1
|
Feng X, Wang J, Wu J, Ren X, Zhou H, Li S, Zhang J, Wang S, Wang Y, Hu Z, Hu X, Jiang T. Abnormality of anxious behaviors and functional connectivity between the amygdala and the frontal lobe in maternally deprived monkeys. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e3027. [PMID: 37464725 PMCID: PMC10498070 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anxious behaviors often occur in individuals who have experienced early adversity. Anxious behaviors can bring many hazards, such as social withdrawal, eating disorders, negative self-efficacy, self-injurious thoughts and behaviors, anxiety disorders, and even depression. Abnormal behavior are is closely related to changes in corresponding circuit functions in the brain. This study investigated the relationship between brain circuits and anxious behaviors in maternal-deprived rhesus monkey animal model, which mimic early adversity in human. METHODS Twenty-five rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were grouped by two different rearing conditions: 11 normal control and mother-reared (MR) monkeys and 14 maternally deprived and peer-reared (MD) monkeys. After obtaining images of the brain areas with significant differences in maternal separation and normal control macaque function, the relationship between functional junction intensity and stereotypical behaviors was determined by correlation analysis. RESULTS The correlation analysis revealed that stereotypical behaviors were negatively correlated with the coupling between the left lateral amygdala subregion and the left inferior frontal gyrus in both MD and MR macaques. CONCLUSION This study suggests that early adversity-induced anxious behaviors are associated with changes in the strength of the amygdala-prefrontal connection. The normalization of the regions involved in the functional connection might reverse the behavioral abnormality. It provides a solid foundation for effective intervention in human early adversity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study suggests that early adversity-induced anxious behaviors are associated with changes in the strength of the amygdala-prefrontal connection. The higher the amygdala-prefrontal connection strength, the less stereotyped behaviors exhibited by monkeys experiencing early adversity. Thus, in the future, changing the strength of the amygdala-prefrontal connection may reverse the behavioral abnormalities of individuals who experience early adversity. This study provides a solid foundation for effective intervention in humans' early adversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Li Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingYunnanChina
- Department of PhysiologyFaculty of Basic Medical ScienceKunming Medical UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
- Institute of NeuroscienceKunming Medical UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Jiao‐Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical ResearchInstitute of Primate Translational MedicineKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunmingChina
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical ResearchKunmingChina
| | - Jing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Xiao‐Feng Ren
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingYunnanChina
- Kunming College of Life ScienceUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of PhysiologyFaculty of Basic Medical ScienceKunming Medical UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Si‐Yu Li
- Department of PhysiologyFaculty of Basic Medical ScienceKunming Medical UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesKunming Medical UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Sheng‐Hai Wang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesKunming Medical UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Yun Wang
- National Resource Center for Non‐Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Zheng‐Fei Hu
- National Resource Center for Non‐Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Xin‐Tian Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingYunnanChina
- National Resource Center for Non‐Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingYunnanChina
- Center for Excellence in Brain ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Tian‐Zi Jiang
- Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern RecognitionInstitute of AutomationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Research Center for Augmented IntelligenceZhejiang LaboratoryHangzhouChina
- Center for Excellence in Brain ScienceInstitute of AutomationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Aleksic D, Poleksic J, Agatonovic G, Djulejic V, Vulovic M, Aksic M, Reiss G, Hamad MIK, Jakovcevski I, Aksic M. The long-term effects of maternal deprivation on the number and size of inhibitory interneurons in the rat amygdala and nucleus accumbens. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1187758. [PMID: 37434764 PMCID: PMC10330809 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1187758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is an increasing evidence supporting the hypothesis that traumatic experiences during early developmental periods might be associated with psychopathology later in life. Maternal deprivation (MD) in rodents has been proposed as an animal model for certain aspects of neuropsychiatric disorders. Methods To determine whether early-life stress leads to changes in GABAergic, inhibitory interneurons in the limbic system structures, specifically the amygdala and nucleus accumbens, 9-day-old Wistar rats were exposed to a 24 h MD. On postnatal day 60 (P60), the rats were sacrificed for morphometric analysis and their brains were compared to the control group. Results Results show that MD affect GABAergic interneurons, leading to the decrease in density and size of the calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin-, calbindin-, and calretinin-expressing interneurons in the amygdala and nucleus accumbens. Discussion This study indicates that early stress in life leads to changes in the number and morphology of the GABAergic, inhibitory interneurons in the amygdala and nucleus accumbens, most probably due to the loss of neurons during postnatal development and it further contributes to understanding the effects of maternal deprivation on brain development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dubravka Aleksic
- School of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy “Niko Miljanić”, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Joko Poleksic
- School of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy “Niko Miljanić”, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gorana Agatonovic
- School of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy “Niko Miljanić”, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vuk Djulejic
- School of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy “Niko Miljanić”, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Vulovic
