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Wu M, Mi J, Qu GX, Zhang S, Jian Y, Gao C, Cai Q, Liu J, Jiang J, Huang H. Role of Hedgehog Signaling Pathways in Multipotent Mesenchymal Stem Cells Differentiation. Cell Transplant 2024; 33:9636897241244943. [PMID: 38695366 PMCID: PMC11067683 DOI: 10.1177/09636897241244943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have high self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation potentials and low immunogenicity, so they have attracted much attention in the field of regenerative medicine and have a promising clinical application. MSCs originate from the mesoderm and can differentiate not only into osteoblasts, cartilage, adipocytes, and muscle cells but also into ectodermal and endodermal cell lineages across embryonic layers. To design cell therapy for replacement of damaged tissues, it is essential to understand the signaling pathways, which have a major impact on MSC differentiation, as this will help to integrate the signaling inputs to initiate a specific lineage. Hedgehog (Hh) signaling plays a vital role in the development of various tissues and organs in the embryo. As a morphogen, Hh not only regulates the survival and proliferation of tissue progenitor and stem populations but also is a critical moderator of MSC differentiation, involving tri-lineage and across embryonic layer differentiation of MSCs. This review summarizes the role of Hh signaling pathway in the differentiation of MSCs to mesodermal, endodermal, and ectodermal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Wu
- Department of Trauma Medical Center, Daping Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junwei Mi
- Department of Trauma Medical Center, Daping Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guo-xin Qu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Trauma Medical Center, Daping Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Jian
- Department of Trauma Medical Center, Daping Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chu Gao
- Department of Trauma Medical Center, Daping Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingli Cai
- Department of Trauma Medical Center, Daping Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Trauma Medical Center, Daping Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianxin Jiang
- Department of Trauma Medical Center, Daping Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Huang
- Department of Trauma Medical Center, Daping Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Qin HY, Gui H, Zhang ZW, Shu T, Qin HL. A regio- and stereoselective Heck-Matsuda process for construction of γ-aryl allylsulfonyl fluorides. RSC Adv 2022; 12:19402-19405. [PMID: 35865583 PMCID: PMC9251648 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03733e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly efficient regio- and stereoselective Heck–Matsuda method was developed employing aryl diazoniums and allylsulfonyl fluorides for the construction of a class of novel γ-aryl allylsulfonyl fluorides in the presence of Pd(OAc)2 and PPh3. The method features excellent regio- and stereoselectivity (up to 100% E-selectivity), broad substrate scope and mild reaction conditions. Further application of γ-aryl allylsulfonyl fluoride in SuFEx reactions was achieved to provide their corresponding sulfonates and sulfonamides in excellent yields. A Heck–Matsuda reaction of aryl diazoniums with allylsulfonyl fluorides for the construction of γ-aryl allylsulfonyl fluorides was developed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yong Qin
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Houying Gui
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Zai-Wei Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Tao Shu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Hua-Li Qin
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
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Seyedaghamiri F, Hosseini L, Kazmi S, Mahmoudi J, Shanehbandi D, Ebrahimi-Kalan A, Rahbarghazi R, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Farhoudi M. Varenicline improves cognitive impairment in a mouse model of mPFC ischemia: The possible roles of inflammation, apoptosis, and synaptic factors. Brain Res Bull 2022; 181:36-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Sanooghi D, Amini N, Azedi F, Bagher Z, Parvishan A, Lotfi A, Rashidi N, Lotfi E, Sayahpour FA, Faghihi F. Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived From Human Adipose Tissue Into Cholinergic-like Cells: An in Vitro Study. Basic Clin Neurosci 2021; 12:315-323. [PMID: 34917291 PMCID: PMC8666926 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.2021.1008.