1
|
Bagdonaite I, Marinova IN, Rudjord-Levann AM, Pallesen EMH, King-Smith SL, Karlsson R, Rømer TB, Chen YH, Miller RL, Olofsson S, Nordén R, Bergström T, Dabelsteen S, Wandall HH. Glycoengineered keratinocyte library reveals essential functions of specific glycans for all stages of HSV-1 infection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7000. [PMID: 37919266 PMCID: PMC10622544 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42669-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral and host glycans represent an understudied aspect of host-pathogen interactions, despite potential implications for treatment of viral infections. This is due to lack of easily accessible tools for analyzing glycan function in a meaningful context. Here we generate a glycoengineered keratinocyte library delineating human glycosylation pathways to uncover roles of specific glycans at different stages of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infectious cycle. We show the importance of cellular glycosaminoglycans and glycosphingolipids for HSV-1 attachment, N-glycans for entry and spread, and O-glycans for propagation. While altered virion surface structures have minimal effects on the early interactions with wild type cells, mutation of specific O-glycosylation sites affects glycoprotein surface expression and function. In conclusion, the data demonstrates the importance of specific glycans in a clinically relevant human model of HSV-1 infection and highlights the utility of genetic engineering to elucidate the roles of specific viral and cellular carbohydrate structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Bagdonaite
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Irina N Marinova
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Asha M Rudjord-Levann
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emil M H Pallesen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah L King-Smith
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Richard Karlsson
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Troels B Rømer
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yen-Hsi Chen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rebecca L Miller
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sigvard Olofsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41346, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rickard Nordén
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41346, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41346, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sally Dabelsteen
- Department of Odontology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans H Wandall
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Olofsson S, Bally M, Trybala E, Bergström T. Structure and Role of O-Linked Glycans in Viral Envelope Proteins. Annu Rev Virol 2023; 10:283-304. [PMID: 37285578 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-121007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
N- and O-glycans are both important constituents of viral envelope glycoproteins. O-linked glycosylation can be initiated by any of 20 different human polypeptide O-acetylgalactosaminyl transferases, resulting in an important functional O-glycan heterogeneity. O-glycans are organized as solitary glycans or in clusters of multiple glycans forming mucin-like domains. They are functional both in the viral life cycle and in viral colonization of their host. Negatively charged O-glycans are crucial for the interactions between glycosaminoglycan-binding viruses and their host. A novel mechanism, based on controlled electrostatic repulsion, explains how such viruses solve the conflict between optimized viral attachment to target cells and efficient egress of progeny virus. Conserved solitary O-glycans appear important for viral uptake in target cells by contributing to viral envelope fusion. Dual roles of viral O-glycans in the host B cell immune response, either epitope blocking or epitope promoting, may be exploitable for vaccine development. Finally, specific virus-induced O-glycans may be involved in viremic spread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sigvard Olofsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Marta Bally
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Edward Trybala
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abidine Y, Liu L, Wallén O, Trybala E, Olofsson S, Bergström T, Bally M. Cellular Chondroitin Sulfate and the Mucin-like Domain of Viral Glycoprotein C Promote Diffusion of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 While Heparan Sulfate Restricts Mobility. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081836. [PMID: 36016458 PMCID: PMC9412521 DOI: 10.3390/v14081836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The diffusion of viruses at the cell membrane is essential to reach a suitable entry site and initiate subsequent internalization. Although many viruses take advantage of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) to bind to the cell surface, little is known about the dynamics of the virus–GAG interactions. Here, single-particle tracking of the initial interaction of individual herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) virions reveals a heterogeneous diffusive behavior, regulated by cell-surface GAGs with two main diffusion types: confined and normal free. This study reports that different GAGs can have competing influences in mediating diffusion on the cells used here: chondroitin sulfate (CS) enhances free diffusion but hinders virus attachment to cell surfaces, while heparan sulfate (HS) promotes virus confinement and increases entry efficiency. In addition, the role that the viral mucin-like domains (MLD) of the HSV-1 glycoprotein C plays in facilitating the diffusion of the virus and accelerating virus penetration into cells is demonstrated. Together, our results shed new light on the mechanisms of GAG-regulated virus diffusion at the cell surface for optimal internalization. These findings may be extendable to other GAG-binding viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yara Abidine
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lifeng Liu
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Oskar Wallén
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Edward Trybala