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Miljana Aksic
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gebhard Reiss
- Institut für Anatomie und Klinische Morphologie, Universität Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | - Mohammad I. K. Hamad
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Igor Jakovcevski
- Institut für Anatomie und Klinische Morphologie, Universität Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | - Milan Aksic
- School of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy “Niko Miljanić”, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ferreira de Sá N, Camarini R, Suchecki D. One day away from mum has lifelong consequences on brain and behaviour. Neuroscience 2023:S0306-4522(23)00276-2. [PMID: 37352967 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
This chapter presents a brief overview of attachment theory and discusses the importance of the neonatal period in shaping an individual's physiological and behavioural responses to stress later in life, with a focus on the role of the parent-infant relationship, particularly in rodents. In rodents, the role of maternal behaviours goes far beyond nutrition, thermoregulation and excretion, acting as hidden regulators of the pup's physiology and development. In this review, we will discuss the inhibitory role of specific maternal behaviours on the ACTH and corticosterone (CORT) stress response. The interest of our group to explore the long-term consequences of maternal deprivation for 24 h (DEP) at different ages (3 days and 11 days) in rats was sparked by its opposite effects on ACTH and CORT levels. In early adulthood, DEP3 animals (males and females alike) show greater negative impact on affective behaviours and stress related parameters than DEP11, indicating that the latter is more resilient in tests of anxiety-like behaviour. These findings create an opportunity to explore the neurobiological underpinnings of vulnerability and resilience to stress-related disorders. The chapter also provides a brief historical overview and highlights the relevance of attachment theory, and how DEP helps to understand the effects of childhood parental loss as a risk factor for depression, schizophrenia, and PTSD in both childhood and adulthood. Furthermore, we present the concept of environmental enrichment (EE), its effects on stress responses and related behavioural changes and its benefits for rats previously subjected to DEP, along with the clinical implications of DEP and EE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natália Ferreira de Sá
- Department of Psychobiology - Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo
| | - Rosana Camarini
- Department of Pharmacology - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo
| | - Deborah Suchecki
- Department of Psychobiology - Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Walsh A, Tiernan B, Thompson B, McCormack D, Adair P. 'Nobody taught her how to be a mother': The lived experience of mothering without a mother. Infant Ment Health J 2023. [PMID: 37103970 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.22059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Maternal grandmothers play a vital role in the transition to motherhood for their own daughters. The current study adds to this literature by investigating the lived experience of motherhood for women who lacked a meaningful relationship with their mothers. Ten mothers of children under 2 years of age participated in a semi-structured interview to explore their lived experiences of being a mother. Women were recruited from two parent-infant services in Northern Ireland. The interviews were analyzed using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Three superordinate themes were identified: 'The Birth of a Mother', 'Mourning and Loss' and 'Ghosts in the Nursery'. The first theme captured the significant change of identity women experienced during their transition to motherhood. This identity change shed new light on their own experience of being mothered. The second theme captured the mourning and loss these women felt due to their relationship with their mother. Their lack of meaningful maternal relationships have left a hole impossible to fill. The final theme spoke to the intergenerational element of these mother's experience and their desire to break a cycle of maternal deprivation. The rich content from the interviews highlights the need for services to be aware of this struggle of motherhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Walsh
- School of Psychology, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | | | | | - David McCormack
- School of Psychology, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Pauline Adair
- School of Psychology, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Salgado Carrazoni G, Souto das Neves BH, Dos Santos Soares M, Ramires Lima K, Mello-Carpes PB. Starting maternal exercise, unlike reducing the intensity of exercise during pregnancy, prevents memory deficits in female offspring subject to maternal deprivation. Brain Res 2023; 1808:148337. [PMID: 36963478 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Maternal deprivation (MD) leads to long-lasting memory deficits. Conversely, maternal exercise could potently modify the offspring's cellular machinery. Here, we tested whether starting to run or reducing the intensity of running during pregnancy can protect prepubertal female offspring against MD-induced memory deficits. Female rats were divided into different groups submitted or not to MD: one started to run before pregnancy and reduced the intensity during the pregnancy (PGE); another started to run at the beginning of pregnancy (GE); and, finally, a control group (CT) was not submitted to exercise. All the rats but those of the CT ran on a treadmill until the delivery day (PND 0). Subsequently, MD was performed from PND 1 to 10. We assessed object recognition (OR) and spatial memory (SM) of female offspring after weaning (PND22, pre-pubertal stage). MD caused OR memory deficit; GE female offspring did not present this deficit, but PGE did. Both PGE and GE alone enhanced offspring spatial learning, but their combination with MD impaired it. MD promoted hippocampal lipid peroxidation increase, which both PGE and GE prevented. Total antioxidant capacity in the hippocampus was higher in both MD-exercised groups compared to all others. Although the antioxidant effects of exercise were similar in both MD exercise groups, we observed better results in the memory tests in the GE group than in the PGE group. These results suggest that starting to exercise during pregnancy is better than reducing the exercise intensity during pregnancy to prevent MD-induced memory deficits in female offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Salgado Carrazoni
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, 97501-970, Brazil.
