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Miller-Patterson C, Hsu JY, Barrett MJ, Cloud LJ, Berman BD, Chelimsky TC. Supine hypertension is longitudinally associated with verbal memory decline in Parkinson disease. Clin Auton Res 2024:10.1007/s10286-024-01026-3. [PMID: 38554233 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-024-01026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Miller-Patterson
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 1101 E Marshall St, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
| | - Jesse Y Hsu
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 423 Guardian Dr, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Matthew J Barrett
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 1101 E Marshall St, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Leslie J Cloud
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 1101 E Marshall St, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Brian D Berman
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 1101 E Marshall St, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Thomas C Chelimsky
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 1101 E Marshall St, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
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Junker J, Hall J, Berman BD, Vidailhet M, Roze E, Bäumer T, Malaty IA, Shukla AW, Jankovic J, Reich SG, Espay AJ, Duque KR, Patel N, Perlmutter JS, Jinnah HA, Brandt V, Brüggemann N. Longitudinal predictors of health-related quality of life in isolated dystonia. J Neurol 2024; 271:852-863. [PMID: 37839041 PMCID: PMC10827910 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-12022-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine longitudinal predictors of health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) in an international multicenter cohort of patients with isolated dystonia. METHODS Out of 603 dystonia patients prospectively enrolled in the Natural History Dystonia Coalition study, 155 were assessed three times within 2 years for HR-QoL, symptoms of depression, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and social anxiety disorder (SAD), as well as dystonia severity and dystonic tremor. In addition, the impact of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injections on HR-QoL was evaluated after 1 year. RESULTS Depressive symptoms at baseline predicted lower HR-QoL on all subscales after 2 years (all p ≤ 0.001). Higher GAD scores at baseline predicted lower HR-QoL related to general health, pain and emotional well-being, whereas higher SAD scores predicted higher pain-related QoL after 2 years (all p ≤ 0.006). Dystonia severity at baseline predicted social functioning (p = 0.002). Neither dystonic tremor, age, or sex predicted HR-QoL at 2 years. Two latent categories were revealed across the three-time points: Category 1 with higher total HR-QoL scores (mean HR-QoL = 74.4% ± 16.1), susceptible to symptoms of depression and SAD, and Category 2 with lower total HR-QoL scores (mean HR-QoL = 45.5% ± 17.6), susceptible to symptoms of GAD. HR-QoL improved over the course of 1 year irrespective of the use of BoNT. CONCLUSION The longitudinal impact of psychiatric symptoms on HR-QoL emphasizes the importance of incorporating mental health treatment, in particular also the therapy of anxiety disorders, into treatment regimens for dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Junker
- Department of Neurology, University of Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, SH, Germany
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - James Hall
- Southampton Education School, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Brian D Berman
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Marie Vidailhet
- Departement de Neurologie, AP-HP, Hopital de La Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau_ Paris Brain Institute-ICM, INSERM 1127, CNRS 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- Departement de Neurologie, AP-HP, Hopital de La Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France
| | - Tobias Bäumer
- Institute of Systems Motor Science, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Irene A Malaty
- Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurologic Disorders, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Aparna Wagle Shukla
- Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurologic Disorders, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephen G Reich
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alberto J Espay
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kevin R Duque
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Neepa Patel
- RUSH Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center, Department of Neurological Science, RUSH University Medical Center Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- Departments of Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - H A Jinnah
- Department of Neurology and Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Valerie Brandt
- School of Psychology, Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Norbert Brüggemann
- Department of Neurology, University of Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, SH, Germany.
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.
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Lee HY, Park I, Luu MP, Zhao J, Vu JP, Cisneros E, Berman BD, Jinnah HA, Kim HJ, Liu CY, Perlmutter JS, Richardson SP, Weissbach A, Stebbins GT, Peterson DA. Interrater reliability of motor severity scales for hemifacial spasm. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2023; 130:1269-1279. [PMID: 37466750 PMCID: PMC10480239 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02667-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
To compare the inter-rater reliability (IRR) of five clinical rating scales for video-based assessment of hemifacial spasm (HFS) motor severity. We evaluated the video recordings of 45 HFS participants recruited through the Dystonia Coalition. In Round 1, six clinicians with expertise in HFS assessed the participants' motor severity with five scales used to measure motor severity of HFS: the Jankovic rating scale (JRS), Hemifacial Spasm Grading Scale (HSGS), Samsung Medical Center (SMC) grading system for severity of HFS spasms (Lee's scale), clinical grading of spasm intensity (Chen's scale), and a modified version of the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (Tunc's scale). In Round 2, clinicians rated the same cohort with simplified scale wording after consensus training. For each round, we evaluated the IRR using the intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC (2,1) single-rater, absolute-agreement, 2-way random model]. The scales exhibited IRR that ranged from "poor" to "moderate"; the mean ICCs were 0.41, 0.43, 0.47, 0.43, and 0.65 for the JRS, HSGS, Lee's, Chen's, and Tunc's scales, respectively, for Round 1. In Round 2, the corresponding IRRs increased to 0.63, 0.60, 0.59, 0.53, and 0.71. In both rounds, Tunc's scale exhibited the highest IRR. For clinical assessments of HFS motor severity based on video observations, we recommend using Tunc's scale because of its comparative reliability and because clinicians interpret the scale easily without modifications or the need for consensus training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Yeon Lee
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ingyun Park
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Minnie P Luu
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jerry Zhao
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeanne P Vu
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Cisneros
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brian D Berman
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - H A Jinnah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Han-Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders Centre, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Catherine Y Liu
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
- Division of Oculofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Departments of Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy, and Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sarah Pirio Richardson
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Neurology Service, New Mexico Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Anne Weissbach
- Institute of Systems Motor Science, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Glenn T Stebbins
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David A Peterson
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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Feuerstein J, Heffernan B, Holden SK, Sillau S, Berman BD. Social Cognition Deficits in Cervical Dystonia, but not Blepharospasm: Focal Dystonias Diverge. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2023; 10:1231-1232. [PMID: 37635782 PMCID: PMC10450232 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Feuerstein
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraColoradoUSA
- Department of NeurologyRocky Mountain Regional VA Medical CenterAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Brooke Heffernan
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Samantha K. Holden
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Stefan Sillau
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Brian D. Berman
- Department of NeurologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
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Bateman JR, Ferguson MA, Anderson CA, Arciniegas DB, Gilboa A, Berman BD, Fox MD. Network Localization of Spontaneous Confabulation. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2023; 36:45-52. [PMID: 37415502 DOI: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20220160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Spontaneous confabulation is a symptom in which false memories are conveyed by the patient as true. The purpose of the study was to identify the neuroanatomical substrate of this complex symptom and evaluate the relationship to related symptoms, such as delusions and amnesia. METHODS Twenty-five lesion locations associated with spontaneous confabulation were identified in a systematic literature search. The network of brain regions functionally connected to each lesion location was identified with a large connectome database (N=1,000) and compared with networks derived from lesions associated with nonspecific (i.e., variable) symptoms (N=135), delusions (N=32), or amnesia (N=53). RESULTS Lesions associated with spontaneous confabulation occurred in multiple brain locations, but they were all part of a single functionally connected brain network. Specifically, 100% of lesions were connected to the mammillary bodies (familywise error rate [FWE]-corrected p<0.05). This connectivity was specific for lesions associated with confabulation compared with lesions associated with nonspecific symptoms or delusions (FWE-corrected p<0.05). Lesions associated with confabulation were more connected to the orbitofrontal cortex than those associated with amnesia (FWE-corrected p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Spontaneous confabulation maps to a common functionally connected brain network that partially overlaps, but is distinct from, networks associated with delusions or amnesia. These findings lend new insight into the neuroanatomical bases of spontaneous confabulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, N.C., and Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Salisbury VA Medical Center, Salisbury, N.C. (Bateman); Department of Neurology and Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (Ferguson, Fox); Behavioral Neurology Section, Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (Anderson, Arciniegas); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque (Arciniegas); Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest Health Sciences and Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto (Gilboa); Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va. (Berman)
| | - Michael A Ferguson
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, N.C., and Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Salisbury VA Medical Center, Salisbury, N.C. (Bateman); Department of Neurology and Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (Ferguson, Fox); Behavioral Neurology Section, Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (Anderson, Arciniegas); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque (Arciniegas); Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest Health Sciences and Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto (Gilboa); Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va. (Berman)
| | - C Alan Anderson
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, N.C., and Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Salisbury VA Medical Center, Salisbury, N.C. (Bateman); Department of Neurology and Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (Ferguson, Fox); Behavioral Neurology Section, Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (Anderson, Arciniegas); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque (Arciniegas); Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest Health Sciences and Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto (Gilboa); Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va. (Berman)
| | - David B Arciniegas
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, N.C., and Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Salisbury VA Medical Center, Salisbury, N.C. (Bateman); Department of Neurology and Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (Ferguson, Fox); Behavioral Neurology Section, Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (Anderson, Arciniegas); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque (Arciniegas); Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest Health Sciences and Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto (Gilboa); Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va. (Berman)
| | - Asaf Gilboa
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, N.C., and Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Salisbury VA Medical Center, Salisbury, N.C. (Bateman); Department of Neurology and Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (Ferguson, Fox); Behavioral Neurology Section, Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (Anderson, Arciniegas); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque (Arciniegas); Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest Health Sciences and Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto (Gilboa); Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va. (Berman)
| | - Brian D Berman
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, N.C., and Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Salisbury VA Medical Center, Salisbury, N.C. (Bateman); Department of Neurology and Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (Ferguson, Fox); Behavioral Neurology Section, Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (Anderson, Arciniegas); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque (Arciniegas); Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest Health Sciences and Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto (Gilboa); Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va. (Berman)
| | - Michael D Fox
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, N.C., and Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Salisbury VA Medical Center, Salisbury, N.C. (Bateman); Department of Neurology and Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (Ferguson, Fox); Behavioral Neurology Section, Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (Anderson, Arciniegas); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque (Arciniegas); Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest Health Sciences and Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto (Gilboa); Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va. (Berman)
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Tan C, Nawaz H, Lageman SK, Cloud LJ, Amara AW, Newman BT, Druzgal TJ, Berman BD, Mukhopadhyay N, Barrett MJ. Cholinergic Nucleus 4 Degeneration and Cognitive Impairment in Isolated Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder. Mov Disord 2023; 38:474-479. [PMID: 36598142 PMCID: PMC10033349 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholinergic nucleus 4 (Ch4) degeneration is associated with cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, but it is unknown if Ch4 degeneration is also present in isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD). OBJECTIVE The aim was to determine if there is evidence of Ch4 degeneration in patients with iRBD and if it is associated with cognitive impairment. METHODS We analyzed the clinical and neuropsychological data of 35 iRBD patients and 35 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Regional gray matter density (GMD) was calculated for Ch4 using probabilistic maps applied to brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS Ch4 GMD was significantly lower in the iRBD group compared to controls (0.417 vs. 0.441, P = 0.02). Ch4 GMD was also found to be a significant predictor of letter number sequencing (β-coefficient = 58.31, P = 0.026, 95% confidence interval [7.47, 109.15]), a measure of working memory. CONCLUSIONS iRBD is associated with Ch4 degeneration, and Ch4 degeneration in iRBD is associated with impairment in working memory. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Tan
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Huma Nawaz
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Sarah K. Lageman
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Leslie J. Cloud
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Amy W. Amara
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Benjamin T. Newman
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - T. Jason Druzgal
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Brian D. Berman
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Nitai Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University Health, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Matthew J. Barrett
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Jin L, Nawaz H, Ono K, Nowell J, Haley E, Berman BD, Mukhopadhyay ND, Barrett MJ. One Minute of EEG Data Provides Sufficient and Reliable Data for Identifying Lewy Body Dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2023; 37:66-72. [PMID: 36413637 PMCID: PMC9974530 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0000000000000536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the minimum duration of electroencephalography (EEG) data necessary to differentiate EEG features of Lewy body dementia (LBD), that is, dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson disease dementia, from non-LBD patients, that is, Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease. METHODS We performed quantitative EEG analysis for 16 LBD and 14 non-LBD patients. After artifact removal, a fast Fourier transform was performed on 90, 60, and thirty 2-second epochs to derive dominant frequency; dominant frequency variability; and dominant frequency prevalence. RESULTS In LBD patients, there were no significant differences in EEG features derived from 90, 60, and thirty 2-second epochs (all P >0.05). There were no significant differences in EEG features derived from 3 different groups of thirty 2-second epochs (all P >0.05). When analyzing EEG features derived from ninety 2-second epochs, we found that LBD had significantly reduced dominant frequency, reduced dominant frequency variability, and reduced dominant frequency prevalence alpha compared with the non-LBD group (all P <0.05). These same differences were observed between the LBD and non-LBD groups when analyzing thirty 2-second epochs. CONCLUSIONS There were no differences in EEG features derived from 1 minute versus 3 minutes of EEG data, and both durations of EEG data equally differentiated LBD from non-LBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Jin
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Huma Nawaz
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kenichiro Ono
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- U.S. Dept. of Veterans Affairs – Central Virginia Healthcare System, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Justin Nowell
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Erik Haley
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Brian D. Berman
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Nitai D. Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University Health, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Matthew J. Barrett
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Defazio G, Gigante AF, Hallett M, Berardelli A, Perlmutter JS, Berman BD, Jankovic J, Bäumer T, Comella C, Ercoli T, Ferrazzano G, Fox SH, Kim HJ, Moukheiber ES, Richardson SP, Weissbach A, Jinnah HA. Motor and psychiatric features in idiopathic blepharospasm: A data-driven cluster analysis. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2022; 104:94-98. [PMID: 36306537 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Idiopathic blepharospasm is a clinically heterogeneous dystonia also characterized by non motor symptoms. METHODS We used a k-means cluster analysis to assess 188 patients with idiopathic blepharospasm in order to identify relatively homogeneous subpopulations of patients, using a set of motor and psychiatric variables to generate the cluster solution. RESULTS Blepharospasm patients reached higher scores on scales assessing depressive- and anxiety-related disorders than healthy/disease controls. Cluster analysis suggested the existence of three groups of patients that differed by type of spasms, overall motor severity, and presence/severity of psychiatric problems. The greater severity of motor symptoms was observed in Group 1, the least severity in Group 3, while the severity of blepharospasm in Group 2 was between that observed in Groups 1 and 3. The three motor subtypes also differed by psychiatric features: the lowest severity of psychiatric symptoms was observed in the group with least severe motor symptoms (group 3), while the highest psychiatric severity scores were observed in group 2 that carried intermediate motor severity rather than in the group with more severe motor symptoms (group 1). The three groups did not differ by disease duration, age of onset, sex or other clinical features. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that blepharospasm patients may be classified in different subtypes according to the type of spasms, overall motor severity and presence/severity of depressive symptoms and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Defazio
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; IRCCS NEUROMED, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Joseph Jankovic
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tobias Bäumer
- Institute of Systems Motor Science, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Tommaso Ercoli
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gina Ferrazzano
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Susan H Fox
- Toronto Western Hospital, Krembil Brain Institute, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Han-Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology and Movement Disorder Centre, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | - Anne Weissbach
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Institute of Systems Motor Science and Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hyder A Jinnah
- Department of Neurology and Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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9
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Defazio G, Hallett M, Berardelli A, Perlmutter JS, Berman BD, Jankovic J, Bäumer T, Comella C, Ercoli T, Ferrazzano G, Fox SH, Kim H, Moukheiber ES, Pirio Richardson S, Weissbach A, Gigante AF, Jinnah HA. Measurement Properties of Clinical Scales Rating the Severity of Blepharospasm: A Multicenter Observational Study. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2022; 9:949-955. [PMID: 36247913 PMCID: PMC9547140 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several scales have been proposed to clinically evaluate the Motor Severity of Blepharospasm (BSP) but information about their measurement properties as a multicenter instrument is limited. Objective To compare the measurement properties of four clinical scales in rating the severity of BSP in a large sample of patients from multiple sites. Methods The Burke-Fahn-Marsden Scale (BFMS), the Global Dystonia Severity Rating Scale (GDRS), the Jankovic Rating Scale (JRS), and the Blepharospasm Severity Rating Scale (BSRS) were administered to 211 patients across 10 sites who were also requested to self-complete the Blepharospasm Disability Index (BDI). Measurement properties to be assessed included inter-/intra-observer agreement, item-to-total correlation, internal consistency, floor and ceiling effect, convergent/discriminant validity, and adherence to the distribution of BDI. Results The BFMS had unsatisfactory measurement properties, the GDRS had acceptable reliability but other properties could not be completely testable; the JRS had satisfactory measurement properties but the scale did not accurately reflect the distribution of disability parameter (BDI) in the sample, and the BSRS had satisfactory measurement properties and also showed the best adherence to the distribution of BDI in the assessed sample. Conclusion The comparison of the measurement properties of four rating scales to assess the motor state of the BSP in a large sample of patients from multiple sites showed that the GDRS should be used to simultaneously assess BSP and dystonia in other body parts, while the JRS (easier to use) and BSRS (better to discriminate severity) should be used to assess BSP alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Defazio
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public HealthUniversity of CagliariCagliariItaly
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, NINDS, NIHBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- Department of Human NeurosciencesSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
- IRCCS NEUROMEDPozzilliItaly
| | - Joel S. Perlmutter
- Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy, Occupational TherapyWashington University in St. LouisSt LouisMOUSA
| | | | - Joseph Jankovic
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of NeurologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
| | - Tobias Bäumer
- Institute of Systems Motor ScienceUniversity of LuebeckLuebeckGermany
| | | | - Tommaso Ercoli
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public HealthUniversity of CagliariCagliariItaly
| | - Gina Ferrazzano
- Department of Human NeurosciencesSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Susan H. Fox
- Toronto Western Hospital, Krembil Brain InstituteUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Han‐Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology and Movement Disorder CentreSeoul National University HospitalSeoulSouth Korea
| | | | | | - Anne Weissbach
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of NeurologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
- Institute of Systems Motor Science and Institute of NeurogeneticsUniversity of Lübeck, LübeckGermany
| | | | - Hyder A. Jinnah
- Department of Neurology and Human GeneticsEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
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10
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Kletenik I, Holden SK, Sillau SH, O'Connell N, MacGillivray L, Mack J, Haddock B, Ashworth Dirac M, David AS, Nicholson TR, Attaripour Isfahani SN, Maurer CW, Lidstone SC, Hallett M, LaFaver K, Berman BD, Stone J. Gender disparity and abuse in functional movement disorders: a multi-center case-control study. J Neurol 2022; 269:3258-3263. [PMID: 35098346 PMCID: PMC10202134 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10943-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine gender differences in rates of sexual and physical abuse in functional movement disorders compared to controls and evaluate if the gender disparity of functional movement disorders is associated with abuse history. METHODS We performed a retrospective case-control study of self-reported trauma data from 696 patients (512 women) with functional movement disorders from six clinical sites compared to 141 controls (98 women) and population data. Chi-square was used to assess gender and disorder associations; logistic regression was used to model additive effects of abuse and calculate the attributable fraction of abuse to disorder prevalence. RESULTS Higher rates of sexual abuse were reported by women (35.3%) and men (11.5%) with functional movement disorders compared to controls (10.6% of women; 5.6% of men). History of sexual abuse increased the likelihood of functional movement disorders among women by an odds ratio of 4.57 (95% confidence interval 2.31-9.07; p < 0.0001) and physical abuse by an odds ratio of 2.80 (95% confidence interval 1.53-5.12; p = 0.0007). Population attributable fraction of childhood sexual abuse to functional movement disorders in women was 0.12 (0.05-0.19). No statistically significant associations were found in men, but our cohort of men was underpowered despite including multiple sites. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that violence against women may account for some of the gender disparity in rates of functional movement disorders. Most people with functional movement disorders do not report a history of abuse, so it remains just one among many relevant risk factors to consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaiah Kletenik
- Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Road, 9016H, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Behavioral Neurology Section, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Samantha K Holden
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Behavioral Neurology Section, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Movement Disorders Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Stefan H Sillau
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Nicola O'Connell
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Population Health, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lindsey MacGillivray
- Division of Psychiatry, University Health Network and the University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joel Mack
- Department of Psychiatry, Northwest Parkinson's Disease Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Beatrix Haddock
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Ashworth Dirac
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Departments of Health Metrics and Family Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anthony S David
- Institute of Mental Health, Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Timothy R Nicholson
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Carine W Maurer
- Department of Neurology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Sarah C Lidstone
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital and the University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kathrin LaFaver
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Neurology, Movement Disorder Division, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Brian D Berman
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Movement Disorders Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jon Stone
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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11
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Scorr LM, Cho HJ, Kilic-Berkmen G, McKay JL, Hallett M, Klein C, Baumer T, Berman BD, Feuerstein JS, Perlmutter JS, Berardelli A, Ferrazzano G, Wagle-Shukla A, Malaty IA, Jankovic J, Bellows ST, Barbano RL, Vidailhet M, Roze E, Bonnet C, Mahajan A, LeDoux MS, Fung VS, Chang FC, Defazio G, Ercoli T, Factor S, Wojno T, Jinnah HA. Clinical Features and Evolution of Blepharospasm: A Multicenter International Cohort and Systematic Literature Review. Dyst 2022; 1. [PMID: 36248010 PMCID: PMC9557246 DOI: 10.3389/dyst.2022.10359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Blepharospasm is a type of dystonia where the diagnosis is often delayed because its varied clinical manifestations are not well recognized. The purpose of this study was to provide a comprehensive picture of its clinical features including presenting features, motor features, and non-motor features. Methods: This was a two-part study. The first part involved a systematic literature review that summarized clinical features for 10,324 cases taken from 41 prior reports. The second part involved a summary of clinical features for 884 cases enrolled in a large multicenter cohort collected by the Dystonia Coalition investigators, along with an analysis of the factors that contribute to the spread of dystonia beyond the periocular region. Results: For cases in the literature and the Dystonia Coalition, blepharospasm emerged in the 50s and was more frequent in women. Many presented with non-specific motor symptoms such as increased blinking (51.9%) or non-motor sensory features such as eye soreness or pain (38.7%), photophobia (35.5%), or dry eyes (10.7%). Non-motor psychiatric features were also common including anxiety disorders (34–40%) and depression (21–24%). Among cases presenting with blepharospasm in the Dystonia Coalition cohort, 61% experienced spread of dystonia to other regions, most commonly the oromandibular region and neck. Features associated with spread included severity of blepharospasm, family history of dystonia, depression, and anxiety. Conclusions: This study provides a comprehensive summary of motor and non-motor features of blepharospasm, along with novel insights into factors that may be responsible for its poor diagnostic recognition and natural history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Scorr
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Hyun Joo Cho
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gamze Kilic-Berkmen
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - J. Lucas McKay
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics and Department of Neurology, University of Luebeck and University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Tobias Baumer
- Institute of Neurogenetics and Department of Neurology, University of Luebeck and University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Brian D. Berman
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | | | - Joel S. Perlmutter
- Department of Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Gina Ferrazzano
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Aparna Wagle-Shukla
- Fixel Institute for Neurological Disease, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Irene A. Malaty
- Fixel Institute for Neurological Disease, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Parkinson’s Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Steven T. Bellows
- Parkinson’s Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Richard L. Barbano
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Marie Vidailhet
- Paris Brain Institute, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Salpetrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- Paris Brain Institute, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Salpetrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Cecilia Bonnet
- Paris Brain Institute, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Salpetrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Abhimanyu Mahajan
- Rush Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders Program, Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mark S. LeDoux
- Department of Psychology, Veracity Neuroscience LLC, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Victor S.C. Fung
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Florence C.F. Chang
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Giovanni Defazio
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Tomaso Ercoli
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stewart Factor
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ted Wojno
- Emory Eye Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - H. A. Jinnah
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Correspondence: H. A. Jinnah,
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12