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cholinergic-associated diseases currently constitute a significant cause of neurological and neurodegenerative disabilities. As the drugs are not efficient in improving the suffered tissues, stem cell treatment is considered an effective strategy for substituting the lost cells. Methods: In the current study, we set out to investigate the differentiation properties of human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (AD-MSCs) into cholinergic-like cells by two morphogens of Retinoic Acid (RA) and Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) using a three-step in vitro procedure. The results were evaluated using real-time PCR, flow cytometry, and immunocytochemistry for two weeks. Results: Our data showed that the cells could express cholinergic specific markers, including Islet-1, Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), SMI-32, and Nestin, at mRNA and protein levels. We could also quantitatively evaluate the expression of Islet-1, AChE, and Nestin at 14 days post-induction using flow cytometry. Conclusion: Human AD-MSCs are potent cells to differentiate into cholinergic-like cells in the presence of RA and Shh through a three-step protocol. Thus, they could be a suitable cell candidate for the regeneration of cholinergic-associated diseases. However, more functional and electrophysiological analyses are needed in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davood Sanooghi
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naser Amini
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Azedi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Bagher
- ENT and Head & Neck Research Center, The Five Basic Sensory Institute, Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicin, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asghar Parvishan
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Lotfi
- Damavand Agricultural College, Technical and Vocational University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nooshin Rashidi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Erfan Lotfi
- School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Forough Azam Sayahpour
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Faghihi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Improving Anti-Neurodegenerative Benefits of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors in Alzheimer's Disease: Are Irreversible Inhibitors the Future? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103438. [PMID: 32414155 PMCID: PMC7279429 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Decades of research have produced no effective method to prevent, delay the onset, or slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In contrast to these failures, acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) inhibitors slow the clinical progression of the disease and randomized, placebo-controlled trials in prodromal and mild to moderate AD patients have shown AChE inhibitor anti-neurodegenerative benefits in the cortex, hippocampus, and basal forebrain. CNS neurodegeneration and atrophy are now recognized as biomarkers of AD according to the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association (NIA-AA) criteria and recent evidence shows that these markers are among the earliest signs of prodromal AD, before the appearance of amyloid. The current AChE inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine) have short-acting mechanisms of action that result in dose-limiting toxicity and inadequate efficacy. Irreversible AChE inhibitors, with a long-acting mechanism of action, are inherently CNS selective and can more than double CNS AChE inhibition possible with short-acting inhibitors. Irreversible AChE inhibitors open the door to high-level CNS AChE inhibition and improved anti-neurodegenerative benefits that may be an important part of future treatments to more effectively prevent, delay the onset, or slow the progression of AD.
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Zeng K, Li Y, Yang W, Ge Y, Xu L, Ren T, Zhang H, Zhuo R, Peng L, Chen C, Zhou Y, Zhao Y, Li WJ, Jin X, Yang L. Moringa oleifera seed extract protects against brain damage in both the acute and delayed stages of ischemic stroke. Exp Gerontol 2019; 122:99-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Influence of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors Used in Alzheimer's Disease Treatment on the Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes and the Concentration of Glutathione in THP-1 Macrophages under Fluoride-Induced Oxidative Stress. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 16:ijerph16010010. [PMID: 30577562 PMCID: PMC6339019 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that donepezil and rivastigmine, the acetylcholinesterase (AchE) inhibitors commonly used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), do not only inhibit AChE but also have antioxidant properties. As oxidative stress is involved in AD pathogenesis, in our study we attempted to examine the influence of donepezil and rivastigmine on the activity of antioxidant enzymes and glutathione concentration in macrophages—an important source of reactive oxygen species and crucial for oxidative stress progression. The macrophages were exposed to sodium fluoride induced oxidative stress. The antioxidant enzymes activity and concentration of glutathione were measured spectrophotometrically. The generation of reactive oxygen species was visualized by confocal microscopy. The results of our study showed that donepezil and rivastigmine had a stimulating effect on catalase activity. However, when exposed to fluoride-induced oxidative stress, the drugs reduced the activity of some antioxidant enzymes (Cat, SOD, GR). These observations suggest that the fluoride-induced oxidative stress may suppress the antioxidant action of AChE inhibitors. Our results may have significance in the clinical practice of treatment of AD and other dementia diseases.
