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Kumar A, Singh N. Calcineurin inhibitors improve memory loss and neuropathological changes in mouse model of dementia. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 153:147-159. [PMID: 28063945 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
AIM The present study was designed to investigate the potential of Cyclosporine (CsA) and Tacrolimus, the inhibitors of calcineurin (CaN) in cognitive deficits of mice. METHODS Streptozotocin [STZ, 3mg/kg, injected intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.)] was used to induce memory deficits in NIH mice, while aged mice separately taken served as a natural model of dementia. Morris water maze (MWM) test was employed to evaluate learning and memory of the animals. A battery of biochemical and histopathological studies was also performed. Extent of oxidative stress was measured by estimating the levels of brain glutathione (GSH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS). Brain acetylcholinestrase (AChE) activity was estimated to assess cholinergic activity. The brain level of myeloperoxidase (MPO) was measured as a marker of inflammation. RESULTS STZ i.c.v. and aging results in marked decline in MWM performance of the animals, reflecting impairment of learning and memory. STZ i.c.v. treated mice and aged mice exhibited a marked accentuation of AChE activity, TBARS and MPO levels along with a fall in GSH level. Further the stained micrographs of STZ treated mice and aged mice indicate pathological changes, severe neutrophilic infiltration and amyloid deposition. Cyclosporine and Tacrolimus treatment significantly attenuated STZ induced and age related memory deficits, biochemical and histopathological alterations. CONCLUSION The findings demonstrate the potential of CaN inhibitors Cyclosporine and Tacrolimus in memory dysfunctions which may probably be attributed to anti-cholinesterase, anti-amyloid, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. It is concluded that CaN can be explored as a potential therapeutic target in dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- CNS and CVS Research Lab., Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Punjabi university, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India.
| | - Nirmal Singh
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Punjabi university, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India.
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Arora RB, Kumar K, Deshmukh RR. FK506 attenuates intracerebroventricular streptozotocin-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2013; 24:580-9. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e32836546db] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sharifi ZN, Abolhassani F, Zarrindast MR, Movassaghi S, Rahimian N, Hassanzadeh G. Effects of FK506 on Hippocampal CA1 Cells Following Transient Global Ischemia/Reperfusion in Wistar Rat. Stroke Res Treat 2011; 2012:809417. [PMID: 21941688 PMCID: PMC3175409 DOI: 10.1155/2012/809417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient global cerebral ischemia causes loss of pyramidal cells in CA1 region of hippocampus. In this study, we investigated the neurotrophic effect of the immunosuppressant agent FK506 in rat after global cerebral ischemia. Both common carotid arteries were occluded for 20 minutes followed by reperfusion. In experimental group 1, FK506 (6 mg/kg) was given as a single dose exactly at the time of reperfusion. In the second group, FK506 was administered at the beginning of reperfusion, followed by its administration intraperitoneally (IP) 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after reperfusion. FK506 failed to show neurotrophic effects on CA1 region when applied as a single dose of 6 mg/kg. The cell number and size of the CA1 pyramidal cells were increased, also the number of cell death decreased in this region when FK506 was administrated 48 h after reperfusion. This work supports the possible use of FK506 in treatment of ischemic brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra-Nadia Sharifi
- Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Pezeshkpour Alley, Vali-e-Asr Street, 15948-34111 Tehran, Iran
| | - Farid Abolhassani
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Enghelab Street, 14176-13151 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zarrindast
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Enghelab Street, 14176-13151 Tehran, Iran
| | - Shabnam Movassaghi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shariati Street, Zargandeh Street, 19168 Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Rahimian
- Department of Neurology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Gharib Street, 14197-31357 Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hassanzadeh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Enghelab Street, 14176-13151 Tehran, Iran