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41346 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Sigvard Olofsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41346 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41346 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Marta Bally
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
du Preez HN, Aldous C, Kruger HG, Johnson L. N-Acetylcysteine and Other Sulfur-Donors as a Preventative and Adjunct Therapy for COVID-19. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2022; 2022:4555490. [PMID: 35992575 PMCID: PMC9385285 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4555490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The airway epithelial glycocalyx plays an important role in preventing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 entry into the epithelial cells, while the endothelial glycocalyx contributes to vascular permeability and tone, as well as modulating immune, inflammatory, and coagulation responses. With ample evidence in the scientific literature that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is related to epithelial and endothelial dysfunction, preserving the glycocalyx should be the main focus of any COVID-19 treatment protocol. The most studied functional unit of the glycocalyx is the glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate, where the degree and position of the sulfate groups determine the biological activity. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and other sulfur donors contribute to the inorganic sulfate pool, the rate-limiting molecule in sulfation. NAC is not only a precursor to glutathione but also converts to hydrogen sulfide, inorganic sulfate, taurine, Coenzyme A, and albumin. By optimising inorganic sulfate availability, and therefore sulfation, it is proposed that COVID-19 can be prevented or at least most of the symptoms attenuated. A comprehensive COVID-19 treatment protocol is needed to preserve the glycocalyx in both the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. The use of NAC at a dosage of 600 mg bid for the prevention of COVID-19 is proposed, but a higher dosage of NAC (1200 mg bid) should be administered upon the first onset of symptoms. In the severe to critically ill, it is advised that IV NAC should be administered immediately upon hospital admission, and in the late stage of the disease, IV sodium thiosulfate should be considered. Doxycycline as a protease inhibitor will prevent shedding and further degradation of the glycocalyx.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi N du Preez
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Colleen Aldous
- College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Lin Johnson
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Srimasorn S, Souter L, Green DE, Djerbal L, Goodenough A, Duncan JA, Roberts ARE, Zhang X, Débarre D, DeAngelis PL, Kwok JCF, Richter RP. A quartz crystal microbalance method to quantify the size of hyaluronan and other glycosaminoglycans on surfaces. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10980. [PMID: 35768463 PMCID: PMC9243130 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14948-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a major component of peri- and extra-cellular matrices and plays important roles in many biological processes such as cell adhesion, proliferation and migration. The abundance, size distribution and presentation of HA dictate its biological effects and are also useful indicators of pathologies and disease progression. Methods to assess the molecular mass of free-floating HA and other glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are well established. In many biological and technological settings, however, GAGs are displayed on surfaces, and methods to obtain the size of surface-attached GAGs are lacking. Here, we present a method to size HA that is end-attached to surfaces. The method is based on the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) and exploits that the softness and thickness of films of grafted HA increase with HA size. These two quantities are sensitively reflected by the ratio of the dissipation shift (ΔD) and the negative frequency shift (- Δf) measured by QCM-D upon the formation of HA films. Using a series of size-defined HA preparations, ranging in size from ~ 2 kDa tetrasaccharides to ~ 1 MDa polysaccharides, we establish a monotonic yet non-linear standard curve of the ΔD/ - Δf ratio as a function of HA size, which reflects the distinct conformations adopted by grafted HA chains depending on their size and surface coverage. We demonstrate that the standard curve can be used to determine the mean size of HA, as well as other GAGs, such as chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate, of preparations of previously unknown size in the range from 1 to 500 kDa, with a resolution of better than 10%. For polydisperse samples, our analysis shows that the process of surface-grafting preferentially selects smaller GAG chains, and thus reduces the average size of GAGs that are immobilised on surfaces comparative to the original solution sample. Our results establish a quantitative method to size HA and other GAGs grafted on surfaces, and also highlight the importance of sizing GAGs directly on surfaces. The method should be useful for the development and quality control of GAG-based surface coatings in a wide range of research areas, from molecular interaction analysis to biomaterials coatings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumitra Srimasorn
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, and Bragg Centre for Materials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Luke Souter
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Dixy E Green
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73126, USA
| | - Lynda Djerbal
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Ashleigh Goodenough
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, and Bragg Centre for Materials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - James A Duncan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,School of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Abigail R E Roberts
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, and Bragg Centre for Materials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, and Bragg Centre for Materials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Paul L DeAngelis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73126, USA