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Nawaz H, Sargent L, Quilon H, Cloud LJ, Testa CM, Snider JD, Lageman SK, Baron MS, Berman BD, Zimmerman K, Price ET, Mukhopadhyay ND, Barrett MJ. Anticholinergic Medication Burden in Parkinson's Disease Outpatients. J Parkinsons Dis 2022; 12:599-606. [PMID: 34806617 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-212769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) may be especially vulnerable to future cognitive decline from anticholinergic medications. OBJECTIVE To characterize anticholinergic medication burden, determine the co-occurrence of anticholinergic and cholinesterase inhibitors, and to assess the correlations among anticholinergic burden scales in PD outpatients. METHODS We studied 670 PD outpatients enrolled in a clinic registry between 2012 and 2020. Anticholinergic burden was measured with the Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden Scale (ACB), Anticholinergic Drug Scale (ADS), Anticholinergic Risk Scale (ARS), and Drug Burden Index-Anticholinergic component (DBI-Ach). Correlations between scales were assessed with weighted kappa coefficients. RESULTS Between 31.5 to 46.3% of PD patients were taking medications with anticholinergic properties. Among the scales applied, the ACB produced the highest prevalence of medications with anticholinergic properties (46.3%). Considering only medications with definite anticholinergic activity (scores of 2 or 3 on ACB, ADS, or ARS), the most common anticholinergic drug classes were antiparkinsonian (8.2%), antipsychotic (6.4%), and urological (3.3%) medications. Cholinesterase inhibitors and medications with anticholinergic properties were co-prescribed to 5.4% of the total cohort. The most highly correlated scales were ACB and ADS (κ= 0.71), ACB and ARS (κ= 0.67), and ADS and ARS (κ= 0.55). CONCLUSION A high proportion of PD patients (20%) were either taking antiparkinsonian, urological, or antipsychotic anticholinergic medications or were co-prescribed anticholinergic medications and cholinesterase inhibitors. By virtue of its detection of a high prevalence of anticholinergic medication usage and its high correlation with other scales, our data support use of the ACB scale to assess anticholinergic burden in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huma Nawaz
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Lana Sargent
- School of Nursing, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Pharmacotherapy & Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Geriatric Pharmacotherapy Program, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Institute for Inclusion, Inquiry & Innovation (iCubed): Health & Wellness in Aging Populations Core, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Leslie J Cloud
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Claudia M Testa
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jon D Snider
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Sarah K Lageman
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Mark S Baron
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Southeast Veterans Affairs Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (PADRECC), Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Brian D Berman
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kristin Zimmerman
- Department of Pharmacotherapy & Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Elvin T Price
- Department of Pharmacotherapy & Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Geriatric Pharmacotherapy Program, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Institute for Inclusion, Inquiry & Innovation (iCubed): Health & Wellness in Aging Populations Core, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Nitai D Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Matthew J Barrett
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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13
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Zhang Z, Cisneros E, Lee HY, Vu JP, Chen Q, Benadof CN, Whitehill J, Rouzbehani R, Sy DT, Huang JS, Sejnowski TJ, Jankovic J, Factor S, Goetz CG, Barbano RL, Perlmutter JS, Jinnah HA, Berman BD, Richardson SP, Stebbins GT, Comella CL, Peterson DA. Hold that pose: capturing cervical dystonia's head deviation severity from video. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2022; 9:684-694. [PMID: 35333449 PMCID: PMC9082391 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Deviated head posture is a defining characteristic of cervical dystonia (CD). Head posture severity is typically quantified with clinical rating scales such as the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale (TWSTRS). Because clinical rating scales are inherently subjective, they are susceptible to variability that reduces their sensitivity as outcome measures. The variability could be circumvented with methods to measure CD head posture objectively. However, previously used objective methods require specialized equipment and have been limited to studies with a small number of cases. The objective of this study was to evaluate a novel software system—the Computational Motor Objective Rater (CMOR)—to quantify multi‐axis directionality and severity of head posture in CD using only conventional video camera recordings. Methods CMOR is based on computer vision and machine learning technology that captures 3D head angle from video. We used CMOR to quantify the axial patterns and severity of predominant head posture in a retrospective, cross‐sectional study of 185 patients with isolated CD recruited from 10 sites in the Dystonia Coalition. Results The predominant head posture involved more than one axis in 80.5% of patients and all three axes in 44.4%. CMOR's metrics for head posture severity correlated with severity ratings from movement disorders neurologists using both the TWSTRS‐2 and an adapted version of the Global Dystonia Rating Scale (rho = 0.59–0.68, all p <0.001). Conclusions CMOR's convergent validity with clinical rating scales and reliance upon only conventional video recordings supports its future potential for large scale multisite clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth Cisneros
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ha Yeon Lee
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jeanne P Vu
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Qiyu Chen
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Casey N Benadof
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jacob Whitehill
- Department of Computer Science, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ryin Rouzbehani
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Dominique T Sy
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jeannie S Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Terrence J Sejnowski
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Stewart Factor
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christopher G Goetz
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Richard L Barbano
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Departments of Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy, and Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Hyder A Jinnah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Departments of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Brian D Berman
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Sarah Pirio Richardson
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.,Neurology Service, New Mexico Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Glenn T Stebbins
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Cynthia L Comella
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - David A Peterson
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
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14
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Wang M, Sajobi T, Morgante F, Adler C, Agarwal P, Bäumer T, Berardelli A, Berman BD, Blumin J, Borsche M, Brashear A, Deik A, Duque K, Espay AJ, Ferrazzano G, Feuerstein J, Fox S, Frank S, Hallett M, Jankovic J, LeDoux MS, Leegwater-Kim J, Mahajan A, Malaty IA, Ondo W, Pantelyat A, Pirio-Richardson S, Roze E, Saunders-Pullman R, Suchowersky O, Truong D, Vidailhet M, Shukla AW, Perlmutter JS, Jinnah HA, Martino D. Predictive modeling of spread in adult-onset isolated dystonia: Key properties and effect of tremor inclusion. Eur J Neurol 2021; 28:3999-4009. [PMID: 34296504 PMCID: PMC9100858 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Several clinical and demographic factors relate to anatomic spread of adult-onset isolated dystonia, but a predictive model is still lacking. The aims of this study were: (i) to develop and validate a predictive model of anatomic spread of adult-onset isolated dystonia; and (ii) to evaluate whether presence of tremor associated with dystonia influences model predictions of spread. METHODS Adult-onset isolated dystonia participants with focal onset from the Dystonia Coalition Natural History Project database were included. We developed two prediction models, one with dystonia as sole disease manifestation ("dystonia-only") and one accepting dystonia OR tremor in any body part as disease manifestations ("dystonia OR tremor"). Demographic and clinical predictors were selected based on previous evidence, clinical plausibility of association with spread, or both. We used logistic regressions and evaluated model discrimination and calibration. Internal validation was carried out based on bootstrapping. RESULTS Both predictive models showed an area under the curve of 0.65 (95% confidence intervals 0.62-0.70 and 0.62-0.69, respectively) and good calibration after internal validation. In both models, onset of dystonia in body regions other than the neck, older age, depression and history of neck trauma were predictors of spread. CONCLUSIONS This predictive modeling of spread in adult-onset isolated dystonia based on accessible predictors (demographic and clinical) can be easily implemented to inform individuals' risk of spread. Because tremor did not influence prediction of spread, our results support the argument that tremor is a part of the dystonia syndrome, and not an independent or coincidental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tolulope Sajobi
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Francesca Morgante
- Neurosciences Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s, University of London, London, UK
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Charles Adler
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Pinky Agarwal
- Booth Gardner Parkinson’s Center, Evergreen Health, Kirkland, Washington, USA
| | - Tobias Bäumer
- Institute of Systems Motor Science, Center for Rare Diseases, University Medical Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- Department of Human Neurosciences, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Brian D. Berman
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Joel Blumin
- Department of Otolaryngology & Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Max Borsche
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Allison Brashear
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Andres Deik
- Disease and Movement Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kevin Duque
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, Gardner Family Center for Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Alberto J. Espay
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, Gardner Family Center for Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Gina Ferrazzano
- Department of Human Neurosciences, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Jeanne Feuerstein
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Susan Fox
- Movement Disorder Clinic, Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, and Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samuel Frank
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Parkinson’s Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mark S. LeDoux
- Department of Psychology and School of Health Sciences, University of Memphis, and Veracity Neuroscience, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Julie Leegwater-Kim
- Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Abhimanyu Mahajan
- Rush Parkinson’s disease and movement disorders program, Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Irene A. Malaty
- Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - William Ondo
- Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical School, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alexander Pantelyat
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah Pirio-Richardson
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital Salpetriere, Paris, France
| | - Rachel Saunders-Pullman
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, New York, USA
| | - Oksana Suchowersky
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniel Truong
- Department of Neurosciences, UC Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
- The Parkinson and Movement Disorder Institute, Fountain Valley, California, USA
| | - Marie Vidailhet
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital Salpetriere, Paris, France
| | - Aparna Wagle Shukla
- Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Joel S. Perlmutter
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Radiology, Neurobiology, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Hyder A. Jinnah
- Departments of Neurology, Human Genetics, and Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Davide Martino
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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15
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Kilic‐Berkmen G, Pirio Richardson S, Perlmutter JS, Hallett M, Klein C, Wagle‐Shukla A, Malaty IA, Reich SG, Berman BD, Feuerstein J, Vidailhet M, Roze E, Jankovic J, Mahajan A, Espay AJ, Barbano RL, LeDoux MS, Pantelyat A, Frank S, Stover N, Berardelli A, Leegwater‐Kim J, Defazio G, Norris SA, Jinnah HA. Current Guidelines for Classifying and Diagnosing Cervical Dystonia: Empirical Evidence and Recommendations. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2021; 9:183-190. [DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Kilic‐Berkmen
- Department of Neurology Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Sarah Pirio Richardson
- Department of Neurology University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque New Mexico USA
| | - Joel S. Perlmutter
- Department of Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy Washington University School of Medicine St Louis Missouri USA
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) National Institute of Health (NIH) Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics and Department of Neurology University of Luebeck and University Hospital of Schleswig‐Holstein Luebeck Germany
| | - Aparna Wagle‐Shukla
- Fixel Institute for Neurological Disease, University of Florida Department of Neurology University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Irene A. Malaty
- Fixel Institute for Neurological Disease, University of Florida Department of Neurology University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Stephen G. Reich
- Department of Neurology University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore Batimore Maryland USA
| | - Brian D. Berman
- Department of Neurology Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia USA
| | | | - Marie Vidailhet
- Sorbonne University, Paris Brain Institute, Inserm, CNRS AP‐HP, Salpetrière Hospital Paris France
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- Sorbonne University, Paris Brain Institute, Inserm, CNRS AP‐HP, Salpetrière Hospital Paris France
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Department of Neurology, Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas USA
| | - Abhimanyu Mahajan
- Rush Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Program, Department of Neurological Sciences Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Alberto J. Espay
- James J and Joan A Gardner Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | | | - Mark S. LeDoux
- Department of Psychology University of Memphis Memphis Tennessee USA
| | - Alexander Pantelyat
- Department of Neurology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Batimore Maryland USA
| | - Samuel Frank
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Natividad Stover
- Department of Neurology University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham Alabama USA
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- Department of Human Neuroscience Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed Pozzilli Italy
| | - Julie Leegwater‐Kim
- Lahey Hospital and Medical Center Tufts University School Of Medicine Burlington Massachusetts USA
| | - Giovanni Defazio
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health University of Cagliari Cagliari Italy
| | - Scott A. Norris
- Department of Neurology and Radiology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Hyder A. Jinnah
- Department of Neurology Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta Georgia USA
- Department of Human Genetics Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta Georgia USA
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16
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Defazio G, Jinnah HA, Berardelli A, Perlmutter JS, Berkmen GK, Berman BD, Jankovic J, Bäumer T, Comella C, Cotton AC, Ercoli T, Ferrazzano G, Fox S, Kim HJ, Moukheiber ES, Richardson SP, Weissbach A, Wrigth LJ, Hallett M. Diagnostic criteria for blepharospasm: A multicenter international study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2021; 91:109-114. [PMID: 34583301 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are no widely accepted criteria to aid the physician in diagnosing BSP. OBJECTIVE To validate recently proposed diagnostic criteria for blepharospasm in a larger and geographically diverse population and to develop a screening system for blepharospasm. METHODS Video-recordings from 211 blepharospasm patients and 166 healthy/disease controls were examined by 8 raters. Agreement for presence of orbicularis oculi spasms, sensory trick, and increased blinking was measured by k statistics. Inability to voluntarily suppress the spasms was asked by the examiner but not captured in the video. Patients/controls were also requested to fill a self-administered questionnaire addressing relevant blepharospasm clinical aspects. The diagnosis at each site was the gold standard for sensitivity/specificity. RESULTS All the study items yielded satisfactory inter/intra-observer agreement. Combination of items rather than each item alone reached satisfactory sensitivity/specificity. The combined algorithm started with recognition of spasms followed by sensory trick. In the absence of a sensory trick, including "increased blinking" or "inability to voluntarily suppress the spasms" or both items yielded 88-92% sensitivity and 79-83% specificity. No single question of the questionnaire yielded high sensitivity/specificity. Serial application of the questionnaire to our blepharospasm and control subjects and subsequent clinical examination of subjects screening positive by the validated diagnostic algorithms yielded 78-81% sensitivity and 83-91% specificity. CONCLUSION These results support the use of proposed diagnostic criteria in multi-ethnic, multi-center cohorts. We also propose a case-finding procedure to screen blepharospasm in a given population with less effort than would be required by examination of all subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Defazio
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Hyder A Jinnah
- Department of Neurology and Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, and IRCSS NEUROMED, Pozzilli (Is), Italy
| | | | - Gamze Kilic Berkmen
- Department of Neurology and Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Joseph Jankovic
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tobias Bäumer
- Institute of Systems Motor Science, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | | | - Adam C Cotton
- Department of Neurology and Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tommaso Ercoli
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gina Ferrazzano
- Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, and IRCSS NEUROMED, Pozzilli (Is), Italy
| | - Susan Fox
- Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Han-Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology and Movement Disorder Centre, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | - Anne Weissbach
- Institute of Systems Motor Science, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | | | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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17
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Scorr LM, Factor SA, Parra SP, Kaye R, Paniello RC, Norris SA, Perlmutter JS, Bäumer T, Usnich T, Berman BD, Mailly M, Roze E, Vidailhet M, Jankovic J, LeDoux MS, Barbano R, Chang FCF, Fung VSC, Pirio Richardson S, Blitzer A, Jinnah HA. Oromandibular Dystonia: A Clinical Examination of 2,020 Cases. Front Neurol 2021; 12:700714. [PMID: 34603182 PMCID: PMC8481678 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.700714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The goal of this study is to better characterize the phenotypic heterogeneity of oromandibular dystonia (OMD) for the purpose of facilitating early diagnosis. Methods: First, we provide a comprehensive summary of the literature encompassing 1,121 cases. Next, we describe the clinical features of 727 OMD subjects enrolled by the Dystonia Coalition (DC), an international multicenter cohort. Finally, we summarize clinical features and treatment outcomes from cross-sectional analysis of 172 OMD subjects from two expert centers. Results: In all cohorts, typical age at onset was in the 50s and 70% of cases were female. The Dystonia Coalition cohort revealed perioral musculature was involved most commonly (85%), followed by jaw (61%) and tongue (17%). OMD more commonly appeared as part of a segmental dystonia (43%), and less commonly focal (39%) or generalized (10%). OMD was found to be associated with impaired quality of life, independent of disease severity. On average, social anxiety (LSA score: 33 ± 28) was more common than depression (BDI II score: 9.7 ± 7.8). In the expert center cohorts, botulinum toxin injections improved symptom severity by more than 50% in ~80% of subjects, regardless of etiology. Conclusions: This comprehensive description of OMD cases has revealed novel insights into the most common OMD phenotypes, pattern of dystonia distribution, associated psychiatric disturbances, and effect on QoL. We hope these findings will improve clinical recognition to aid in timely diagnosis and inform treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Scorr
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Stewart A. Factor
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Rachel Kaye
- Department of Otolaryngology, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Randal C. Paniello
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Scott A. Norris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Joel S. Perlmutter
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Tobias Bäumer
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Systems Motor Science, Universität of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tatiana Usnich
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Systems Motor Science, Universität of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Brian D. Berman
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Marie Mailly
- Department of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery, Fondation Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpétrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marie Vidailhet
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpétrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mark S. LeDoux
- Veracity Neuroscience LLC, Memphis, TN, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Richard Barbano
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Florence C. F. Chang
- Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Victor S. C. Fung
- Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah Pirio Richardson
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Andrew Blitzer
- Head and Neck Surgical Group, New York, NY, United States
| | - H. A. Jinnah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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18
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Sun YV, Li C, Hui Q, Huang Y, Barbano R, Rodriguez R, Malaty IA, Reich S, Bambarger K, Holmes K, Jankovic J, Patel NJ, Roze E, Vidailhet M, Berman BD, LeDoux MS, Espay AJ, Agarwal P, Pirio-Richardson S, Frank SA, Ondo WG, Saunders-Pullman R, Chouinard S, Natividad S, Berardelli A, Pantelyat AY, Brashear A, Fox SH, Kasten M, Krämer UM, Neis M, Bäumer T, Loens S, Borsche M, Zittel S, Maurer A, Gelderblom M, Volkmann J, Odorfer T, Kühn AA, Borngräber F, König IR, Cruchaga C, Cotton AC, Kilic-Berkmen G, Freeman A, Factor SA, Scorr L, Bremner JD, Vaccarino V, Quyyumi AA, Klein C, Perlmutter JS, Lohmann K, Jinnah HA. A Multi-center Genome-wide Association Study of Cervical Dystonia. Mov Disord 2021; 36:2795-2801. [PMID: 34320236 PMCID: PMC8688173 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several monogenic causes for isolated dystonia have been identified, but they collectively account for only a small proportion of cases. Two genome-wide association studies have reported a few potential dystonia risk loci; but conclusions have been limited by small sample sizes, partial coverage of genetic variants, or poor reproducibility. OBJECTIVE To identify robust genetic variants and loci in a large multicenter cervical dystonia cohort using a genome-wide approach. METHODS We performed a genome-wide association study using cervical dystonia samples from the Dystonia Coalition. Logistic and linear regressions, including age, sex, and population structure as covariates, were employed to assess variant- and gene-based genetic associations with disease status and age at onset. We also performed a replication study for an identified genome-wide significant signal. RESULTS After quality control, 919 cervical dystonia patients compared with 1491 controls of European ancestry were included in the analyses. We identified one genome-wide significant variant (rs2219975, chromosome 3, upstream of COL8A1, P-value 3.04 × 10-8 ). The association was not replicated in a newly genotyped sample of 473 cervical dystonia cases and 481 controls. Gene-based analysis identified DENND1A to be significantly associated with cervical dystonia (P-value 1.23 × 10-6 ). One low-frequency variant was associated with lower age-at-onset (16.4 ± 2.9 years, P-value = 3.07 × 10-8 , minor allele frequency = 0.01), located within the GABBR2 gene on chromosome 9 (rs147331823). CONCLUSION The genetic underpinnings of cervical dystonia are complex and likely consist of multiple distinct variants of small effect sizes. Larger sample sizes may be needed to provide sufficient statistical power to address the presumably multi-genic etiology of cervical dystonia. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan V Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chengchen Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Qin Hui
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yunfeng Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Richard Barbano
- Movement Disorders Division, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | | | - Irene A Malaty
- Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Stephen Reich
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kimberly Bambarger
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Katie Holmes
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Neepa J Patel
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle; Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Salpêtrière, Département de Neurologie, Paris, France
| | - Marie Vidailhet
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle; Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Salpêtrière, Département de Neurologie, Paris, France
| | - Brian D Berman
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Mark S LeDoux
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alberto J Espay
- James J and Joan A Gardner Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Pinky Agarwal
- Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center, Evergreen Health, Kirkland, Washington, USA
| | | | - Samuel A Frank
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William G Ondo
- Department of Neurology, Methodist Neurological Institute, Weill Cornell Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rachel Saunders-Pullman
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sylvain Chouinard
- Unité des troubles du mouvement André-Barbeau, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Stover Natividad
- Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome and IRCCS Neuromed, Rome, Italy
| | - Alexander Y Pantelyat
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Allison Brashear
- Neurology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Susan H Fox
- University of Toronto, Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson Disease; Movement Disorder Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meike Kasten
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ulrike M Krämer
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Miriam Neis
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Midwifery Science, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tobias Bäumer
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute of Systemic Motor Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sebastian Loens
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute of Systemic Motor Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Max Borsche
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Simone Zittel
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Antonia Maurer
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Gelderblom
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jens Volkmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Odorfer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andrea A Kühn
- Department of Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Inke R König
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Adam C Cotton
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gamze Kilic-Berkmen
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alan Freeman
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stewart A Factor
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Laura Scorr
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - J Douglas Bremner
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Viola Vaccarino
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Arshed A Quyyumi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- Department of Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hyder A Jinnah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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19
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McConnell BV, Kronberg E, Teale PD, Sillau SH, Fishback GM, Kaplan RI, Fought AJ, Dhanasekaran AR, Berman BD, Ramos AR, McClure RL, Bettcher BM. The Aging Slow Wave: A Shifting Amalgam of Distinct Slow Wave and Spindle Coupling Subtypes Define Slow Wave Sleep Across the Human Lifespan. Sleep 2021; 44:6276901. [PMID: 33999194 PMCID: PMC8503831 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Slow wave and spindle coupling supports memory consolidation, and loss of coupling is linked with cognitive decline and neurodegeneration. Coupling is proposed to be a possible biomarker of neurological disease, yet little is known about the different subtypes of coupling that normally occur throughout human development and aging. Here we identify distinct subtypes of spindles within slow wave upstates and describe their relationships with sleep stage across the human lifespan. METHODS Coupling within a cross-sectional cohort of 582 subjects was quantified from stages N2 and N3 sleep across ages 6-88 years old. Results were analyzed across the study population via mixed model regression. Within a subset of subjects, we further utilized coupling to identify discrete subtypes of slow waves by their coupled spindles. RESULTS Two different subtypes of spindles were identified during the upstates of (distinct) slow waves: an "early-fast" spindle, more common in stage N2 sleep, and a "late-fast" spindle, more common in stage N3. We further found stages N2 and N3 sleep contain a mixture of discrete subtypes of slow waves, each identified by their unique coupled-spindle timing and frequency. The relative contribution of coupling subtypes shifts across the human lifespan, and a deeper sleep phenotype prevails with increasing age. CONCLUSIONS Distinct subtypes of slow waves and coupled spindles form the composite of slow wave sleep. Our findings support a model of sleep-dependent synaptic regulation via discrete slow wave/spindle coupling subtypes and advance a conceptual framework for the development of coupling-based biomarkers in age-associated neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice V McConnell
- Neurology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Eugene Kronberg
- Neurology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Peter D Teale
- Neurology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Stefan H Sillau
- Neurology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Grace M Fishback
- Neurology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rini I Kaplan
- Psychological & Brain Sciences Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Angela J Fought
- Neurology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Brian D Berman
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA.,Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Alberto R Ramos
- Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Brianne M Bettcher
- Neurology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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20
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Vu JP, Lee HY, Chen Q, Cisneros E, Barbano RL, Goetz CG, Jankovic J, Jinnah HA, Perlmutter JS, Berman BD, Appelbaum MI, Stebbins GT, Comella CL, Peterson DA. Head tremor and pain in cervical dystonia. J Neurol 2021; 268:1945-1950. [PMID: 33417005 PMCID: PMC8076053 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-10378-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although head tremor (HT) and pain are prevalent in cervical dystonia (CD), their joint relationship to phenotypic features of focal dystonia remains unclear. OBJECTIVES We examined how severity of HT and pain are associated with age of CD onset and duration, and whether HT subtypes ("jerky" or "regular") exhibit distinct relationships between severity of HT and pain. METHODS The severity of HT and pain were assessed with the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale in retrospective review of 188 CD patients recruited through the Dystonia Coalition. RESULTS HT severity was associated with longer CD duration (p < 0.0005), whereas pain severity was associated with younger age at onset (p = 0.043). HT severity and pain severity were not correlated for jerky HT (p = 0.996), but positively correlated for regular HT (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The distinct associations of HT and pain with age at onset, disease duration, and HT subtype further characterize the heterogeneity of CD's clinical presentation and suggest similarly heterogeneous underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne P Vu
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ha Yeon Lee
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Qiyu Chen
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Cisneros
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Richard L Barbano
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Christopher G Goetz
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Department of Neurology, Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hyder A Jinnah
- Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Departments of Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy, and Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brian D Berman
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Mark I Appelbaum
- Department of Psychology, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Glenn T Stebbins
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Cynthia L Comella
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David A Peterson
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA.