| | - Ben-Hur Souto das Neves
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, 97501-970, Brazil.
| | - Marisele Dos Santos Soares
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, 97501-970, Brazil.
| | - Karine Ramires Lima
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, 97501-970, Brazil.
| | - Pâmela B Mello-Carpes
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, 97501-970, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
McHale-Matthews AC, DeCampo DM, Love T, Cameron JL, Fudge JL. Immature neurons in the primate amygdala: changes with early development and disrupted early environment. bioRxiv 2023:2023.02.10.528076. [PMID: 36798176 PMCID: PMC9934690 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.10.528076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
In human and nonhuman primates, the amygdala paralaminar nucleus (PL) contains immature neurons. To explore the PL’s potential for cellular growth during development, we compared PL cells in 1) infant and adolescent macaques (control, maternally-reared), and in 2) infant macaques that experienced separation from their mother in the first month of life. In maternally-reared animals, the adolescent PL had fewer immature neurons, more mature neurons, and larger immature soma volumes compared to infant PL. There were also fewer total neurons (immature plus mature) in adolescent versus infant PL, suggesting that some neurons move out of the PL by adolescence. Maternal separation did not change mean immature or mature neuron counts in infant PL. However, across all infant animals, immature neuron soma volume was strongly correlated with mature neuron counts. tbr-1 mRNA, a transcript required for glutamatergic neuron maturation, is significantly reduced in the maternally-separated infant PL (DeCampo et al, 2017), and was also positively correlated with mature neuron counts in infant PL. We conclude that immature neurons gradually mature by adolescence, and that the stress of maternal separation may shift this trajectory, as revealed by correlations between tbr1mRNA and mature neuron numbers across animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tanzy Love
- University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Biostatistics, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Judy L Cameron
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Julie L Fudge
- University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry Department of Neuroscience Rochester, NY 14642
- University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Psychiatry Rochester, NY 14642
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zanta NC, Assad N, Suchecki D. Neurobiological mechanisms involved in maternal deprivation-induced behaviours relevant to psychiatric disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1099284. [PMID: 37122626 PMCID: PMC10133561 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1099284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Parental care is essential for proper development of stress response and emotion-related behaviours. Epidemiological studies show that parental loss in childhood represents a major risk factor for the development of mental disorders throughout the lifespan, including schizophrenia, depression, and anxiety. In most mammalian species, the mother is the main source of care and maternal behaviours regulate several physiological systems. Maternal deprivation (DEP) for 24 h is a paradigm widely used to disinhibit the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to stress during the stress hyporesponsive period. In this mini-review we will highlight the main DEP-induced neurobiological and behavioural outcomes, including alterations on stress-related hormones, neurogenesis, neurotransmitter/neuromodulatory systems and neuroinflammation. These neurobiological changes may be reflected by aberrant behaviours, which are relevant to the study of mental disorders. The evidence indicates that DEP consequences depend on the sex, the age when the DEP takes place and the age when the animals are evaluated, reflecting dynamic plasticity and individual variability. Individual variability and sex differences have a great relevance for the study of biological factors of stress resilience and vulnerability and the DEP paradigm is a suitable model for evaluation of phenotypes of stress- and emotion-related psychopathologies.
