflow to overcome the limitations of a single study. Among all immune cell populations, we assessed the apoptotic level and portrayed the distinct subtypes and lineage differentiation of monocytic cells in osteoporotic tissues. Osteoclasts expressed a higher level of Spermidine/spermine-N1-Acetyltransferase1 (SAT1) during osteoclastogenesis which prevented osteoclasts apoptosis and facilitate osteoporosis progression. In addition, Berenil, one potent SAT1 inhibitor, increased osteoclast apoptosis and reversed the bone loss in the femurs of a murine ovariectomy model. In summary, Berenil promotes osteoclast apoptosis, inhibits the bone resorption and improves the abnormal bone structure in vitro and in vivo models by targeting SAT1, demonstrating its potential as a precise therapeutic strategy for clinical osteoporosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichun Jin
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Research, Prevention and Treatment for Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Research, Prevention and Treatment for Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Xueyu Sun
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Research, Prevention and Treatment for Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Bin Yan
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Research, Prevention and Treatment for Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Research, Prevention and Treatment for Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
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2
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Tjandra PM, Ripplinger CM, Christiansen BA. The heart-bone connection: relationships between myocardial infarction and osteoporotic fracture. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2024; 326:H845-H856. [PMID: 38305753 PMCID: PMC11062618 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00576.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) and osteoporotic fracture (Fx) are two of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Although these traumatic injuries are treated as if they are independent, there is epidemiological evidence linking the incidence of Fx and MI, thus raising the question of whether each of these events can actively influence the risk of the other. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis, the chronic conditions leading to MI and Fx, are known to have shared pathoetiology. Furthermore, sustained systemic inflammation after traumas such as MI and Fx has been shown to exacerbate both underlying chronic conditions. However, the effects of MI and Fx outside their own system have not been well studied. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the complement system initiate a systemic response after MI that could lead to subsequent changes in bone remodeling through osteoclasts. Similarly, SNS and complement system activation following fracture could lead to heart tissue damage and exacerbate atherosclerosis. To determine whether damaging bone-heart cross talk may be important comorbidity following Fx or MI, this review details the current understanding of bone loss after MI, cardiovascular damage after Fx, and possible shared underlying mechanisms of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla M Tjandra
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States
| | - Crystal M Ripplinger
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis Health, Davis, California, United States
| | - Blaine A Christiansen
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, California, United States
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3
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Harris A, Creecy A, Awosanya OD, McCune T, Ozanne MV, Toepp AJ, Kacena MA, Qiao X. SARS-CoV-2 and its Multifaceted Impact on Bone Health: Mechanisms and Clinical Evidence. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2024; 22:135-145. [PMID: 38236510 PMCID: PMC10912131 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-023-00843-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW SARS-CoV-2 infection, the culprit of the COVID-19 pandemic, has been associated with significant long-term effects on various organ systems, including bone health. This review explores the current understanding of the impacts of SARS-CoV-2 infection on bone health and its potential long-term consequences. RECENT FINDINGS As part of the post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection, bone health changes are affected by COVID-19 both directly and indirectly, with multiple potential mechanisms and risk factors involved. In vitro and preclinical studies suggest that SARS-CoV-2 may directly infect bone marrow cells, leading to alterations in bone structure and osteoclast numbers. The virus can also trigger a robust inflammatory response, often referred to as a "cytokine storm", which can stimulate osteoclast activity and contribute to bone loss. Clinical evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 may lead to hypocalcemia, altered bone turnover markers, and a high prevalence of vertebral fractures. Furthermore, disease severity has been correlated with a decrease in bone mineral density. Indirect effects of SARS-CoV-2 on bone health, mediated through muscle weakness, mechanical unloading, nutritional deficiencies, and corticosteroid use, also contribute to the long-term consequences. The interplay of concurrent conditions such as diabetes, obesity, and kidney dysfunction with SARS-CoV-2 infection further complicates the disease's impact on bone health. SARS-CoV-2 infection directly and indirectly affects bone health, leading to potential long-term consequences. This review article is part of a series of multiple manuscripts designed to determine the utility of using artificial intelligence for writing scientific reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Harris
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Amy Creecy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Olatundun D Awosanya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Thomas McCune
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Marie V Ozanne
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, USA
| | - Angela J Toepp
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
- Enterprise Analytics, Sentara Health, Virginia Beach, VA, USA
| | - Melissa A Kacena
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Xian Qiao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA.
- SMG Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Specialists, Norfolk, VA, USA.
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA.
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4
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Creecy A, Awosanya OD, Harris A, Qiao X, Ozanne M, Toepp AJ, Kacena MA, McCune T. COVID-19 and Bone Loss: A Review of Risk Factors, Mechanisms, and Future Directions. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2024; 22:122-134. [PMID: 38221578 PMCID: PMC10912142 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-023-00842-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW SARS-CoV-2 drove the catastrophic global phenomenon of the COVID-19 pandemic resulting in a multitude of systemic health issues, including bone loss. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent findings related to bone loss and potential mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS The early clinical evidence indicates an increase in vertebral fractures, hypocalcemia, vitamin D deficiencies, and a loss in BMD among COVID-19 patients. Additionally, lower BMD is associated with more severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Preclinical models have shown bone loss and increased osteoclastogenesis. The bone loss associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection could be the result of many factors that directly affect the bone such as higher inflammation, activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, recruitment of Th17 cells, the hypoxic environment, and changes in RANKL/OPG signaling. Additionally, SARS-CoV-2 infection can exert indirect effects on the skeleton, as mechanical unloading may occur with severe disease (e.g., bed rest) or with BMI loss and muscle wasting that has also been shown to occur with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Muscle wasting can also cause systemic issues that may influence the bone. Medications used to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection also have a negative effect on the bone. Lastly, SARS-CoV-2 infection may also worsen conditions such as diabetes and negatively affect kidney function, all of which could contribute to bone loss and increased fracture risk. SARS-CoV-2 can negatively affect the bone through multiple direct and indirect mechanisms. Future work will be needed to determine what patient populations are at risk of COVID-19-related increases in fracture risk, the mechanisms behind bone loss, and therapeutic options. This review article is part of a series of multiple manuscripts designed to determine the utility of using artificial intelligence for writing scientific reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Creecy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Olatundun D Awosanya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alexander Harris
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xian Qiao
- Critical Care, and Sleep Specialists, SMG Pulmonary, Norfolk, VA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Marie Ozanne
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, USA
| | - Angela J Toepp
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
- Enterprise Analytics, Sentara Health, Virginia Beach, VA, USA
| | - Melissa A Kacena
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Thomas McCune
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA.
- Division of Nephrology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA.