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21
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Feuerstein JS, Taylor M, Kwak JJ, Berman BD. Parkinsonism and Positive Dopamine Transporter Imaging in a Patient with a Novel KMT2B Variant. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2021; 8:279-281. [PMID: 33816656 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne S Feuerstein
- Department of Neurology University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora Colorado USA.,Department of Neurology Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center Aurora Colorado USA
| | - Matthew Taylor
- Department of Medicine Adult Medical Genetics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora Colorado USA
| | - Jennifer J Kwak
- Department of Radiology Nuclear Medicine Division, University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora Colorado USA
| | - Brian D Berman
- Department of Neurology University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora Colorado USA.,Department of Neurology Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia USA
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22
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Groth CL, Brown M, Honce JM, Shelton E, Sillau SH, Berman BD. Cervical Dystonia Is Associated With Aberrant Inhibitory Signaling Within the Thalamus. Front Neurol 2021; 11:575879. [PMID: 33633655 PMCID: PMC7900407 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.575879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate whether alterations in the neurotransmission of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the thalamus are present in patients with cervical dystonia compared to healthy controls. Methods: GABA magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to investigate concentration levels of GABA in the thalamus of cervical dystonia patients (n = 17) compared to healthy controls (n = 18). Additionally, a focused post hoc analysis of thalamic GABAA receptor availability data in a similar cohort (n = 15 for both groups) using data from a previously collected 11C-flumazenil positron emission tomography study was performed. Group comparisons for all evaluations were performed using two-sided t-tests with adjustments for age and sex, and Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons was applied. Spearman's coefficient was used to test correlations. Results: We found significantly reduced GABA+/Cre levels in the thalamus of cervical dystonia patients compared to controls, and these levels positively correlated with disease duration. Although mean thalamic GABAA receptor availability did not differ between patients and controls, GABAA availability negatively correlated with both disease duration and dystonia severity. Conclusions: These findings support that aberrant inhibitory signaling within the thalamus contributes to the pathophysiology of cervical dystonia. Additionally, these results suggest that an inadequate ability to compensate for the loss of GABA through upregulation of GABAA receptors may underlie more severe symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Groth
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Mark Brown
- Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Justin M Honce
- Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Erika Shelton
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Stefan H Sillau
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Brian D Berman
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical, Aurora, CO, United States.,Neurology Section, Denver VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
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23
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Junker J, Berman BD, Hall J, Wahba DW, Brandt V, Perlmutter JS, Jankovic J, Malaty IA, Wagle Shukla A, Reich SG, Espay AJ, Duque KR, Patel N, Roze E, Vidailhet M, Jinnah HA, Brüggemann N. Quality of life in isolated dystonia: non-motor manifestations matter. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2021; 92:jnnp-2020-325193. [PMID: 33563813 PMCID: PMC8356023 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2020-325193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) and both physical and psychiatric factors in a large, international, multicentre cohort of patients with isolated dystonia, the Dystonia Coalition. METHODS Natural history data from 603 patients with isolated dystonia (median age 57 years (IQR: 48 to 64 years), 67.0% women) were prospectively acquired and analysed. HR-QoL (RAND 36-Item Health Survey), severity of depressive symptoms, generalised anxiety (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) and social anxiety (Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale) were assessed. Dystonia severity (Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale) and dystonic tremor were examined. Statistical predictors of HR-QoL were calculated using saturated path analysis. RESULTS Reduced HR-QoL was strongly associated with the degree of depressive symptoms and generalised and social anxiety (8/8 RAND 36 subscales, p≤0.001). Increased dystonia severity was associated with worse physical functioning, physical and emotional role functioning and social functioning (all p≤0.001). The presence of tremor correlated with worse physical functioning and pain (all p≤0.006). Younger age was associated with reduced emotional well-being and vitality (all p≤0.006). There were no HR-QoL differences between sexes. CONCLUSION HR-QoL in isolated dystonia is strongly associated with psychiatric and physical features. While current standard of care focus on motor aspects of dystonia, comprehensive care should address both physical and mental aspects of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Junker
- Department of Neurology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Brian D Berman
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - James Hall
- Southampton Education School, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Deena W Wahba
- BayCare Laboratories, BayCare Health Systems, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Valerie Brandt
- School of Psychology, Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- Departments of Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy & Occupational Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Parkinsons' Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Irene A Malaty
- Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurologic Disorders, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Aparna Wagle Shukla
- Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurologic Disorders, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Stephen G Reich
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alberto J Espay
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kevin R Duque
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Neepa Patel
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital West Bloomfield, West Bloomfield, MI, USA
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- Departement de Neurologie, AP-HP, Hopital de la Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau_Paris Brain Institute-ICM, INSERM 1127, CNRS 7225, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Marie Vidailhet
- Departement de Neurologie, AP-HP, Hopital de la Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau_Paris Brain Institute-ICM, INSERM 1127, CNRS 7225, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - H A Jinnah
- Department of Neurology and Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Norbert Brüggemann
- Department of Neurology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
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24
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Legget KT, Wylie KP, Cornier MA, Berman BD, Tregellas JR. Altered between-network connectivity in individuals prone to obesity. Physiol Behav 2021; 229:113242. [PMID: 33157075 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Investigating intrinsic brain functional connectivity may help identify the neurobiology underlying cognitive patterns and biases contributing to obesity propensity. To address this, the current study used a novel whole-brain, data-driven approach to examine functional connectivity differences in large-scale network interactions between obesity-prone (OP) and obesity-resistant (OR) individuals. METHODS OR (N = 24) and OP (N = 25) adults completed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during rest. Large-scale brain networks were identified using independent component analysis (ICA). Voxel-specific between-network connectivity analysis assessed correlations between ICA component time series' and individual voxel time series, identifying regions strongly connected to many networks, i.e., "hubs". RESULTS Significant group differences in between-network connectivity (OP vs. OR; FDR-corrected) were observed in bilateral basal ganglia (left: q = 0.009; right: q = 0.010) and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC; q = 0.026), with OP>OR. Basal ganglia differences were largely driven by a more strongly negative correlation with a lateral sensorimotor network in OP, with dlPFC differences driven by a more strongly negative correlation with an inferior visual network in OP. CONCLUSIONS Greater between-network connectivity was observed in the basal ganglia and dlPFC in OP, driven by stronger associations with lateral sensorimotor and inferior visual networks, respectively. This may reflect a disrupted balance between goal-directed and habitual control systems and between internal/external monitoring processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina T Legget
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States; Research Service, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States.
| | - Korey P Wylie
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Marc-Andre Cornier
- Research Service, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States; Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States; Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States; Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Brian D Berman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States; Neurology Section, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jason R Tregellas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States; Research Service, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
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25
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Cisneros E, Stebbins GT, Chen Q, Vu JP, Benadof CN, Zhang Z, Barbano RL, Fox SH, Goetz CG, Jankovic J, Jinnah HA, Perlmutter JS, Adler CH, Factor SA, Reich SG, Rodriguez R, Severt LL, Stover NP, Berman BD, Comella CL, Peterson DA. It's tricky: Rating alleviating maneuvers in cervical dystonia. J Neurol Sci 2020; 419:117205. [PMID: 33160248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.117205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate hypothesized sources of error when quantifying the effect of the sensory trick in cervical dystonia (CD) with the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale (TWSTRS-2), test strategies to mitigate them, and provide guidance for future research on the sensory trick. METHODS Previous analyses suggested the sensory trick (or "alleviating maneuver", AM) item be removed from the TWSTRS-2 because of its poor clinimetric properties. We hypothesized three sources of clinimetric weakness for rating the AM: 1) whether patients were given sufficient time to demonstrate their AM; 2) whether patients' CD was sufficiently severe for detecting AM efficacy; and 3) whether raters were inadvertently rating the item in reverse of scale instructions. We tested these hypotheses with video recordings and TWSTRS-2 ratings by one "site rater" and a panel of five "video raters" for each of 185 Dystonia Coalition patients with isolated CD. RESULTS Of 185 patients, 23 (12%) were not permitted sufficient testing time to exhibit an AM, 23 (12%) had baseline CD too mild to allow confident rating of AM effect, and 1 site- and 1 video-rater each rated the AM item with a reverse scoring convention. When these confounds were eliminated in step-wise fashion, the item's clinimetric properties improved. CONCLUSIONS The AM's efficacy can contribute to measuring CD motor severity by addressing identified sources of error during its assessment and rating. Given the AM's sensitive diagnostic and potential pathophysiologic significance, we also provide guidance on modifications to how AMs can be assessed in future CD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Cisneros
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America.
| | - Glenn T Stebbins
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1620 W Harrison St, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America.
| | - Qiyu Chen
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America.
| | - Jeanne P Vu
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America
| | - Casey N Benadof
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America
| | - Richard L Barbano
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, 500 Joseph C. Wilson Blvd, Rochester, NY 14627, United States of America.
| | - Susan H Fox
- Movement Disorder Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada; Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Cir, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Christopher G Goetz
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1620 W Harrison St, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America.
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America.
| | - Hyder A Jinnah
- Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics, Emory University, 1365 Clifton Rd building b suite 2200, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America.
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States of America; Departments of Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy, and Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States of America.
| | - Charles H Adler
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America.
| | - Stewart A Factor
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, 201 Dowman Dr, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America.
| | - Stephen G Reich
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland Medical Centre, 22 S Greene St, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America.
| | - Ramon Rodriguez
- UF Department of Neurology, 1149 Newell Dr, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States of America.
| | - Lawrence L Severt
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Medical Center, 529 W 42nd St # 6K, New York, NY 10036, United States of America
| | - Natividad P Stover
- Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, United States of America.
| | - Brian D Berman
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 East Marshall Street, PO Box 980599, Richmond, VA 23298-0599, United States of America.
| | - Cynthia L Comella
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1620 W Harrison St, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America.
| | - David A Peterson
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America; CNL-S, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America.
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26
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Shaikh AG, Beylergil SB, Scorr L, Kilic-Berkmen G, Freeman A, Klein C, Junker J, Loens S, Brüggemann N, Münchau A, Bäumer T, Vidailhet M, Roze E, Bonnet C, Jankovic J, Jimenez-Shahed J, Patel N, Marsh L, Comella C, Barbano RL, Berman BD, Malaty I, Wagle Shukla A, Reich SG, Ledoux MS, Berardelli A, Ferrazzano G, Stover N, Ondo W, Pirio Richardson S, Saunders-Pullman R, Mari Z, Agarwal P, Adler C, Chouinard S, Fox SH, Brashear A, Truong D, Suchowersky O, Frank S, Factor S, Perlmutter J, Jinnah HA. Dystonia and Tremor: A Cross-Sectional Study of the Dystonia Coalition Cohort. Neurology 2020; 96:e563-e574. [PMID: 33046615 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000011049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the clinical manifestations and predictors of different types of tremors in individuals with different types of isolated dystonia. METHODS Clinical manifestations of tremor were assessed in a multicenter, international cross-sectional, cohort study of 2,362 individuals with all types of isolated dystonia (focal, segmental, multifocal, and generalized) recruited through the Dystonia Coalition. RESULTS Methodical and standardized assessments of all participants in this cohort revealed the overall prevalence of any type of tremor was 53.3%. The prevalence of dystonic tremor varied from 36.9% to 48.4%, depending on criteria used to define it. To identify the factors associated with tremors in dystonia, the data were analyzed by generalized linear modeling and cluster analyses. Generalized linear modeling indicated 2 of the strongest factors associated with tremor included body region affected by dystonia and recruitment center. Tremor was also associated with severity of dystonia and duration of dystonia, but not with sex or race. The cluster analysis distinguished 8 subgroups within the whole cohort; defined largely by body region with dystonia, and secondarily by other clinical characteristics. CONCLUSION The large number of cases evaluated by an international team of movement disorder experts facilitated the dissection of several important factors that influence the apparent prevalence and phenomenology of tremor in dystonia. These results are valuable for understanding the many differences reported in prior studies, and for guiding future studies of the nosology of tremor and dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasef G Shaikh
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Sinem Balta Beylergil
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Laura Scorr
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Gamze Kilic-Berkmen
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Alan Freeman
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Christine Klein
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Johanna Junker
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Sebastian Loens
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Norbert Brüggemann
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Alexander Münchau
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Tobias Bäumer
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Marie Vidailhet
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Cecilia Bonnet
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Joohi Jimenez-Shahed
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Neepa Patel
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Laura Marsh
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Cynthia Comella
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Richard L Barbano
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Brian D Berman
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Irene Malaty
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Aparna Wagle Shukla
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Stephen G Reich
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Mark S Ledoux
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Gina Ferrazzano
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Natividad Stover
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - William Ondo
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Sarah Pirio Richardson
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Rachel Saunders-Pullman
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Zoltan Mari
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Pinky Agarwal
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Charles Adler
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Sylvain Chouinard
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Susan H Fox
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Allison Brashear
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Daniel Truong
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Oksana Suchowersky
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Samuel Frank
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Stewart Factor
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Joel Perlmutter
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Hyder Azad Jinnah
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (A.G.S., S.B.B.) and Neurology (A.G.S.), Case Western University School of Medicine; Neurological Institute (A.G.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland; Neurology Service (A.G.S.), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology (L.S., G.K.-B., A.F., S. Factor, H.A.J.), Human Genetics (H.A.J.), and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Institute of Neurogenetics (C.K., J.J., S.L., N.B., A.M., T.B.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.V., E.R., C.B.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (J.J.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Neurology and Neurosurgery (J.J.-S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (N.P.), Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield, MI; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology (L.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Neurology (I.M., A.W.S.), Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; Department of Neurosciences (A.B.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome; IRCCS Neuromed (G.F.), Pozzilli, Italy; The University of Alabama at Birmingham (N.S.); Methodist Neurological Institute (W.O.), Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (S.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (Z.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; Mayo Clinic (C.A.), Scottsdale, AZ; Andre Barbeau Movement Disorders Unit (S.C.), Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM); Movement Disorder Clinic (S.H.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Canada; UC Davis School of Medicine (A.B.), Sacramento; The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute (D.T.), Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA; Department of Medicine (O.S.), Medical Genetics, and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S. Frank), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (J.P.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO.