| | - Jessica C F Kwok
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. .,Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, 1083, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Ralf P Richter
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. .,School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, and Bragg Centre for Materials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hintze V, Schnabelrauch M, Rother S. Chemical Modification of Hyaluronan and Their Biomedical Applications. Front Chem 2022; 10:830671. [PMID: 35223772 PMCID: PMC8873528 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.830671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan, the extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan, is an important structural component of many tissues playing a critical role in a variety of biological contexts. This makes hyaluronan, which can be biotechnologically produced in large scale, an attractive starting polymer for chemical modifications. This review provides a broad overview of different synthesis strategies used for modulating the biological as well as material properties of this polysaccharide. We discuss current advances and challenges of derivatization reactions targeting the primary and secondary hydroxyl groups or carboxylic acid groups and the N-acetyl groups after deamidation. In addition, we give examples for approaches using hyaluronan as biomedical polymer matrix and consequences of chemical modifications on the interaction of hyaluronan with cells via receptor-mediated signaling. Collectively, hyaluronan derivatives play a significant role in biomedical research and applications indicating the great promise for future innovative therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Hintze
- Institute of Materials Science, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- *Correspondence: Vera Hintze, ; Matthias Schnabelrauch, ; Sandra Rother,
| | - Matthias Schnabelrauch
- Biomaterials Department, INNOVENT e. V., Jena, Germany
- *Correspondence: Vera Hintze, ; Matthias Schnabelrauch, ; Sandra Rother,
| | - Sandra Rother
- School of Medicine, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Vera Hintze, ; Matthias Schnabelrauch, ; Sandra Rother,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
du Preez HN, Aldous C, Hayden MR, Kruger HG, Lin J. Pathogenesis of COVID-19 described through the lens of an undersulfated and degraded epithelial and endothelial glycocalyx. FASEB J 2021; 36:e22052. [PMID: 34862979 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101100rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The glycocalyx surrounds every eukaryotic cell and is a complex mesh of proteins and carbohydrates. It consists of proteoglycans with glycosaminoglycan side chains, which are highly sulfated under normal physiological conditions. The degree of sulfation and the position of the sulfate groups mainly determine biological function. The intact highly sulfated glycocalyx of the epithelium may repel severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) through electrostatic forces. However, if the glycocalyx is undersulfated and 3-O-sulfotransferase 3B (3OST-3B) is overexpressed, as is the case during chronic inflammatory conditions, SARS-CoV-2 entry may be facilitated by the glycocalyx. The degree of sulfation and position of the sulfate groups will also affect functions such as immune modulation, the inflammatory response, vascular permeability and tone, coagulation, mediation of sheer stress, and protection against oxidative stress. The rate-limiting factor to sulfation is the availability of inorganic sulfate. Various genetic and epigenetic factors will affect sulfur metabolism and inorganic sulfate availability, such as various dietary factors, and exposure to drugs, environmental toxins, and biotoxins, which will deplete inorganic sulfate. The role that undersulfation plays in the various comorbid conditions that predispose to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is also considered. The undersulfated glycocalyx may not only increase susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection, but would also result in a hyperinflammatory response, vascular permeability, and shedding of the glycocalyx components, giving rise to a procoagulant and antifibrinolytic state and eventual multiple organ failure. These symptoms relate to a diagnosis of systemic septic shock seen in almost all COVID-19 deaths. The focus of prevention and treatment protocols proposed is the preservation of epithelial and endothelial glycocalyx integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi N du Preez
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Colleen Aldous
- College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Melvin R Hayden
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease Center, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Hendrik G Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Johnson Lin
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bally M, Block S, Höök F, Larson G, Parveen N, Rydell GE. Physicochemical tools for studying virus interactions with targeted cell membranes in a molecular and spatiotemporally resolved context. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:7157-7178. [PMID: 34490501 PMCID: PMC8421089 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03510-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this critical review is to provide an overview of how emerging bioanalytical techniques are expanding our understanding of the complex physicochemical nature of virus interactions with host cell surfaces. Herein, selected model viruses representing both non-enveloped (simian virus 40 and human norovirus) and enveloped (influenza A virus, human herpes simplex virus, and human immunodeficiency virus type 1) viruses are highlighted. The technologies covered utilize a wide range of cell membrane mimics, from supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) containing a single purified host membrane component to SLBs derived from the plasma membrane of a target cell, which can be compared with live-cell experiments to better understand the role of individual interaction pairs in virus attachment and entry. These platforms are used to quantify binding strengths, residence times, diffusion characteristics, and binding