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Gao Y, Li W, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhang J, Li M, Bu M. Effect of Telmisartan on Preventing Learning and Memory Deficits Via Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ in Vascular Dementia Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2018; 27:277-285. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Chang CF, Lai JH, Wu JCC, Greig NH, Becker RE, Luo Y, Chen YH, Kang SJ, Chiang YH, Chen KY. (-)-Phenserine inhibits neuronal apoptosis following ischemia/reperfusion injury. Brain Res 2017; 1677:118-128. [PMID: 28963051 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stroke commonly leads to adult disability and death worldwide. Its major symptoms are spastic hemiplegia and discordant motion, consequent to neuronal cell death induced by brain vessel occlusion. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is upregulated and allied with inflammation and apoptosis after stroke. Recent studies suggest that AChE inhibition ameliorates ischemia-reperfusion injury and has neuroprotective properties. (-)-Phenserine, a reversible AChE inhibitor, has a broad range of actions independent of its AChE properties, including neuroprotective ones. However, its protective effects and detailed mechanism of action in the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model (MCAO) remain to be elucidated. This study investigated the therapeutic effects of (-)-phenserine for stroke in the rat focal cerebral ischemia model and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/RP) damage model in SH-SY5Y neuronal cultures. (-)-Phenserine mitigated OGD/PR-induced SH-SY5Y cell death, providing an inverted U-shaped dose-response relationship between concentration and survival. In MCAO challenged rats, (-)-phenserine reduced infarction volume, cell death and improved body asymmetry, a behavioral measure of stoke impact. In both cellular and animal studies, (-)-phenserine elevated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) levels, and decreased activated-caspase 3, amyloid precursor protein (APP) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression, potentially mediated through the ERK-1/2 signaling pathway. These actions mitigated neuronal apoptosis in the stroke penumbra, and decreased matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9) expression. In synopsis, (-)-phenserine significantly reduced neuronal damage induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury in a rat model of MCAO and cellular model of OGD/RP, demonstrating that its anti-apoptotic/neuroprotective/neurotrophic cholinergic and non-cholinergic properties warrant further evaluation in conditions of brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Fu Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei City Hospital, Zhongxiao Branch, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Huei Lai
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - John Chung-Che Wu
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Robert E Becker
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Aristea Translational Medicine, Park City, UT, USA
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yen-Hua Chen
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuo-Jhen Kang
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsiao Chiang
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Kai-Yun Chen
- Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Farooqi A, Sultana J, Masood N. Arsenic and fluoride co-contamination in shallow aquifers from agricultural suburbs and an industrial area of Punjab, Pakistan: Spatial trends, sources and human health implications. Toxicol Ind Health 2017. [PMID: 28635416 DOI: 10.1177/0748233717706802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Release of arsenic (As) and fluoride (F-) species into groundwater is a serious health concern around the world. The present study was the first systematic baseline study conducted in Rahim Yar Khan district, Punjab, focusing on As and F- contamination in groundwater. A total of 51 representative groundwater samples comprising of 44 samples from agricultural suburbs and 7 from an industrial base were analysed. Statistical parameters, principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR) and health risk assessment model were used to investigate the hydro geochemistry, spatial patterns, interrelation, source contribution and associated health risks of high As and F- in groundwater of the study area. Results showed high risk of F- exposure to people of the study area, with all samples exceeding the WHO standard of 1.5 mg/L, and for As, 32.5% of the studied groundwater samples exceeded the WHO standard (10 µg/L). The maximum As (107.23 µg/L) and F- (26.4 mg/L) levels were observed in samples close to the agricultural and smelting areas, implicating the frequent use of fertilizers and influence of industrial effluents in the study area. The PCA-MLR receptor model quantitatively illustrates that the majority of As and F- comes from natural sources, while, among anthropogenic sources, industrial and agricultural activities contributed the most. Health risk assessment revealed a high risk of As and F- contamination to the exposed population; therefore, detailed control strategies and policies are required in order to mitigate the health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
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- 1 Environmental Geochemistry Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abida Farooqi
- 1 Environmental Geochemistry Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jawairia Sultana
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco environmental Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huairou, Beijing, China
| | - Noshin Masood