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Glickman A, Nguyen P, Shelton E, Peterson DA, Berman BD. Basal ganglia and cerebellar circuits have distinct roles in blepharospasm. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020; 78:158-164. [PMID: 32891945 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To identify areas of brain activity associated with involuntary muscle contractions in patients with blepharospasm using functional MRI. METHODS 15 patients with blepharospasm underwent 8-min resting state scans with spontaneous orbicularis oculi muscle contractions simultaneously recorded using MRI-compatible surface electromyography. Spasm severity and spasm onset/offset were modeled using the amplitude of the electromyography signal (EMG-Amp) and its first temporal derivative (EMG-Onset), respectively, and included in a multiple regression functional MRI analysis using SPM12. Primary outcome was within-group blood-oxygen-level dependent activations that co-varied with EMG-Amp and EMG-Onset following correction for multiple comparisons for an overall cluster corrected p < 0.05. Secondary analyses included testing for correlations between imaging findings and symptom severity, as measured by clinical dystonia rating scales, using an uncorrected voxel-level threshold of p < 0.001. RESULTS Imaging data from one subject were excluded due to excessive movement. EMG-Amp co-activated within the left sensorimotor cortex and cerebellum, as well as right lingual gyrus and superior temporal gyrus. EMG-Onset co-activated within the left posterior putamen/pallidum and a frontal eye field region in the left superior frontal gyrus. Symptom severity and EMG-Amp significantly co-varied in a small cluster within the left cerebellum. CONCLUSION Our preliminary findings here suggest that cerebello-cortical circuits in blepharospasm could drive the intensity of eyelid spasms while basal ganglia circuits are associated with the triggering of spasms. This supports the network model for dystonia and identifies specific areas of involvement consistent with known brain regions responsible for control of movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Glickman
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Phuong Nguyen
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Erika Shelton
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - David A Peterson
- Institute of Neural Computation, University of California San Diego, Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute of Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Brian D Berman
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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Norris SA, Jinnah HA, Klein C, Jankovic J, Berman BD, Roze E, Mahajan A, Espay AJ, Murthy AV, Fung VSC, LeDoux MS, Chang FCF, Vidailhet M, Testa C, Barbano R, Malaty IA, Bäumer T, Loens S, Wright LJ, Perlmutter JS. Clinical and Demographic Characteristics of Upper Limb Dystonia. Mov Disord 2020; 35:2086-2090. [PMID: 32845549 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of characteristics in upper limb dystonia remains limited, derived primarily from small, single-site studies. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to characterize demographic and clinical characteristics of upper limb dystonia from the Dystonia Coalition data set, a large, international, multicenter resource. METHODS We evaluated clinical and demographic characteristics of 367 participants with upper limb dystonia from onset, comparing across subcategories of focal (with and without dystonia spread) versus nonfocal onset. RESULTS Focal onset occurred in 80%; 67% remained focal without spread. Task specificity was most frequent in this subgroup, most often writer's cramp and affecting the dominant limb (83%). Focal onset with spread was more frequent in young onset (<21 years). Focal onset occurred equally in women and men; nonfocal onset affected women disproportionately. CONCLUSIONS Upper limb dystonia distribution, focality, and task specificity relate to onset age and likelihood of regional spread. Observations may inform clinical counseling and design, execution, and interpretation of future studies. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Norris
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Hyder A Jinnah
- Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics and Department of Neurology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Brian D Berman
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- Sorbonne University, Inserm U 1127, National Centre for Scientific Research, Joint Research Units 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière and Assistance Public Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Abhimanyu Mahajan
- James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Alberto J Espay
- James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Victor S C Fung
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Westmead Hospital & Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark S LeDoux
- Department of Psychology and School of Health Studies, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Veracity Neurosciences LLC, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Florence C F Chang
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Westmead Hospital & Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marie Vidailhet
- Department of Neurology, Salpetriere Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Department of Neurology, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Brain & Spine Institute, Joint Research Units 1127, INSERM 1127, Center National De Recherche Scientific 7235, Paris, France
| | - Claudia Testa
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Richard Barbano
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Irene A Malaty
- University of Florida Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurologic Diseases, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Tobias Bäumer
- Institute of Neurogenetics and Department of Neurology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Sebastian Loens
- Institute of Neurogenetics and Department of Neurology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Laura J Wright
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Departments of Neuroscience, Physical Therapy, and Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Nguyen P, Kelly D, Glickman A, Argaw S, Shelton E, Peterson DA, Berman BD. Abnormal Neural Responses During Reflexive Blinking in Blepharospasm: An Event-Related Functional MRI Study. Mov Disord 2020; 35:1173-1180. [PMID: 32250472 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neurophysiological disruptions underlying blepharospasm, a disabling movement disorder characterized by increased blinking and involuntary muscle spasms of the eyelid, remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To investigate the neural substrates underlying reflexive blinking in blepharospasm patients compared to healthy controls using simultaneous functional MRI and surface electromyography. METHODS Fifteen blepharospasm patients and 15 healthy controls were recruited. Randomly timed air puffs to the left eye were used to induce reflexive eye blinks during two 8-minute functional MRI scans. Continuous surface electromyography and video recordings were used to monitor blink responses. Imaging data were analyzed using an event-related design. RESULTS Fourteen blepharospasm patients (10 female; 61.6 ± 8.0 years) and 15 controls (11 female; 60.9 ± 5.5 years) were included in the final analysis. Reflexive eye blinks in controls were associated with activation of the right hippocampus and in patients with activation of the left caudate nucleus. Reflexive blinks in blepharospasm patients showed increased activation in the right postcentral gyrus and precuneus, left precentral gyrus, and left occipital cortex compared to controls. Dystonia severity negatively correlated with activity in the left occipital cortex, and disease duration negatively correlated with reflexive-blink activity in the cerebellum. CONCLUSIONS Reflexive blinking in blepharospasm is associated with increased activation in the caudate nucleus and sensorimotor cortices, suggesting a loss of inhibition within the sensorimotor corticobasal ganglia network. The association between decreasing neural response during reflexive blinking in the cerebellum with disease duration suggests an adaptive role. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Nguyen
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Diane Kelly
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Amanda Glickman
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Salem Argaw
- School of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Erika Shelton
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - David A Peterson
- Institute of Neural Computation, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.,Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute of Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Brian D Berman
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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30
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Berman BD, Groth CL, Shelton E, Sillau SH, Sutton B, Legget KT, Tregellas JR. Hemodynamic responses are abnormal in isolated cervical dystonia. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:692-703. [PMID: 31692015 PMCID: PMC7015799 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which measures brain activity by detecting the changes in blood oxygenation levels, are advancing our understanding of the pathophysiology of dystonia. Neurobiological disturbances in dystonia, however, may affect neurovascular coupling and impact the interpretability of fMRI studies. We evaluated here whether the hemodynamic response patterns during a behaviorally matched motor task are altered in isolated cervical dystonia (CD). Twenty-five CD patients and 25 healthy controls (HCs) underwent fMRI scanning during a paced finger tapping task (nondystonic task in patients). Imaging data were analyzed using a constrained principal component analysis-a statistical method that combines regression analysis and principal component analysis and enables the extraction of task-related functional networks and determination of the spatial and temporal hemodynamic response patterns associated with the task performance. Data from three patients and two controls were removed due to excessive movement. No significant differences in demographics or motor performance were observed. Three task-associated functional brain networks were identified. During task performance, reduced hemodynamic responses were seen in a sensorimotor network and in a network that included key nodes of the default mode, executive control and visual networks. During rest, reductions in hemodynamic responses were seen in the cognitive/visual network. Lower hemodynamic responses within the primary sensorimotor network in patients were correlated with the increased dystonia severity. Pathophysiological disturbances in isolated CD, such as alterations in inhibitory signaling and dopaminergic neurotransmission, may impact neurovascular coupling. Not accounting for hemodynamic response differences in fMRI studies of dystonia could lead to inaccurate results and interpretations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D. Berman
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Neurology Section, Denver VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christopher L. Groth
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA
| | - Erica Shelton
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Stefan H. Sillau
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Brianne Sutton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Kristina T. Legget
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Jason R. Tregellas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Research Service, Denver VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO USA
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Berman BD, Groth CL, Sillau SH, Pirio Richardson S, Norris SA, Junker J, Brüggemann N, Agarwal P, Barbano RL, Espay AJ, Vizcarra JA, Klein C, Bäumer T, Loens S, Reich SG, Vidailhet M, Bonnet C, Roze E, Jinnah HA, Perlmutter JS. Risk of spread in adult-onset isolated focal dystonia: a prospective international cohort study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2020; 91:314-320. [PMID: 31848221 PMCID: PMC7024047 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2019-321794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Isolated focal dystonia can spread to muscles beyond the initially affected body region, but risk of spread has not been evaluated in a prospective manner. Furthermore, body regions at risk for spread and the clinical factors associated with spread risk are not well characterised. We sought here to prospectively characterise risk of spread in recently diagnosed adult-onset isolated focal dystonia patients. METHODS Patients enrolled in the Dystonia Coalition with isolated dystonia affecting only the neck, upper face, hand or larynx at onset of symptoms were included. Timing of follow-up visits was based on a sliding scale depending on symptom onset and ranged from 1 to 4 years. Descriptive statistics, Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to assess clinical characteristics associated with dystonia spread. RESULTS 487 enrolled participants (68.3% women; mean age: 55.6±12.2 years) met our inclusion/exclusion criteria. Spread was observed in 50% of blepharospasm, 8% of cervical dystonia, 17% of hand dystonia and 16% of laryngeal dystonia cases. Most common regions for first spread were the oromandibular region (42.2%) and neck (22.4%) for blepharospasm, hand (3.5%) for cervical dystonia and neck for hand (12.8%) and laryngeal (15.8%) dystonia. Increased spread risk was associated with a positive family history (HR=2.18, p=0.012) and self-reported alcohol responsiveness (HR=2.59, p=0.009). CONCLUSIONS Initial body region affected in isolated focal dystonia has differential risk and patterns of spread. Genetic factors likely influence the risk of spread. These findings can aid clinical prognostication and inform future investigations into potential disease-modifying treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Berman
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Stefan H Sillau
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Scott A Norris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Johanna Junker
- Department of Neurology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.,Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Norbert Brüggemann
- Department of Neurology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.,Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Pinky Agarwal
- Booth Gardner Parkinson's Center, Evergreen Health, Kirkland, Washington, USA
| | - Richard L Barbano
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Alberto J Espay
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Joaquin A Vizcarra
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Tobias Bäumer
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Sebastian Loens
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Stephen G Reich
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland Medical Centre, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Marie Vidailhet
- Department of Neurology, Salpetriere Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Cecilia Bonnet
- Department of Neurology, Salpetriere Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- Department of Neurology, Salpetriere Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Hyder A Jinnah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Lungu C, Ozelius L, Standaert D, Hallett M, Sieber BA, Swanson-Fisher C, Berman BD, Calakos N, Moore JC, Perlmutter JS, Pirio Richardson SE, Saunders-Pullman R, Scheinfeldt L, Sharma N, Sillitoe R, Simonyan K, Starr PA, Taylor A, Vitek J. Defining research priorities in dystonia. Neurology 2020; 94:526-537. [PMID: 32098856 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000009140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dystonia is a complex movement disorder. Research progress has been difficult, particularly in developing widely effective therapies. This is a review of the current state of knowledge, research gaps, and proposed research priorities. METHODS The NIH convened leaders in the field for a 2-day workshop. The participants addressed the natural history of the disease, the underlying etiology, the pathophysiology, relevant research technologies, research resources, and therapeutic approaches and attempted to prioritize dystonia research recommendations. RESULTS The heterogeneity of dystonia poses challenges to research and therapy development. Much can be learned from specific genetic subtypes, and the disorder can be conceptualized along clinical, etiology, and pathophysiology axes. Advances in research technology and pooled resources can accelerate progress. Although etiologically based therapies would be optimal, a focus on circuit abnormalities can provide a convergent common target for symptomatic therapies across dystonia subtypes. The discussions have been integrated into a comprehensive review of all aspects of dystonia. CONCLUSION Overall research priorities include the generation and integration of high-quality phenotypic and genotypic data, reproducing key features in cellular and animal models, both of basic cellular mechanisms and phenotypes, leveraging new research technologies, and targeting circuit-level dysfunction with therapeutic interventions. Collaboration is necessary both for collection of large data sets and integration of different research methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Codrin Lungu
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
| | - Laurie Ozelius
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - David Standaert
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Mark Hallett
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Beth-Anne Sieber
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Christine Swanson-Fisher
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Brian D Berman
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Nicole Calakos
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Jennifer C Moore
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Sarah E Pirio Richardson
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Rachel Saunders-Pullman
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Laura Scheinfeldt
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Nutan Sharma
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Roy Sillitoe
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Kristina Simonyan
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Philip A Starr
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Anna Taylor
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Jerrold Vitek
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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Kletenik I, Sillau SH, Isfahani SA, LaFaver K, Hallett M, Berman BD. Gender as a Risk Factor for Functional Movement Disorders: The Role of Sexual Abuse. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2019; 7:177-181. [PMID: 32071936 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of functional movement disorders is 2 to 3 times higher in women than in men. Trauma and adverse life events are important risk factors for developing functional movement disorders. On a population level, rates of sexual abuse against women are higher when compared with the rates against men. Objectives To determine gender differences in rates of sexual abuse in functional movement disorders compared with other neurologic disorders and evaluate if the gender prevalence is influenced by higher rates of sexual abuse against women. Methods We performed a case-control series including 199 patients with functional movement disorders (149 women) and 95 controls (60 women). We employed chi-squared test to assess gender and sexual abuse associations and Bayes formula to condition on sexual abuse. Results Our analysis showed an association between sexual abuse and functional movement disorders in women (odds ratio, 4.821; 95% confidence interval, 2.089-12.070; P < 0.0001), but not men. Bayesian analysis found the functional movement disorder prevalence ratio between women and men conditional on sexual abuse to be 4.87 times the unconditioned ratio. Conclusions There is a statistically significant association between sexual abuse and functional movement disorders in women and a greater likelihood that women who are sexually abused will develop functional movement disorders than men who are sexually abused. Our findings suggest that the increased prevalence of functional movement disorders in women is associated, at least in part, with sexual abuse and its sequelae; however, further research is needed to explore the role of other traumatic and nontraumatic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaiah Kletenik
- Department of Neurology University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora Colorado USA.,Behavioral Neurology Section University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora Colorado USA
| | - Stefan H Sillau
- Department of Neurology University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora Colorado USA
| | - Sanaz Attaripour Isfahani
- Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Kathrin LaFaver
- Department of Neurology, Movement Disorder Division University of Louisville Louisville Kentucky USA.,Department of Neurology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Brian D Berman
- Department of Neurology University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora Colorado USA.,Movement Disorders Center University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora Colorado USA
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Schenkman M, Moore CG, Kohrt WM, Hall DA, Delitto A, Comella CL, Josbeno DA, Christiansen CL, Berman BD, Kluger BM, Melanson EL, Jain S, Robichaud JA, Poon C, Corcos DM. Effect of High-Intensity Treadmill Exercise on Motor Symptoms in Patients With De Novo Parkinson Disease: A Phase 2 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Neurol 2019; 75:219-226. [PMID: 29228079 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.3517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Parkinson disease is a progressive neurologic disorder. Limited evidence suggests endurance exercise modifies disease severity, particularly high-intensity exercise. Objectives To examine the feasibility and safety of high-intensity treadmill exercise in patients with de novo Parkinson disease who are not taking medication and whether the effect on motor symptoms warrants a phase 3 trial. Design, Setting, and Participants The Study in Parkinson Disease of Exercise (SPARX) was a phase 2, multicenter randomized clinical trial with 3 groups and masked assessors. Individuals from outpatient and community-based clinics were enrolled from May 1, 2012, through November 30, 2015, with the primary end point at 6 months. Individuals with idiopathic Parkinson disease (Hoehn and Yahr stages 1 or 2) aged 40 to 80 years within 5 years of diagnosis who were not exercising at moderate intensity greater than 3 times per week and not expected to need dopaminergic medication within 6 months participated in this study. A total of 384 volunteers were screened by telephone; 128 were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups (high-intensity exercise, moderate-intensity exercise, or control). Interventions High-intensity treadmill exercise (4 days per week, 80%-85% maximum heart rate [n = 43]), moderate-intensity treadmill exercise (4 days per week, 60%-65% maximum heart rate [n = 45]), or wait-list control (n = 40) for 6 months. Main Outcomes and Measures Feasibility measures were adherence to prescribed heart rate and exercise frequency of 3 days per week and safety. The clinical outcome was 6-month change in Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor score. Results A total of 128 patients were included in the study (mean [SD] age, 64 [9] years; age range, 40-80 years; 73 [57.0%] male; and 108 [84.4%] non-Hispanic white). Exercise rates were 2.8 (95% CI, 2.4-3.2) days per week at 80.2% (95% CI, 78.8%-81.7%) maximum heart rate in the high-intensity group and 3.2 (95% CI, 2.8-3.6; P = .13) days per week at 65.9% (95% CI, 64.2%-67.7%) maximum heart rate in the moderate-intensity group (P < .001). The mean change in Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor score in the high-intensity group was 0.3 (95% CI, -1.7 to 2.3) compared with 3.2 (95% CI, 1.4 to 5.1) in the usual care group (P = .03). The high-intensity group, but not the moderate-intensity group, reached the predefined nonfutility threshold compared with the control group. Anticipated adverse musculoskeletal events were not severe. Conclusions and Relevance High-intensity treadmill exercise may be feasible and prescribed safely for patients with Parkinson disease. An efficacy trial is warranted to determine whether high-intensity treadmill exercise produces meaningful clinical benefits in de novo Parkinson disease. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01506479.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Schenkman
- Physical Therapy Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Charity G Moore
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Wendy M Kohrt
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver
| | - Deborah A Hall
- Department of Neurology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Anthony Delitto
- Office of the Dean, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Cynthia L Comella
- Department of Neurology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Deborah A Josbeno
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Cory L Christiansen
- Physical Therapy Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver
| | - Brian D Berman
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical, Campus, Aurora
| | - Benzi M Kluger
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical, Campus, Aurora
| | - Edward L Melanson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver.,Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Samay Jain
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Julie A Robichaud
- Department of Rehabilitation Services, University of Illinois Hospital Health Sciences System, Chicago
| | - Cynthia Poon
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Daniel M Corcos
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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35
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McConnell BV, Kaplan RI, Teale PD, Kronberg E, Broussard JL, Guzetti JR, Sillau SH, Dhanasekaran AR, Kluger BM, Berman BD. Feasibility of home-based automated transcranial electrical stimulation during slow wave sleep. Brain Stimul 2019; 12:813-815. [PMID: 30819658 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rini I Kaplan
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, USA
| | - Peter D Teale
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, USA
| | | | - Josiane L Broussard
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, USA; Colorado State University, USA
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36
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Merola A, Dwivedi AK, Shaikh AG, Tareen TK, Da Prat GA, Kauffman MA, Hampf J, Mahajan A, Marsili L, Jankovic J, Comella CL, Berman BD, Perlmutter JS, Jinnah HA, Espay AJ. Head tremor at disease onset: an ataxic phenotype of cervical dystonia. J Neurol 2019; 266:1844-1851. [PMID: 31028543 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09341-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical dystonia (CD) can present with head tremor. It is unclear whether ataxic features are differentially associated with this phenotype at onset of CD. OBJECTIVES We sought to evaluate: (1) the demographic features of CD patients with (Tr-CD) and without head tremor (nTr-CD) at onset, and (2) the differential ataxic features between these CD subtypes. METHODS For the first objective, we compared demographic data in Tr-CD versus nTr-CD subtypes in the entire cohort of CD subjects enrolled in the Dystonia Coalition Natural History and Biorepository studies (n = 1608). For the second objective, we rated the standardized videos from consecutively enrolled Tr-CD subjects (n = 50) and age-, gender-, and disease duration-matched nTr-CD subjects (n = 50) for ataxia severity scoring using the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA) and the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS); and for dystonia severity using the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale section-I (TWSTRS) and the Global Dystonia Rating Scale (GDRS). RESULTS Of 1,608 subjects, 18.1% (n = 291) were classified as Tr-CD and 81.9% (n = 1317) as nTr-CD. The Tr-CD cohort was older, predominantly female, and had longer disease duration than the nTr-CD cohort (p = 0.01). Compared to nTr-CD, Tr-CD subjects had worse generalized ataxia, speech, and gait and posture scores. High ataxia severity with low dystonia severity distinguished Tr-CD from nTr-CD with high accuracy (area under the curve, 0.91 (95% CI 0.85-0.97). CONCLUSIONS Head tremor at disease onset represents a clinically distinguishable subtype of cervical dystonia affecting predominantly older women, with worse ataxia and milder dystonia than the non-tremulous dystonic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristide Merola
- Department of Neurology, Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Alok K Dwivedi
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Aasef G Shaikh
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals and Cleveland VA Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Tamour Khan Tareen
- Department of Neurology, Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Gustavo A Da Prat
- Department of Neurology, Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Departamento de Neurologia, Sanatorio de la Trinidad Mitre, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo A Kauffman
- Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética, Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA, and Programa de Medicina de Precision y Genomica Clinica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jennie Hampf
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Abhimanyu Mahajan
- Department of Neurology, Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Luca Marsili
- Department of Neurology, Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Department of Neurology, Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Brian D Berman
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hyder A Jinnah
- Department of Neurology, Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alberto J Espay
- Department of Neurology, Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Junker J, Brandt V, Berman BD, Vidailhet M, Roze E, Weissbach A, Comella C, Malaty IA, Jankovic J, LeDoux MS, Berardelli A, Barbano R, Reich SG, Perlmutter JS, Jinnah HA, Brüggemann N. Predictors of alcohol responsiveness in dystonia. Neurology 2018; 91:e2020-e2026. [PMID: 30341158 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000006551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine predictors of alcohol responsiveness in a large cohort of patients with dystonia. METHODS A total of 2,159 participants with dystonia were prospectively enrolled in the cross-sectional Dystonia Coalition multicenter study. Patients with secondary, combined, or confirmed genetic dystonia (total n = 164) or unknown alcohol responsiveness (n = 737) were excluded. Patients answered a standardized questionnaire and were clinically examined using a standardized video protocol and the Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale. Alcohol responsiveness was determined by patients' self-report. RESULTS A total of 1,258 patients with isolated dystonia (mean age: 59.5 ± 12.2 years; 898 women) met the inclusion criteria; 369 patients (29.3%) reported improvement of dystonia after alcohol consumption. Alcohol responsiveness was not related to sex (p = 0.742), age (p = 0.715), or severity of dystonia (p = 0.623). Age at onset was lower in patients who responded to alcohol (p < 0.001). Alcohol responsiveness differed across dystonia subgroups (multifocal/generalized > segmental [p = 0.014]; cervical and laryngeal > cranial and limb [p < 0.001]) and was related to a positive family history of movement disorders (p = 0.001), and presence of tremor (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The association of alcohol responsiveness with a positive family history for movement disorders, generalized dystonia, and an earlier age at onset suggests that patients with dystonia who have an underlying genetic contribution may be more likely to respond beneficially to alcohol. The fact that dystonic tremor may respond to alcohol is in keeping with the observation that the intake of GABAergic drugs may have a beneficial effect in a proportion of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Junker
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (J. Junker, V.B., A.W., N.B.) and Department of Neurology (J. Junker, N.B.), University of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Psychology (V.B.), Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, UK; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), Denver VA Medical Center, CO; Département de Neurologie (M.V., E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris; Sorbonne Universités (M.V.), Pierre Marie Curie Paris-6, Institute of Brain and Spine (ICM), Inserm U 1127, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (I.A.M.), Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (M.S.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Neuromed Institute (IRCCS) (A.B.), Pozzilli (IS), and Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University di Roma, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.B.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (J.S.P.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology and Human Genetics (H.A.J.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Valerie Brandt
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (J. Junker, V.B., A.W., N.B.) and Department of Neurology (J. Junker, N.B.), University of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Psychology (V.B.), Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, UK; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), Denver VA Medical Center, CO; Département de Neurologie (M.V., E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris; Sorbonne Universités (M.V.), Pierre Marie Curie Paris-6, Institute of Brain and Spine (ICM), Inserm U 1127, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (I.A.M.), Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (M.S.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Neuromed Institute (IRCCS) (A.B.), Pozzilli (IS), and Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University di Roma, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.B.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (J.S.P.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology and Human Genetics (H.A.J.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Brian D Berman
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (J. Junker, V.B., A.W., N.B.) and Department of Neurology (J. Junker, N.B.), University of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Psychology (V.B.), Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, UK; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), Denver VA Medical Center, CO; Département de Neurologie (M.V., E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris; Sorbonne Universités (M.V.), Pierre Marie Curie Paris-6, Institute of Brain and Spine (ICM), Inserm U 1127, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (I.A.M.), Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (M.S.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Neuromed Institute (IRCCS) (A.B.), Pozzilli (IS), and Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University di Roma, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.B.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (J.S.P.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology and Human Genetics (H.A.J.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Marie Vidailhet
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (J. Junker, V.B., A.W., N.B.) and Department of Neurology (J. Junker, N.B.), University of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Psychology (V.B.), Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, UK; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), Denver VA Medical Center, CO; Département de Neurologie (M.V., E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris; Sorbonne Universités (M.V.), Pierre Marie Curie Paris-6, Institute of Brain and Spine (ICM), Inserm U 1127, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (I.A.M.), Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (M.S.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Neuromed Institute (IRCCS) (A.B.), Pozzilli (IS), and Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University di Roma, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.B.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (J.S.P.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology and Human Genetics (H.A.J.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (J. Junker, V.B., A.W., N.B.) and Department of Neurology (J. Junker, N.B.), University of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Psychology (V.B.), Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, UK; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), Denver VA Medical Center, CO; Département de Neurologie (M.V., E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris; Sorbonne Universités (M.V.), Pierre Marie Curie Paris-6, Institute of Brain and Spine (ICM), Inserm U 1127, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (I.A.M.), Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (M.S.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Neuromed Institute (IRCCS) (A.B.), Pozzilli (IS), and Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University di Roma, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.B.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (J.S.P.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology and Human Genetics (H.A.J.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Anne Weissbach
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (J. Junker, V.B., A.W., N.B.) and Department of Neurology (J. Junker, N.B.), University of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Psychology (V.B.), Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, UK; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), Denver VA Medical Center, CO; Département de Neurologie (M.V., E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris; Sorbonne Universités (M.V.), Pierre Marie Curie Paris-6, Institute of Brain and Spine (ICM), Inserm U 1127, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (I.A.M.), Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (M.S.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Neuromed Institute (IRCCS) (A.B.), Pozzilli (IS), and Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University di Roma, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.B.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (J.S.P.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology and Human Genetics (H.A.J.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Cynthia Comella
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (J. Junker, V.B., A.W., N.B.) and Department of Neurology (J. Junker, N.B.), University of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Psychology (V.B.), Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, UK; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), Denver VA Medical Center, CO; Département de Neurologie (M.V., E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris; Sorbonne Universités (M.V.), Pierre Marie Curie Paris-6, Institute of Brain and Spine (ICM), Inserm U 1127, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (I.A.M.), Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (M.S.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Neuromed Institute (IRCCS) (A.B.), Pozzilli (IS), and Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University di Roma, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.B.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (J.S.P.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology and Human Genetics (H.A.J.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Irene A Malaty
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (J. Junker, V.B., A.W., N.B.) and Department of Neurology (J. Junker, N.B.), University of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Psychology (V.B.), Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, UK; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), Denver VA Medical Center, CO; Département de Neurologie (M.V., E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris; Sorbonne Universités (M.V.), Pierre Marie Curie Paris-6, Institute of Brain and Spine (ICM), Inserm U 1127, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (I.A.M.), Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (M.S.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Neuromed Institute (IRCCS) (A.B.), Pozzilli (IS), and Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University di Roma, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.B.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (J.S.P.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology and Human Genetics (H.A.J.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (J. Junker, V.B., A.W., N.B.) and Department of Neurology (J. Junker, N.B.), University of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Psychology (V.B.), Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, UK; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), Denver VA Medical Center, CO; Département de Neurologie (M.V., E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris; Sorbonne Universités (M.V.), Pierre Marie Curie Paris-6, Institute of Brain and Spine (ICM), Inserm U 1127, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (I.A.M.), Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (M.S.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Neuromed Institute (IRCCS) (A.B.), Pozzilli (IS), and Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University di Roma, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.B.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (J.S.P.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology and Human Genetics (H.A.J.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Mark S LeDoux
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (J. Junker, V.B., A.W., N.B.) and Department of Neurology (J. Junker, N.B.), University of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Psychology (V.B.), Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, UK; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), Denver VA Medical Center, CO; Département de Neurologie (M.V., E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris; Sorbonne Universités (M.V.), Pierre Marie Curie Paris-6, Institute of Brain and Spine (ICM), Inserm U 1127, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (I.A.M.), Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (M.S.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Neuromed Institute (IRCCS) (A.B.), Pozzilli (IS), and Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University di Roma, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.B.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (J.S.P.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology and Human Genetics (H.A.J.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (J. Junker, V.B., A.W., N.B.) and Department of Neurology (J. Junker, N.B.), University of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Psychology (V.B.), Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, UK; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), Denver VA Medical Center, CO; Département de Neurologie (M.V., E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris; Sorbonne Universités (M.V.), Pierre Marie Curie Paris-6, Institute of Brain and Spine (ICM), Inserm U 1127, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (I.A.M.), Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (M.S.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Neuromed Institute (IRCCS) (A.B.), Pozzilli (IS), and Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University di Roma, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.B.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (J.S.P.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology and Human Genetics (H.A.J.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Richard Barbano
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (J. Junker, V.B., A.W., N.B.) and Department of Neurology (J. Junker, N.B.), University of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Psychology (V.B.), Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, UK; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), Denver VA Medical Center, CO; Département de Neurologie (M.V., E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris; Sorbonne Universités (M.V.), Pierre Marie Curie Paris-6, Institute of Brain and Spine (ICM), Inserm U 1127, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (I.A.M.), Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (M.S.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Neuromed Institute (IRCCS) (A.B.), Pozzilli (IS), and Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University di Roma, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.B.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (J.S.P.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology and Human Genetics (H.A.J.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Stephen G Reich
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (J. Junker, V.B., A.W., N.B.) and Department of Neurology (J. Junker, N.B.), University of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Psychology (V.B.), Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, UK; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), Denver VA Medical Center, CO; Département de Neurologie (M.V., E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris; Sorbonne Universités (M.V.), Pierre Marie Curie Paris-6, Institute of Brain and Spine (ICM), Inserm U 1127, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (I.A.M.), Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (M.S.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Neuromed Institute (IRCCS) (A.B.), Pozzilli (IS), and Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University di Roma, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.B.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (J.S.P.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology and Human Genetics (H.A.J.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (J. Junker, V.B., A.W., N.B.) and Department of Neurology (J. Junker, N.B.), University of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Psychology (V.B.), Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, UK; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), Denver VA Medical Center, CO; Département de Neurologie (M.V., E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris; Sorbonne Universités (M.V.), Pierre Marie Curie Paris-6, Institute of Brain and Spine (ICM), Inserm U 1127, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (I.A.M.), Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (M.S.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Neuromed Institute (IRCCS) (A.B.), Pozzilli (IS), and Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University di Roma, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.B.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (J.S.P.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology and Human Genetics (H.A.J.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - H A Jinnah
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (J. Junker, V.B., A.W., N.B.) and Department of Neurology (J. Junker, N.B.), University of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Psychology (V.B.), Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, UK; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), Denver VA Medical Center, CO; Département de Neurologie (M.V., E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris; Sorbonne Universités (M.V.), Pierre Marie Curie Paris-6, Institute of Brain and Spine (ICM), Inserm U 1127, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (I.A.M.), Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (M.S.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Neuromed Institute (IRCCS) (A.B.), Pozzilli (IS), and Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University di Roma, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.B.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (J.S.P.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology and Human Genetics (H.A.J.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Norbert Brüggemann
- From the Institute of Neurogenetics (J. Junker, V.B., A.W., N.B.) and Department of Neurology (J. Junker, N.B.), University of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Psychology (V.B.), Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, UK; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), Denver VA Medical Center, CO; Département de Neurologie (M.V., E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris; Sorbonne Universités (M.V.), Pierre Marie Curie Paris-6, Institute of Brain and Spine (ICM), Inserm U 1127, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (I.A.M.), Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (M.S.L.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Neuromed Institute (IRCCS) (A.B.), Pozzilli (IS), and Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University di Roma, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.B.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (J.S.P.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; and Department of Neurology and Human Genetics (H.A.J.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA.