kinetics down to the single virus particle and single receptor, and even to provide assessments of multivalent interactions. The technologies covered herein are surface plasmon resonance (SPR), quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D), dynamic force spectroscopy (DFS), total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy combined with equilibrium fluctuation analysis (EFA) and single particle tracking (SPT), and finally confocal microscopy using multi-labeling techniques to visualize entry of individual virus particles in live cells. Considering the growing scientific and societal needs for untangling, and interfering with, the complex mechanisms of virus binding and entry, we hope that this review will stimulate the community to implement these emerging tools and strategies in conjunction with more traditional methods. The gained knowledge will not only contribute to a better understanding of the virus biology, but may also facilitate the design of effective inhibitors to block virus entry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bally
- Department of Clinical Microbiology & Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 901 85, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stephan Block
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fredrik Höök
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Bruna Stråket 16, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Nagma Parveen
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Gustaf E Rydell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Trybala E, Peerboom N, Adamiak B, Krzyzowska M, Liljeqvist JÅ, Bally M, Bergström T. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Mucin-Like Glycoprotein mgG Promotes Virus Release from the Surface of Infected Cells. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050887. [PMID: 34065826 PMCID: PMC8150390 DOI: 10.3390/v13050887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution of virus components to liberation of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) progeny virions from the surface of infected cells is poorly understood. We report that the HSV-2 mutant deficient in the expression of a mucin-like membrane-associated glycoprotein G (mgG) exhibited defect in the release of progeny virions from infected cells manifested by ~2 orders of magnitude decreased amount of infectious virus in a culture medium as compared to native HSV-2. Electron microscopy revealed that the mgG deficient virions were produced in infected cells and present at the cell surface. These virions could be forcibly liberated to a nearly native HSV-2 level by the treatment of cells with glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-mimicking oligosaccharides. Comparative assessment of the interaction of mutant and native virions with surface-immobilized chondroitin sulfate GAG chains revealed that while the mutant virions associated with GAGs ~fourfold more extensively, the lateral mobility of bound virions was much poorer than that of native virions. These data indicate that the mgG of HSV-2 balances the virus interaction with GAG chains, a feature critical to prevent trapping of the progeny virions at the surface of infected cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward Trybala
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden; (E.T.); (B.A.); (M.K.); (J.-Å.L.)
| | - Nadia Peerboom
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden;
| | - Beata Adamiak
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden; (E.T.); (B.A.); (M.K.); (J.-Å.L.)
| | - Malgorzata Krzyzowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden; (E.T.); (B.A.); (M.K.); (J.-Å.L.)
| | - Jan-Åke Liljeqvist
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden; (E.T.); (B.A.); (M.K.); (J.-Å.L.)
| | - Marta Bally
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden;
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden; (E.T.); (B.A.); (M.K.); (J.-Å.L.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Debets VE, Janssen LMC, Šarić A. Characterising the diffusion of biological nanoparticles on fluid and cross-linked membranes. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:10628-10639. [PMID: 33084724 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00712a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tracing the motion of macromolecules, viruses, and nanoparticles adsorbed onto cell membranes is currently the most direct way of probing the complex dynamic interactions behind vital biological processes, including cell signalling, trafficking, and viral infection. The resulting trajectories are usually consistent with some type of anomalous diffusion, but the molecular origins behind the observed anomalous behaviour are usually not obvious. Here we use coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to help identify the physical mechanisms that can give rise to experimentally observed trajectories of nanoscopic objects moving on biological membranes. We find that diffusion on membranes of high fluidities typically results in normal diffusion of the adsorbed nanoparticle, irrespective of the concentration of receptors, receptor clustering, or multivalent interactions between the particle and membrane receptors. Gel-like membranes on the other hand result in anomalous diffusion of the particle, which becomes more pronounced at higher receptor concentrations. This anomalous diffusion is characterised by local particle trapping in the regions of high receptor concentrations and fast hopping between such regions. The normal diffusion is recovered in the limit where the gel membrane is saturated with receptors. We conclude that hindered receptor diffusivity can be a common reason behind the observed anomalous diffusion of viruses, vesicles, and nanoparticles adsorbed on cell and model membranes. Our results enable direct comparison with experiments and offer a new route for interpreting motility experiments on cell membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V E Debets