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Luo W, Yao C, Sun J, Zhang B, Chen H, Miao J, Zhang Y. Alamandine attenuates ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis by promoting osteogenic differentiation via AMPK/eNOS axis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2024; 25:45. [PMID: 38200474 PMCID: PMC10777585 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-07159-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alamandine is a newly characterized peptide of renin angiotensin system. Our study aims to investigate the osteo-preservative effects of alamandine, explore underlying mechanism and bring a potential preventive strategy for postmenopausal osteoporosis in the future. METHODS An ovariectomy (OVX)-induced rat osteoporosis model was established for in vivo experiments. Micro-computed tomography and three-point bending test were used to evaluate bone strength. Histological femur slices were processed for immunohistochemistry (IHC). Bone turnover markers and nitric oxide (NO) concentrations in serum were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mouse embryo osteoblast precursor (MC3T3-E1) cells were used for in vitro experiments. The cell viability was analysed with a Cell Counting Kit‑8. We performed Alizarin Red S staining and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay to observe the differentiation status of osteoblasts. Western blotting was adopted to detect the expression of osteogenesis related proteins and AMP-activated protein kinase/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (AMPK/eNOS) in osteoblasts. DAF-FM diacetate was used for semi-quantitation of intracellular NO. RESULTS In OVX rats, alamandine alleviated osteoporosis and maintained bone strength. The IHC showed alamandine increased osteocalcin and collagen type I α1 (COL1A1) expression. The ELISA revealed alamandine decreased bone turnover markers and restored NO level in serum. In MC3T3-E1 cells, alamandine promoted osteogenic differentiation. Western blotting demonstrated that alamandine upregulated the expression of osteopontin, Runt-related transcription factor 2 and COL1A1. The intracellular NO was also raised by alamandine. Additionally, the activation of AMPK/eNOS axis mediated the effects of alamandine on MC3T3-E1 cells and bone tissue. PD123319 and dorsomorphin could repress the regulating effect of alamandine on bone metabolism. CONCLUSION Alamandine attenuates ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis by promoting osteogenic differentiation via AMPK/eNOS axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanxin Luo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong City, 226001, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Chen Yao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong City, 226001, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong City, 226001, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong City, 226001, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong City, 226001, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Jin Miao
- Laboratory Animal Center of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong City, 226001, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Yafeng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong City, 226001, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
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Maranduca MA, Cosovanu MA, Clim A, Pinzariu AC, Filip N, Drochioi IC, Vlasceanu VI, Timofte DV, Nemteanu R, Plesa A, Pertea M, Serban IL. The Renin-Angiotensin System: The Challenge behind Autoimmune Dermatological Diseases. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3398. [PMID: 37998534 PMCID: PMC10670244 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13223398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune dermatological diseases (AIDD) encompass a diverse group of disorders characterized by aberrant immune responses targeting the skin and its associated structures. In recent years, emerging evidence suggests a potential involvement of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the pathogenesis and progression of these conditions. RAS is a multicomponent cascade, primarily known for its role in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance. All of the RAS components play an important role in controlling inflammation and other immune responses. Angiotensin II, the main effector, acts on two essential receptors: Angiotensin Receptor 1 and 2 (AT1R and AT2R). A disturbance in the axis can lead to many pathological processes, including autoimmune (AI) diseases. AT1R activation triggers diverse signaling cascades involved in inflammation, fibrosis and tissue remodeling. Experimental studies have demonstrated the presence of AT1R in various cutaneous cells and immune cells, further emphasizing its potential contribution to the AI processes in the skin. Furthermore, recent investigations have highlighted the role of other RAS components, beyond angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and Ang II, that may contribute to the pathophysiology of AIDD. Alternative pathways involving ACE2, Ang receptors and Ang-(1-7) have been implicated in regulating immune responses and tissue homeostasis within the skin microenvironment. Understanding the intricate involvement of the RAS in AIDD may provide novel therapeutic opportunities. Targeting specific components of the RAS, such as angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) or alternative RAS pathway modulators, could potentially ameliorate inflammatory responses, reduce tissue damage and lessen disease manifestations. Further research is warranted to outline the exact mechanisms underlying RAS-mediated immune dysregulation in AIDD. This abstract aims to provide a concise overview of the intricate interplay between the RAS and AIDD. Therefore, we elaborate a systematic review of the potential challenge of RAS in the AIDD, including psoriasis, systemic sclerosis, vitiligo, lupus erythematosus and many more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minela Aida Maranduca
- Discipline of Physiology, Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Internal Medicine Clinic, “St. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mihai Andrei Cosovanu
- Discipline of Physiology, Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Andreea Clim
- Discipline of Physiology, Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alin Constantin Pinzariu
- Discipline of Physiology, Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Nina Filip
- Discipline of Biochemistry, Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ilie Cristian Drochioi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Reconstructive, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700020 Iasi, Romania
| | - Vlad Ionut Vlasceanu
- Discipline of Surgical Semiology, Department of Surgery I, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Daniel Vasile Timofte
- Discipline of Surgical Semiology, Department of Surgery I, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Roxana Nemteanu
- Medical I Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, “St. Spiridon” University Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alina Plesa
- Medical I Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, “St. Spiridon” University Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mihaela Pertea
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Reconstructive Microsurgery, “Sf. Spiridon” Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ionela Lacramioara Serban
- Discipline of Physiology, Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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Abuohashish H, Shahin S, Alamri A, Salloot Z, Alhawaj H, Omar O. Angiotensin(1-7) attenuates tooth movement and regulates alveolar bone response during orthodontic force application in experimental animal model. Prog Orthod 2023; 24:33. [PMID: 37840086 PMCID: PMC10577116 DOI: 10.1186/s40510-023-00486-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renin-angiotensin system and its ACE2/Ang(1-7)/Mas receptor axis regulates skeletal response to multiple physiological and pathological conditions. Recent research suggested a vital role of Ang(1-7) in regulating alveolar bone metabolism and remodeling. In this context, this study evaluated the effects of the Ang(1-7)/Mas receptor axis on orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) and the alveolar bone response to mechanical load. METHODS A coil spring was placed between the right maxillary first molar and the anterior tooth of Wistar rats to apply bidirectional mechanical force. Ang(1-7) with or without a specific Mas receptor antagonist (A779) was infused using subcutaneous osmotic pumps (200 and 400 ng/kg/min: respectively). Animals were killed after 5 and 14 days from the OTM procedure after the clinical evaluation of tooth movement and mobility. Morphometric analysis of alveolar bone structure was conducted using micro-CT and the histological picture was evaluated after H&E staining. Moreover, collagen fiber distribution was assessed using Picro-Sirius red stain. In addition, bone samples were collected from the pressure and tension sites around the anterior tooth for gene expression analysis. RESULTS Ang(1-7) infusion suppressed the tooth movement and mobility after 14 days of the orthodontic force application. Additionally, Ang(1-7) infusion preserved the morphometric and histological structure of the alveolar bone at pressure and tension sides. These effects were abolished by adding A779 infusion. Collagen fiber distribution was dysregulated mainly by the A779 Mas receptor blockage. Ang(1-7) affected the bone formation, remodeling- and vascularity-related genes in the pressure and tension sides, suggesting a prominent suppression of osteoclastogenesis. Ang(1-7) also improved osteoblasts-related genes on the tension side, whereas the osteoclasts-related genes were augmented by A779 on the pressure side. CONCLUSION Collectively, the activation of Ang(1-7)/Mas receptor axis appears to hinder tooth movement and regulates alveolar bone remodeling in response to mechanical force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Abuohashish
- Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Suliman Shahin
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Alamri
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zainah Salloot
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain Alhawaj
- Department of Environmental Health Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar Omar
- Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Haudenschild AK, Christiansen BA, Orr S, Ball EE, Weiss CM, Liu H, Fyhrie DP, Yik JH, Coffey LL, Haudenschild DR. Acute bone loss following SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice. J Orthop Res 2023; 41:1945-1952. [PMID: 36815216 PMCID: PMC10440245 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has infected more than 650 million people worldwide. Approximately 23% of these patients developed lasting "long-haul" COVID symptoms, including fatigue, joint pain, and systemic hyperinflammation. However, the direct clinical impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the skeletal system including bone and joint health has not been determined. Utilizing a humanized mouse model of COVID-19, this study provides the first direct evidence that SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to acute bone loss, increased osteoclast number, and thinner growth plates. This bone loss could decrease whole-bone mechanical strength and increase the risk of fragility fractures, particularly in older patients, while thinner growth plates may create growth disturbances in younger patients. Evaluating skeletal health in patients that have recovered from COVID-19 will be crucial to identify at-risk populations and develop effective countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K. Haudenschild
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, 95817 USA 94065 USA
| | - Blaine A. Christiansen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, 95817 USA 94065 USA
| | - Sophie Orr
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, 95817 USA 94065 USA
| | - Erin E. Ball
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | | | | | - David P. Fyhrie
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, 95817 USA 94065 USA
| | - Jasper H.N. Yik
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, 95817 USA 94065 USA
| | - Lark L. Coffey
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Dominik R. Haudenschild
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, 95817 USA 94065 USA
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9
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Mkhize BC, Mosili P, Ngubane PS, Sibiya NH, Khathi A. The Relationship between Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) Activity, Osteoporosis and Estrogen Deficiency in Type 2 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11963. [PMID: 37569338 PMCID: PMC10419188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241511963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with a plethora of comorbidities, including osteoporosis, which occurs due to an imbalance between bone resorption and formation. Numerous mechanisms have been explored to understand this association, including the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). An upregulated RAAS has been positively correlated with T2D and estrogen deficiency in comorbidities such as osteoporosis in humans and experimental studies. Therefore, research has focused on these associations in order to find ways to improve glucose handling, osteoporosis and the downstream effects of estrogen deficiency. Upregulation of RAAS may alter the bone microenvironment by altering the bone marrow inflammatory status by shifting the osteoprotegerin (OPG)/nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL) ratio. The angiotensin-converting-enzyme/angiotensin II/Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (ACE/Ang II/AT1R) has been evidenced to promote osteoclastogenesis and decrease osteoblast formation and differentiation. ACE/Ang II/AT1R inhibits the wingless-related integration site (Wnt)/β-catenin pathway, which is integral in bone formation. While a lot of literature exists on the effects of RAAS and osteoporosis on T2D, the work is yet to be consolidated. Therefore, this review looks at RAAS activity in relation to osteoporosis and T2D. This review also highlights the relationship between RAAS activity, osteoporosis and estrogen deficiency in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongeka Cassandra Mkhize
- Human Physiology, Health Science, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville 4041, South Africa; (B.C.M.); (P.M.); (P.S.N.)
| | - Palesa Mosili
- Human Physiology, Health Science, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville 4041, South Africa; (B.C.M.); (P.M.); (P.S.N.)
| | - Phikelelani Sethu Ngubane
- Human Physiology, Health Science, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville 4041, South Africa; (B.C.M.); (P.M.); (P.S.N.)
| | | | - Andile Khathi
- Human Physiology, Health Science, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville 4041, South Africa; (B.C.M.); (P.M.); (P.S.N.)