Collapse
|
8
|
Mansouri M, Pouretemad H, Bigdeli M, Ardalan M. Excessive audio-visual stimulation leads to impaired social behaviour with an effect on amygdala: Early life excessive exposure to digital devices in male rats. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:6174-6186. [PMID: 36215127 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Today, the effect of extreme early-life exposure to digital devices is suggested as a risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders. However, the multitude of factors that influence brain development with subsequent behavioural abnormalities have not been fully elucidated. Herein, we simulated extreme early-life exposure to digital devices in rats by audio and visual stimulation and investigated its effects on autism-related behaviours and brain structural alteration. Male rat pups were exposed to excessive audio-visual stimulation (EAVS) from PND (post-natal day) 12 to PND 35, with and without maternal separation (MS). Autism-related behaviours including abnormal sociability, stereotype behaviours, anxiety and locomotor dysfunction were tested at PND 42. Brain structural alternation was examined by considering the amygdala, mPFC (medial prefrontal cortex) and hippocampal regions while performing 3D quantitative stereological analysis. We found that EAVS led to social behaviour deficit and higher locomotion in rats, which were associated with increases in the number of neurons and volume of the amygdala. We also showed that MS did not exaggerate the effect of extreme sensory stimulation on behaviour and the structure of the brain. This study proposed EAVS in rats as an animal model of early exposure to digital devices for investigating possible neurobiological alternations underlying autistic-like behaviours with an emphasis on the amygdala area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monireh Mansouri
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Pouretemad
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Bigdeli
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.,Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Ardalan
- Centre for Perinatal Medicine and Health, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Translational Neuispschiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bouchet H, Lemasson A, Collier K, Marker L, Schmidt-Küntzel A, Johnston B, Hausberger M. Early life experience and sex influence acoustic repertoire use in wild-born, but hand-reared, captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). Dev Psychobiol 2022; 64:e22309. [PMID: 36282750 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Early deprivation of adult influence is known to have long-lasting effects on social abilities, notably communication skills, as adults play a key role in guiding and regulating the behavior of youngsters, including acoustic repertoire use in species in which vocal production is not learned. Cheetahs grow up alongside their mother for 18 months, thus maternal influences on the development of social skills are likely to be crucial. Here, we investigated the impact of early maternal deprivation on vocal production and use in 12 wild-born cheetahs, rescued and subsequently hand-reared either at an early (less than 2 months) or a later stage of development. We could distinguish 16 sound types, produced mostly singly but sometimes in repeated or multitype sound sequences. The repertoire of these cheetahs did not differ fundamentally from that described in other studies on adult cheetahs, but statistical analyses revealed a concurrent effect of both early experience and sex on repertoire use. More specifically, early-reared males were characterized by a high proportion of Purr, Meow, and Stutter; early-reared females Mew, Growl, Hoot, Sneeze, and Hiss; late-reared males Meow, Mew, Growl, and Howl; and late-reared females mostly Meow. Our study demonstrates therefore the long-term effects of maternal deprivation on communication skills in a limited-vocal learner and its differential effect according to sex, in line with known social differences and potential differential maternal investment. More generally, it emphasizes the critical importance to consider the past history of the subjects (e.g., captive/wild-born, mother/hand-reared, early/late-mother-deprived, etc.) when studying social behavior, notably acoustic communication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Bouchet
- CNRS, EthoS (Ethologie animale et humaine), Univ Rennes, Normandie Univ, UMR 6552, Paimpont, France
| | - Alban Lemasson
- CNRS, EthoS (Ethologie animale et humaine), Univ Rennes, Normandie Univ, UMR 6552, Rennes, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Katie Collier
- CNRS, EthoS (Ethologie animale et humaine), Univ Rennes, Normandie Univ, UMR 6552, Paimpont, France
| | | | | | | | - Martine Hausberger
- CNRS, EthoS (Ethologie animale et humaine), Univ Rennes, Normandie Univ, UMR 6552, Paimpont, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Guo Z, Li S, Wu J, Zhu X, Zhang Y. Maternal Deprivation Increased Vulnerability to Depression in Adult Rats Through DRD2 Promoter Methylation in the Ventral Tegmental Area. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:827667. [PMID: 35308874 PMCID: PMC8924051 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.827667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Early life adversity is a risk factor for depression in adulthood; however, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. This study aims to investigate the effect of DNA methylation of DRD2 gene on early life stress-induced depression in adult rats. METHODS Newborn Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups: maternal deprivation group (MD), chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) group, maternal deprivation plus chronic unpredictable stress (MD/CUS) group, and normal control group (NOR). Behaviors were measured by open field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT), and Original Research Article forced swimming test (FST). Fecal CORT level was detected by ELISA. Bisulfite amplicon sequencing PCR was used to assess methylation levels of DRD2 promoter. RESULTS CUS and MD/CUS rats had a significantly shorter total distance, longer immobility time, and higher CORT level, while MD and MD/CUS rats had a significantly lower percentage of central distance, more feces, lower rate of sucrose preference, and lower levels