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chikungunya Virus Strains from Each Genetic Clade Bind Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans as Attachment Factors. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01500-20. [PMID: 32999033 PMCID: PMC7925169 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01500-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alphavirus infections are a global health threat, contributing to outbreaks of disease in many parts of the world. Recent epidemics caused by CHIKV, an arthritogenic alphavirus, resulted in more than 8.5 million cases as the virus has spread into new geographic regions, including the Western Hemisphere. CHIKV causes disease in the majority of people infected, leading to severe and debilitating arthritis. Despite the severity of CHIKV disease, there are no licensed therapeutics. Since attachment factors and receptors are determinants of viral tropism and pathogenesis, understanding these virus-host interactions can enhance our knowledge of CHIKV infection. We analyzed over 670 glycans and identified GAGs as the main glycan bound by CHIKV. We defined specific GAG components required for CHIKV binding and assessed strain-specific differences in GAG binding capacity. These studies provide insight about cell surface molecules that CHIKV binds, which could facilitate the development of antiviral therapeutics targeting the CHIKV attachment step. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthritogenic alphavirus that causes debilitating musculoskeletal disease. CHIKV displays broad cell, tissue, and species tropism, which may correlate with the attachment factors and entry receptors used by the virus. Cell surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) have been identified as CHIKV attachment factors. However, the specific types of GAGs and potentially other glycans to which CHIKV binds and whether there are strain-specific differences in GAG binding are not fully understood. To identify the types of glycans bound by CHIKV, we conducted glycan microarray analyses and discovered that CHIKV preferentially binds GAGs. Microarray results also indicate that sulfate groups on GAGs are essential for CHIKV binding and that CHIKV binds most strongly to longer GAG chains of heparin and heparan sulfate. To determine whether GAG binding capacity varies among CHIKV strains, a representative strain from each genetic clade was tested. While all strains directly bound to heparin and chondroitin sulfate in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and depended on heparan sulfate for efficient cell binding and infection, we observed some variation by strain. Enzymatic removal of cell surface GAGs and genetic ablation that diminishes GAG expression reduced CHIKV binding and infectivity of all strains. Collectively, these data demonstrate that GAGs are the preferred glycan bound by CHIKV, enhance our understanding of the specific GAG moieties required for CHIKV binding, define strain differences in GAG engagement, and provide further evidence for a critical function of GAGs in CHIKV cell attachment and infection. IMPORTANCE Alphavirus infections are a global health threat, contributing to outbreaks of disease in many parts of the world. Recent epidemics caused by CHIKV, an arthritogenic alphavirus, resulted in more than 8.5 million cases as the virus has spread into new geographic regions, including the Western Hemisphere. CHIKV causes disease in the majority of people infected, leading to severe and debilitating arthritis. Despite the severity of CHIKV disease, there are no licensed therapeutics. Since attachment factors and receptors are determinants of viral tropism and pathogenesis, understanding these virus-host interactions can enhance our knowledge of CHIKV infection. We analyzed over 670 glycans and identified GAGs as the main glycan bound by CHIKV. We defined specific GAG components required for CHIKV binding and assessed strain-specific differences in GAG binding capacity. These studies provide insight about cell surface molecules that CHIKV binds, which could facilitate the development of antiviral therapeutics targeting the CHIKV attachment step.
Collapse
|
12
|
Cuellar-Camacho JL, Bhatia S, Reiter-Scherer V, Lauster D, Liese S, Rabe JP, Herrmann A, Haag R. Quantification of Multivalent Interactions between Sialic Acid and Influenza A Virus Spike Proteins by Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12181-12192. [PMID: 32538085 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multivalency is a key principle in reinforcing reversible molecular interactions through the formation of multiple bonds. The influenza A virus deploys this strategy to bind strongly to cell surface receptors. We performed single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) to investigate the rupture force required to break individual and multiple bonds formed between synthetic sialic acid (SA) receptors and the two principal spike proteins of the influenza A virus (H3N2): hemagglutinin (H3) and neuraminidase (N2). Kinetic parameters such as the rupture length (χβ) and dissociation rate (koff) are extracted using the model by Friddle, De Yoreo, and Noy. We found that a monovalent SA receptor binds to N2 with a significantly higher bond lifetime (270 ms) compared to that for H3 (36 ms). By extending the single-bond rupture analysis to a multibond system of n protein-receptor pairs, we provide an unprecedented quantification of the mechanistic features of multivalency between H3 and N2 with SA receptors and show that the stability of the multivalent connection increases with the number of bonds from tens to hundreds of milliseconds. Association rates (kon) are also provided, and an estimation of the dissociation constants (KD) between the SA receptors to both proteins indicate a 17-fold higher binding affinity for the SA-N2 bond with respect to that of SA-H3. An optimal designed multivalent SA receptor showed a higher binding stability to the H3 protein of the influenza A virus than to the monovalent SA receptor. Our study emphasizes the influence of the scaffold on the presentation of receptors during multivalent binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Cuellar-Camacho
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sumati Bhatia
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Valentin Reiter-Scherer
- Department of Physics & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstraße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Lauster
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Biology & IRI Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Liese
- Department of Mathematics, University of Oslo, Moltke Moes vei 35, 1053 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jürgen P Rabe