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10
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Queiroz-Junior CM, Santos ACPM, Gonçalves MR, Brito CB, Barrioni B, Almeida PJ, Gonçalves-Pereira MH, Silva T, Oliveira SR, Pereira MM, Santiago HC, Teixeira MM, Costa VV. Acute coronavirus infection triggers a TNF-dependent osteoporotic phenotype in mice. Life Sci 2023; 324:121750. [PMID: 37142087 PMCID: PMC10152759 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Millions of people died during the COVID-19 pandemic, but the vast majority of infected individuals survived. Now, some consequences of the disease, known as long COVID, are been revealed. Although the respiratory system is the target of Sars-CoV-2, COVID-19 can influence other parts of the body, including bone. The aim of this work was to investigate the impact of acute coronavirus infection in bone metabolism. MAIN METHODS We evaluated RANKL/OPG levels in serum samples of patients with and without acute COVID-19. In vitro, the effects of coronavirus in osteoclasts and osteoblasts were investigated. In vivo, we evaluated the bone phenotype in a BSL2 mouse model of SARS-like disease induced by murine coronavirus (MHV-3). KEY FINDINGS Patients with acute COVID-19 presented decreased OPG and increased RANKL/OPG ratio in the serum versus healthy individuals. In vitro, MHV-3 infected macrophages and osteoclasts, increasing their differentiation and TNF release. Oppositely, osteoblasts were not infected. In vivo, MHV-3 lung infection triggered bone resorption in the femur of mice, increasing the number of osteoclasts at 3dpi and decreasing at 5dpi. Indeed, apoptotic-caspase-3+ cells have been detected in the femur after infection as well as viral RNA. RANKL/OPG ratio and TNF levels also increased in the femur after infection. Accordingly, the bone phenotype of TNFRp55-/- mice infected with MHV-3 showed no signs of bone resorption or increase in the number of osteoclasts. SIGNIFICANCE Coronavirus induces an osteoporotic phenotype in mice dependent on TNF and on macrophage/osteoclast infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celso M Queiroz-Junior
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Anna C P M Santos
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Matheus R Gonçalves
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Camila B Brito
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Breno Barrioni
- Institute of Engineering, Science and Technology, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Janaúba, MG, Brazil
| | - Pedro J Almeida
- Medical School, Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcela H Gonçalves-Pereira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Tarcília Silva
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Sicília R Oliveira
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marivalda M Pereira
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials, School of Engineering, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Helton C Santiago
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Vivian V Costa
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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11
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Plaut S. “Long COVID-19” and viral “fibromyalgia-ness”: Suggesting a mechanistic role for fascial myofibroblasts (Nineveh, the shadow is in the fascia). Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:952278. [PMID: 37089610 PMCID: PMC10117846 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.952278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus pandemic has led to a wave of chronic disease cases; “Long COVID-19” is recognized as a new medical entity and resembles “fibromyalgia” which, likewise, lacks a clear mechanism. Observational studies indicate that up to 30%–40% of convalescent COVID-19 patients develop chronic widespread pain and fatigue and fulfill the 2016 diagnostic criteria for “fibromyalgia.” A recent study suggested a theoretical neuro-biomechanical model (coined “Fascial Armoring”) to help explain the pathogenesis and cellular pathway of fibromyalgia, pointing toward mechanical abnormalities in connective tissue and fascia, driven by contractile myo/fibroblasts and altered extracellular matrix remodeling with downstream corresponding neurophysiological aberrations. This may help explain several of fibromyalgia’s manifestations such as pain, distribution of pain, trigger points/tender spots, hyperalgesia, chronic fatigue, cardiovascular abnormalities, metabolic abnormalities, autonomic abnormalities, small fiber neuropathy, various psychosomatic symptoms, lack of obvious inflammation, and silent imaging investigations. Pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic pathways provide input into this mechanism via stimulation of proto/myofibroblasts. In this hypothesis and theory paper the theoretical model of Fascial Armoring is presented to help explain the pathogenesis and manifestations of “long COVID-19” as a disease of immuno-rheumo-psycho-neurology. The model is also used to make testable experimental predictions on investigations and predict risk and relieving factors.
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12
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Chu Q, Wang L, Chu Q. The use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers may relate to the survival and walking ability in geriatric patients with hip fractures: a 1-year follow-up study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2023; 24:236. [PMID: 36978079 PMCID: PMC10045946 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-06362-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many elder patients with hip fractures also suffered from hypertension. This study aims to explore the relationship between the use of ACEI or ARB and the outcomes of geriatric hip fractures. METHODS All the patients were divided into four groups: non-users without hypertension, non-users with hypertension, ACEI users, and ARB users. The outcomes of patients in different groups were compared. LASSO regression and univariable Cox analysis were used for variable screening. Then Cox models and Logistics models were established to identify the relationships between the use of RAAS inhibitors and outcomes. RESULTS ACER users (p = 0.016) and ARB users (p = 0.027) had a significantly lower survival probability than the non-users with hypertension. Non-users without hypertension, ACEI users, and ARB users may face lower 6-month and 1-year mortalities and higher 6-month and 1-year free walking rates compared with non-users with hypertension. CONCLUSION Patients with the use of ACEI or ARB may face a better prognosis of hip fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qining Chu
- Emergency Trauma Center, Nanyang Second People's Hospital, No 66, East Jianshe Road, Nanyang473000, Nanyang, 473000, Henan, China
| | - Liqiang Wang
- Emergency Trauma Center, Nanyang Second People's Hospital, No 66, East Jianshe Road, Nanyang473000, Nanyang, 473000, Henan, China
| | - Qingbo Chu
- Emergency Trauma Center, Nanyang Second People's Hospital, No 66, East Jianshe Road, Nanyang473000, Nanyang, 473000, Henan, China.
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13
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Tunheim EG, Skallevold HE, Rokaya D. Role of hormones in bone remodeling in the craniofacial complex: A review. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2023; 13:210-217. [PMID: 36718389 PMCID: PMC9883279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diseases such as periodontitis and osteoporosis are expected to rise tremendously by 2050. Bone formation and remodeling are complex processes that are disturbed in a variety of diseases influenced by various hormones. Objective This study aimed to review and present the roles of various hormones that regulate bone remodeling of the craniofacial complex. Methods A literature search was conducted on PubMed and Google Scholar for studies related to hormones and jawbone. Search strategies included the combinations ("name of hormone" + "dental term") of the following terms: "hormones", "oxytocin", "estrogen", "adiponectin", "parathyroid hormone", "testosterone", "insulin", "angiotensin", "cortisol", and "erythropoietin", combined with a dental term "jaw bone", "alveolar bone", "dental implant", "jaw + bone regeneration, healing or repair", "dentistry", "periodontitis", "dry socket", "osteoporosis" or "alveolitis". The papers were screened according to the inclusion criteria from January 1, 2000 to March 31, 2021 in English. Publications included reviews, book chapters, and original research papers; in vitro studies, in vivo animal, or human studies, including clinical studies, and meta-analyses. Results Bone formation and remodeling is a complex continuous process involving many hormones. Bone volume reduction following tooth extractions and bone diseases, such as periodontitis and osteoporosis, cause serious problems and require a great understanding of the process. Conclusion Hormones are with us all the time, shape our development and regulate homeostasis. Newly discovered effects of hormones influencing bone healing open the possibilities of using hormones as therapeutics to combat bone-related diseases.