of DRD2 protein and mRNA in the VTA than NOR rats. CUS rats showed a significantly higher DRD2 mRNA and protein levels in the VTA than NOR rats. CUS, MD, and MD/CUS rats showed a significantly higher level of DRD2 promoter methylation than NOR rats. CORT level was significantly correlated with the sucrose preference rate in SPT, the immobility time in FST, the total distance, and the number of fecal pellets in OFT. DRD2 protein level was significantly correlated with the sucrose preference rate and the number of fecal pellets. DRD2 mRNA level was significantly correlated with the percentage of central distance and the number of fecal pellets in OFT. The level of DRD2 promoter methylation was significantly correlated with the sucrose preference rate, immobility time, total distance, the percentage of central distance, and the number of fecal pellets. CONCLUSIONS Early life MD increased vulnerability to stress-induced depressive-like behavior in adult rats. Enhanced DRD2 promoter methylation in the VTA may increase the susceptibility to depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenli Guo
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shansi Li
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jialing Wu
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiongzhao Zhu
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
de Moura AB, Abitante MS, Silva RH, Quevedo J, Réus GZ. Microglial activation in the neurodevelopment: A narrative review. Curr Mol Med 2021; 22:722-734. [PMID: 34666643 DOI: 10.2174/1566524021666211018112757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are immune cells found in the central nervous system (CNS) involved in infection combat and cellular debris clean. These glial cells are involved in synaptogenesis during brain development by their interactions with neurons and other glial cells. These relations are associated with the secretion of signaling molecules, such as chemokines and neurotrophic factors. Microglia cells influence synapsis and neuron morphology during different phases of development. Also, other systems, for example, gut microbiota indirectly affect microglial functions and morphology. Several factors that can occur in different development periods, including intrauterine through adult life, could impact microglia. Impairment in these cells could be associated with the development of some psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia, autistic spectrum disorder (ASD), and depression. This review is focusing on describing microglia functions in the maintenance of CNS and how they are associated with other systems, as the gut-microbiota brain axis and environmental stressors, such as stress, maternal deprivation, sleep deprivation, immune activation, and ethanol exposure, that can influence the function of the microglia during neurodevelopment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Airam Barbosa de Moura
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Santa Catarina. Brazil
| | - Morgana Sonza Abitante
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Santa Catarina. Brazil
| | - Ritele Hernandez Silva
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Santa Catarina. Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Santa Catarina. Brazil
| | - Gislaine Zilli Réus
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Santa Catarina. Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zanta NC, Suchecki D, Girardi CEN. Early life stress alters emotional learning in a sex- and age-dependent manner with no impact on emotional behaviors. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:e22182. [PMID: 34423425 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal adversity can impact neurodevelopmental trajectories. This study examined the long-term effects of maternal deprivation on day 9 (DEP9), associated or not to a stressor (saline injection [SAL]), on contextual fear conditioning (Experiment 1) and emotional behaviors (Experiment 2) in Wistar rats. Whole litters were either assigned to DEP9 or control groups, and on day 10, half of the litters in each group received an SAL or not (NSAL). DEP9-SAL male adolescents showed the longest freezing time and DEP9 adult males froze more than females. Females exhibited less anxiety-like behavior than males; DEP9-SAL females spent more time in the open arms and DEP9 males visited less the extremity of the open arm in the elevated plus maze. Early life stress increased conditioned and innate fear in males, but not in females, indicating a clear sexual dimorphism in the response to potentially threatening stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natália C Zanta
- Department of Psychobiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Deborah Suchecki
- Department of Psychobiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Meyerson KA, Hoddinott G, Garcia-Prats AJ, Tomlinson M. Caregiver-child separation during tuberculosis hospitalisation: a qualitative study in South Africa. S Afr J Psychol 2021; 51:409-421. [PMID: 34456393 DOI: 10.1177/0081246320962729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There are an estimated 32,000 incident cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in children globally each year. Extended hospitalisation is often required to ensure optimal adherence to the complex multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment regimen. Hospitalisation usually results in caregiver-child separation which is known to cause psychological difficulties in children. We explored caregivers' and health workers' perceptions of the effects of caregiver-child separation during hospitalisation for tuberculosis in the Western Cape. We conducted semi-structured interviews with health workers (n = 7) and caregivers (n = 14) of children who were receiving multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and translated. We used thematic analysis to organise and interpret the data. We identified three themes: (1) multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment was a distressing experience for children, caregivers, and health workers; (2) children's behavioural states during and post-hospitalisation (e.g., crying, aggression, hyperactivity, and withdrawal) were suggestive of their distress; and (3) caregivers and health workers used strategies, such as deception, threat, and the prioritisation of biomedical health over psychological health as a means to manage their own as well as the children's distress. This article presents novel research on the dynamics involved in caregiver-child separation as a result of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment in South Africa. We highlight that the challenges of caregiver-child separation intersected with predisposing factors related to the social adversity that families affected by childhood tuberculosis experience. Delivery models that facilitate outpatient community-based care should be prioritised and a more structured form of psychological support should be implemented for those who still require hospitalisation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyla A Meyerson