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Holden SK, Medina LD, Hoyt B, Sillau SH, Berman BD, Goldman JG, Weintraub D, Kluger BM. Validation of a performance-based assessment of cognitive functional ability in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2018; 33:1760-1768. [PMID: 30306618 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outcome measures that capture functional abilities related to cognition offer the potential to demonstrate real-world effectiveness of cognitive-enhancing treatments. However, distinguishing functional disability related to cognition from that attributed to motor symptoms can be difficult in PD. A performance-based functional assessment allows for direct observation of activity of daily living skills and separation of cognitive from motoric disabilities. OBJECTIVES Validate the University of California San Diego Performance-Based Skills Assessment in PD. METHODS One hundred PD participants, ranging from normal cognition to dementia, completed the University of California San Diego Performance-Based Skills Assessment, a performance-based measure of cognitively demanding activities of daily living, as well as a neuropsychological battery and motor examination. Cognitive classification was determined by consensus conference, blinded to University of California San Diego Performance-Based Skills Assessment scores. Psychometric properties of the University of California San Diego Performance-Based Skills Assessment, including internal consistency, test-retest and inter-rater reliability, and discriminant validity for dementia, were examined. RESULTS The University of California San Diego Performance-Based Skills Assessment demonstrated strong internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.82) and test-retest reliability (r = 0.89) and correlated strongly with global cognition (Mattis Dementia Rating Scale: r = 0.80; P < 0.001). University of California San Diego Performance-Based Skills Assessment regression models indicated greater contribution from cognitive explanatory variables (marginal partial: R2 = 0.33) than motor variables (marginal partial: R2 = 0.05), controlling for age, education, disease duration, and l-dopa equivalent dose. Additionally, the University of California San Diego Performance-Based Skills Assessment exhibited strong discriminant validity for dementia (area under the curve = 0.91). CONCLUSIONS The University of California San Diego Performance-Based Skills Assessment is a valid measure of functional abilities related to cognition rather than motor symptoms in PD. Furthermore, it reliably distinguishes demented from nondemented participants. The University of California San Diego Performance-Based Skills Assessment may be considered as an outcome measure that combines cognitive and functional abilities in treatment trials for cognitive impairment in PD. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K Holden
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Luis D Medina
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Brian Hoyt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Stefan H Sillau
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Brian D Berman
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Neurology Section, Denver VA Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Jennifer G Goldman
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Section of Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Daniel Weintraub
- Parkinson's Disease and Mental Illness Research Education, Clinical and Education Centers, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Benzi M Kluger
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Pelak VS, Berman BD. Transient Daily Episodes of Vision Loss Due to Parkinson's Disease. Neuroophthalmology 2018; 43:260-264. [PMID: 31528193 DOI: 10.1080/01658107.2018.1494202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual complaints are common in Parkinson's disease (PD), but transient visual loss has not previously been defined as a feature of parkinsonian-related disease. We report a patient with recurrent daily episodes of transient and disabling visual loss due to PD-related non-motor fluctuation. During his visit, he experienced one such episode, which allowed for close observation and examination during and after the visual loss. Implications for localization of the visual loss are reviewed in the context of visual pathway disturbances in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria S Pelak
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Brian D Berman
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Boot E, Butcher NJ, Udow S, Marras C, Mok KY, Kaneko S, Barrett MJ, Prontera P, Berman BD, Masellis M, Dufournet B, Nguyen K, Charles P, Mutez E, Danaila T, Jacquette A, Colin O, Drapier S, Borg M, Fiksinski AM, Vergaelen E, Swillen A, Vogels A, Plate A, Perandones C, Gasser T, Clerinx K, Bourdain F, Mills K, Williams NM, Wood NW, Booij J, Lang AE, Bassett AS. Typical features of Parkinson disease and diagnostic challenges with microdeletion 22q11.2. Neurology 2018; 90:e2059-e2067. [PMID: 29752303 PMCID: PMC5993183 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000005660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To delineate the natural history, diagnosis, and treatment response of Parkinson disease (PD) in individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS), and to determine if these patients differ from those with idiopathic PD. METHODS In this international observational study, we characterized the clinical and neuroimaging features of 45 individuals with 22q11.2DS and PD (mean follow-up 7.5 ± 4.1 years). RESULTS 22q11.2DS PD had a typical male excess (32 male, 71.1%), presentation and progression of hallmark motor symptoms, reduced striatal dopamine transporter binding with molecular imaging, and initial positive response to levodopa (93.3%). Mean age at motor symptom onset was relatively young (39.5 ± 8.5 years); 71.4% of cases had early-onset PD (<45 years). Despite having a similar age at onset, the diagnosis of PD was delayed in patients with a history of antipsychotic treatment compared with antipsychotic-naive patients (median 5 vs 1 year, p = 0.001). Preexisting psychotic disorders (24.5%) and mood or anxiety disorders (31.1%) were common, as were early dystonia (19.4%) and a history of seizures (33.3%). CONCLUSIONS Major clinical characteristics and response to standard treatments appear comparable in 22q11.2DS-associated PD to those in idiopathic PD, although the average age at onset is earlier. Importantly, treatment of preexisting psychotic illness may delay diagnosis of PD in 22q11.DS patients. An index of suspicion and vigilance for complex comorbidity may assist in identifying patients to prioritize for genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Boot
- From The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults and Department of Psychiatry (E.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Toronto General Research Institute (A.S.B.), and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.S.B.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; De Hartekamp Groep (E.B.), Centre for People with Intellectual Disability, Haarlem; Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.B., J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute (N.J.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; Institute of Medical Science (N.J.B., M.M., A.E.L., A.S.B.), Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (C.M., M.M., A.E.L.), and Department of Psychiatry (A.S.B.), University of Toronto; Deer Lodge Movement Disorders Centre (S.U.); Section of Neurology (S.U.), Division of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research (C.M., A.E.L.), Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.Y.M., N.W.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.J.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Medical Genetics Unit (P.P.), Perugia University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver; Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic and Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (B.D.) and Genetics (Neurogenetics) (K.N.), Timone University Hospital (AP-HM), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur; Aix-Marseille University (B.D., K.N.), Marseille; Department of Genetics (Neurogenetics) (P.C., A.J.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Sorbonne University (P.C., A.J.), Paris; Department of Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (E.M.), Lille University Hospital; Lille University (E.M.); Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (T.D.), Pierre Wertheimer University Hospital, Lyon; Marc Jeannerod Center for Cognitive Neurosciences (T.D.), Lyon-1 University; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) and Clinical Investigation Center (Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences) (O.C.), Poitiers University Hospital; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (S.D.), Rennes University Hospital; Rennes-1 University (S.D.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (M.B.), Nice University Hospital, France; Department of Psychiatry (A.M.F.), Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Human Genetics (E.V., A.S., A.V.), University Hospital Leuven; Department of Human Genetics (A.S.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (A.P.), University of Munich, Germany; Scientific and Technological Coordination Unit of the ANLIS Directorate (C.P.), National Administration of Laboratories and Institutes of Health, Argentina; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.); Department of Neurology (K.C.), AZ Turnhout, Antwerp, Belgium; Neurology Unit and Stroke Center (F.B.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France; Movement Disorder Division (K.M.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (N.M.W.), MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK.
| | - Nancy J Butcher
- From The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults and Department of Psychiatry (E.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Toronto General Research Institute (A.S.B.), and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.S.B.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; De Hartekamp Groep (E.B.), Centre for People with Intellectual Disability, Haarlem; Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.B., J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute (N.J.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; Institute of Medical Science (N.J.B., M.M., A.E.L., A.S.B.), Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (C.M., M.M., A.E.L.), and Department of Psychiatry (A.S.B.), University of Toronto; Deer Lodge Movement Disorders Centre (S.U.); Section of Neurology (S.U.), Division of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research (C.M., A.E.L.), Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.Y.M., N.W.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.J.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Medical Genetics Unit (P.P.), Perugia University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver; Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic and Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (B.D.) and Genetics (Neurogenetics) (K.N.), Timone University Hospital (AP-HM), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur; Aix-Marseille University (B.D., K.N.), Marseille; Department of Genetics (Neurogenetics) (P.C., A.J.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Sorbonne University (P.C., A.J.), Paris; Department of Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (E.M.), Lille University Hospital; Lille University (E.M.); Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (T.D.), Pierre Wertheimer University Hospital, Lyon; Marc Jeannerod Center for Cognitive Neurosciences (T.D.), Lyon-1 University; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) and Clinical Investigation Center (Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences) (O.C.), Poitiers University Hospital; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (S.D.), Rennes University Hospital; Rennes-1 University (S.D.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (M.B.), Nice University Hospital, France; Department of Psychiatry (A.M.F.), Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Human Genetics (E.V., A.S., A.V.), University Hospital Leuven; Department of Human Genetics (A.S.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (A.P.), University of Munich, Germany; Scientific and Technological Coordination Unit of the ANLIS Directorate (C.P.), National Administration of Laboratories and Institutes of Health, Argentina; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.); Department of Neurology (K.C.), AZ Turnhout, Antwerp, Belgium; Neurology Unit and Stroke Center (F.B.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France; Movement Disorder Division (K.M.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (N.M.W.), MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Sean Udow
- From The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults and Department of Psychiatry (E.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Toronto General Research Institute (A.S.B.), and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.S.B.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; De Hartekamp Groep (E.B.), Centre for People with Intellectual Disability, Haarlem; Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.B., J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute (N.J.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; Institute of Medical Science (N.J.B., M.M., A.E.L., A.S.B.), Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (C.M., M.M., A.E.L.), and Department of Psychiatry (A.S.B.), University of Toronto; Deer Lodge Movement Disorders Centre (S.U.); Section of Neurology (S.U.), Division of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research (C.M., A.E.L.), Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.Y.M., N.W.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.J.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Medical Genetics Unit (P.P.), Perugia University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver; Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic and Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (B.D.) and Genetics (Neurogenetics) (K.N.), Timone University Hospital (AP-HM), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur; Aix-Marseille University (B.D., K.N.), Marseille; Department of Genetics (Neurogenetics) (P.C., A.J.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Sorbonne University (P.C., A.J.), Paris; Department of Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (E.M.), Lille University Hospital; Lille University (E.M.); Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (T.D.), Pierre Wertheimer University Hospital, Lyon; Marc Jeannerod Center for Cognitive Neurosciences (T.D.), Lyon-1 University; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) and Clinical Investigation Center (Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences) (O.C.), Poitiers University Hospital; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (S.D.), Rennes University Hospital; Rennes-1 University (S.D.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (M.B.), Nice University Hospital, France; Department of Psychiatry (A.M.F.), Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Human Genetics (E.V., A.S., A.V.), University Hospital Leuven; Department of Human Genetics (A.S.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (A.P.), University of Munich, Germany; Scientific and Technological Coordination Unit of the ANLIS Directorate (C.P.), National Administration of Laboratories and Institutes of Health, Argentina; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.); Department of Neurology (K.C.), AZ Turnhout, Antwerp, Belgium; Neurology Unit and Stroke Center (F.B.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France; Movement Disorder Division (K.M.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (N.M.W.), MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Connie Marras
- From The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults and Department of Psychiatry (E.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Toronto General Research Institute (A.S.B.), and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.S.B.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; De Hartekamp Groep (E.B.), Centre for People with Intellectual Disability, Haarlem; Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.B., J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute (N.J.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; Institute of Medical Science (N.J.B., M.M., A.E.L., A.S.B.), Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (C.M., M.M., A.E.L.), and Department of Psychiatry (A.S.B.), University of Toronto; Deer Lodge Movement Disorders Centre (S.U.); Section of Neurology (S.U.), Division of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research (C.M., A.E.L.), Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.Y.M., N.W.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.J.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Medical Genetics Unit (P.P.), Perugia University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver; Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic and Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (B.D.) and Genetics (Neurogenetics) (K.N.), Timone University Hospital (AP-HM), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur; Aix-Marseille University (B.D., K.N.), Marseille; Department of Genetics (Neurogenetics) (P.C., A.J.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Sorbonne University (P.C., A.J.), Paris; Department of Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (E.M.), Lille University Hospital; Lille University (E.M.); Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (T.D.), Pierre Wertheimer University Hospital, Lyon; Marc Jeannerod Center for Cognitive Neurosciences (T.D.), Lyon-1 University; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) and Clinical Investigation Center (Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences) (O.C.), Poitiers University Hospital; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (S.D.), Rennes University Hospital; Rennes-1 University (S.D.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (M.B.), Nice University Hospital, France; Department of Psychiatry (A.M.F.), Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Human Genetics (E.V., A.S., A.V.), University Hospital Leuven; Department of Human Genetics (A.S.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (A.P.), University of Munich, Germany; Scientific and Technological Coordination Unit of the ANLIS Directorate (C.P.), National Administration of Laboratories and Institutes of Health, Argentina; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.); Department of Neurology (K.C.), AZ Turnhout, Antwerp, Belgium; Neurology Unit and Stroke Center (F.B.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France; Movement Disorder Division (K.M.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (N.M.W.), MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Kin Y Mok
- From The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults and Department of Psychiatry (E.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Toronto General Research Institute (A.S.B.), and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.S.B.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; De Hartekamp Groep (E.B.), Centre for People with Intellectual Disability, Haarlem; Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.B., J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute (N.J.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; Institute of Medical Science (N.J.B., M.M., A.E.L., A.S.B.), Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (C.M., M.M., A.E.L.), and Department of Psychiatry (A.S.B.), University of Toronto; Deer Lodge Movement Disorders Centre (S.U.); Section of Neurology (S.U.), Division of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research (C.M., A.E.L.), Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.Y.M., N.W.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.J.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Medical Genetics Unit (P.P.), Perugia University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver; Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic and Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (B.D.) and Genetics (Neurogenetics) (K.N.), Timone University Hospital (AP-HM), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur; Aix-Marseille University (B.D., K.N.), Marseille; Department of Genetics (Neurogenetics) (P.C., A.J.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Sorbonne University (P.C., A.J.), Paris; Department of Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (E.M.), Lille University Hospital; Lille University (E.M.); Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (T.D.), Pierre Wertheimer University Hospital, Lyon; Marc Jeannerod Center for Cognitive Neurosciences (T.D.), Lyon-1 University; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) and Clinical Investigation Center (Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences) (O.C.), Poitiers University Hospital; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (S.D.), Rennes University Hospital; Rennes-1 University (S.D.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (M.B.), Nice University Hospital, France; Department of Psychiatry (A.M.F.), Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Human Genetics (E.V., A.S., A.V.), University Hospital Leuven; Department of Human Genetics (A.S.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (A.P.), University of Munich, Germany; Scientific and Technological Coordination Unit of the ANLIS Directorate (C.P.), National Administration of Laboratories and Institutes of Health, Argentina; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.); Department of Neurology (K.C.), AZ Turnhout, Antwerp, Belgium; Neurology Unit and Stroke Center (F.B.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France; Movement Disorder Division (K.M.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (N.M.W.), MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Satoshi Kaneko
- From The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults and Department of Psychiatry (E.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Toronto General Research Institute (A.S.B.), and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.S.B.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; De Hartekamp Groep (E.B.), Centre for People with Intellectual Disability, Haarlem; Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.B., J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute (N.J.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; Institute of Medical Science (N.J.B., M.M., A.E.L., A.S.B.), Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (C.M., M.M., A.E.L.), and Department of Psychiatry (A.S.B.), University of Toronto; Deer Lodge Movement Disorders Centre (S.U.); Section of Neurology (S.U.), Division of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research (C.M., A.E.L.), Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.Y.M., N.W.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.J.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Medical Genetics Unit (P.P.), Perugia University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver; Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic and Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (B.D.) and Genetics (Neurogenetics) (K.N.), Timone University Hospital (AP-HM), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur; Aix-Marseille University (B.D., K.N.), Marseille; Department of Genetics (Neurogenetics) (P.C., A.J.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Sorbonne University (P.C., A.J.), Paris; Department of Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (E.M.), Lille University Hospital; Lille University (E.M.); Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (T.D.), Pierre Wertheimer University Hospital, Lyon; Marc Jeannerod Center for Cognitive Neurosciences (T.D.), Lyon-1 University; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) and Clinical Investigation Center (Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences) (O.C.), Poitiers University Hospital; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (S.D.), Rennes University Hospital; Rennes-1 University (S.D.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (M.B.), Nice University Hospital, France; Department of Psychiatry (A.M.F.), Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Human Genetics (E.V., A.S., A.V.), University Hospital Leuven; Department of Human Genetics (A.S.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (A.P.), University of Munich, Germany; Scientific and Technological Coordination Unit of the ANLIS Directorate (C.P.), National Administration of Laboratories and Institutes of Health, Argentina; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.); Department of Neurology (K.C.), AZ Turnhout, Antwerp, Belgium; Neurology Unit and Stroke Center (F.B.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France; Movement Disorder Division (K.M.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (N.M.W.), MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Matthew J Barrett
- From The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults and Department of Psychiatry (E.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Toronto General Research Institute (A.S.B.), and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.S.B.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; De Hartekamp Groep (E.B.), Centre for People with Intellectual Disability, Haarlem; Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.B., J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute (N.J.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; Institute of Medical Science (N.J.B., M.M., A.E.L., A.S.B.), Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (C.M., M.M., A.E.L.), and Department of Psychiatry (A.S.B.), University of Toronto; Deer Lodge Movement Disorders Centre (S.U.); Section of Neurology (S.U.), Division of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research (C.M., A.E.L.), Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.Y.M., N.W.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.J.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Medical Genetics Unit (P.P.), Perugia University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver; Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic and Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (B.D.) and Genetics (Neurogenetics) (K.N.), Timone University Hospital (AP-HM), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur; Aix-Marseille University (B.D., K.N.), Marseille; Department of Genetics (Neurogenetics) (P.C., A.J.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Sorbonne University (P.C., A.J.), Paris; Department of Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (E.M.), Lille University Hospital; Lille University (E.M.); Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (T.D.), Pierre Wertheimer University Hospital, Lyon; Marc Jeannerod Center for Cognitive Neurosciences (T.D.), Lyon-1 University; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) and Clinical Investigation Center (Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences) (O.C.), Poitiers University Hospital; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (S.D.), Rennes University Hospital; Rennes-1 University (S.D.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (M.B.), Nice University Hospital, France; Department of Psychiatry (A.M.F.), Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Human Genetics (E.V., A.S., A.V.), University Hospital Leuven; Department of Human Genetics (A.S.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (A.P.), University of Munich, Germany; Scientific and Technological Coordination Unit of the ANLIS Directorate (C.P.), National Administration of Laboratories and Institutes of Health, Argentina; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.); Department of Neurology (K.C.), AZ Turnhout, Antwerp, Belgium; Neurology Unit and Stroke Center (F.B.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France; Movement Disorder Division (K.M.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (N.M.W.), MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Paolo Prontera
- From The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults and Department of Psychiatry (E.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Toronto General Research Institute (A.S.B.), and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.S.B.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; De Hartekamp Groep (E.B.), Centre for People with Intellectual Disability, Haarlem; Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.B., J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute (N.J.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; Institute of Medical Science (N.J.B., M.M., A.E.L., A.S.B.), Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (C.M., M.M., A.E.L.), and Department of Psychiatry (A.S.B.), University of Toronto; Deer Lodge Movement Disorders Centre (S.U.); Section of Neurology (S.U.), Division of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research (C.M., A.E.L.), Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.Y.M., N.W.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.J.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Medical Genetics Unit (P.P.), Perugia University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver; Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic and Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (B.D.) and Genetics (Neurogenetics) (K.N.), Timone University Hospital (AP-HM), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur; Aix-Marseille University (B.D., K.N.), Marseille; Department of Genetics (Neurogenetics) (P.C., A.J.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Sorbonne University (P.C., A.J.), Paris; Department of Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (E.M.), Lille University Hospital; Lille University (E.M.); Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (T.D.), Pierre Wertheimer University Hospital, Lyon; Marc Jeannerod Center for Cognitive Neurosciences (T.D.), Lyon-1 University; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) and Clinical Investigation Center (Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences) (O.C.), Poitiers University Hospital; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (S.D.), Rennes University Hospital; Rennes-1 University (S.D.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (M.B.), Nice University Hospital, France; Department of Psychiatry (A.M.F.), Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Human Genetics (E.V., A.S., A.V.), University Hospital Leuven; Department of Human Genetics (A.S.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (A.P.), University of Munich, Germany; Scientific and Technological Coordination Unit of the ANLIS Directorate (C.P.), National Administration of Laboratories and Institutes of Health, Argentina; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.); Department of Neurology (K.C.), AZ Turnhout, Antwerp, Belgium; Neurology Unit and Stroke Center (F.B.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France; Movement Disorder Division (K.M.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (N.M.W.), MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Brian D Berman
- From The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults and Department of Psychiatry (E.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Toronto General Research Institute (A.S.B.), and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.S.B.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; De Hartekamp Groep (E.B.), Centre for People with Intellectual Disability, Haarlem; Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.B., J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute (N.J.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; Institute of Medical Science (N.J.B., M.M., A.E.L., A.S.B.), Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (C.M., M.M., A.E.L.), and Department of Psychiatry (A.S.B.), University of Toronto; Deer Lodge Movement Disorders Centre (S.U.); Section of Neurology (S.U.), Division of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research (C.M., A.E.L.), Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.Y.M., N.W.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.J.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Medical Genetics Unit (P.P.), Perugia University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver; Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic and Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (B.D.) and Genetics (Neurogenetics) (K.N.), Timone University Hospital (AP-HM), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur; Aix-Marseille University (B.D., K.N.), Marseille; Department of Genetics (Neurogenetics) (P.C., A.J.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Sorbonne University (P.C., A.J.), Paris; Department of Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (E.M.), Lille University Hospital; Lille University (E.M.); Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (T.D.), Pierre Wertheimer University Hospital, Lyon; Marc Jeannerod Center for Cognitive Neurosciences (T.D.), Lyon-1 University; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) and Clinical Investigation Center (Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences) (O.C.), Poitiers University Hospital; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (S.D.), Rennes University Hospital; Rennes-1 University (S.D.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (M.B.), Nice University Hospital, France; Department of Psychiatry (A.M.F.), Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Human Genetics (E.V., A.S., A.V.), University Hospital Leuven; Department of Human Genetics (A.S.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (A.P.), University of Munich, Germany; Scientific and Technological Coordination Unit of the ANLIS Directorate (C.P.), National Administration of Laboratories and Institutes of Health, Argentina; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.); Department of Neurology (K.C.), AZ Turnhout, Antwerp, Belgium; Neurology Unit and Stroke Center (F.B.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France; Movement Disorder Division (K.M.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (N.M.W.), MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Mario Masellis