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Key Words
- ACE, Angiotensin-converting enzyme
- ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR, ACE 2/angiotensin-(1-7)/mas receptor
- AD, Androgens
- AGEs, Advanced glycation end-products
- AN, Adiponectin
- Bone formation
- Bone homeostasis
- Bone regeneration
- Bone resportion
- DHT, Dihydrotestosterone
- DIZE, Diminazene aceturate
- DM, Diabetes mellitus
- EPO, Erythropoietin
- ER, Estrogen receptors
- ERα, ER alpha
- ERβ, ER beta
- ES, Estrogen
- GPER1, G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1
- HIF-PHIs, Hypoxia inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors
- Hormones
- IGF-1, Insulin-like growth factor-1
- Jawbone
- MAPK, Mitogen-activated protein kinase
- OT, Oxytocin
- PTH, Parathyroid hormone
- RAGEs, Receptor advanced glycation end-products
- RANKL, Receptor activator of NF-κB ligand
- RAS, Renin-angiotensin system
- VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Grinde Tunheim
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIT the Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsö, Norway
| | - Hans Erling Skallevold
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Dinesh Rokaya
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Walailak University International College of Dentistry, Walailak University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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14
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Moretti A, Liguori S, Paoletta M, Migliaccio S, Toro G, Gimigliano F, Iolascon G. Bone fragility during the COVID-19 pandemic: the role of macro- and micronutrients. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2023; 15:1759720X231158200. [PMID: 36937822 PMCID: PMC10015293 DOI: 10.1177/1759720x231158200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone fragility is the susceptibility to fracture due to poor bone strength. This condition is usually associated with aging, comorbidities, disability, poor quality of life, and increased mortality. International guidelines for the management of patients with bone fragility include a nutritional approach, mainly aiming at optimal protein, calcium, and vitamin D intakes. Several biomechanical features of the skeleton, such as bone mineral density (BMD), trabecular and cortical microarchitecture, seem to be positively influenced by micro- and macronutrient intake. Patients with major fragility fractures are usually poor consumers of dairy products, fruit, and vegetables as well as of nutrients modulating gut microbiota. The COVID-19 pandemic has further aggravated the health status of patients with skeletal fragility, also in terms of unhealthy dietary patterns that might adversely affect bone health. In this narrative review, we discuss the role of macro- and micronutrients in patients with bone fragility during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Liguori
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties
and Dentistry, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples,
Italy
| | - Marco Paoletta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties
and Dentistry, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples,
Italy
| | - Silvia Migliaccio
- Department of Movement, Human and Health
Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Toro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties
and Dentistry, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples,
Italy
| | - Francesca Gimigliano
- Department of Physical and Mental Health and
Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples,
Italy
| | - Giovanni Iolascon
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties
and Dentistry, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples,
Italy
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15
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Wadhwa S, Dave S, Daily M, Nardone A, Li R, Rosario J, Cantos A, Shah J, Lu H, McMahon D, Yin M. The Role of Oral Health in the Acquisition and Severity of SARS-CoV-2: A Retrospective Chart Review. Saudi Dent J 2022; 34:596-603. [PMID: 35974970 PMCID: PMC9371763 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Studies have shown that gingival crevices may be a significant route for SARS-CoV-2 entry. However, the role of oral health in the acquisition and severity of COVID-19 is not known. Design A retrospective analysis was performed using electronic health record data from a large urban academic medical center between 12/1/2019 and 8/24/2020. A total of 387 COVID-19 positive cases were identified and matched 1:1 by age, sex, and race to 387 controls without COVID-19 diagnoses. Demographics, number of missing teeth and alveolar crestal height were determined from radiographs and medical/dental charts. In a subgroup of 107 cases and controls, we also examined the rate of change in alveolar crestal height. A conditional logistic regression model was utilized to assess association between alveolar crestal height and missing teeth with COVID-19 status and with hospitalization status among COVID-19 cases. Results Increased alveolar bone loss, OR = 4.302 (2.510 - 7.376), fewer missing teeth, OR = 0.897 (0.835-0.965) and lack of smoking history distinguished COVID-19 cases from controls. After adjusting for time between examinations, cases with COVID-19 had greater alveolar bone loss compared to controls (0.641 ± 0.613 mm vs 0.260 ± 0.631 mm, p < 0.01.) Among cases with COVID-19, increased number of missing teeth OR = 2.1871 (1.146- 4.174) was significantly associated with hospitalization. Conclusions Alveolar bone loss and missing teeth are positively associated with the acquisition and severity of COVID-19 disease, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Wadhwa
- Division of Growth and Development, Columbia University College of Dental Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - S. Dave
- Division of Growth and Development, Columbia University College of Dental Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - M.L. Daily
- Division of Growth and Development, Columbia University College of Dental Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - A. Nardone
- Division of Growth and Development, Columbia University College of Dental Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - R. Li
- Division of Growth and Development, Columbia University College of Dental Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - J. Rosario
- Division of Growth and Development, Columbia University College of Dental Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - A. Cantos
- Department of Medicine Infectious Disease, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - J. Shah
- Department of Medicine Infectious Disease, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - H.H. Lu
- Division of Growth and Development, Columbia University College of Dental Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - D.J. McMahon
- Department of Medicine Infectious Disease, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - M.T. Yin
- Department of Medicine Infectious Disease, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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16
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Muacevic A, Adler JR. The Impact of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE-2) on Bone Remodeling Marker Osteoprotegerin (OPG) in Post-COVID-19 Iraqi Patients. Cureus 2022; 14:e29926. [PMID: 36348825 PMCID: PMC9633432 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.29926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction As COVID-19 affects human genes in several types of peripheral tissue, numerous disorders occur after recovery. The virus enters host cells via angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptors that affect bone remodeling, leading to osteopenia or osteoporosis, which is characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD). The adult skeleton undergoes about 10% remodeling annually, which is crucial for preventing fatigue damage and preserving calcium homeostasis. An imbalance in the rates of bone production and resorption causes bone loss. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is one of the regulators involved in the bone remodeling mechanism, it decreases the activity of NF-B receptors that activates the receptor activators of NF-B ligand (RANKL) pathway, which maintains the bone homeostasis balance. This study aims to find out the disruption of bone homeostasis balance in Iraqi post-COVID-19 patients. Materials and methods It is a case-control study that includes 130 Iraqi subjects enrolled. They were divided into two groups - the first group consisted of 80 post-COVID-19 infection patients, while the second group consisted of 50 who were not infected with COVID-19. Also, the levels of ACE-2 and OPG were measured in the serum by the ELISA technique. The BMD was measured by the DEXA scan technique. Results This study found that there is an effect of coronavirus infection on the bone strength measured by the Mean of the OPG level, which was found to be highly significant in the serum of post-COVID-19 patients when compared with non-COVID-19 subjects (P-value = 0.001), but the Mean of ACE-2 level was statistically non-significant between the two groups (P-value = 0.13). Also, the BMD of post-COVID-19 patients that was measured by DEXA scan had a statistically highly significant T-score% between the two groups. Conclusion The current study found that there was an effect of COVID-19 on the bone remodeling mechanism, which may be causing osteopenia or osteoporosis for Iraqi subjects enrolled in the current study. Also, analyzing the OPG level in the serum could be helpful in predicting low BMD.
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17
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Roy B, Runa SA. SARS-CoV-2 infection and diabetes: Pathophysiological mechanism of multi-system organ failure. World J Virol 2022; 11:252-274. [PMID: 36188734 PMCID: PMC9523319 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v11.i5.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak, a vast majority of studies have been carried out that confirmed the worst outcome of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in people with preexisting health conditions, including diabetes, obesity, hypertension, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Likewise, diabetes itself is one of the leading causes of global public health concerns that impose a heavy global burden on public health as well as socio-economic development. Both diabetes and SARS-CoV-2 infection have their independent ability to induce the pathogenesis and severity of multi-system organ failure, while the co-existence of these two culprits can accelerate the rate of disease progression and magnify the severity of the disease. However, the exact pathophysiology of multi-system organ failure in diabetic patients after SARS-CoV-2 infection is still obscure. This review summarized the organ-specific possible molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 and diabetes-induced pathophysiology of several diseases of multiple organs, including the lungs, heart, kidneys, brain, eyes, gastrointestinal system, and bones, and sub-sequent manifestation of multi-system organ failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipradas Roy
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Sadia Afrin Runa
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh
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18
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Sapra L, Saini C, Garg B, Gupta R, Verma B, Mishra PK, Srivastava RK. Long-term implications of COVID-19 on bone health: pathophysiology and therapeutics. Inflamm Res 2022; 71:1025-1040. [PMID: 35900380 PMCID: PMC9330992 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01616-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 is a highly infectious respiratory virus associated with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Discoveries in the field revealed that inflammatory conditions exert a negative impact on bone metabolism; however, only limited studies reported the consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection on skeletal homeostasis. Inflammatory immune cells (T helper-Th17 cells and macrophages) and their signature cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) are the major contributors to the cytokine storm observed in COVID-19 disease. Our group along with others has proven that an enhanced population of both inflammatory innate (Dendritic cells-DCs, macrophages, etc.) and adaptive (Th1, Th17, etc.) immune cells, along with their signature cytokines (IL-17, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, etc.), are associated with various inflammatory bone loss conditions. Moreover, several pieces of evidence suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infects various organs of the body via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors including bone cells (osteoblasts-OBs and osteoclasts-OCs). This evidence thus clearly highlights both the direct and indirect impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the physiological bone remodeling process. Moreover, data from the previous SARS-CoV outbreak in 2002-2004 revealed the long-term negative impact (decreased bone mineral density-BMDs) of these infections on bone health. METHODOLOGY We used the keywords "immunopathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2," "SARS-CoV-2 and bone cells," "factors influencing bone health and COVID-19," "GUT microbiota," and "COVID-19 and Bone health" to integrate the topics for making this review article by searching the following electronic databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. CONCLUSION Current evidence and reports indicate the direct relation between SARS-CoV-2 infection and bone health and thus warrant future research in this field. It would be imperative to assess the post-COVID-19 fracture risk of SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals by simultaneously monitoring them for bone metabolism/biochemical markers. Importantly, several emerging research suggest that dysbiosis of the gut microbiota-GM (established role in inflammatory bone loss conditions) is further involved in the severity of COVID-19 disease. In the present review, we thus also highlight the importance of dietary interventions including probiotics (modulating dysbiotic GM) as an adjunct therapeutic alternative in the treatment and management of long-term consequences of COVID-19 on bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Sapra
- Translational Immunology, Osteoimmunology and Immunoporosis Lab (TIOIL), Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Chaman Saini
- Translational Immunology, Osteoimmunology and Immunoporosis Lab (TIOIL), Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Bhavuk Garg
- Department of Orthopaedics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Ranjan Gupta
- Department of Rheumatology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Bhupendra Verma
- Translational Immunology, Osteoimmunology and Immunoporosis Lab (TIOIL), Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, 110029, India
| | | | - Rupesh K Srivastava
- Translational Immunology, Osteoimmunology and Immunoporosis Lab (TIOIL), Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, 110029, India.