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Oda Y, Gao G, Wei EP, Povlishock JT. Combinational therapy using hypothermia and the immunophilin ligand FK506 to target altered pial arteriolar reactivity, axonal damage, and blood-brain barrier dysfunction after traumatic brain injury in rat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2011; 31:1143-54. [PMID: 21157473 PMCID: PMC3070975 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2010.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the utility of combinational therapy, coupling delayed posttraumatic hypothermia with delayed FK506 administration, on altered cerebral vascular reactivity, axonal injury, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption seen following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Animals were injured, subjected to various combinations of hypothermic/FK506 intervention, and equipped with cranial windows to assess pial vascular reactivity to acetylcholine. Animals were then processed with antibodies to the amyloid precursor protein and immunoglobulin G to assess axonal injury and BBB disruption, respectively. Animals were assigned to five groups: (1) sham injury plus delayed FK506, (2) TBI, (3) TBI plus delayed hypothermia, (4) TBI plus delayed FK506, and (5) TBI plus delayed hypothermia with FK506. Sham injury plus FK506 had no impact on vascular reactivity, axonal injury, or BBB disruption. Traumatic brain injury induced dramatic axonal injury and altered pial vascular reactivity, while triggering local BBB disruption. Delayed hypothermia or FK506 after TBI provided limited protection. However, TBI with combinational therapy achieved significantly enhanced vascular and axonal protection, with no BBB protection. This study shows the benefits of combinational therapy, using posttraumatic hypothermia with FK506 to attenuate important features of TBI. This suggests that hypothermia not only protects but also extends the therapeutic window for improved FK506 efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutaka Oda
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
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Kumar P, Kalonia H, Kumar A. Possible nitric oxide modulation in protective effect of FK-506 against 3-nitropropionic acid-induced behavioral, oxidative, neurochemical, and mitochondrial alterations in rat brain. Drug Chem Toxicol 2010; 33:377-92. [DOI: 10.3109/01480541003642050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Ahn AH, Berman BD, Dillon WP. Spontaneous intracranial hypotension-hypovolemia associated with tacrolimus. Headache 2010; 50:1386-9. [PMID: 20533958 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2010.01701.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
There is little precedent for a medication-induced spontaneous intracranial hypotension/cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hypovolemia (SIH). This case history of a woman with low CSF pressure, orthostatic headache, and radiographic findings consistent with SIH but without a detectable leak was notable for its association, both onset and resolution, with the use of the calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus (FK506). A literature review for potential causes of a tacrolimus-induced CSF hypotension suggests many potential mechanisms of action, including effects on blood brain barrier and dural compliance, and supports further vigilance for this condition in the medically complex setting of tacrolimus use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Ahn
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Guzmán-Lenis MS, Vallejo C, Navarro X, Casas C. Analysis of FK506-mediated protection in an organotypic model of spinal cord damage: heat shock protein 70 levels are modulated in microglial cells. Neuroscience 2008; 155:104-13. [PMID: 18577426 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2007] [Revised: 04/29/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Functional loss after spinal cord injuries is originated by primary and secondary injury phases whose underlying mechanisms include massive release of excitatory amino acids to cytotoxic levels that contribute to neural death. Attenuation of this excitotoxicity is a key point for improving the functional outcome after injury. One of the drugs with potential neuroprotective actions is FK506, a molecule widely used as an immunosuppressant. FK506 may exert neuroprotection via inhibition of calcineurin by binding the FKBP12, or by binding other immunophilins such as FKBP52, leading to modulation of heat shock proteins (Hsp) 90 and 70. In the present study, we used an in vitro model of organotypic culture of rat spinal cord slices to assess whether FK506 is able to protect them against glutamate excitotoxicity. The results showed that FK506 promoted a significant protective effect on the spinal cord tissue at concentrations of 50 and 100 nM. Hsp70 induction was restricted to microglial cells in spinal cord slices treated with either glutamate or FK506. In contrast, the combination of both agents led to a transient reduction in Hsp70 levels in parallel to a marked reduction in IL-1beta precursor production by glial cells. The use of geldanamycin, which promotes persistent induction of Hsp70 in these cells as well as in motoneurons, did not produce tissue neuroprotection. These observations suggest that FK506 might protect spinal cord tissue by targeting on microglial cells and that transient downregulation of Hsp70 on these cells after excitotoxicity is a relevant mechanism of action of FK506.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-S Guzmán-Lenis
- Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Wang HK, Park UJ, Kim SY, Lee JH, Kim SU, Gwag BJ, Lee YB. Free radical production in CA1 neurons induces MIP-1alpha expression, microglia recruitment, and delayed neuronal death after transient forebrain ischemia. J Neurosci 2008; 28:1721-7. [PMID: 18272692 PMCID: PMC6671544 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4973-07.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies report microglial accumulation and activation in the CA1 area in response to transient forebrain ischemia (TFI). Here we examine the possibility that free radicals and chemokines mediate the transient activation of microglia. Free radicals are produced primarily in CA1 pyramidal neurons within 2 h of TFI. Administration of trolox, a vitamin E analog, led to the inhibition of free radical production and recruitment of microglia in the CA1 area. In addition, intrahippocampal injection of Fe2+ triggered free radical production in CA1 neurons, followed by the recruitment and activation of microglial cells into this area. TFI-induced expression of macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha) was increased in CA1 neurons before microglial recruitment, and blocked by trolox. Moreover, the MIP-1alpha level was upregulated in cultured hippocampal neurons exposed to Fe2+, suggesting an essential role of free radicals in TFI-induced expression of MIP-1alpha. Intracerebroventricular injection of vMIP-2 (viral macrophage inflammatory protein-2), a broad-spectrum peptide antagonist of chemokine receptors, attenuated microglial recruitment and delayed CA1 neuronal degeneration after TFI. Our data suggest that free radicals produced in CA1 neurons contribute to the recruitment and activation of microglia and neurodegeneration through MIP-1alpha expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Kyun Wang