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Graeme Hoddinott
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Anthony J Garcia-Prats
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Mark Tomlinson
- Institute for Life Course Health Research, Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.,School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queens University, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Réus GZ, Giridharan VV, de Moura AB, Borba LA, Botelho MEM, Behenck JP, Generoso JS, Selvaraj S, Bhatti G, Barichello T, Quevedo J. The impact of early life stress and immune challenge on behavior and glia cells alteration in late adolescent rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2021; 81:407-415. [PMID: 33788296 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal deprivation (MD) is known to be related to long-term changes that could influence the onset of psychiatric disorders. Studies have demonstrated that early life stress makes the cells in the brain more susceptible to subsequent stressors. To test it, we used an animal model of MD conducted from postnatal day (PND) 1 to 10. Deprived and non-deprived rats (control) were randomized to receive or not lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at 5 mg/kg on PND 50. The behavior and glial cells activation were evaluated in all groups from 51 to 53 PND. There was an increase in the immobility time in the MD and MD+LPS groups. The spontaneous locomotor activity was not changed between groups. We found elevated ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1)-positive cells levels in the control+LPS and MD+LPS groups. In the MD+LPS group, it was found an increase in Iba-positive cells compared to the MD+sal group. The glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells were also increased in the MD+LPS, compared to control+sal, control+LPS, and MD+sal groups. Immune challenge by LPS in late adolescence, which was subjected to MD, did not influence the depressive-like behavior but exerted a pronounced effect in the microglial activation and astrocyte atrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gislaine Z Réus
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Vijayasree V Giridharan
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Airam B de Moura
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Laura A Borba
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda M Botelho
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Behenck
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline S Generoso
- Laboratory of Experimental Microbiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Sudhakar Selvaraj
- Louis Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gursimrat Bhatti
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
- Laboratory of Experimental Microbiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
- Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fernandes SB, Patil ND, Meriaux S, Theresine M, Muller CP, Leenen FAD, Elwenspoek MMC, Zimmer J, Turner JD. Unbiased Screening Identifies Functional Differences in NK Cells After Early Life Psychosocial Stress. Front Immunol 2021; 12:674532. [PMID: 34394074 PMCID: PMC8363253 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.674532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early Life Adversity (ELA) is closely associated with the risk for developing diseases later in life, such as autoimmune diseases, type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. In humans, early parental separation, physical and sexual abuse or low social-economic status during childhood are known to have great impact on brain development, in the hormonal system and immune responses. Maternal deprivation (MD) is the closest animal model available to the human situation. This paradigm induces long lasting behavioral effects, causes changes in the HPA axis and affects the immune system. However, the mechanisms underlying changes in the immune response after ELA are still not fully understood. In this study we investigated how ELA changes the immune system, through an unbiased analysis, viSNE, and addressed specially the NK immune cell population and its functionality. We have demonstrated that maternal separation, in both humans and rats, significantly affects the sensitivity of the immune system in adulthood. Particularly, NK cells’ profile and response to target cell lines are significantly changed after ELA. These immune cells in rats are not only less cytotoxic towards YAC-1 cells, but also show a clear increase in the expression of maturation markers after 3h of maternal separation. Similarly, individuals who suffered from ELA display significant changes in the cytotoxic profile of NK cells together with decreased degranulation capacity. These results suggest that one of the key mechanisms by which the immune system becomes impaired after ELA might be due to a shift on the senescent state of the cells, specifically NK cells. Elucidation of such a mechanism highlights the importance of ELA prevention and how NK targeted immunotherapy might help attenuating ELA consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara B Fernandes
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,Doctoral School in Systems and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Neha D Patil
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,Doctoral School in Systems and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Sophie Meriaux
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Maud Theresine
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Claude P Muller
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Fleur A D Leenen
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Martha M C Elwenspoek