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19
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Veronesi F, Contartese D, Martini L, Visani A, Fini M. Speculation on the pathophysiology of musculoskeletal injury with COVID-19 infection. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:930789. [PMID: 35911401 PMCID: PMC9329661 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.930789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) primarily affects the respiratory tract, but also many other organs and tissues, leading to different pathological pictures, such as those of the musculoskeletal tissues. The present study should be considered as a speculation on the relationship between COVID-19 infection and some frequent musculoskeletal pathologies, in particular sarcopenia, bone loss/osteoporosis (OP) and fracture risk and osteoarthritis (OA), to hypothesize how the virus acts on these pathologies and consequently on the tissue regeneration/healing potential. The study focuses in particular on the modalities of interaction of COVID-19 with Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) and on the “cytokine storm.” Knowing the effects of COVID-19 on musculoskeletal tissues could be important also to understand if tissue regenerative/reparative capacity is compromised, especially in elderly and frail patients. We speculate that ACE2 and serine proteases together with an intense inflammation, immobilization and malnutrition could be the responsible for muscle weakness, altered bone remodeling, increase in bone fracture risk and inflammatory joint pathologies. Future preclinical and clinical studies may focus on the regenerative/reparative properties of the musculoskeletal tissues after COVID-19 infection, toward a personalized treatment usually based on scaffolds, cells, and growth factors.
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20
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Shang N, Bhullar KS, Wu J. Tripeptide IRW Protects MC3T3-E1 Cells against Ang II Stress in an AT2R Dependent Manner. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27123684. [PMID: 35744810 PMCID: PMC9230126 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple strategies including the use of bioactive peptides and other nutraceuticals are being adopted to maintain bone health. This study provides an improved and deeper understanding of the pharmacological effects that a bioactive peptide IRW (Ile-Arg-Trp) extends on bone health. Our results showed that IRW treatment protects osteoblasts against Ang II induced decline in cell proliferation and restores protein levels of collagen type I alpha 2 chain (COL1A2) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in MC3T3-E1 cells (p < 0.05). Apart from augmentation of these mineralization factors, the angiotensin II (Ang II) induced apoptotic stress in osteoblasts was mitigated by IRW as well. At the molecular level, IRW abolished the cytochrome-c release via modulation of pro-and anti-apoptotic genes in MC3T3-E1 cells (p < 0.05). Interestingly, IRW also increased cellular levels of cytoprotective local RAAS factors such as MasR, Ang (1−7), ACE2, and AT2R, and lowered the levels of Ang II effector receptor (AT1R). Further, our results indicated a lower content of inflammation and osteoclastogenesis biomarkers such as cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) following IRW treatment in MC3T3-E1 cells (p < 0.05). The use of an antagonist-guided cell study indicated that IRW contributed to the process of cytoprotection and proliferation of osteoblasts via Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) in face of Ang II stress in an AT2R dependent manner. The key findings of our study showed that IRW could potentially have a therapeutic role in the treatment and/or prevention of bone disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Shang
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (N.S.); (K.S.B.)
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Khushwant S. Bhullar
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (N.S.); (K.S.B.)
| | - Jianping Wu
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (N.S.); (K.S.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-780-492-6885; Fax: +1-780-492-8524
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Sobh MM, Abdalbary M, Elnagar S, Nagy E, Elshabrawy N, Abdelsalam M, Asadipooya K, El-Husseini A. Secondary Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11092382. [PMID: 35566509 PMCID: PMC9102221 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11092382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragility fracture is a worldwide problem and a main cause of disability and impaired quality of life. It is primarily caused by osteoporosis, characterized by impaired bone quantity and or quality. Proper diagnosis of osteoporosis is essential for prevention of fragility fractures. Osteoporosis can be primary in postmenopausal women because of estrogen deficiency. Secondary forms of osteoporosis are not uncommon in both men and women. Most systemic illnesses and organ dysfunction can lead to osteoporosis. The kidney plays a crucial role in maintaining physiological bone homeostasis by controlling minerals, electrolytes, acid-base, vitamin D and parathyroid function. Chronic kidney disease with its uremic milieu disturbs this balance, leading to renal osteodystrophy. Diabetes mellitus represents the most common secondary cause of osteoporosis. Thyroid and parathyroid disorders can dysregulate the osteoblast/osteoclast functions. Gastrointestinal disorders, malnutrition and malabsorption can result in mineral and vitamin D deficiencies and bone loss. Patients with chronic liver disease have a higher risk of fracture due to hepatic osteodystrophy. Proinflammatory cytokines in infectious, autoimmune, and hematological disorders can stimulate osteoclastogenesis, leading to osteoporosis. Moreover, drug-induced osteoporosis is not uncommon. In this review, we focus on causes, pathogenesis, and management of secondary osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M. Sobh
- Mansoura Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (M.M.S.); (M.A.); (S.E.); (E.N.); (N.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Mohamed Abdalbary
- Mansoura Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (M.M.S.); (M.A.); (S.E.); (E.N.); (N.E.); (M.A.)
- Division of Nephrology, Bone and Mineral Metabolism, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Sherouk Elnagar
- Mansoura Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (M.M.S.); (M.A.); (S.E.); (E.N.); (N.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Eman Nagy
- Mansoura Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (M.M.S.); (M.A.); (S.E.); (E.N.); (N.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Nehal Elshabrawy
- Mansoura Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (M.M.S.); (M.A.); (S.E.); (E.N.); (N.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Mostafa Abdelsalam
- Mansoura Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (M.M.S.); (M.A.); (S.E.); (E.N.); (N.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Kamyar Asadipooya
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
| | - Amr El-Husseini
- Division of Nephrology, Bone and Mineral Metabolism, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-859-218-0934
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Captopril alleviates glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head by mediating the ACE2/ Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor cascade. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 921:174871. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
The emergence of the COVID-19 viral pandemic has generated a renewed interest in pharmacologic agents that target the renin angiotensin system (RAS). Angiotensin-converting enzyme 1 (ACE1) inhibitors decrease the synthesis of angiotensin II (Ang II) from its precursor angiotensin I and inhibit the breakdown of bradykinin, while Ang II receptor blockers antagonize the action of Ang II at the receptor level downstream. The actions of both classes of drugs lead to vasodilation, a blunting of sympathetic drive and a reduction in aldosterone release, all beneficial effects in hypertension and congestive heart failure. ACE2 cleaves the vasoconstrictor Ang II to produce the anti-inflammatory cytoprotective angiotensin 1-7 (Ang 1-7) peptide, which functions through the G protein-coupled receptor MAS to counteract the pathophysiologic effects induced by Ang II via its receptors, including vasoconstriction, inflammation, hypercoagulation, and fibrosis. SARS-CoV-2 enters human cells by binding ACE2 on the cell surface, decreases ACE2 activity, competes for ACE2 receptor-binding sites, and shifts the RAS toward an overexpression of Ang II, accounting for many of the deleterious effects of the virus. Thus, there is great interest in developing recombinant ACE2 as a therapeutic for prevention or treatment of COVID-19. Notably, ACE2 is highly expressed in the oral cavity, and saliva and dorsum of the tongue are major reservoirs of SARS-CoV-2. Cost-effective methods to debulk the virus in the oral cavity may aid in the prevention of viral spread. Here we review the pharmacology of targeted small molecule inhibitors of the RAS and discuss novel approaches to employing ACE2 as a therapeutic for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.V. Hersh
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M. Wolff
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - P.A. Moore
- Departments of Dental Anesthesiology and Dental Public Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - K.N. Theken
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - H. Daniell
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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The Receptor AT1 Appears to Be Important for the Maintenance of Bone Mass and AT2 Receptor Function in Periodontal Bone Loss Appears to Be Regulated by AT1 Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312849. [PMID: 34884653 PMCID: PMC8657877 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of experimental studies has demonstrated that angiotensin II (Ang II) is involved in key events of the inflammatory process. This study aimed to evaluate the role of Ang II type 1 (AT1) and Ang II type 2 (AT2) receptors on periodontitis. Methods: Experimental periodontitis was induced by placing a 5.0 nylon thread ligature around the second upper left molar of AT1 mice, no-ligature or ligature (AT1-NL and AT1-L), AT2 (AT2-NL or AT2-L) and wild type (WT-NL or L). Alveolar bone loss was scanned using Micro-CT. Cytokines, peptides and enzymes were analyzed from gingival tissues by Elisa and RT-PCR. Results: The blockade of AT1 receptor resulted in bone loss, even in healthy animals. Ang II receptor blockades did not prevent linear bone loss. Ang II and Ang 1-7 levels were significantly increased in the AT2-L (p < 0.01) group compared to AT2-NL and AT1-L. The genic expression of the Mas receptor was significantly increased in WT-L and AT2-L compared to (WT-NL and AT2-NL, respectively) and in AT1-L. Conclusions: Our data suggest that the receptor AT1 appears to be important for the maintenance of bone mass. AT2 receptor molecular function in periodontitis appears to be regulated by AT1.