- From The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults and Department of Psychiatry (E.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Toronto General Research Institute (A.S.B.), and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.S.B.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; De Hartekamp Groep (E.B.), Centre for People with Intellectual Disability, Haarlem; Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.B., J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute (N.J.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; Institute of Medical Science (N.J.B., M.M., A.E.L., A.S.B.), Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (C.M., M.M., A.E.L.), and Department of Psychiatry (A.S.B.), University of Toronto; Deer Lodge Movement Disorders Centre (S.U.); Section of Neurology (S.U.), Division of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research (C.M., A.E.L.), Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.Y.M., N.W.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.J.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Medical Genetics Unit (P.P.), Perugia University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver; Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic and Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (B.D.) and Genetics (Neurogenetics) (K.N.), Timone University Hospital (AP-HM), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur; Aix-Marseille University (B.D., K.N.), Marseille; Department of Genetics (Neurogenetics) (P.C., A.J.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Sorbonne University (P.C., A.J.), Paris; Department of Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (E.M.), Lille University Hospital; Lille University (E.M.); Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (T.D.), Pierre Wertheimer University Hospital, Lyon; Marc Jeannerod Center for Cognitive Neurosciences (T.D.), Lyon-1 University; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) and Clinical Investigation Center (Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences) (O.C.), Poitiers University Hospital; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (S.D.), Rennes University Hospital; Rennes-1 University (S.D.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (M.B.), Nice University Hospital, France; Department of Psychiatry (A.M.F.), Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Human Genetics (E.V., A.S., A.V.), University Hospital Leuven; Department of Human Genetics (A.S.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (A.P.), University of Munich, Germany; Scientific and Technological Coordination Unit of the ANLIS Directorate (C.P.), National Administration of Laboratories and Institutes of Health, Argentina; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.); Department of Neurology (K.C.), AZ Turnhout, Antwerp, Belgium; Neurology Unit and Stroke Center (F.B.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France; Movement Disorder Division (K.M.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (N.M.W.), MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Boris Dufournet
- From The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults and Department of Psychiatry (E.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Toronto General Research Institute (A.S.B.), and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.S.B.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; De Hartekamp Groep (E.B.), Centre for People with Intellectual Disability, Haarlem; Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.B., J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute (N.J.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; Institute of Medical Science (N.J.B., M.M., A.E.L., A.S.B.), Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (C.M., M.M., A.E.L.), and Department of Psychiatry (A.S.B.), University of Toronto; Deer Lodge Movement Disorders Centre (S.U.); Section of Neurology (S.U.), Division of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research (C.M., A.E.L.), Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.Y.M., N.W.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.J.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Medical Genetics Unit (P.P.), Perugia University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver; Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic and Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (B.D.) and Genetics (Neurogenetics) (K.N.), Timone University Hospital (AP-HM), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur; Aix-Marseille University (B.D., K.N.), Marseille; Department of Genetics (Neurogenetics) (P.C., A.J.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Sorbonne University (P.C., A.J.), Paris; Department of Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (E.M.), Lille University Hospital; Lille University (E.M.); Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (T.D.), Pierre Wertheimer University Hospital, Lyon; Marc Jeannerod Center for Cognitive Neurosciences (T.D.), Lyon-1 University; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) and Clinical Investigation Center (Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences) (O.C.), Poitiers University Hospital; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (S.D.), Rennes University Hospital; Rennes-1 University (S.D.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (M.B.), Nice University Hospital, France; Department of Psychiatry (A.M.F.), Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Human Genetics (E.V., A.S., A.V.), University Hospital Leuven; Department of Human Genetics (A.S.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (A.P.), University of Munich, Germany; Scientific and Technological Coordination Unit of the ANLIS Directorate (C.P.), National Administration of Laboratories and Institutes of Health, Argentina; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.); Department of Neurology (K.C.), AZ Turnhout, Antwerp, Belgium; Neurology Unit and Stroke Center (F.B.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France; Movement Disorder Division (K.M.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (N.M.W.), MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Karine Nguyen
- From The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults and Department of Psychiatry (E.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Toronto General Research Institute (A.S.B.), and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.S.B.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; De Hartekamp Groep (E.B.), Centre for People with Intellectual Disability, Haarlem; Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.B., J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute (N.J.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; Institute of Medical Science (N.J.B., M.M., A.E.L., A.S.B.), Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (C.M., M.M., A.E.L.), and Department of Psychiatry (A.S.B.), University of Toronto; Deer Lodge Movement Disorders Centre (S.U.); Section of Neurology (S.U.), Division of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research (C.M., A.E.L.), Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.Y.M., N.W.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.J.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Medical Genetics Unit (P.P.), Perugia University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver; Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic and Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (B.D.) and Genetics (Neurogenetics) (K.N.), Timone University Hospital (AP-HM), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur; Aix-Marseille University (B.D., K.N.), Marseille; Department of Genetics (Neurogenetics) (P.C., A.J.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Sorbonne University (P.C., A.J.), Paris; Department of Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (E.M.), Lille University Hospital; Lille University (E.M.); Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (T.D.), Pierre Wertheimer University Hospital, Lyon; Marc Jeannerod Center for Cognitive Neurosciences (T.D.), Lyon-1 University; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) and Clinical Investigation Center (Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences) (O.C.), Poitiers University Hospital; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (S.D.), Rennes University Hospital; Rennes-1 University (S.D.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (M.B.), Nice University Hospital, France; Department of Psychiatry (A.M.F.), Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Human Genetics (E.V., A.S., A.V.), University Hospital Leuven; Department of Human Genetics (A.S.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (A.P.), University of Munich, Germany; Scientific and Technological Coordination Unit of the ANLIS Directorate (C.P.), National Administration of Laboratories and Institutes of Health, Argentina; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.); Department of Neurology (K.C.), AZ Turnhout, Antwerp, Belgium; Neurology Unit and Stroke Center (F.B.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France; Movement Disorder Division (K.M.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (N.M.W.), MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Perrine Charles
- From The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults and Department of Psychiatry (E.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Toronto General Research Institute (A.S.B.), and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.S.B.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; De Hartekamp Groep (E.B.), Centre for People with Intellectual Disability, Haarlem; Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.B., J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute (N.J.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; Institute of Medical Science (N.J.B., M.M., A.E.L., A.S.B.), Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (C.M., M.M., A.E.L.), and Department of Psychiatry (A.S.B.), University of Toronto; Deer Lodge Movement Disorders Centre (S.U.); Section of Neurology (S.U.), Division of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research (C.M., A.E.L.), Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.Y.M., N.W.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.J.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Medical Genetics Unit (P.P.), Perugia University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver; Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic and Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (B.D.) and Genetics (Neurogenetics) (K.N.), Timone University Hospital (AP-HM), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur; Aix-Marseille University (B.D., K.N.), Marseille; Department of Genetics (Neurogenetics) (P.C., A.J.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Sorbonne University (P.C., A.J.), Paris; Department of Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (E.M.), Lille University Hospital; Lille University (E.M.); Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (T.D.), Pierre Wertheimer University Hospital, Lyon; Marc Jeannerod Center for Cognitive Neurosciences (T.D.), Lyon-1 University; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) and Clinical Investigation Center (Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences) (O.C.), Poitiers University Hospital; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (S.D.), Rennes University Hospital; Rennes-1 University (S.D.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (M.B.), Nice University Hospital, France; Department of Psychiatry (A.M.F.), Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Human Genetics (E.V., A.S., A.V.), University Hospital Leuven; Department of Human Genetics (A.S.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (A.P.), University of Munich, Germany; Scientific and Technological Coordination Unit of the ANLIS Directorate (C.P.), National Administration of Laboratories and Institutes of Health, Argentina; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.); Department of Neurology (K.C.), AZ Turnhout, Antwerp, Belgium; Neurology Unit and Stroke Center (F.B.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France; Movement Disorder Division (K.M.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (N.M.W.), MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Eugénie Mutez
- From The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults and Department of Psychiatry (E.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Toronto General Research Institute (A.S.B.), and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.S.B.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; De Hartekamp Groep (E.B.), Centre for People with Intellectual Disability, Haarlem; Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.B., J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute (N.J.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; Institute of Medical Science (N.J.B., M.M., A.E.L., A.S.B.), Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (C.M., M.M., A.E.L.), and Department of Psychiatry (A.S.B.), University of Toronto; Deer Lodge Movement Disorders Centre (S.U.); Section of Neurology (S.U.), Division of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research (C.M., A.E.L.), Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.Y.M., N.W.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.J.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Medical Genetics Unit (P.P.), Perugia University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver; Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic and Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (B.D.) and Genetics (Neurogenetics) (K.N.), Timone University Hospital (AP-HM), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur; Aix-Marseille University (B.D., K.N.), Marseille; Department of Genetics (Neurogenetics) (P.C., A.J.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Sorbonne University (P.C., A.J.), Paris; Department of Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (E.M.), Lille University Hospital; Lille University (E.M.); Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (T.D.), Pierre Wertheimer University Hospital, Lyon; Marc Jeannerod Center for Cognitive Neurosciences (T.D.), Lyon-1 University; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) and Clinical Investigation Center (Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences) (O.C.), Poitiers University Hospital; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (S.D.), Rennes University Hospital; Rennes-1 University (S.D.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (M.B.), Nice University Hospital, France; Department of Psychiatry (A.M.F.), Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Human Genetics (E.V., A.S., A.V.), University Hospital Leuven; Department of Human Genetics (A.S.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (A.P.), University of Munich, Germany; Scientific and Technological Coordination Unit of the ANLIS Directorate (C.P.), National Administration of Laboratories and Institutes of Health, Argentina; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.); Department of Neurology (K.C.), AZ Turnhout, Antwerp, Belgium; Neurology Unit and Stroke Center (F.B.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France; Movement Disorder Division (K.M.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (N.M.W.), MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Teodor Danaila
- From The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults and Department of Psychiatry (E.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Toronto General Research Institute (A.S.B.), and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.S.B.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; De Hartekamp Groep (E.B.), Centre for People with Intellectual Disability, Haarlem; Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.B., J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute (N.J.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; Institute of Medical Science (N.J.B., M.M., A.E.L., A.S.B.), Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (C.M., M.M., A.E.L.), and Department of Psychiatry (A.S.B.), University of Toronto; Deer Lodge Movement Disorders Centre (S.U.); Section of Neurology (S.U.), Division of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research (C.M., A.E.L.), Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.Y.M., N.W.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.J.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Medical Genetics Unit (P.P.), Perugia University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver; Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic and Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (B.D.) and Genetics (Neurogenetics) (K.N.), Timone University Hospital (AP-HM), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur; Aix-Marseille University (B.D., K.N.), Marseille; Department of Genetics (Neurogenetics) (P.C., A.J.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Sorbonne University (P.C., A.J.), Paris; Department of Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (E.M.), Lille University Hospital; Lille University (E.M.); Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (T.D.), Pierre Wertheimer University Hospital, Lyon; Marc Jeannerod Center for Cognitive Neurosciences (T.D.), Lyon-1 University; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) and Clinical Investigation Center (Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences) (O.C.), Poitiers University Hospital; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (S.D.), Rennes University Hospital; Rennes-1 University (S.D.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (M.B.), Nice University Hospital, France; Department of Psychiatry (A.M.F.), Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Human Genetics (E.V., A.S., A.V.), University Hospital Leuven; Department of Human Genetics (A.S.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (A.P.), University of Munich, Germany; Scientific and Technological Coordination Unit of the ANLIS Directorate (C.P.), National Administration of Laboratories and Institutes of Health, Argentina; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.); Department of Neurology (K.C.), AZ Turnhout, Antwerp, Belgium; Neurology Unit and Stroke Center (F.B.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France; Movement Disorder Division (K.M.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (N.M.W.), MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Aurélia Jacquette
- From The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults and Department of Psychiatry (E.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Toronto General Research Institute (A.S.B.), and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.S.B.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; De Hartekamp Groep (E.B.), Centre for People with Intellectual Disability, Haarlem; Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.B., J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute (N.J.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; Institute of Medical Science (N.J.B., M.M., A.E.L., A.S.B.), Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (C.M., M.M., A.E.L.), and Department of Psychiatry (A.S.B.), University of Toronto; Deer Lodge Movement Disorders Centre (S.U.); Section of Neurology (S.U.), Division of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research (C.M., A.E.L.), Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.Y.M., N.W.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.J.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Medical Genetics Unit (P.P.), Perugia University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver; Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic and Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (B.D.) and Genetics (Neurogenetics) (K.N.), Timone University Hospital (AP-HM), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur; Aix-Marseille University (B.D., K.N.), Marseille; Department of Genetics (Neurogenetics) (P.C., A.J.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Sorbonne University (P.C., A.J.), Paris; Department of Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (E.M.), Lille University Hospital; Lille University (E.M.); Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (T.D.), Pierre Wertheimer University Hospital, Lyon; Marc Jeannerod Center for Cognitive Neurosciences (T.D.), Lyon-1 University; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) and Clinical Investigation Center (Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences) (O.C.), Poitiers University Hospital; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (S.D.), Rennes University Hospital; Rennes-1 University (S.D.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (M.B.), Nice University Hospital, France; Department of Psychiatry (A.M.F.), Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Human Genetics (E.V., A.S., A.V.), University Hospital Leuven; Department of Human Genetics (A.S.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (A.P.), University of Munich, Germany; Scientific and Technological Coordination Unit of the ANLIS Directorate (C.P.), National Administration of Laboratories and Institutes of Health, Argentina; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.); Department of Neurology (K.C.), AZ Turnhout, Antwerp, Belgium; Neurology Unit and Stroke Center (F.B.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France; Movement Disorder Division (K.M.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (N.M.W.), MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Olivier Colin
- From The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults and Department of Psychiatry (E.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Toronto General Research Institute (A.S.B.), and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.S.B.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; De Hartekamp Groep (E.B.), Centre for People with Intellectual Disability, Haarlem; Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.B., J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute (N.J.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; Institute of Medical Science (N.J.B., M.M., A.E.L., A.S.B.), Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (C.M., M.M., A.E.L.), and Department of Psychiatry (A.S.B.), University of Toronto; Deer Lodge Movement Disorders Centre (S.U.); Section of Neurology (S.U.), Division of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research (C.M., A.E.L.), Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.Y.M., N.W.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.J.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Medical Genetics Unit (P.P.), Perugia University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver; Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic and Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (B.D.) and Genetics (Neurogenetics) (K.N.), Timone University Hospital (AP-HM), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur; Aix-Marseille University (B.D., K.N.), Marseille; Department of Genetics (Neurogenetics) (P.C., A.J.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Sorbonne University (P.C., A.J.), Paris; Department of Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (E.M.), Lille University Hospital; Lille University (E.M.); Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (T.D.), Pierre Wertheimer University Hospital, Lyon; Marc Jeannerod Center for Cognitive Neurosciences (T.D.), Lyon-1 University; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) and Clinical Investigation Center (Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences) (O.C.), Poitiers University Hospital; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (S.D.), Rennes University Hospital; Rennes-1 University (S.D.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (M.B.), Nice University Hospital, France; Department of Psychiatry (A.M.F.), Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Human Genetics (E.V., A.S., A.V.), University Hospital Leuven; Department of Human Genetics (A.S.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (A.P.), University of Munich, Germany; Scientific and Technological Coordination Unit of the ANLIS Directorate (C.P.), National Administration of Laboratories and Institutes of Health, Argentina; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.); Department of Neurology (K.C.), AZ Turnhout, Antwerp, Belgium; Neurology Unit and Stroke Center (F.B.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France; Movement Disorder Division (K.M.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (N.M.W.), MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Sophie Drapier
- From The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults and Department of Psychiatry (E.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Toronto General Research Institute (A.S.B.), and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.S.B.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; De Hartekamp Groep (E.B.), Centre for People with Intellectual Disability, Haarlem; Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.B., J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute (N.J.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; Institute of Medical Science (N.J.B., M.M., A.E.L., A.S.B.), Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (C.M., M.M., A.E.L.), and Department of Psychiatry (A.S.B.), University of Toronto; Deer Lodge Movement Disorders Centre (S.U.); Section of Neurology (S.U.), Division of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research (C.M., A.E.L.), Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.Y.M., N.W.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.J.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Medical Genetics Unit (P.P.), Perugia University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver; Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic and Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (B.D.) and Genetics (Neurogenetics) (K.N.), Timone University Hospital (AP-HM), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur; Aix-Marseille University (B.D., K.N.), Marseille; Department of Genetics (Neurogenetics) (P.C., A.J.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Sorbonne University (P.C., A.J.), Paris; Department of Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (E.M.), Lille University Hospital; Lille University (E.M.); Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (T.D.), Pierre Wertheimer University Hospital, Lyon; Marc Jeannerod Center for Cognitive Neurosciences (T.D.), Lyon-1 University; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) and Clinical Investigation Center (Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences) (O.C.), Poitiers University Hospital; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (S.D.), Rennes University Hospital; Rennes-1 University (S.D.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (M.B.), Nice University Hospital, France; Department of Psychiatry (A.M.F.), Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Human Genetics (E.V., A.S., A.V.), University Hospital Leuven; Department of Human Genetics (A.S.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (A.P.), University of Munich, Germany; Scientific and Technological Coordination Unit of the ANLIS Directorate (C.P.), National Administration of Laboratories and Institutes of Health, Argentina; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.); Department of Neurology (K.C.), AZ Turnhout, Antwerp, Belgium; Neurology Unit and Stroke Center (F.B.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France; Movement Disorder Division (K.M.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (N.M.W.), MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Michel Borg
- From The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults and Department of Psychiatry (E.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Toronto General Research Institute (A.S.B.), and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.S.B.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; De Hartekamp Groep (E.B.), Centre for People with Intellectual Disability, Haarlem; Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.B., J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute (N.J.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; Institute of Medical Science (N.J.B., M.M., A.E.L., A.S.B.), Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (C.M., M.M., A.E.L.), and Department of Psychiatry (A.S.B.), University of Toronto; Deer Lodge Movement Disorders Centre (S.U.); Section of Neurology (S.U.), Division of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research (C.M., A.E.L.), Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.Y.M., N.W.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.J.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Medical Genetics Unit (P.P.), Perugia University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver; Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic and Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (B.D.) and Genetics (Neurogenetics) (K.N.), Timone University Hospital (AP-HM), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur; Aix-Marseille University (B.D., K.N.), Marseille; Department of Genetics (Neurogenetics) (P.C., A.J.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Sorbonne University (P.C., A.J.), Paris; Department of Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (E.M.), Lille University Hospital; Lille University (E.M.); Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (T.D.), Pierre Wertheimer University Hospital, Lyon; Marc Jeannerod Center for Cognitive Neurosciences (T.D.), Lyon-1 University; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) and Clinical Investigation Center (Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences) (O.C.), Poitiers University Hospital; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (S.D.), Rennes University Hospital; Rennes-1 University (S.D.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (M.B.), Nice University Hospital, France; Department of Psychiatry (A.M.F.), Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Human Genetics (E.V., A.S., A.V.), University Hospital Leuven; Department of Human Genetics (A.S.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (A.P.), University of Munich, Germany; Scientific and Technological Coordination Unit of the ANLIS Directorate (C.P.), National Administration of Laboratories and Institutes of Health, Argentina; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.); Department of Neurology (K.C.), AZ Turnhout, Antwerp, Belgium; Neurology Unit and Stroke Center (F.B.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France; Movement Disorder Division (K.M.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (N.M.W.), MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Ania M Fiksinski