- 1 Environmental Geochemistry Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Moss DE, Perez RG, Kobayashi H. Cholinesterase Inhibitor Therapy in Alzheimer's Disease: The Limits and Tolerability of Irreversible CNS-Selective Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition in Primates. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 55:1285-1294. [PMID: 27858711 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Irreversible acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition accumulates to high levels in the central nervous system (CNS) because AChE turnover in the brain is much slower than in peripheral tissues. As expected from this CNS selectivity, the irreversible AChE inhibitor methanesulfonyl fluoride (MSF) produces significant cognitive improvement in Alzheimer's disease patients without the gastrointestinal toxicity that plagues other AChE inhibitors. However, without dose-limiting gastrointestinal toxicity, one shortcoming of the prior human studies of MSF is that the upper limits of CNS AChE inhibition that might be tolerated could not be tested. Therefore, in this study, monkeys were treated with escalating intramuscular (IM) doses of MSF that culminated with several weeks of 1.5 mg/kg dosing, more than eight times the prior human clinical dose, still without signs of toxicity. Brain biopsies showed that ∼80% AChE inhibition had been produced and that the new synthesis of cortical AChE had a half-time (t1/2) of ∼12 days. A single IM dose of 1.5 mg/kg MSF produced ∼59% inhibition in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AChE as measured one day later. This corresponds to a peak of ∼80% inhibition in CSF AChE at the time of the injection, recovering with a t1/2 of 2.4 days. Computational analyses suggest that MSF at clinically relevant doses could theoretically produce a steady-state AChE inhibition between 65% and 85% in the CNS. These data suggest that the full therapeutic advantage of AChE inhibition therapy can be realized without interference from dose-limiting gastrointestinal toxicity if an irreversible inhibitor is employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald E Moss
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Ruth G Perez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University of the Health Sciences El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Haruo Kobayashi
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Iwate University, Ueda, Morioka, Japan
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Ingberg E, Gudjonsdottir J, Theodorsson E, Theodorsson A, Ström JO. Elevated body swing test after focal cerebral ischemia in rodents: methodological considerations. BMC Neurosci 2015; 16:50. [PMID: 26242584 PMCID: PMC4525734 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-015-0189-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The elevated body swing test (EBST) is a behavioral test used to evaluate experimental stroke in rodents. The basic idea is that when the animal is suspended vertically by the tail, it will swing its head laterally to the left or right depending on lesion side. In a previous study from our lab using the EBST after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo), rats swung contralateral to the infarct day 1 post-MCAo, but ipsilateral day 3 post-MCAo. This shift was unexpected and prompted us to perform the present study. First, the literature was systematically reviewed to elucidate whether a similar shift had been noticed before, and if consensus existed regarding swing direction. Secondly, an experiment was conducted to systematically investigate the suggested behavior. Eighty-three adult male and female Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to MCAo or sham surgery and the EBST was performed up to 7 days after the lesion. Results Both experimentally and through systematic literature review, the present study shows that the direction of biased swing activity in the EBST for rodents after cerebral ischemia can differ and even shift over time in some situations. The EBST curve for females was significantly different from that of males after the same occlusion time (p = 0.023). Conclusions This study highlights the importance of adequate reporting of behavioral tests for lateralization and it is concluded that the EBST cannot be recommended as a test for motor asymmetry after MCAo in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edvin Ingberg
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Center for Diagnostics, Linköping University, Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Johanna Gudjonsdottir
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Center for Diagnostics, Linköping University, Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Elvar Theodorsson
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Center for Diagnostics, Linköping University, Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Annette Theodorsson
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Center for Diagnostics, Linköping University, Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden. .,Division of Neuroscience, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Linköping University, Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Jakob O Ström
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Center for Diagnostics, Linköping University, Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden. .,Vårdvetenskapligt Forskningscentrum/Centre for Health Sciences, Örebro University Hospital, County Council of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden. .,School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
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Perumal E, Paul V, Govindarajan V, Panneerselvam L. A brief review on experimental fluorosis. Toxicol Lett 2013; 223:236-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Moss DE, Fariello RG, Sahlmann J, Sumaya I, Pericle F, Braglia E. A randomized phase I study of methanesulfonyl fluoride, an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor, for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 75:1231-9. [PMID: 23116458 PMCID: PMC3635594 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To ascertain the tolerability profile of single and repeated oral doses of methanesulfonyl fluoride (MSF, SNX-001) in healthy aged subjects, and to determine the degree of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition induced by MSF after single and repeated oral doses. METHODS To calculate properly the kinetics and the duration of AChE inhibition, the effects of MSF were also studied in rodents. These experiments suggested that MSF administered three times per week should provide safe and efficacious AChE inhibition. In a randomized placebo-controlled phase I study, 3.6 mg, 7.2 mg or 10.8 mg MSF were then orally administered to 27 consenting healthy volunteers (aged 50 to 72 years). After a single dose phase and a 1 week wash-out period, the subjects received the same doses three times per week for 2 weeks. RESULTS Twenty-two out of the 27 subjects completed the study. Four patients withdrew due to adverse events (AEs) and one for non-compliance. Erythrocyte AChE was inhibited by a total of 33%, 46%, and 62% after 2 weeks of 3.6 mg, 7.2 mg and 10.8 mg MSF, respectively. No serious AEs occurred. The most frequent AEs were headache (27%), nausea (11%) and diarrhoea (8%). CONCLUSIONS MSF proved to be well tolerated even with repeated oral dosing. It is estimated that MSF provided a degree of AChE inhibition that should effectively enhance memory. This molecule deserves to be tested for efficacy in a pilot randomized controlled study in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald E Moss
- University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA.