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Katz J, Rotstein I. Prevalence of Periapical Abscesses in Patients with Hypertension: A Cross-sectional Study of a Large Hospital Population. J Endod 2021; 47:1070-1074. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Ding M, Liu B, Chen X, Ouyang Z, Peng D, Zhou Y. MiR-99b-5p suppressed proliferation of human osteoblasts by targeting FGFR3 in osteoporosis. Hum Cell 2021; 34:1398-1409. [PMID: 34156640 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-021-00567-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common skeletal disease characterized by reduced bone mass partially caused by an imbalance between bone resorption and formation. Considering the potential role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in osteoporosis, we attempted to identify deregulated miRNA that participates in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. We analyzed online datasets for differentially expressed miRNAs and predicted deregulated miRNA target genes, applied these genes for signaling pathway enrichment annotation, and selected the possible miR-99b-5p/FGFR3 axis. Within osteoporosis bone tissues, miR-99b-5p was upregulated and FGFR3 was downregulated. miR-99b-5p overexpression inhibited osteoblast proliferation and osteogenesis-related genes expression, whereas FGFR3 overexpression exerted opposite effects upon the proliferation of osteoblasts and osteogenesis-related genes expression. By direct targeting, miR-99b-5p inhibited FGFR3 expression. Moreover, FGFR3 silencing significantly reversed the roles of miR-99b-5p inhibition in the proliferation of osteoblasts and osteogenesis-related genes expression. In conclusion, we identify a deregulated miRNA/mRNA axis in osteoporosis and osteogenic differentiation, namely the miR-99b-5p/FGFR3 axis; through targeting FGFR3, miR-99b-5p inhibits osteoblast proliferation and activity, which might subsequently affect the bone formation in osteoporosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muliang Ding
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410001, Hunan, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410001, Hunan, China
| | - Xia Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410001, Hunan, China
| | - Zhengxiao Ouyang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410001, Hunan, China
| | - Dan Peng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410001, Hunan, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410001, Hunan, China. .,Emergency Medicine and Difficult Diseases Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410001, Hunan, China.
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27
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Gonzalez SM, Siddik AB, Su RC. Regulated Intramembrane Proteolysis of ACE2: A Potential Mechanism Contributing to COVID-19 Pathogenesis? Front Immunol 2021; 12:612807. [PMID: 34163462 PMCID: PMC8215698 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.612807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since being identified as a key receptor for SARS-CoV-2, Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been studied as one of the potential targets for the development of preventative and/or treatment options. Tissue expression of ACE2 and the amino acids interacting with the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 have been mapped. Furthermore, the recombinant soluble extracellular domain of ACE2 is already in phase 2 trials as a treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Most studies have continued to focus on the ACE2 extracellular domain, which is known to play key roles in the renin angiotensin system and in amino acid uptake. However, few also found ACE2 to have an immune-modulatory function and its intracellular tail may be one of the signaling molecules in regulating cellular activation. The implication of its immune-modulatory role in preventing the cytokine-storm, observed in severe COVID-19 disease outcomes requires further investigation. This review focuses on the regulated proteolytic cleavage of ACE2 upon binding to inducer(s), such as the spike protein of SARS-CoV, the potential of cleaved ACE2 intracellular subdomain in regulating cellular function, and the ACE2's immune-modulatory function. This knowledge is critical for targeting ACE2 levels for developing prophylactic treatment or preventative measures in SARS-CoV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M. Gonzalez
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitobag, Winnipe, MB, Canada
| | - Abu Bakar Siddik
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitobag, Winnipe, MB, Canada
- National HIV and Retrovirology Laboratories, J.C. Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratories, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ruey-Chyi Su
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitobag, Winnipe, MB, Canada
- National HIV and Retrovirology Laboratories, J.C. Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratories, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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28
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Block MS. Coronavirus Disease 2019 May Affect Dental Implant Integration. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2021; 79:1197-1198. [PMID: 33667347 PMCID: PMC8046341 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2021.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Block
- Clinical Professor, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, LSU School of Dentistry, Private Practice, Metairie, La.
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Should We Be Concerned about the Association of Diabetes Mellitus and Periodontal Disease in the Risk of Infection by SARS-CoV-2? A Systematic Review and Hypothesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57050493. [PMID: 34068221 PMCID: PMC8153122 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57050493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this article was to conduct a systematic review of the literature to contrast the existing evidence regarding the relationship between periodontal disease (PD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) with the possibly increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as to establish a hypothesis that explains the ways in which this interaction could take place. A literature search up from 1 January 2020 to 21 March 2021 was conducted in three electronic databases, namely, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, in order to identify studies on periodontal disease alone or in conjunction with diabetes mellitus, reporting any relation with SARS-CoV-2 infection as a primary outcome. Only articles published in the English language were included. Due to the lack of studies, we decided to collect all the theoretical and clinical evidence suggesting a possible biological pathway evidencing the relationship among PD, DM, and SARS-CoV-2 infection. From a total of 29 articles, 12 were included for final review studies (five reviews, two hypotheses, one Special Issue, one perspective, one commentary, one case–control study, and one case report). In addition, this systematic review article hypothesizes the correlation between PD and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in periodontal tissue and the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. T2DM is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from altered insulin secretion or action. Likewise, periodontitis and T2DM are inflammatory disorders with a bidirectional association, and both diseases have a similar immunomodulatory cascade and cytokine profile. ACE2 is a crucial component of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) and the key factor of entry in the cells by the new SARS-CoV-2. ACE2 is widely distributed in the lung and kidneys, and interestingly has a great distribution in the oral cavity, principally in the tongue and periodontal tissue. ACE2 in periodontal tissue plays a crucial role between health and disease. Moreover, the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR axis is downregulated in the dysbiotic and inflammatory periodontal environment. Nevertheless, the balance of ACE2 activity is modified in the context of concurrent diabetes, increasing the expression of ACE2 by the uncontrolled glycemia chronic in T2DM. Therefore, the uncontrolled hyperglycemia possibly increases the risk of developing periodontitis and triggering overexpression of ACE2 in periodontal tissue of T2DM patients, with these events potentially being essential to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the development of mild-to-severe form of COVID-19. In this sense, we would like to point out that the need for randomized controlled trials is imperative to support this association.
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30
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Tada A, Senpuku H. The Impact of Oral Health on Respiratory Viral Infection. Dent J (Basel) 2021; 9:43. [PMID: 33924596 PMCID: PMC8069613 DOI: 10.3390/dj9040043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) have caused respiratory diseases worldwide. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is now a global health concern requiring emergent measures. These viruses enter the human body through the oral cavity and infect respiratory cells. Since the oral cavity has a complex microbiota, influence of oral bacteria on respiratory virus infection is considered. Saliva has immune molecules which work as the front line in the biophylactic mechanism and has considerable influence on the incidence and progression of respiratory viral infection. Salivary scavenger molecules, such as gp340 and sialic acid, have been reported to exert anti-influenza virus activity. Salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) has potential to acquire immunity against these viruses. Biological features of the oral cavity are thought to affect viral infection in respiratory organs in various ways. In this review, we reviewed the literature addressing the impact of oral conditions on respiratory infectious diseases caused by viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Tada
- Department of Health Science, Hyogo University, Kakogawa 675-0195, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Senpuku
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan;
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31
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The Tissue Renin-Angiotensin System and Its Role in the Pathogenesis of Major Human Diseases: Quo Vadis? Cells 2021; 10:cells10030650. [PMID: 33804069 PMCID: PMC7999456 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence has arisen in recent years suggesting that a tissue renin-angiotensin system (tRAS) is involved in the progression of various human diseases. This system contains two regulatory pathways: a pathological pro-inflammatory pathway containing the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)/Angiotensin II (AngII)/Angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AGTR1) axis and a protective anti-inflammatory pathway involving the Angiotensin II receptor type 2 (AGTR2)/ACE2/Ang1–7/MasReceptor axis. Numerous studies reported the positive effects of pathologic tRAS pathway inhibition and protective tRAS pathway stimulation on the treatment of cardiovascular, inflammatory, and autoimmune disease and the progression of neuropathic pain. Cell senescence and aging are known to be related to RAS pathways. Further, this system directly interacts with SARS-CoV 2 and seems to be an important target of interest in the COVID-19 pandemic. This review focuses on the involvement of tRAS in the progression of the mentioned diseases from an interdisciplinary clinical perspective and highlights therapeutic strategies that might be of major clinical importance in the future.