- From The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults and Department of Psychiatry (E.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Toronto General Research Institute (A.S.B.), and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.S.B.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; De Hartekamp Groep (E.B.), Centre for People with Intellectual Disability, Haarlem; Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.B., J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute (N.J.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; Institute of Medical Science (N.J.B., M.M., A.E.L., A.S.B.), Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (C.M., M.M., A.E.L.), and Department of Psychiatry (A.S.B.), University of Toronto; Deer Lodge Movement Disorders Centre (S.U.); Section of Neurology (S.U.), Division of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research (C.M., A.E.L.), Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.Y.M., N.W.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.J.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Medical Genetics Unit (P.P.), Perugia University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver; Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic and Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (B.D.) and Genetics (Neurogenetics) (K.N.), Timone University Hospital (AP-HM), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur; Aix-Marseille University (B.D., K.N.), Marseille; Department of Genetics (Neurogenetics) (P.C., A.J.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Sorbonne University (P.C., A.J.), Paris; Department of Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (E.M.), Lille University Hospital; Lille University (E.M.); Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (T.D.), Pierre Wertheimer University Hospital, Lyon; Marc Jeannerod Center for Cognitive Neurosciences (T.D.), Lyon-1 University; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) and Clinical Investigation Center (Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences) (O.C.), Poitiers University Hospital; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (S.D.), Rennes University Hospital; Rennes-1 University (S.D.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (M.B.), Nice University Hospital, France; Department of Psychiatry (A.M.F.), Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Human Genetics (E.V., A.S., A.V.), University Hospital Leuven; Department of Human Genetics (A.S.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (A.P.), University of Munich, Germany; Scientific and Technological Coordination Unit of the ANLIS Directorate (C.P.), National Administration of Laboratories and Institutes of Health, Argentina; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.); Department of Neurology (K.C.), AZ Turnhout, Antwerp, Belgium; Neurology Unit and Stroke Center (F.B.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France; Movement Disorder Division (K.M.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (N.M.W.), MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Elfi Vergaelen
- From The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults and Department of Psychiatry (E.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Toronto General Research Institute (A.S.B.), and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.S.B.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; De Hartekamp Groep (E.B.), Centre for People with Intellectual Disability, Haarlem; Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.B., J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute (N.J.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; Institute of Medical Science (N.J.B., M.M., A.E.L., A.S.B.), Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (C.M., M.M., A.E.L.), and Department of Psychiatry (A.S.B.), University of Toronto; Deer Lodge Movement Disorders Centre (S.U.); Section of Neurology (S.U.), Division of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research (C.M., A.E.L.), Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.Y.M., N.W.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.J.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Medical Genetics Unit (P.P.), Perugia University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver; Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic and Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (B.D.) and Genetics (Neurogenetics) (K.N.), Timone University Hospital (AP-HM), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur; Aix-Marseille University (B.D., K.N.), Marseille; Department of Genetics (Neurogenetics) (P.C., A.J.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Sorbonne University (P.C., A.J.), Paris; Department of Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (E.M.), Lille University Hospital; Lille University (E.M.); Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (T.D.), Pierre Wertheimer University Hospital, Lyon; Marc Jeannerod Center for Cognitive Neurosciences (T.D.), Lyon-1 University; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) and Clinical Investigation Center (Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences) (O.C.), Poitiers University Hospital; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (S.D.), Rennes University Hospital; Rennes-1 University (S.D.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (M.B.), Nice University Hospital, France; Department of Psychiatry (A.M.F.), Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Human Genetics (E.V., A.S., A.V.), University Hospital Leuven; Department of Human Genetics (A.S.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (A.P.), University of Munich, Germany; Scientific and Technological Coordination Unit of the ANLIS Directorate (C.P.), National Administration of Laboratories and Institutes of Health, Argentina; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.); Department of Neurology (K.C.), AZ Turnhout, Antwerp, Belgium; Neurology Unit and Stroke Center (F.B.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France; Movement Disorder Division (K.M.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (N.M.W.), MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Ann Swillen
- From The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults and Department of Psychiatry (E.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Toronto General Research Institute (A.S.B.), and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.S.B.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; De Hartekamp Groep (E.B.), Centre for People with Intellectual Disability, Haarlem; Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.B., J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute (N.J.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; Institute of Medical Science (N.J.B., M.M., A.E.L., A.S.B.), Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (C.M., M.M., A.E.L.), and Department of Psychiatry (A.S.B.), University of Toronto; Deer Lodge Movement Disorders Centre (S.U.); Section of Neurology (S.U.), Division of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research (C.M., A.E.L.), Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.Y.M., N.W.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.J.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Medical Genetics Unit (P.P.), Perugia University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver; Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic and Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (B.D.) and Genetics (Neurogenetics) (K.N.), Timone University Hospital (AP-HM), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur; Aix-Marseille University (B.D., K.N.), Marseille; Department of Genetics (Neurogenetics) (P.C., A.J.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Sorbonne University (P.C., A.J.), Paris; Department of Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (E.M.), Lille University Hospital; Lille University (E.M.); Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (T.D.), Pierre Wertheimer University Hospital, Lyon; Marc Jeannerod Center for Cognitive Neurosciences (T.D.), Lyon-1 University; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) and Clinical Investigation Center (Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences) (O.C.), Poitiers University Hospital; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (S.D.), Rennes University Hospital; Rennes-1 University (S.D.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (M.B.), Nice University Hospital, France; Department of Psychiatry (A.M.F.), Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Human Genetics (E.V., A.S., A.V.), University Hospital Leuven; Department of Human Genetics (A.S.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (A.P.), University of Munich, Germany; Scientific and Technological Coordination Unit of the ANLIS Directorate (C.P.), National Administration of Laboratories and Institutes of Health, Argentina; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.); Department of Neurology (K.C.), AZ Turnhout, Antwerp, Belgium; Neurology Unit and Stroke Center (F.B.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France; Movement Disorder Division (K.M.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (N.M.W.), MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Annick Vogels
- From The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults and Department of Psychiatry (E.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Toronto General Research Institute (A.S.B.), and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.S.B.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; De Hartekamp Groep (E.B.), Centre for People with Intellectual Disability, Haarlem; Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.B., J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute (N.J.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; Institute of Medical Science (N.J.B., M.M., A.E.L., A.S.B.), Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (C.M., M.M., A.E.L.), and Department of Psychiatry (A.S.B.), University of Toronto; Deer Lodge Movement Disorders Centre (S.U.); Section of Neurology (S.U.), Division of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research (C.M., A.E.L.), Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.Y.M., N.W.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.J.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Medical Genetics Unit (P.P.), Perugia University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver; Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic and Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (B.D.) and Genetics (Neurogenetics) (K.N.), Timone University Hospital (AP-HM), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur; Aix-Marseille University (B.D., K.N.), Marseille; Department of Genetics (Neurogenetics) (P.C., A.J.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Sorbonne University (P.C., A.J.), Paris; Department of Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (E.M.), Lille University Hospital; Lille University (E.M.); Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (T.D.), Pierre Wertheimer University Hospital, Lyon; Marc Jeannerod Center for Cognitive Neurosciences (T.D.), Lyon-1 University; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) and Clinical Investigation Center (Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences) (O.C.), Poitiers University Hospital; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (S.D.), Rennes University Hospital; Rennes-1 University (S.D.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (M.B.), Nice University Hospital, France; Department of Psychiatry (A.M.F.), Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Human Genetics (E.V., A.S., A.V.), University Hospital Leuven; Department of Human Genetics (A.S.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (A.P.), University of Munich, Germany; Scientific and Technological Coordination Unit of the ANLIS Directorate (C.P.), National Administration of Laboratories and Institutes of Health, Argentina; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.); Department of Neurology (K.C.), AZ Turnhout, Antwerp, Belgium; Neurology Unit and Stroke Center (F.B.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France; Movement Disorder Division (K.M.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (N.M.W.), MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Annika Plate
- From The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults and Department of Psychiatry (E.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Toronto General Research Institute (A.S.B.), and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.S.B.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; De Hartekamp Groep (E.B.), Centre for People with Intellectual Disability, Haarlem; Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.B., J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute (N.J.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; Institute of Medical Science (N.J.B., M.M., A.E.L., A.S.B.), Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (C.M., M.M., A.E.L.), and Department of Psychiatry (A.S.B.), University of Toronto; Deer Lodge Movement Disorders Centre (S.U.); Section of Neurology (S.U.), Division of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research (C.M., A.E.L.), Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.Y.M., N.W.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.J.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Medical Genetics Unit (P.P.), Perugia University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver; Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic and Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (B.D.) and Genetics (Neurogenetics) (K.N.), Timone University Hospital (AP-HM), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur; Aix-Marseille University (B.D., K.N.), Marseille; Department of Genetics (Neurogenetics) (P.C., A.J.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Sorbonne University (P.C., A.J.), Paris; Department of Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (E.M.), Lille University Hospital; Lille University (E.M.); Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (T.D.), Pierre Wertheimer University Hospital, Lyon; Marc Jeannerod Center for Cognitive Neurosciences (T.D.), Lyon-1 University; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) and Clinical Investigation Center (Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences) (O.C.), Poitiers University Hospital; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (S.D.), Rennes University Hospital; Rennes-1 University (S.D.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (M.B.), Nice University Hospital, France; Department of Psychiatry (A.M.F.), Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Human Genetics (E.V., A.S., A.V.), University Hospital Leuven; Department of Human Genetics (A.S.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (A.P.), University of Munich, Germany; Scientific and Technological Coordination Unit of the ANLIS Directorate (C.P.), National Administration of Laboratories and Institutes of Health, Argentina; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.); Department of Neurology (K.C.), AZ Turnhout, Antwerp, Belgium; Neurology Unit and Stroke Center (F.B.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France; Movement Disorder Division (K.M.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (N.M.W.), MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Claudia Perandones
- From The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults and Department of Psychiatry (E.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Toronto General Research Institute (A.S.B.), and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.S.B.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; De Hartekamp Groep (E.B.), Centre for People with Intellectual Disability, Haarlem; Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.B., J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute (N.J.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; Institute of Medical Science (N.J.B., M.M., A.E.L., A.S.B.), Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (C.M., M.M., A.E.L.), and Department of Psychiatry (A.S.B.), University of Toronto; Deer Lodge Movement Disorders Centre (S.U.); Section of Neurology (S.U.), Division of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research (C.M., A.E.L.), Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.Y.M., N.W.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.J.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Medical Genetics Unit (P.P.), Perugia University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver; Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic and Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (B.D.) and Genetics (Neurogenetics) (K.N.), Timone University Hospital (AP-HM), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur; Aix-Marseille University (B.D., K.N.), Marseille; Department of Genetics (Neurogenetics) (P.C., A.J.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Sorbonne University (P.C., A.J.), Paris; Department of Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (E.M.), Lille University Hospital; Lille University (E.M.); Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (T.D.), Pierre Wertheimer University Hospital, Lyon; Marc Jeannerod Center for Cognitive Neurosciences (T.D.), Lyon-1 University; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) and Clinical Investigation Center (Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences) (O.C.), Poitiers University Hospital; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (S.D.), Rennes University Hospital; Rennes-1 University (S.D.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (M.B.), Nice University Hospital, France; Department of Psychiatry (A.M.F.), Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Human Genetics (E.V., A.S., A.V.), University Hospital Leuven; Department of Human Genetics (A.S.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (A.P.), University of Munich, Germany; Scientific and Technological Coordination Unit of the ANLIS Directorate (C.P.), National Administration of Laboratories and Institutes of Health, Argentina; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.); Department of Neurology (K.C.), AZ Turnhout, Antwerp, Belgium; Neurology Unit and Stroke Center (F.B.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France; Movement Disorder Division (K.M.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (N.M.W.), MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Thomas Gasser
- From The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults and Department of Psychiatry (E.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Toronto General Research Institute (A.S.B.), and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.S.B.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; De Hartekamp Groep (E.B.), Centre for People with Intellectual Disability, Haarlem; Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.B., J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute (N.J.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; Institute of Medical Science (N.J.B., M.M., A.E.L., A.S.B.), Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (C.M., M.M., A.E.L.), and Department of Psychiatry (A.S.B.), University of Toronto; Deer Lodge Movement Disorders Centre (S.U.); Section of Neurology (S.U.), Division of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research (C.M., A.E.L.), Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.Y.M., N.W.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.J.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Medical Genetics Unit (P.P.), Perugia University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver; Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic and Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (B.D.) and Genetics (Neurogenetics) (K.N.), Timone University Hospital (AP-HM), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur; Aix-Marseille University (B.D., K.N.), Marseille; Department of Genetics (Neurogenetics) (P.C., A.J.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Sorbonne University (P.C., A.J.), Paris; Department of Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (E.M.), Lille University Hospital; Lille University (E.M.); Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (T.D.), Pierre Wertheimer University Hospital, Lyon; Marc Jeannerod Center for Cognitive Neurosciences (T.D.), Lyon-1 University; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) and Clinical Investigation Center (Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences) (O.C.), Poitiers University Hospital; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (S.D.), Rennes University Hospital; Rennes-1 University (S.D.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (M.B.), Nice University Hospital, France; Department of Psychiatry (A.M.F.), Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Human Genetics (E.V., A.S., A.V.), University Hospital Leuven; Department of Human Genetics (A.S.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (A.P.), University of Munich, Germany; Scientific and Technological Coordination Unit of the ANLIS Directorate (C.P.), National Administration of Laboratories and Institutes of Health, Argentina; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.); Department of Neurology (K.C.), AZ Turnhout, Antwerp, Belgium; Neurology Unit and Stroke Center (F.B.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France; Movement Disorder Division (K.M.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (N.M.W.), MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Kristien Clerinx
- From The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults and Department of Psychiatry (E.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Toronto General Research Institute (A.S.B.), and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.S.B.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; De Hartekamp Groep (E.B.), Centre for People with Intellectual Disability, Haarlem; Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.B., J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute (N.J.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; Institute of Medical Science (N.J.B., M.M., A.E.L., A.S.B.), Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (C.M., M.M., A.E.L.), and Department of Psychiatry (A.S.B.), University of Toronto; Deer Lodge Movement Disorders Centre (S.U.); Section of Neurology (S.U.), Division of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research (C.M., A.E.L.), Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.Y.M., N.W.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.J.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Medical Genetics Unit (P.P.), Perugia University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver; Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic and Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (B.D.) and Genetics (Neurogenetics) (K.N.), Timone University Hospital (AP-HM), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur; Aix-Marseille University (B.D., K.N.), Marseille; Department of Genetics (Neurogenetics) (P.C., A.J.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Sorbonne University (P.C., A.J.), Paris; Department of Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (E.M.), Lille University Hospital; Lille University (E.M.); Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (T.D.), Pierre Wertheimer University Hospital, Lyon; Marc Jeannerod Center for Cognitive Neurosciences (T.D.), Lyon-1 University; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) and Clinical Investigation Center (Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences) (O.C.), Poitiers University Hospital; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (S.D.), Rennes University Hospital; Rennes-1 University (S.D.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (M.B.), Nice University Hospital, France; Department of Psychiatry (A.M.F.), Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Human Genetics (E.V., A.S., A.V.), University Hospital Leuven; Department of Human Genetics (A.S.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (A.P.), University of Munich, Germany; Scientific and Technological Coordination Unit of the ANLIS Directorate (C.P.), National Administration of Laboratories and Institutes of Health, Argentina; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.); Department of Neurology (K.C.), AZ Turnhout, Antwerp, Belgium; Neurology Unit and Stroke Center (F.B.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France; Movement Disorder Division (K.M.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (N.M.W.), MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Frédéric Bourdain
- From The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults and Department of Psychiatry (E.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Toronto General Research Institute (A.S.B.), and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.S.B.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; De Hartekamp Groep (E.B.), Centre for People with Intellectual Disability, Haarlem; Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.B., J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute (N.J.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; Institute of Medical Science (N.J.B., M.M., A.E.L., A.S.B.), Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (C.M., M.M., A.E.L.), and Department of Psychiatry (A.S.B.), University of Toronto; Deer Lodge Movement Disorders Centre (S.U.); Section of Neurology (S.U.), Division of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research (C.M., A.E.L.), Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.Y.M., N.W.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.J.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Medical Genetics Unit (P.P.), Perugia University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver; Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic and Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (B.D.) and Genetics (Neurogenetics) (K.N.), Timone University Hospital (AP-HM), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur; Aix-Marseille University (B.D., K.N.), Marseille; Department of Genetics (Neurogenetics) (P.C., A.J.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Sorbonne University (P.C., A.J.), Paris; Department of Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (E.M.), Lille University Hospital; Lille University (E.M.); Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (T.D.), Pierre Wertheimer University Hospital, Lyon; Marc Jeannerod Center for Cognitive Neurosciences (T.D.), Lyon-1 University; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) and Clinical Investigation Center (Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences) (O.C.), Poitiers University Hospital; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (S.D.), Rennes University Hospital; Rennes-1 University (S.D.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (M.B.), Nice University Hospital, France; Department of Psychiatry (A.M.F.), Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Human Genetics (E.V., A.S., A.V.), University Hospital Leuven; Department of Human Genetics (A.S.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (A.P.), University of Munich, Germany; Scientific and Technological Coordination Unit of the ANLIS Directorate (C.P.), National Administration of Laboratories and Institutes of Health, Argentina; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.); Department of Neurology (K.C.), AZ Turnhout, Antwerp, Belgium; Neurology Unit and Stroke Center (F.B.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France; Movement Disorder Division (K.M.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (N.M.W.), MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Kelly Mills
- From The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults and Department of Psychiatry (E.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Toronto General Research Institute (A.S.B.), and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.S.B.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; De Hartekamp Groep (E.B.), Centre for People with Intellectual Disability, Haarlem; Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.B., J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute (N.J.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; Institute of Medical Science (N.J.B., M.M., A.E.L., A.S.B.), Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (C.M., M.M., A.E.L.), and Department of Psychiatry (A.S.B.), University of Toronto; Deer Lodge Movement Disorders Centre (S.U.); Section of Neurology (S.U.), Division of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research (C.M., A.E.L.), Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.Y.M., N.W.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.J.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Medical Genetics Unit (P.P.), Perugia University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver; Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic and Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (B.D.) and Genetics (Neurogenetics) (K.N.), Timone University Hospital (AP-HM), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur; Aix-Marseille University (B.D., K.N.), Marseille; Department of Genetics (Neurogenetics) (P.C., A.J.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Sorbonne University (P.C., A.J.), Paris; Department of Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (E.M.), Lille University Hospital; Lille University (E.M.); Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (T.D.), Pierre Wertheimer University Hospital, Lyon; Marc Jeannerod Center for Cognitive Neurosciences (T.D.), Lyon-1 University; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) and Clinical Investigation Center (Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences) (O.C.), Poitiers University Hospital; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (S.D.), Rennes University Hospital; Rennes-1 University (S.D.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (M.B.), Nice University Hospital, France; Department of Psychiatry (A.M.F.), Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Human Genetics (E.V., A.S., A.V.), University Hospital Leuven; Department of Human Genetics (A.S.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (A.P.), University of Munich, Germany; Scientific and Technological Coordination Unit of the ANLIS Directorate (C.P.), National Administration of Laboratories and Institutes of Health, Argentina; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.); Department of Neurology (K.C.), AZ Turnhout, Antwerp, Belgium; Neurology Unit and Stroke Center (F.B.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France; Movement Disorder Division (K.M.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (N.M.W.), MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Nigel M Williams
- From The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults and Department of Psychiatry (E.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Toronto General Research Institute (A.S.B.), and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.S.B.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; De Hartekamp Groep (E.B.), Centre for People with Intellectual Disability, Haarlem; Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.B., J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute (N.J.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; Institute of Medical Science (N.J.B., M.M., A.E.L., A.S.B.), Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (C.M., M.M., A.E.L.), and Department of Psychiatry (A.S.B.), University of Toronto; Deer Lodge Movement Disorders Centre (S.U.); Section of Neurology (S.U.), Division of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research (C.M., A.E.L.), Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.Y.M., N.W.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.J.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Medical Genetics Unit (P.P.), Perugia University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver; Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic and Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (B.D.) and Genetics (Neurogenetics) (K.N.), Timone University Hospital (AP-HM), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur; Aix-Marseille University (B.D., K.N.), Marseille; Department of Genetics (Neurogenetics) (P.C., A.J.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Sorbonne University (P.C., A.J.), Paris; Department of Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (E.M.), Lille University Hospital; Lille University (E.M.); Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (T.D.), Pierre Wertheimer University Hospital, Lyon; Marc Jeannerod Center for Cognitive Neurosciences (T.D.), Lyon-1 University; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) and Clinical Investigation Center (Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences) (O.C.), Poitiers University Hospital; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (S.D.), Rennes University Hospital; Rennes-1 University (S.D.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (M.B.), Nice University Hospital, France; Department of Psychiatry (A.M.F.), Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Human Genetics (E.V., A.S., A.V.), University Hospital Leuven; Department of Human Genetics (A.S.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (A.P.), University of Munich, Germany; Scientific and Technological Coordination Unit of the ANLIS Directorate (C.P.), National Administration of Laboratories and Institutes of Health, Argentina; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.); Department of Neurology (K.C.), AZ Turnhout, Antwerp, Belgium; Neurology Unit and Stroke Center (F.B.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France; Movement Disorder Division (K.M.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (N.M.W.), MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Nicholas W Wood