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Zhang X, Jin C, Li Y, Guan S, Han F, Zhang S. Catalpol improves cholinergic function and reduces inflammatory cytokines in the senescent mice induced by d-galactose. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 58:50-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Zugno AI, de Miranda IM, Budni J, Volpato AM, Luca RD, Deroza PF, de Oliveira MB, Heylmann AS, da Rosa Silveira F, Wessler P, Antunes Mastella G, Cipriano AL, Quevedo J. Effect of maternal deprivation on acetylcholinesterase activity and behavioral changes on the ketamine-induced animal model of schizophrenia. Neuroscience 2013; 248:252-60. [PMID: 23769892 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Maternal deprivation has been associated with physiological and developmental changes that may be related to an increased risk for childhood and adult neuropsychiatric diseases. A growing number of studies demonstrated the importance of childhood experiences in the development of psychosis and schizophrenia in adulthood. Therefore, the present study investigated different behavior responses in rats following maternal deprivation and/or ketamine treatment in adulthood. Male rats were subjected to maternal deprivation for 180 min from postnatal day-01 to postnatal day-10. We evaluated locomotor activity, avoidance task and social interaction of adult male rats deprived or not deprived that were administered with saline or acute subanesthetic doses of ketamine (5, 15 and 25 mg/kg, i.p.). Our results show that only ketamine (25 mg/kg, i.p.) treatment in the adult rats lead to hyperlocomotion but not ketamine (5 and 15 mg/kg) and maternal deprivation alone. However, maternally deprived rats treated with ketamine (5 mg/kg) induced hyperlocomotion. Additionally, ketamine (25 mg/kg) and maternal deprivation alone induced cognitive deficit in the avoidance task. Rats deprived of and treated with ketamine (5, 15 and 25 mg/kg) also lead to memory deficit. Moreover, ketamine (25 mg/kg) and maternal deprivation alone increased latency to start social behavior. However, ketamine (5 mg/kg) and maternal deprivation lead to an increase of latency to start social behavior. Biochemistry data showed that all doses of ketamine and ketamine plus maternal deprivation increased the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and striatum. The major doses of ketamine associated with maternal deprivation induced a major increase of AChE activity. Together, our results suggest that animals subjected to maternal deprivation had an increased risk for schizophrenia-like behavior and cholinergic alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Zugno
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), and Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
| | - I M de Miranda
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), and Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - J Budni
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), and Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - A M Volpato
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), and Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - R D Luca
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), and Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - P F Deroza
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), and Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - M B de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), and Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - A S Heylmann
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), and Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - F da Rosa Silveira
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), and Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - P Wessler
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), and Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - G Antunes Mastella
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), and Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - A L Cipriano
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), and Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - J Quevedo
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), and Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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Leong WK, Klaric TS, Lin Y, Lewis MD, Koblar SA. Upregulation of the neuronal Per-Arnt-Sim domain protein 4 (Npas4) in the rat corticolimbic system following focal cerebral ischemia. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 37:1875-84. [PMID: 23431968 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The neuronal Per-Arnt-Sim domain protein 4 (Npas4) is an important transcriptional regulator of synaptic plasticity and cognition. The present study characterises the in vivo neuroanatomical expression pattern of the Npas4 protein in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia. Animals were subjected to unilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion for 2 h, after which the spatiotemporal and neuronal profiles of Npas4 protein expression were analysed by immunohistochemistry at different time points post-reperfusion. Focal cerebral ischemia induced an early, transient and robust upregulation of Npas4 in a brain region-dependent manner involving predominantly principal neurons. Interestingly, we observed a unique differential induction of Npas4 protein expression in corticolimbic regions of the rat brain that are critically linked to cognition and emotion. These findings suggest that stroke-induced Npas4 upregulation may be involved in a transcriptional regulatory program within the corticolimbic circuitry following an ischemic insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Khay Leong