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jacques Zimmer
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,Doctoral School in Systems and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jonathan D Turner
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Aksic M, Poleksic J, Aleksic D, Petronijevic N, Radonjic NV, Jakovcevski M, Kapor S, Divac N, Filipovic BR, Jakovcevski I. Maternal Deprivation in Rats Decreases the Expression of Interneuron Markers in the Neocortex and Hippocampus. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:670766. [PMID: 34168541 PMCID: PMC8217609 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.670766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life stress has profound effects on the development of the central nervous system. We exposed 9-day-old rat pups to a 24 h maternal deprivation (MD) and sacrificed them as young adults (60-day-old), with the aim to study the effects of early stress on forebrain circuitry. We estimated numbers of various immunohistochemically defined interneuron subpopulations in several neocortical regions and in the hippocampus. MD rats showed reduced numbers of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons in the CA1 region of the hippocampus and in the prefrontal cortex, compared with controls. Numbers of reelin-expressing and calretinin-expressing interneurons were also reduced in the CA1 and CA3 hippocampal areas, but unaltered in the neocortex of MD rats. The number of calbinin-expressing interneurons in the neocortex was similar in the MD rats compared with controls. We analyzed cell death in 15-day-old rats after MD and found no difference compared to control rats. Thus, our results more likely reflect the downregulation of markers than the actual loss of interneurons. To investigate synaptic activity in the hippocampus we immunostained for glutamatergic and inhibitory vesicular transporters. The number of inhibitory synapses was decreased in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus in MD rats, with the normal number of excitatory synapses. Our results indicate complex, cell type-specific, and region-specific alterations in the inhibitory circuitry induced by maternal deprivation. Such alterations may underlie symptoms of MD at the behavioral level and possibly contribute to mechanisms by which early life stress causes neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milan Aksic
- Institute of Anatomy Niko Miljanić, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Joko Poleksic
- Institute of Anatomy Niko Miljanić, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dubravka Aleksic
- Institute of Anatomy Niko Miljanić, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Natasa Petronijevic
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevena V Radonjic
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Maja Jakovcevski
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Slobodan Kapor
- Institute of Anatomy Niko Miljanić, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevena Divac
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branislav R Filipovic
- Institute of Anatomy Niko Miljanić, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Igor Jakovcevski
- Abteilung für Neuroanatomie und Molekulare Hirnforschung, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Institut für Anatomie und Klinische Morphologie, Universität Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Čater M, Majdič G. How early maternal deprivation changes the brain and behavior? Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:2058-2075. [PMID: 33870558 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Early life stress can adversely influence brain development and reprogram brain function and consequently behavior in adult life. Adequate maternal care in early childhood is therefore particularly important for the normal brain development, and adverse early life experiences can lead to altered emotional, behavioral, and neuroendocrine stress responses in the adulthood. As a form of neonatal stress, maternal deprivation/separation is often used in behavioral studies to examine the effects of early life stress and for modeling the development of certain psychiatric disorders and brain pathologies in animal models. The temporary loss of maternal care during the critical postpartum periods remodels the offspring's brain and provokes long-term effects on learning and cognition, the development of mental disorders, aggression, and an increased tendency for the drug abuse. Early life stress through maternal deprivation affects neuroendocrine responses to stress in adolescence and adulthood by dysregulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and permanently disrupts stress resilience. In this review, we focused on how improper maternal care during early postnatal life affects brain development resulting in modified behavior later in life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maša Čater
- Veterinary Faculty, Laboratory for Animal Genomics, Institute for Preclinical Studies, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Majdič
- Veterinary Faculty, Laboratory for Animal Genomics, Institute for Preclinical Studies, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Stoneham ET, McHail DG, Samipour-Biel S, Liehr N, Lee CM, Evans JC, Boggs K, Dumas TC. Spatial Learning Is Impaired in Male Pubertal Rats Following Neonatal Daily but Not Randomly Spaced Maternal Deprivation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:621308. [PMID: 33816470 PMCID: PMC8012507 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.621308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe early life stress has long been associated with neuropsychological disorders in adulthood, including depression, schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder, and memory dysfunction. To some extent, all of these conditions involve dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and reduced negative feedback inhibition of cortisol release in adulthood. However, the time course for mental health and hormonal outcomes across life stages and the attributes of early life stress that direct the behavioral and biological alterations is not fully understood. We designed our studies to compare outcomes of the two most common maternal deprivation schedules on cognitive ability prior to adulthood. We exposed rat pups to daily or randomly spaced