- From The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults and Department of Psychiatry (E.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Toronto General Research Institute (A.S.B.), and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.S.B.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; De Hartekamp Groep (E.B.), Centre for People with Intellectual Disability, Haarlem; Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.B., J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute (N.J.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; Institute of Medical Science (N.J.B., M.M., A.E.L., A.S.B.), Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (C.M., M.M., A.E.L.), and Department of Psychiatry (A.S.B.), University of Toronto; Deer Lodge Movement Disorders Centre (S.U.); Section of Neurology (S.U.), Division of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research (C.M., A.E.L.), Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.Y.M., N.W.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.J.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Medical Genetics Unit (P.P.), Perugia University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver; Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic and Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (B.D.) and Genetics (Neurogenetics) (K.N.), Timone University Hospital (AP-HM), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur; Aix-Marseille University (B.D., K.N.), Marseille; Department of Genetics (Neurogenetics) (P.C., A.J.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Sorbonne University (P.C., A.J.), Paris; Department of Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (E.M.), Lille University Hospital; Lille University (E.M.); Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (T.D.), Pierre Wertheimer University Hospital, Lyon; Marc Jeannerod Center for Cognitive Neurosciences (T.D.), Lyon-1 University; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) and Clinical Investigation Center (Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences) (O.C.), Poitiers University Hospital; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (S.D.), Rennes University Hospital; Rennes-1 University (S.D.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (M.B.), Nice University Hospital, France; Department of Psychiatry (A.M.F.), Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Human Genetics (E.V., A.S., A.V.), University Hospital Leuven; Department of Human Genetics (A.S.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (A.P.), University of Munich, Germany; Scientific and Technological Coordination Unit of the ANLIS Directorate (C.P.), National Administration of Laboratories and Institutes of Health, Argentina; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.); Department of Neurology (K.C.), AZ Turnhout, Antwerp, Belgium; Neurology Unit and Stroke Center (F.B.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France; Movement Disorder Division (K.M.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (N.M.W.), MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Jan Booij
- From The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults and Department of Psychiatry (E.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Toronto General Research Institute (A.S.B.), and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.S.B.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; De Hartekamp Groep (E.B.), Centre for People with Intellectual Disability, Haarlem; Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.B., J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute (N.J.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; Institute of Medical Science (N.J.B., M.M., A.E.L., A.S.B.), Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (C.M., M.M., A.E.L.), and Department of Psychiatry (A.S.B.), University of Toronto; Deer Lodge Movement Disorders Centre (S.U.); Section of Neurology (S.U.), Division of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research (C.M., A.E.L.), Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.Y.M., N.W.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.J.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Medical Genetics Unit (P.P.), Perugia University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver; Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic and Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (B.D.) and Genetics (Neurogenetics) (K.N.), Timone University Hospital (AP-HM), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur; Aix-Marseille University (B.D., K.N.), Marseille; Department of Genetics (Neurogenetics) (P.C., A.J.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Sorbonne University (P.C., A.J.), Paris; Department of Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (E.M.), Lille University Hospital; Lille University (E.M.); Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (T.D.), Pierre Wertheimer University Hospital, Lyon; Marc Jeannerod Center for Cognitive Neurosciences (T.D.), Lyon-1 University; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) and Clinical Investigation Center (Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences) (O.C.), Poitiers University Hospital; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (S.D.), Rennes University Hospital; Rennes-1 University (S.D.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (M.B.), Nice University Hospital, France; Department of Psychiatry (A.M.F.), Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Human Genetics (E.V., A.S., A.V.), University Hospital Leuven; Department of Human Genetics (A.S.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (A.P.), University of Munich, Germany; Scientific and Technological Coordination Unit of the ANLIS Directorate (C.P.), National Administration of Laboratories and Institutes of Health, Argentina; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.); Department of Neurology (K.C.), AZ Turnhout, Antwerp, Belgium; Neurology Unit and Stroke Center (F.B.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France; Movement Disorder Division (K.M.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (N.M.W.), MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Anthony E Lang
- From The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults and Department of Psychiatry (E.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Toronto General Research Institute (A.S.B.), and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.S.B.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; De Hartekamp Groep (E.B.), Centre for People with Intellectual Disability, Haarlem; Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.B., J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute (N.J.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; Institute of Medical Science (N.J.B., M.M., A.E.L., A.S.B.), Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (C.M., M.M., A.E.L.), and Department of Psychiatry (A.S.B.), University of Toronto; Deer Lodge Movement Disorders Centre (S.U.); Section of Neurology (S.U.), Division of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research (C.M., A.E.L.), Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.Y.M., N.W.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.J.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Medical Genetics Unit (P.P.), Perugia University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver; Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic and Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (B.D.) and Genetics (Neurogenetics) (K.N.), Timone University Hospital (AP-HM), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur; Aix-Marseille University (B.D., K.N.), Marseille; Department of Genetics (Neurogenetics) (P.C., A.J.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Sorbonne University (P.C., A.J.), Paris; Department of Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (E.M.), Lille University Hospital; Lille University (E.M.); Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (T.D.), Pierre Wertheimer University Hospital, Lyon; Marc Jeannerod Center for Cognitive Neurosciences (T.D.), Lyon-1 University; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) and Clinical Investigation Center (Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences) (O.C.), Poitiers University Hospital; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (S.D.), Rennes University Hospital; Rennes-1 University (S.D.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (M.B.), Nice University Hospital, France; Department of Psychiatry (A.M.F.), Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Human Genetics (E.V., A.S., A.V.), University Hospital Leuven; Department of Human Genetics (A.S.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (A.P.), University of Munich, Germany; Scientific and Technological Coordination Unit of the ANLIS Directorate (C.P.), National Administration of Laboratories and Institutes of Health, Argentina; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.); Department of Neurology (K.C.), AZ Turnhout, Antwerp, Belgium; Neurology Unit and Stroke Center (F.B.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France; Movement Disorder Division (K.M.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (N.M.W.), MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Anne S Bassett
- From The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults and Department of Psychiatry (E.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Toronto General Research Institute (A.S.B.), and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.S.B.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; De Hartekamp Groep (E.B.), Centre for People with Intellectual Disability, Haarlem; Department of Nuclear Medicine (E.B., J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute (N.J.B., A.M.F., A.S.B.), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; Institute of Medical Science (N.J.B., M.M., A.E.L., A.S.B.), Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (C.M., M.M., A.E.L.), and Department of Psychiatry (A.S.B.), University of Toronto; Deer Lodge Movement Disorders Centre (S.U.); Section of Neurology (S.U.), Division of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research (C.M., A.E.L.), Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.Y.M., N.W.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.J.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Medical Genetics Unit (P.P.), Perugia University Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Neurology Section (B.D.B.), VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver; Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic and Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (B.D.) and Genetics (Neurogenetics) (K.N.), Timone University Hospital (AP-HM), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur; Aix-Marseille University (B.D., K.N.), Marseille; Department of Genetics (Neurogenetics) (P.C., A.J.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital; Sorbonne University (P.C., A.J.), Paris; Department of Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (E.M.), Lille University Hospital; Lille University (E.M.); Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (T.D.), Pierre Wertheimer University Hospital, Lyon; Marc Jeannerod Center for Cognitive Neurosciences (T.D.), Lyon-1 University; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) and Clinical Investigation Center (Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences) (O.C.), Poitiers University Hospital; Department of Neurology (Movement Disorders) (S.D.), Rennes University Hospital; Rennes-1 University (S.D.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Movement Disorders) (M.B.), Nice University Hospital, France; Department of Psychiatry (A.M.F.), Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Human Genetics (E.V., A.S., A.V.), University Hospital Leuven; Department of Human Genetics (A.S.), KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology (A.P.), University of Munich, Germany; Scientific and Technological Coordination Unit of the ANLIS Directorate (C.P.), National Administration of Laboratories and Institutes of Health, Argentina; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (T.G.), Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.G.); Department of Neurology (K.C.), AZ Turnhout, Antwerp, Belgium; Neurology Unit and Stroke Center (F.B.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France; Movement Disorder Division (K.M.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (N.M.W.), MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK.
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Berman BD, Pollard RT, Shelton E, Karki R, Smith-Jones PM, Miao Y. GABA A Receptor Availability Changes Underlie Symptoms in Isolated Cervical Dystonia. Front Neurol 2018; 9:188. [PMID: 29670567 PMCID: PMC5893646 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAA receptor availability changes within sensorimotor regions have been reported in some isolated forms of dystonia. Whether similar abnormalities underlie symptoms in cervical dystonia is not known. In the present study, a total of 15 cervical dystonia patients and 15 age- and sex-matched controls underwent 11C-flumazenil PET/CT scanning. The density of available GABAA receptors was estimated using a Simplified Reference Tissue Model 2. Group differences were evaluated using a two-sample T-test, and correlations with dystonia severity, as measured by the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale, and disease duration were evaluated using a regression analysis. Voxel-based analyses revealed increased GABAA availability within the right precentral gyrus in brain motor regions previously associated with head turning and the left parahippocampal gyrus. GABAA availability within the bilateral cerebellum was negatively correlated with dystonia severity, and GABAA availability within the right thalamus and a variety of cerebellar and cortical regions were negatively correlated with disease duration. While GABAA availability changes within primary motor areas could represent a partial compensatory response to loss of inhibition within sensorimotor network, GABAergic signaling impairment within the cerebellum may be a key contributor to dystonia severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Berman
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Neurology Section, Denver VA Medical Center, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Rebecca Tran Pollard
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Erika Shelton
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Ramesh Karki
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Peter M Smith-Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Yubin Miao
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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Groth CL, Berman BD. Spinocerebellar Ataxia 27: A Review and Characterization of an Evolving Phenotype. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2018; 8:534. [PMID: 29416937 PMCID: PMC5801325 DOI: 10.7916/d80s0zjq] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) is an uncommon form of progressive cerebellar ataxia with multiple genetic causes and marked variability in phenotypic expression even across patients with identical genetic abnormalities. SCA27 is a recently identified SCA caused by mutations in the Fibroblast Growth Factor 14 gene, with a phenotypic expression that is only beginning to be fully appreciated. We report here a case of a 70-year-old male who presented with slowly worsening tremor and gait instability that began in his early adulthood along with additional features of parkinsonism on examination. Work-up revealed a novel pathogenic mutation in the Fibroblast Growth Factor 14 gene, and symptoms improved with amantadine and levodopa. We also provide a review of the literature in order to better characterize the phenotypic expression of this uncommon condition. Methods Case report and review of the literature. Results Review of the literature revealed a total of 32 previously reported clinical cases of SCA27. Including our case, we found that early-onset tremor (12.1 ± 10.5 years) was present in 95.8%, while gait ataxia tended to present later in life (23.7 ± 16.7 years) and was accompanied by limb ataxia, dysarthria, and nystagmus. Other features of SCA27 that may distinguish it from other SCAs include the potential for episodic ataxia, accompanying psychiatric symptoms, and cognitive impairment. Discussion Testing for SCA27 should be considered in individuals with ataxia who report tremor as an initial or early symptom, as well as those with additional findings of episodic ataxia, neuropsychiatric symptoms, or parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L. Groth
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Brian D. Berman
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Neurology Section, Denver VA Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, or Tourette's syndrome, is defined as the presence of both motor and vocal (phonic) tics for more than 12 months, that manifest before the age of 18 years, in the absence of secondary causes. Treatment of motor and phonic tics is difficult and challenging. OBJECTIVES To determine the safety and effectiveness of botulinum toxin in treating motor and phonic tics in people with Tourette's syndrome, and to analyse the effect of botulinum toxin on premonitory urge and sensory tics. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Movement Disorders Group Trials Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and two trials registers to 25 October 2017. We reviewed reference lists of relevant articles for additional trials. SELECTION CRITERIA We considered all randomised, controlled, double-blind studies comparing botulinum toxin to placebo or other medications for the treatment of motor and phonic tics in Tourette's syndrome for this review. We sought both parallel group and cross-over studies of children or adults, at any dose, and for any duration. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We followed standard Cochrane methods to select studies, assess risk of bias, extract and analyse data. All authors independently abstracted data onto standardized forms; disagreements were resolved by mutual discussion. MAIN RESULTS Only one randomised placebo-controlled, double-blind cross-over study met our selection criteria. In this study, 20 participants with motor tics were enrolled over a three-year recruitment period; 18 (14 of whom had a diagnosis of Tourette's syndrome) completed the study; in total, 21 focal motor tics were treated. Although we considered most bias domains to be at low risk of bias, the study recruited a small number of participants with relatively mild tics and provided limited data for our key outcomes. The effects of botulinum toxin injections on tic frequency, measured by videotape or rated subjectively, and on premonitory urge, are uncertain (very low-quality evidence). The quality of evidence for adverse events following botulinum toxin was very low. Nine people had muscle weakness following the injection, which could have led to unblinding of treatment group assignment. No data were available to evaluate whether botulinum injections led to immunoresistance to botulinum. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We are uncertain about botulinum toxin effects in the treatment of focal motor and phonic tics in select cases, as we assessed the quality of the evidence as very low. Additional randomised controlled studies are needed to demonstrate the benefits and harms of botulinum toxin therapy for the treatment of motor and phonic tics in patients with Tourette's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Pandey
- G.B. Pant HospitalDepartment of NeurologyNew DelhiIndia110002
| | - Prachaya Srivanitchapoom
- Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol UniversityDepartment of Medicine, Division of Neurology2 Prannok Road, Siriraj, Bangkok‐noiBangkokThailand10700
| | - Richard Kirubakaran
- Christian Medical CollegeCochrane South Asia, Prof. BV Moses Center for Evidence‐Informed Health Care and Health PolicyCarman Block II FloorCMC Campus, BagayamVelloreTamil NaduIndia632002
| | - Brian D Berman
- University of Colorado, School of MedicineDepartment of NeurologyAuroraColoradoUSA80045
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Holden SK, Finseth T, Sillau SH, Berman BD. Progression of MDS-UPDRS Scores Over Five Years in De Novo Parkinson Disease from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative Cohort. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2017; 5:47-53. [PMID: 29662921 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UDPRS) is a commonly used tool to measure Parkinson disease (PD) progression. Longitudinal changes in MDS-UPDRS scores in de novo PD have not been established. Objective Determine progression rates of MDS-UPDRS scores in de novo PD. Methods 362 participants from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative, a multicenter longitudinal cohort study of de novo PD, were included. Longitudinal progression of MDS-UPDRS total and subscale scores were modeled using mixed model regression. Results MDS-UPDRS scores increased in a linear fashion over five years in de novo PD. MDS-UPDRS total score increased an estimated 4.0 points/year, Part I 0.25 points/year, Part II 1.0 points/year, and Part III 2.4 points/year. Conclusions The expected average progression of MDS-UPDRS scores in de novo PD from this study can assist in clinical monitoring and provide comparative data for detection of disease modification in treatment trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K Holden
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Taylor Finseth
- Department of Neurology, Aurora St. Luke's Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Stefan H Sillau
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Brian D Berman
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA.,Neurology Section, Denver VA Medical Center, Denver, CO USA
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Berman BD, Junker J, Shelton E, Sillau SH, Jinnah HA, Perlmutter JS, Espay AJ, Jankovic J, Vidailhet M, Bonnet C, Ondo W, Malaty IA, Rodríguez R, McDonald WM, Marsh L, Zurowski M, Bäumer T, Brüggemann N. Psychiatric associations of adult-onset focal dystonia phenotypes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2017; 88:595-602. [PMID: 28438790 PMCID: PMC5659143 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2016-315461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression and anxiety frequently accompany the motor manifestations of isolated adult-onset focal dystonias. Whether the body region affected when this type of dystonia first presents is associated with the severity of these neuropsychiatric symptoms is unknown. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine whether depression, anxiety and social anxiety vary by dystonia onset site and evaluate whether pain and dystonia severity account for any differences. METHODS Patients with isolated focal dystonia evaluated within 5 years from symptom onset, enrolled in the Natural History Project of the Dystonia Coalition, were included in the analysis. Individual onset sites were grouped into five body regions: cervical, laryngeal, limb, lower cranial and upper cranial. Neuropsychiatric symptoms were rated using the Beck Depression Inventory, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. Pain was estimated using the 36-Item Short Form Survey. RESULTS Four hundred and seventy-eight subjects met our inclusion criteria. High levels of depression, anxiety and social anxiety occurred in all groups; however, the severity of anxiety and social anxiety symptoms varied by onset site group. The most pronounced differences were higher anxiety in cervical and laryngeal, lower anxiety in upper cranial and higher social anxiety in laryngeal. Increases in pain were associated with worse neuropsychiatric symptom scores within all groups. Higher anxiety and social anxiety in laryngeal and lower anxiety in upper cranial persisted after correcting for pain and dystonia severity. CONCLUSION Anxiety and social anxiety severity vary by onset site of focal dystonia, and this variation is not explained by differences in pain and dystonia severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Berman
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Neurology Section, VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Johanna Junker
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Erika Shelton
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Stefan H Sillau
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - H A Jinnah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- Departments of Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alberto J Espay
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Marie Vidailhet
- Département de neurologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, UM 75, ICM, F-75013, Sorbonne Universites, Paris, France
| | - Cecilia Bonnet
- Département de neurologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, UM 75, ICM, F-75013, Sorbonne Universites, Paris, France
| | - William Ondo
- Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Irene A Malaty
- Department of Neurology, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ramón Rodríguez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - William M McDonald
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Laura Marsh
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mateusz Zurowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tobias Bäumer
- Department of Paediatric and Adult Movement Disorders and Neuropsychiatry, Institute of Neurogenetics, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Norbert Brüggemann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
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Mohl B, Berman BD, Shelton E, Tanabe J. Levodopa response differs in Parkinson's motor subtypes: A task-based effective connectivity study. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:2192-2201. [PMID: 28256710 PMCID: PMC6301039 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a circuit-level disorder with clinically-determined motor subtypes. Despite evidence suggesting each subtype may have different pathophysiology, few neuroimaging studies have examined levodopa-induced differences in neural activation between tremor dominant (TD) and postural instability/gait difficulty (PIGD) subtype patients during a motor task. The goal of this functional MRI (fMRI) study was to examine task-induced activation and connectivity in the cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical motor circuit in healthy controls, TD patients, and PIGD patients before and after levodopa administration. Fourteen TD and 12 PIGD cognitively-intact patients and 21 age- and sex-matched healthy controls completed a right-hand, paced tapping fMRI paradigm. Collectively, PD patients off medication (OFF) showed hypoactivation of the motor cortex relative to healthy controls, even when controlling for performance. After levodopa intake, the PIGD patients had significantly increased activation in the left putamen compared with TD patients and healthy controls. Psychophysiological interaction analysis revealed that levodopa increased effective connectivity between the posterior putamen and other areas of the motor circuit during tapping in TD patients, but not in PIGD patients. This novel, levodopa-induced difference in the neural responses between PD motor subtypes may have significant implications for elucidating the mechanisms underlying the distinct phenotypic manifestations and enabling the classification of motor subtypes objectively using fMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne Mohl
- Departments of Radiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Brian D Berman
- Departments of Radiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Departments of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Departments of Neurology Section, Denver VA Medical Center, Denver, CO USA
| | - Erika Shelton
- Departments of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Jody Tanabe
- Departments of Radiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Departments of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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Hawkins T, Berman BD. Pimavanserin: A novel therapeutic option for Parkinson disease psychosis. Neurol Clin Pract 2017; 7:157-162. [PMID: 29185542 DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000000342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of review In April 2016, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a first-in-class atypical antipsychotic medication called pimavanserin for the treatment of Parkinson disease psychosis (PDP). We aim to inform readers about its indications, effectiveness, and safety profile. Recent findings Pimavanserin acts as an inverse agonist at serotonin 5-HT2A receptors and has negligible effects on other receptors, thereby avoiding the D2 receptor antagonism that can potentially worsen motor symptoms. Its FDA approval was based primarily on the results of a single randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Summary While pimavanserin appears to be a safe, effective, and well-tolerated therapeutic option for PDP, additional clinical trials and open-label extension studies are needed to determine the long-term safety and efficacy of this promising therapy. In the meantime, prescribers need to be aware of the possible adverse effects of pimavanserin including QT interval prolongation and a potential to cause a paradoxical worsening of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Hawkins
- Department of Neurology (TH, BDB), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; and Neurology Section (BDB), Denver VA Medical Center, CO
| | - Brian D Berman
- Department of Neurology (TH, BDB), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; and Neurology Section (BDB), Denver VA Medical Center, CO
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Norris SA, Jinnah HA, Espay AJ, Klein C, Brüggemann N, Barbano RL, Malaty IAC, Rodriguez RL, Vidailhet M, Roze E, Reich SG, Berman BD, LeDoux MS, Richardson SP, Agarwal P, Mari Z, Ondo WG, Shih LC, Fox SH, Berardelli A, Testa CM, Cheng FCF, Truong D, Nahab FB, Xie T, Hallett M, Rosen AR, Wright LJ, Perlmutter JS. Clinical and demographic characteristics related to onset site and spread of cervical dystonia. Mov Disord 2016; 31:1874-1882. [PMID: 27753188 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical characteristics of isolated idiopathic cervical dystonia such as onset site and spread to and from additional body regions have been addressed in single-site studies with limited data and incomplete or variable dissociation of focal and segmental subtypes. The objectives of this study were to characterize the clinical characteristics and demographics of isolated idiopathic cervical dystonia in the largest standardized multicenter cohort. METHODS The Dystonia Coalition, through a consortium of 37 recruiting sites in North America, Europe, and Australia, recruited 1477 participants with focal (60.7%) or segmental (39.3%) cervical dystonia on examination. Clinical and demographic characteristics were evaluated in terms of the body region of dystonia onset and spread. RESULTS Site of dystonia onset was: (1) focal neck only (78.5%), (2) focal onset elsewhere with later segmental spread to neck (13.3%), and (3) segmental onset with initial neck involvement (8.2%). Frequency of spread from focal cervical to segmental dystonia (22.8%) was consistent with prior reports, but frequency of segmental onset with initial neck involvement was substantially higher than the 3% previously reported. Cervical dystonia with focal neck onset, more than other subtypes, was associated with spread and tremor of any type. Sensory tricks were less frequent in cervical dystonia with segmental components, and segmental cervical onset occurred at an older age. CONCLUSIONS Subgroups had modest but significant differences in the clinical characteristics that may represent different clinical entities or pathophysiologic subtypes. These findings are critical for design and implementation of studies to describe, treat, or modify disease progression in idiopathic isolated cervical dystonia. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Norris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - H A Jinnah
- Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alberto J Espay
- James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics and Department of Neurology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Norbert Brüggemann
- Institute of Neurogenetics and Department of Neurology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Richard L Barbano
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | | | - Ramon L Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Marie Vidailhet
- Hôpital Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- Hôpital Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Stephen G Reich
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brian D Berman
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Mark S LeDoux
- Departments of Neurology and Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Pinky Agarwal
- Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center, Kirkland, Washington, USA
| | - Zoltan Mari
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - William G Ondo
- Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist, Houston Texas, USA
| | - Ludy C Shih
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Susan H Fox
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome and IRCCS Neuromed, Italy
| | - Claudia M Testa
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Daniel Truong
- The Parkinson and Movement Disorder Institute, Fountain Valley, California, USA
| | - Fatta B Nahab
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Tao Xie
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ami R Rosen
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Laura J Wright
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry, Radiology, Neurobiology, Physical Therapy, and Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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50
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Pratt D, Mente K, Rahimpour S, Edwards NA, Tinaz S, Berman BD, Hallett M, Ray-Chaudhury A. Diminishing evidence for torsinA-positive neuronal inclusions in DYT1 dystonia. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:85. [PMID: 27531128 PMCID: PMC4988029 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0362-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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