- Department of Physics & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstraße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Institute for Biology & IRI Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kunstmann S, Engström O, Wehle M, Widmalm G, Santer M, Barbirz S. Increasing the Affinity of an O-Antigen Polysaccharide Binding Site in Shigella flexneri Bacteriophage Sf6 Tailspike Protein. Chemistry 2020; 26:7263-7273. [PMID: 32189378 PMCID: PMC7463171 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Broad and unspecific use of antibiotics accelerates spread of resistances. Sensitive and robust pathogen detection is thus important for a more targeted application. Bacteriophages contain a large repertoire of pathogen-binding proteins. These tailspike proteins (TSP) often bind surface glycans and represent a promising design platform for specific pathogen sensors. We analysed bacteriophage Sf6 TSP that recognizes the O-polysaccharide of dysentery-causing Shigella flexneri to develop variants with increased sensitivity for sensor applications. Ligand polyrhamnose backbone conformations were obtained from 2D 1 H,1 H-trNOESY NMR utilizing methine-methine and methine-methyl correlations. They agreed well with conformations obtained from molecular dynamics (MD), validating the method for further predictions. In a set of mutants, MD predicted ligand flexibilities that were in good correlation with binding strength as confirmed on immobilized S. flexneri O-polysaccharide (PS) with surface plasmon resonance. In silico approaches combined with rapid screening on PS surfaces hence provide valuable strategies for TSP-based pathogen sensor design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Kunstmann
- Physikalische BiochemieUniversität PotsdamKarl-Liebknecht-Str. 24–2514476PotsdamGermany
- Theory and BiosystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
- Current address: Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkSøltofts Plads2800 Kgs.LyngbyDenmark
| | - Olof Engström
- Department of Organic ChemistryArrhenius LaboratoryStockholm University10691StockholmSweden
| | - Marko Wehle
- Theory and BiosystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Göran Widmalm
- Department of Organic ChemistryArrhenius LaboratoryStockholm University10691StockholmSweden
| | - Mark Santer
- Theory and BiosystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Stefanie Barbirz
- Physikalische BiochemieUniversität PotsdamKarl-Liebknecht-Str. 24–2514476PotsdamGermany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Koehler M, Delguste M, Sieben C, Gillet L, Alsteens D. Initial Step of Virus Entry: Virion Binding to Cell-Surface Glycans. Annu Rev Virol 2020; 7:143-165. [PMID: 32396772 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-122019-070025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Virus infection is an intricate process that requires the concerted action of both viral and host cell components. Entry of viruses into cells is initiated by interactions between viral proteins and cell-surface receptors. Various cell-surface glycans function as initial, usually low-affinity attachment factors, providing a first anchor of the virus to the cell surface, and further facilitate high-affinity binding to virus-specific cell-surface receptors, while other glycans function as specific entry receptors themselves. It is now possible to rapidly identify specific glycan receptors using different techniques, define atomic-level structures of virus-glycan complexes, and study these interactions at the single-virion level. This review provides a detailed overview of the role of glycans in viral infection and highlights experimental approaches to study virus-glycan binding along with specific examples. In particular, we highlight the development of the atomic force microscope to investigate interactions with glycans at the single-virion level directly on living mammalian cells, which offers new perspectives to better understand virus-glycan interactions in physiologically relevant conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Koehler
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium;
| | - Martin Delguste
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium;
| | - Christian Sieben
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Gillet
- Immunology-Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health center (FARAH), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - David Alsteens
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; .,Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), 1300 Wavre, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Galván-Hernández A, Kobayashi N, Hernández-Cobos J, Antillón A, Nakabayashi S, Ortega-Blake I. Morphology and dynamics of domains in ergosterol or cholesterol containing membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
16
|
Watanabe Y, Bowden TA, Wilson IA, Crispin M. Exploitation of glycosylation in enveloped virus pathobiology. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:1480-1497. [PMID: 31121217 PMCID: PMC6686077 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a ubiquitous post-translational modification responsible for a multitude of crucial biological roles. As obligate parasites, viruses exploit host-cell machinery to glycosylate their own proteins during replication. Viral envelope proteins from a variety of human pathogens including HIV-1, influenza virus, Lassa virus, SARS, Zika virus, dengue virus, and Ebola virus have evolved to be extensively glycosylated. These host-cell derived glycans facilitate diverse structural and functional roles during the viral life-cycle, ranging from immune evasion by glycan shielding to enhancement of immune cell infection. In this review, we highlight the imperative and auxiliary roles glycans play, and how specific oligosaccharide structures facilitate these functions during viral pathogenesis. We discuss the growing efforts to exploit viral glycobiology in the development of anti-viral vaccines and therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Watanabe