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Wang J, Zhang HY, Tang XC. Cholinergic deficiency involved in vascular dementia: possible mechanism and strategy of treatment. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30:879-88. [PMID: 19574993 PMCID: PMC4006646 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2009.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with a high prevalence. Several studies have recently reported that VaD patients present cholinergic deficits in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that may be closely related to the pathophysiology of cognitive impairment. Moreover, cholinergic therapies have shown promising effects on cognitive improvement in VaD patients. The precise mechanisms of these cholinergic agents are currently not fully understood; however, accumulating evidence indicates that these drugs may act through the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, in which the efferent vagus nerve signals suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine release and inhibit inflammation, although regulation of oxidative stress and energy metabolism, alleviation of apoptosis may also be involved. In this paper, we provide a brief overview of the cholinergic treatment strategy for VaD and its relevant mechanisms of anti-inflammation.Acta Pharmacologica Sinica (2009) 30: 879-888; doi: 10.1038/aps.2009.82.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hai-yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xi-can Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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Zugno AI, Pereira LO, Mattos C, Scherer EBS, Netto CA, Wyse ATS. Guanidinoacetate administration increases acetylcholinesterase activity in striatum of rats and impairs retention of an inhibitory avoidance task. Metab Brain Dis 2008; 23:189-98. [PMID: 18437545 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-008-9085-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency (GAMT-deficiency) is an inborn error of metabolism biochemically characterized by accumulation of guanidinoacetate (GAA) and depletion of creatine; the pathogenesis of brain dysfunction in this disorder is not yet established. In the present study we investigated the effect of intrastriatal administration of GAA on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and on memory acquisition, consolidation and retrieval of step-down inhibitory avoidance task in rat. Results showed that GAA significantly increased AChE activity in rat striatum 30 min (50%) and 3 h (25%), but not 6 h after drug administration. GAA impaired test session performance when applied 30 min before training or after training, and before testing sessions, i.e., impaired memory acquisition, consolidation and retrieval. When injected with a 6 hour interval, GAA affected only memory retrieval. Although the mechanisms of action of GAA on AChE activity and on memory are unclear, these findings suggest that the accumulation of GAA found in patients with GAMT-deficiency may be one of the mechanisms involved in neural dysfunction. Further studies are necessary to evaluate these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra I Zugno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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20
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Carcoba LM, Santiago M, Moss DE, Cabeza R. In utero methanesulfonyl fluoride differentially affects learning and maze performance in the absence of long-lasting cholinergic changes in the adult rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2007; 88:374-84. [PMID: 17920111 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2007.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2007] [Revised: 08/31/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that acetylcholinesterase (AChE) may have various specific developmental roles in brain development. Nevertheless, specific effects of AChE inhibition during early brain development have not been adequately described. Therefore, methanesulfonyl fluoride (MSF), an irreversible AChE inhibitor that shows high selectivity for the CNS was used to produce AChE inhibition in utero to study subsequent adult behaviors, sleep, and cholinergic markers. Rats exposed to MSF in utero showed a deficit in spatial learning tasks using appetitive motivation but, surprisingly, they performed equally well or better than controls when aversive motivation was used. One hypothesis was that MSF treatment in utero affected the response to stress. Tests of anxiety however showed no differences in basal levels of anxiety. Studies of sleep behavior, however, indicated a higher level of REM sleep which is only seen during the light phase of male rats exposed to MSF in utero as compared to controls. No differences in cholinergic markers in the brains of adults were found except that females exposed to MSF in utero had a higher level of ChAT activity in the synaptosomal fraction of the hippocampus. Even so, whether cholinergic alterations accompany the in utero MSF exposure remains to be determined. The failure to find widespread changes in cholinergic markers in the adult brains suggests changes in behaviors should be further investigated by testing the participation of postsynaptic mechanisms, measuring of cholinergic markers during earlier development periods and the possible participation of other neurotransmitter systems to clearly reveal the role of the cholinergic system following in utero MSF exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Carcoba
- University of Texas at El Paso, Department of Biology, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, USA.