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32
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Badawi S, Ali BR. ACE2 Nascence, trafficking, and SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis: the saga continues. Hum Genomics 2021; 15:8. [PMID: 33514423 PMCID: PMC7844112 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-021-00304-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
With the emergence of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 since December 2019, more than 65 million cases have been reported worldwide. This virus has shown high infectivity and severe symptoms in some cases, leading to over 1.5 million deaths globally. Despite the collaborative and concerted research efforts that have been made, no effective medication for COVID-19 (coronavirus disease-2019) is currently available. SARS-CoV-2 uses the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as an initial mediator for viral attachment and host cell invasion. ACE2 is widely distributed in the human tissues including the cell surface of lung cells which represent the primary site of the infection. Inhibiting or reducing cell surface availability of ACE2 represents a promising therapy for tackling COVID-19. In this context, most ACE2-based therapeutic strategies have aimed to tackle the virus through the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or neutralizing the virus by exogenous administration of ACE2, which does not directly aim to reduce its membrane availability. However, through this review, we present a different perspective focusing on the subcellular localization and trafficking of ACE2. Membrane targeting of ACE2, and shedding and cellular trafficking pathways including the internalization are not well elucidated in literature. Therefore, we hereby present an overview of the fate of newly synthesized ACE2, its post translational modifications, and what is known of its trafficking pathways. In addition, we highlight the possibility that some of the identified ACE2 missense variants might affect its trafficking efficiency and localization and hence may explain some of the observed variable severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Moreover, an extensive understanding of these processes is necessarily required to evaluate the potential use of ACE2 as a credible therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Badawi
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bassam R Ali
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.
- Zayed Centre for Health sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Roganović JR. microRNA-146a and -155, upregulated by periodontitis and type 2 diabetes in oral fluids, are predicted to regulate SARS-CoV-2 oral receptor genes. J Periodontol 2021; 92:35-43. [PMID: 33336412 DOI: 10.1002/jper.20-0623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes and periodontitis predispose to a higher risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Recent studies show upregulation of innate immuno-regulatory microRNA-146a and -155 in oral fluids of patients with type 2 diabetes as well as of patients with periodontitis. The aim was to investigate whether upregulation of these microRNAs may relate to patient susceptibility to the infection via modulation of SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry factors expression. METHODS Due to limited experimental feasibility and health risks in Coronavirus Disease 2019, bioinformatic analyses combining with system biology were used as initial investigation of interaction between microRNA-146 and -155 and genes encoding SARS-CoV-2 entry factors. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry factors are expressed in salivary glands and masticatory mucosa (tongue) at different expression levels, comparable with those measured in lungs and tonsil. MicroRNA-146 and -155 are widely involved in the regulation of SARS-CoV-2 oral cellular entry factors and may enhance expression of ACE2 and modulate genes involved in host immunity. CONCLUSIONS Diabetes- and periodontitis-induced increase in microRNA-146a and -155 in oral cavity is predicted to upregulate angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expression, essential SARS-CoV-2 entry receptors, and modulate host antiviral response. As it could suggest increased infectivity of diabetes and periodontitis patients, additional protective measures for periodontists are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena R Roganović
- Department of Pharmacology in Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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34
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Roganović JR. microRNA‐146a and ‐155, upregulated by periodontitis and type 2 diabetes in oral fluids, are predicted to regulate SARS‐CoV‐2 oral receptor genes. J Periodontol 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jper.20-0623 doi:10.1002/jper.20-0623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena R. Roganović
- Department of Pharmacology in Dentistry School of Dental Medicine University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia
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35
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Zargaran M. COVID-19 and risk of inflammatory periodontal disease initiation/progression: a hypothesis for future. JOURNAL OF ORAL MEDICINE AND ORAL SURGERY 2021. [DOI: 10.1051/mbcb/2020061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Sha NN, Zhang JL, Poon CCW, Li WX, Li Y, Wang YF, Shi W, Lin FH, Lin WP, Wang YJ, Zhang Y. Differential responses of bone to angiotensin II and angiotensin(1-7): beneficial effects of ANG(1-7) on bone with exposure to high glucose. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 320:E55-E70. [PMID: 33103451 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00158.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis, diabetes, and hypertension are common concurrent chronic disorders. This study aimed to explore the respective effects of angiotensin II (ANG II) and angiotensin(1-7) [ANG(1-7)], active peptides in the renin-angiotensin system, on osteoblasts and osteoclasts under high-glucose level, as well as to investigate the osteo-preservative effects of ANG II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blocker and ANG(1-7) in diabetic spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). ANG II and ANG(1-7), respectively, decreased and increased the formation of calcified nodules and alkaline phosphatase activity in MC3T3-E1 cells under high-glucose level, and respectively stimulated and inhibited the number of matured osteoclasts and pit resorptive area in RANKL-induced bone marrow macrophages. Olmesartan and Mas receptor antagonist A779 could abolish those effects. ANG II and ANG(1-7), respectively, downregulated and upregulated the expressions of osteogenesis factors in MC3T3-E1 cells. ANG II promoted the expressions of cathepsin K and MMP9 in RAW 264.7 cells, whereas ANG(1-7) repressed these osteoclastogenesis factors. ANG II rapidly increased the phosphorylation of Akt and p38 in RAW 264.7 cells, whereas ANG(1-7) markedly reduced the phosphorylation of p38 and ERK under high-glucose condition. After treatments of diabetic SHR with valsartan and ANG(1-7), a significant increase in trabecular bone area, bone mineral density, and mechanical strength was only found in the ANG(1-7)-treated group. Treatment with ANG(1-7) significantly suppressed the increase in renin expression and ANG II content in the bone of SHR. Taken together, ANG II/AT1R and ANG(1-7)/Mas distinctly regulated the differentiation and functions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts upon exposure to high-glucose condition. ANG(1-7) could protect SHR from diabetes-induced osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Nan Sha
- Spine Disease Research Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Li Zhang
- Spine Disease Research Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Christina Chui-Wa Poon
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Li
- Spine Disease Research Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Li
- Spine Disease Research Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Fei Wang
- National TCM Clinical Research Base of Hypertension, the affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of TCM, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Shi
- National TCM Clinical Research Base of Hypertension, the affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of TCM, Jinan, China
| | - Fu-Hui Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic, Shenzhen Pingle Orthopaedic Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wen-Ping Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic, Shenzhen Pingle Orthopaedic Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yong-Jun Wang
- Spine Disease Research Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Spine Disease Research Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
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Xiao D, Li X, Su X, Mu D, Qu Y. Could SARS-CoV-2-induced lung injury be attenuated by vitamin D? Int J Infect Dis 2021; 102:196-202. [PMID: 33129966 PMCID: PMC7591873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2) has been confirmed as having the capacity to transmit from humans to humans, causing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and acute lung injury. Angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) is known to be expressed on type II pneumocytes. As a counter-regulatory arm of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), ACE2 plays critical roles in the pathogenesis of ARDS and acute lung injury. The affinity of the spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 for human ACE2 (hACE2) largely determines the degree of clinical symptoms after infection by SARS-CoV-2. Previous studies have shown that regulating the ACE2/RAS system is effective in the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-induced ARDS and acute lung injury. Since ACE2 is the host cell receptor for both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, regulating the ACE2/RAS system may alleviate ARDS and acute lung injury caused by SARS-CoV-2 as well as SARS-CoV. Vitamin D was found to affect ACE2, the target of SARS-CoV-2; therefore, we propose that vitamin D might alleviate ARDS and acute lung injury induced by SARS-CoV-2 by modulating ACE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqiong Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Xihong Li
- Department of Pediatrics/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Xiaojuan Su
- Department of Pediatrics/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Dezhi Mu
- Department of Pediatrics/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Pediatrics/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Brito VGB, Patrocinio MS, de Sousa MCL, Barreto AEA, Frasnelli SCT, Lara VS, Santos CF, Oliveira SHP. Telmisartan Prevents Alveolar Bone Loss by Decreasing the Expression of Osteoclasts Markers in Hypertensive Rats With Periodontal Disease. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:579926. [PMID: 33364953 PMCID: PMC7751694 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.579926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease (PD) is a prevalent inflammatory disease with the most severe consequence being the loss of the alveolar bone and teeth. We therefore aimed to evaluate the effects of telmisartan (TELM), an angiotensin II type 1 receptor (Agtr1) antagonist, on the PD-induced alveolar bone loss, in Wistar (W) and Spontaneous Hypertensive Rats (SHRs). PD was induced by ligating the lower first molars with silk, and 10 mg/kg TELM was concomitantly administered for 15 days. The hemimandibles were subjected to microtomography, ELISA was used for detecting tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), CXCL3, and CCL2, while qRT-PCR was used for analyzing expression of components of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) (Agt, Ace, Agt1r, Agt2r, Ace2, and Masr), and bone markers (Runx2, Osx, Catnb, Alp, Col1a1, Opn, Ocn, Bsp, Bmp2, Trap, Rank, Rankl, CtsK, Mmp-2, Mmp-9, and osteoclast-associated receptor (Oscar)). The SHR + PD group showed greater alveolar bone loss than the W + PD group, what was significantly inhibited by treatment with TELM, especially in the SHR group. Additionally, TELM reduced the production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and CXCL3 in the SHR group. The expression of Agt increased in the groups with PD, while Agtr2 reduced, and TELM reduced the expression of Agtr1 and increased the expression of Agtr2, in W and SHRs. PD did not induce major changes in the expression of bone formation markers, except for the expression of Alp, which decreased in the PD groups. The bone resorption markers expression, Mmp9, Ctsk, and Vtn, was higher in the SHR + PD group, compared to the respective control and W + PD group. However, TELM attenuated these changes and increased the expression of Runx2 and Alp. Our study suggested that TELM has a protective effect on the progression of PD, especially in hypertensive animals, as evaluated by the resorption of the lower alveolar bone. This can be partly explained by the modulation in the expression of Angiotensin II receptors (AT1R and AT2R), reduced production of inflammatory mediators, the reduced expression of resorption markers, and the increased expression of the bone formation markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Gustavo Balera Brito