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Thomas A Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Delguste M, Peerboom N, Le Brun G, Trybala E, Olofsson S, Bergström T, Alsteens D, Bally M. Regulatory Mechanisms of the Mucin-Like Region on Herpes Simplex Virus during Cellular Attachment. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:534-542. [PMID: 30735356 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mucin-like regions, characterized by a local high density of O-linked glycosylation, are found on the viral envelope glycoproteins of many viruses. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), for example, exhibits a mucin-like region on its glycoprotein gC, a viral protein involved in initial recruitment of the virus to the cell surface via interaction with sulfated glycosaminoglycans. So far, this mucin-like region has been proposed to play a key role in modulating the interactions with cellular glycosaminoglycans, and in particular to promote release of HSV-1 virions from infected cells. However, the molecular mechanisms and the role as a pathogenicity factor remains unclear. Using single virus particle tracking, we show that the mobility of chondroitin sulfate-bound HSV-1 virions is decreased in absence of the mucin-like region. This decrease in mobility correlates with an increase in HSV-1-chondroitin sulfate binding forces as observed using atomic force microscopy-based force spectroscopy. Our data suggest that the mucin-like region modulates virus-glycosaminoglycan interactions by regulating the affinity, type, and number of glycoproteins involved in the virus-glycosaminoglycan interaction. This study therefore presents new evidence for a role of the mucin-like region in balancing the interaction of HSV-1 with glycosaminoglycans and provides further insights into the molecular mechanisms used by the virus to ensure both successful cell entry and release from the infected cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Delguste
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Nadia Peerboom
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Grégoire Le Brun
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Edward Trybala
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, 41346 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Sigvard Olofsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, 41346 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, 41346 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - David Alsteens
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Marta Bally
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, 90185 Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 90185 Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Müller M, Lauster D, Wildenauer HHK, Herrmann A, Block S. Mobility-Based Quantification of Multivalent Virus-Receptor Interactions: New Insights Into Influenza A Virus Binding Mode. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:1875-1882. [PMID: 30719917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Viruses, such as influenza A, typically bind to the plasma membrane of their host by engaging multiple membrane receptors in parallel, thereby forming so-called multivalent interactions that are created by the collective action of multiple weak ligand-receptor bonds. The overall interaction strength can be modulated by changing the number of engaged receptors. This feature is used by viruses to achieve a sufficiently firm attachment to the host's plasma membrane but also allows progeny viruses to leave the plasma membrane after completing the virus replication cycle. Design of strategies to prevent infection, for example, by disturbing these attachment and detachment processes upon application of antivirals, requires quantification of the underlying multivalent interaction in absence and presence of antivirals. This is still an unresolved problem, as there is currently no approach available that allows for determining the valency (i.e., of the number of receptors bound to a particular virus) on the level of single viruses under equilibrium conditions. Herein, we track the motion of single influenza A/X31 viruses (IAVs; interacting with the ganglioside GD1a incorporated in a supported lipid bilayer) using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and show that IAV residence time distributions can be deconvoluted from valency effects by taking the IAV mobility into account. The so-derived off-rate distributions, expressed in dependence of an average, apparent valency, show the expected decrease in off-rate with increasing valency but also show an unexpected peak structure, which can be linked to a competition in the opposing functionalities of the two influenza A virus spike proteins, hemagglutinin (HA), and neuraminidase (NA). By application of the antiviral zanamivir that inhibits the activity of NA, we provide direct evidence, how the HA/NA balance modulates this virus-receptor interaction, allowing us to assess the inhibition concentration of zanamivir based on its effect on the multivalent interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Emmy-Noether Group "Bionanointerfaces" , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustrasse 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Daniel Lauster
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biophysics , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, IRI Life Sciences , Invalidenstr. 42 , 10115 Berlin , Germany
| | - Helen H K Wildenauer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Emmy-Noether Group "Bionanointerfaces" , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustrasse 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biophysics , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, IRI Life Sciences , Invalidenstr. 42 , 10115 Berlin , Germany
| | - Stephan Block