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Chen DM, Xiao L, Cai X, Zeng R, Zhu XZ. Involvement of multitargets in paeoniflorin-induced preconditioning. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 319:165-80. [PMID: 16840647 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.104380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Paeoniflorin (PF) is the principal component of Paeoniae radix prescribed in traditional Chinese medicine. The delayed neuroprotection induced by PF preconditioning and its underlying mechanisms were investigated in rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and reperfusion model. At a dosage of 20 or 40 mg/kg, PF preconditioning 48 h before MCAO followed by 24-h reperfusion significantly reduced the mortality and infarct volume and reversed the neurological deficits caused by ischemia. Likewise, the ameliorative effects on mortality, infarct size, and neurological impairment induced by MCAO emerged as well when PF was administered 24 h, 48 h, or 5 days before MCAO at the dose of 20 mg/kg. Furthermore, comparative proteomics analysis was adopted to identify the differentially expressed proteins induced by PF preconditioning itself. The relative levels of 42 proteins were altered after PF preconditioning, among which 20 were elevated and 22 reduced. In summary, A(1) receptor-regulator of G protein signaling-K(ATP) signaling, arachidonic acid cascade, nitric oxide system, markers of neuronal damage, mitochondrial damage-related molecules, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-kappaB pathway are associated with the mechanisms of PF preconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Mei Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong Shanghai 201203, China
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Meunier J, Ieni J, Maurice T. Antiamnesic and neuroprotective effects of donepezil against learning impairments induced in mice by exposure to carbon monoxide gas. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 317:1307-19. [PMID: 16551835 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.101527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Donepezil is a potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that also interacts with the sigma1 receptor, an intracellular neuromodulatory protein. In the present study, we analyzed the antiamnesic and neuroprotective activities of donepezil in a mouse hypoxia model induced by repetitive CO exposure, comparing donepezil's pharmacological profile with other cholinesterase inhibitors tacrine, rivastigmine, and galanthamine, and the reference sigma1 agonist igmesine. CO exposure induced, after 7 days, hippocampal neurodegeneration, analyzed by Cresyl violet staining, and behavioral alterations, measured using spontaneous alternation and passive avoidance responses. When injected 20 min before the behavioral tests, i.e., 7 to 8 days after CO, all drugs showed antiamnesic properties. Preadministration of the sigma1 receptor antagonist N-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]-N-methyl-2-(dimethylamino)ethylamine (BD1047) blocked only the igmesine and donepezil effects. The neuroprotective activity of the drugs was tested by injection 20 min before the first CO exposure (preinsult protection) or by injection 1 h after the last CO exposure (postinsult protection). All drugs alleviated the hypoxia-induced neurodegeneration and behavioral impairments when injected before CO exposure. Preadministration of BD1047 blocked both the igmesine and donepezil effects. However, when injected after CO exposure, only igmesine and donepezil induced effective neuroprotection, and the morphological and behavioral effects were BD1047-sensitive. These results showed that donepezil is a potent antiamnesic and neuroprotective compound against the neurodegeneration induced by excitotoxic insult, and its pharmacological actions as both an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and sigma1 receptor agonist contribute to its marked efficacy. In particular, the drug is a more potent postinsult protecting agent compared with more selective cholinesterase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Meunier
- INSERM U.710, EPHE, University of Montpellier II, c.c. 105, place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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Parton A, Coulthard E, Husain M. Neuropharmacological modulation of cognitive deficits after brain damage. Curr Opin Neurol 2006; 18:675-80. [PMID: 16280679 DOI: 10.1097/01.wco.0000189872.54245.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review discusses recent studies that have implications for potential neuropharmacological interventions which target cognitive deficits resulting from traumatic brain injury or stroke. RECENT FINDINGS An important new study concerning the activity of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors after brain injury reveals that previous influential hypotheses about an increase in glutamate triggering neuronal death may need to be revised. Furthermore, the study suggests that cognitive function may be best preserved by stimulation of NMDA receptors with agonists rather than by the use of antagonists, as previously believed. Investigations of animal models of stroke and traumatic brain injury have further demonstrated the possibility of intervening in the acute and sub-acute stages to protect specific brain systems, such as preservation of the cholinergic system (via cholinesterase inhibitors) and hippocampal neurons (via a D2 agonist). Clinical trials in humans indicate it is also possible to target these neurotransmitter systems to enhance cognitive performance in patients with chronic deficits. In particular, recent studies demonstrated that it is possible to ameliorate the effects of two common cognitive syndromes, visual neglect and aphasia. SUMMARY Cognitive deficits are an extremely common consequence of either traumatic brain injury or stroke. Recent studies demonstrate the potential for using neuropharmacological intervention after acquired brain injury to prevent or ameliorate the effects of cognitive impairments. These treatments, however, are still in their preliminary stages and further research is required to identify the most effective compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Parton
- Imperial College, Division of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Charing Cross Hospital, and Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK.
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