- Neuroscience Graduate Program
- Brain Disease Research Center
| | - Ui Jin Park
- Neuroscience Graduate Program
- Brain Disease Research Center
- Division of Cell Transformation and Restoration, and
| | - Soo Yoon Kim
- Neuroscience Graduate Program
- Brain Disease Research Center
| | - Jin Hwan Lee
- Neuroscience Graduate Program
- Brain Disease Research Center
- Division of Cell Transformation and Restoration, and
| | - Seung U. Kim
- Neuroscience Graduate Program
- Brain Disease Research Center
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Byoung Joo Gwag
- Neuroscience Graduate Program
- Brain Disease Research Center
- Division of Cell Transformation and Restoration, and
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea, and
| | - Yong Beom Lee
- Neuroscience Graduate Program
- Brain Disease Research Center
- Division of Cell Transformation and Restoration, and
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Lu KT, Chiou RYY, Chen LG, Chen MH, Tseng WT, Hsieh HT, Yang YL. Neuroprotective effects of resveratrol on cerebral ischemia-induced neuron loss mediated by free radical scavenging and cerebral blood flow elevation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:3126-31. [PMID: 16608241 DOI: 10.1021/jf053011q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol is a natural phytoestrogen and possesses many biological functions such as anti-inflammatory activity and protection against atherosclerosis and myocardial infraction. The present study was carried out to elucidate the neuroprotective effect and possible mechanism of resveratrol on cerebral ischemia-induced hippocampus neuron loss. Sixty adult male rats underwent general anesthesia (urethane, 1.4 g/kg, i.p.) and were divided into three groups: sham operation, ischemia treatment, and ischemia combined with resveratrol administration (20 mg/kg, i.v.). The carotid artery was bilaterally ligated to induce cerebral ischemia. Microdialysis and high-performance liquid chromatography were used to analyze dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA) that reflected the hippocampal hydroxyl radical level. Hippocampal nitric oxide was assayed among different groups. During cerebral ischemia, the hydroxyl radical levels were elevated in rats and animals displayed severe neuronal loss. A single dose of resveratrol significantly increased the nitric oxide level and decreased the hydroxyl radical level. The reduction of cerebral blood flow and neuronal loss were also attenuated by resveratrol treatment. The results demonstrated that a single infusion of resveratrol could elicit neuroprotective effects on cerebral ischemia-induced neuron damage through free radical scavenging and cerebral blood elevation due to NO release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwok Tung Lu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Burda J, Matiasová M, Gottlieb M, Danielisová V, Némethová M, Garcia L, Salinas M, Burda R. Evidence for a Role of Second Pathophysiological Stress in Prevention of Delayed Neuronal Death in the Hippocampal CA1 Region. Neurochem Res 2005; 30:1397-405. [PMID: 16341936 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-005-8510-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2005] [Accepted: 09/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In ischemic tolerance experiment, when we applied 5-min ischemia 2 days before 30-min ischemia, we achieved a remarkable (95.8%) survival of CA1 neurons. However, when we applied 5-min ischemia itself, without following lethal ischemia, we found out 45.8% degeneration of neurons in the CA1. This means that salvage of 40% CA1 neurons from postischemic degeneration was initiated by the second pathophysiological stress. These findings encouraged us to hypothesize that the second pathophysiological stress used 48 h after lethal ischemia can be efficient in prevention of delayed neuronal death. Our results demonstrate that whereas 8 min of lethal ischemia destroys 49.9% of CAI neurons, 10 min of ischemia destroys 71.6% of CA1 neurons, three different techniques of the second pathophysiological stress are able to protect against both: CA1 damage as well as spatial learning/memory dysfunction. Bolus of norepinephrine (3.1 micromol/kg i.p.) used two days after 8 min ischemia saved 94.2%, 6 min ischemia applied 2 days after 10 min ischemia rescued 89.9%, and an injection of 3-nitropropionic acid (20 mg/kg i.p.) applied two days after 10 min ischemia protected 77.5% of CA1 neurons. Thus, the second pathophysiological stress, if applied at a suitable time after lethal ischemia, represents a significant therapeutic window to opportunity for salvaging neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region against delayed neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Burda
- Institute of Neurobiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltésovej 4, Kosice, 040 01, Slovakia.
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