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil.,Multicenter Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Brazilian Society of Physiology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Mariana Sousa Patrocinio
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil.,Multicenter Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Brazilian Society of Physiology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina Linjardi de Sousa
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil.,Multicenter Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Brazilian Society of Physiology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Ayná Emanuelli Alves Barreto
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil.,Multicenter Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Brazilian Society of Physiology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Cruz Tfaile Frasnelli
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil.,Multicenter Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Brazilian Society of Physiology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Soares Lara
- Department of Stomatology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ferreira Santos
- Department of Biological Science, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Sandra Helena Penha Oliveira
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil.,Multicenter Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Brazilian Society of Physiology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
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Li X, Xuan W, Chen D, Gao H, Wang G, Guo Q, Wang Y, Song H, Cai B. Research Progress of Alzheimer's Disease Therapeutic Drugs: Based on Renin-Angiotensin System Axis. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 78:1315-1338. [PMID: 33164932 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
It is widely recognized that Alzheimer's disease (AD) has a complicate link to renin-angiotensin system (RAS). It is known that cerebrovascular disease has some connections with AD, but most of the studies are still conducted in parallel or independently. Although previous research came up with large number of hypotheses about the pathogenesis of AD, it does not include the mechanism of RAS-related regulation of AD. It has been found that many components of RAS have been changed in AD. For example, the multifunctional and high-efficiency vasoconstrictor Ang II and Ang III with similar effects are changed under the action of other RAS signal peptides; these signal peptides are believed to help improve nerve injury and cognitive function. These changes may lead to neuropathological changes of AD, and progressive defects of cognitive function, which are association with some hypotheses of AD. The role of RAS in AD gradually attracts our attention, and RAS deserved to be considered carefully in the pathogenesis of AD. This review discusses the mechanisms of RAS participating in the three current hypotheses of AD: neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and amyloid-β protein (Aβ) hypothesis, as well as the drugs that regulate RAS systems already in clinical or in clinical trials. It further demonstrates the importance of RAS in the pathogenesis of AD, not only because of its multiple aspects of participation, which may be accidental, but also because of the availability of RAS drugs, which can be reused as therapies of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinquan Li
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Weiting Xuan
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Dabao Chen
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Huawu Gao
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Guangyun Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Qiaoru Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Hang Song
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Biao Cai
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
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Mo C, Ke J, Zhao D, Zhang B. Role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in bone metabolism. J Bone Miner Metab 2020; 38:772-779. [PMID: 32734523 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-020-01132-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With the acceleration of population aging, the incidence of osteoporosis has gradually increased, and osteoporosis and fractures caused by osteoporosis have gradually become a serious social public health problem. The classic role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is to keep blood pressure stable. However, as the components of RAAS were found in bone tissues, their functions of stimulating osteoclast formation and inhibiting osteoblast activity thus inducing bone loss have gradually emerged. RAAS blockers can prevent osteoporotic fractures which may be related to angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptor, osteoprotegerin (OPG)/nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)/angiotensin (1-7) (Ang (1-7))/G protein-coupled receptor (Mas) cascade. However, some studies suggest that RAAS blockers do not prevent osteoporotic fractures. This article reviews the effects of RAAS and RAAS inhibitors on bone metabolism and provides new ideas for the prevention of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyan Mo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Lu He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Ke
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Lu He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Lu He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Baoyu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Lu He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Saponaro F, Rutigliano G, Sestito S, Bandini L, Storti B, Bizzarri R, Zucchi R. ACE2 in the Era of SARS-CoV-2: Controversies and Novel Perspectives. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:588618. [PMID: 33195436 PMCID: PMC7556165 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.588618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is related to ACE but turned out to counteract several pathophysiological actions of ACE. ACE2 exerts antihypertensive and cardioprotective effects and reduces lung inflammation. ACE2 is subjected to extensive transcriptional and post-transcriptional modulation by epigenetic mechanisms and microRNAs. Also, ACE2 expression is regulated post-translationally by glycosylation, phosphorylation, and shedding from the plasma membrane. ACE2 protein is ubiquitous across mammalian tissues, prominently in the cardiovascular system, kidney, and intestine. ACE2 expression in the respiratory tract is of particular interest, in light of the discovery that ACE2 serves as the initial cellular target of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronaviruses, including the recent SARS-CoV2, responsible of the COronaVIrus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, an intense effort has been made to elucidate the biochemical determinants of SARS-CoV2-ACE2 interaction. It has been determined that SARS-CoV2 engages with ACE2 through its spike (S) protein, which consists of two subunits: S1, that mediates binding to the host receptor; S2, that induces fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane and delivery of the viral genome. Owing to the role of ACE2 in SARS-CoV2 pathogenicity, it has been speculated that medical conditions, i.e., hypertension, and/or drugs, i.e., ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, known to influence ACE2 density could alter the fate of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The debate is still open and will only be solved when results of properly designed experimental and clinical investigations will be made public. An interesting observation is, however that, upon infection, ACE2 activity is reduced either by downregulation or by shedding. These events might precipitate the so-called "cytokine storm" that characterizes the most severe COVID-19 forms. As evidence accumulates, ACE2 appears a druggable target in the attempt to limit virus entry and replication. Strategies aimed at blocking ACE2 with antibodies, small molecules or peptides, or at neutralizing the virus by competitive binding with exogenously administered ACE2, are currently under investigations. In this review, we will present an overview of the state-of-the-art knowledge on ACE2 biochemistry and pathophysiology, outlining open issues in the context of COVID-19 disease and potential experimental and clinical developments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simona Sestito
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Storti
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and CNR-NANO, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ranieri Bizzarri
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and CNR-NANO, Pisa, Italy
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Katz J, Yue S, Xue W. Dental diseases are associated with increased odds ratio for coronavirus disease 19. Oral Dis 2020; 28 Suppl 1:991-993. [PMID: 32989904 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Katz
- Department of OralMaxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sijia Yue
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professionals, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Wei Xue
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professionals, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 as a Possible Correlation between COVID-19 and Periodontal Disease. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10186224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 propagation in the world has led to rapid growth and an acceleration in the discoveries and publications of various interests. The main focus of a consistent number of studies has been the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in binding the virus and its role in expression of the inflammatory response after transmission. ACE2 is an enzyme involved in the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), whose key role is to regulate and counter angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), reducing the amount of angiotensin II and increasing angiotensin 1–7 (Ang1–7), making it a promising drug target for treating cardiovascular diseases. The classical RAS axis, formed by ACE, angiotensin II (Ang II), and angiotensin receptor type 1 (AT1), activates several cell functions and molecular signalling pathways related to tissue injury and inflammation. In contrast, the RAS axis composed of ACE2, Ang1–7, and Mas receptor (MasR) exerts the opposite effect concerning the inflammatory response and tissue fibrosis. Recent studies have shown the presence of the RAS system in periodontal sites where osteoblasts, fibroblasts, and osteoclasts are involved in bone remodelling, suggesting that the role of ACE2 might have a fundamental function in the under- or overexpression of cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-7 (IL-7), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), associated with a periodontal disorder, mainly during coinfection with SARS-CoV-2, where ACE2 is underexpressed and cannot form the ACE2–Ang1–7–MasR axis. This renders the patient unresponsive to an inflammatory process, facilitating periodontal loss.
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