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Emmy-Noether Group "Bionanointerfaces" , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustrasse 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Nathan L, Daniel S. Single Virion Tracking Microscopy for the Study of Virus Entry Processes in Live Cells and Biomimetic Platforms. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1215:13-43. [PMID: 31317494 PMCID: PMC7122913 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-14741-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The most widely-used assays for studying viral entry, including infectivity, cofloatation, and cell-cell fusion assays, yield functional information but provide low resolution of individual entry steps. Structural characterization provides high-resolution conformational information, but on its own is unable to address the functional significance of these conformations. Single virion tracking microscopy techniques provide more detail on the intermediate entry steps than infection assays and more functional information than structural methods, bridging the gap between these methods. In addition, single virion approaches also provide dynamic information about the kinetics of entry processes. This chapter reviews single virion tracking techniques and describes how they can be applied to study specific virus entry steps. These techniques provide information complementary to traditional ensemble approaches. Single virion techniques may either probe virion behavior in live cells or in biomimetic platforms. Synthesizing information from ensemble, structural, and single virion techniques ultimately yields a more complete understanding of the viral entry process than can be achieved by any single method alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Nathan
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Susan Daniel
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Peerboom N, Schmidt E, Trybala E, Block S, Bergström T, Pace HP, Bally M. Cell Membrane Derived Platform To Study Virus Binding Kinetics and Diffusion with Single Particle Sensitivity. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:944-953. [PMID: 29688001 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Discovery and development of new antiviral therapies essentially rely on two key factors: an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms involved in viral infection and the development of fast and versatile drug screening platforms. To meet those demands, we present a biosensing platform to probe virus-cell membrane interactions on a single particle level. Our method is based on the formation of supported lipid bilayers from cell membrane material. Using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, we report the contribution of viral and cellular components to the interaction kinetics of herpes simplex virus type 1 with the cell membrane. Deletion of glycoprotein C (gC), the main viral attachment glycoprotein, or deletion of heparan sulfate, an attachment factor on the cell membrane, leads to an overall decrease in association of virions to the membrane and faster dissociation from the membrane. In addition to this, we perform binding inhibition studies using the antiviral compound heparin to estimate its IC50 value. Finally, single particle tracking is used to characterize the diffusive behavior of the virus particles on the supported lipid bilayers. Altogether, our results promote this platform as a complement to existing bioanalytical assays, being at the interface between simplified artificial membrane models and live cell experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Peerboom
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Fysikgränd 3, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Eneas Schmidt
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Fysikgränd 3, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Edward Trybala
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10B, 413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Stephan Block
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 141 95 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10B, 413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Hudson P. Pace
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Fysikgränd 3, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Marta Bally
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Fysikgränd 3, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, NUS Målpunkt R, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Parveen N, Borrenberghs D, Rocha S, Hendrix J. Single Viruses on the Fluorescence Microscope: Imaging Molecular Mobility, Interactions and Structure Sheds New Light on Viral Replication. Viruses 2018; 10:E250. [PMID: 29748498 PMCID: PMC5977243 DOI: 10.3390/v10050250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are simple agents exhibiting complex reproductive mechanisms. Decades of research have provided crucial basic insights, antiviral medication and moderately successful gene therapy trials. The most infectious viral particle is, however, not always the most abundant one in a population, questioning the utility of classic ensemble-averaging virology. Indeed, viral replication is often not particularly efficient, prone to errors or containing parallel routes. Here, we review different single-molecule sensitive fluorescence methods that we employ routinely to investigate viruses. We provide a brief overview of the microscopy hardware needed and discuss the different methods and their application. In particular, we review how we applied (i) single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) to probe the subviral human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) integrase (IN) quaternary structure; (ii) single particle tracking to study interactions of the simian virus 40 with membranes; (iii) 3D confocal microscopy and smFRET to quantify the HIV-1 pre-integration complex content and quaternary structure; (iv) image correlation spectroscopy to quantify the cytosolic HIV-1 Gag assembly, and finally; (v) super-resolution microscopy to characterize the interaction of HIV-1 with tetherin during assembly. We hope this review is an incentive for setting up and applying similar single-virus imaging studies in daily virology practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nagma Parveen
- Laboratory for Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Molecular Imaging and Photonics Division, Chemistry Department, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Doortje Borrenberghs
- Laboratory for Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Molecular Imaging and Photonics Division, Chemistry Department, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Susana Rocha
- Laboratory for Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Molecular Imaging and Photonics Division, Chemistry Department, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jelle Hendrix
- Laboratory for Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Molecular Imaging and Photonics Division, Chemistry Department, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
- Dynamic Bioimaging Lab, Advanced Optical Microscopy Centre and Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|