maternal separation bouts within the first 3 weeks of life and examined cognitive performance, neurotrophic signaling, and stress and immune system markers during puberty. We found that the daily separation schedule impaired spatial learning while the randomly spaced schedule did not alter maze performance relative to normally reared control animals. Animals that underwent daily separation showed a tendency for reduced body weight compared to the randomly spaced condition, but there were no differences in adrenal weight. Thymus weight normalized by body weight was increased following daily separation compared to random separation and control conditions. Plasma corticosterone levels measured after behavior testing did not differ amongst experimental groups and there was no impact of TrKB receptor inhibition. Combined, the results show that different early life stress schedules produce different behavioral and biological outcomes when measured at puberty. Combined with prior findings from more mature animals, the results presented here suggest that daily neonatal stress produces varied alterations in spatial cognition at different life stages with a transient learning deficit at puberty preceding a more persistent and a progressive memory impairment through adulthood and into aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily T Stoneham
- Krasnow Institute for Advanced Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | - Daniel G McHail
- Krasnow Institute for Advanced Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | | | - Nicole Liehr
- George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Theodore C Dumas
- Krasnow Institute for Advanced Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Guan J, Ding Y, Rong Y, Geng Y, Lai L, Qi D, Tang Y, Yang L, Li J, Zhou T, Wu E, Wu R. Early Life Stress Increases Brain Glutamate and Induces Neurobehavioral Manifestations in Rats. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:4169-4178. [PMID: 33179901 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS) is associated with an increased risk of developing depression and anxiety disorders. Disturbances of the neurobiological glutamatergic system are implicated in depression; however, the long-term effects of ELS on glutamate (Glu) metabolites remain unclear. Our study used 7T proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (7T 1H MRS) to detect metabolic Glu in a rat model to investigate maternal deprivation (MD)-induced ELS. MD was established in Sprague-Dawley rats by periodic separation from mothers and peers. Changes in the hippocampal volume and Glu metabolism were detected by 7T 1H MRS after testing for depression-like behavior via open field, sucrose preference, and Morris water maze tests. Adult MD offspring exhibited depression-like behavior. Compared to the control, the MD group exhibited reduced ratio of central activity time to total time and decreased sucrose consumption (p < 0.05). MD rats spent less time in the fourth quadrant, where the platform was originally placed, in the Morris water maze test. According to 7T 1H MRS, hippocampus of MD rats had elevated Glu and glutamate + glutamine (Glu+Gln) levels compared with the control group hippocampi, but Gln, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glutamate + glutamine (Glu+Gln) in the prefrontal cortex of MD rats showed a downward trend. Depression-like behavior and cognition deficits related to ELS may induce region-specific changes in Glu metabolism in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. The novel, noninvasive 7T 1H MRS-identified associations between Glu levels and ELS may guide future clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jitian Guan
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas 76502, United States
- Neuroscience Institute, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas 76502, United States
| | - Yan Ding
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yunjie Rong
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yiqun Geng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas 76502, United States
- Neuroscience Institute, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas 76502, United States
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China
| | - Lingfeng Lai
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Dan Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas 76502, United States
- Neuroscience Institute, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas 76502, United States
| | - Yanyan Tang
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Juntao Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Teng Zhou
- Department of Computer Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Erxi Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas 76502, United States
- Neuroscience Institute, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas 76502, United States
- Department of Surgery, Texas A & M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple 76508, Texas United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Texas A & M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- LIVESTRONG Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Renhua Wu
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Daugé V, Philippe C, Mariadassou M, Rué O, Martin JC, Rossignol MN, Dourmap N, Svilar L, Tourniaire F, Monnoye M, Jardet D, Bangratz M, Holowacz S, Rabot S, Naudon L. A Probiotic Mixture Induces Anxiolytic- and Antidepressive-Like Effects in Fischer and Maternally Deprived Long Evans Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:581296. [PMID: 33312120 PMCID: PMC7708897 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.581296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A role of the gut microbiota in psychiatric disorders is supported by a growing body of literature. The effects of a probiotic mixture of four bacterial strains were studied in two models of anxiety and depression, naturally stress-sensitive Fischer rats and Long Evans rats subjected to maternal deprivation. Rats chronically received either the probiotic mixture (1.109 CFU/day) or the vehicle. Anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors were evaluated in several tests. Brain monoamine levels and gut RNA expression of tight junction proteins (Tjp) and inflammatory markers were quantified. The gut microbiota was analyzed in feces by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Untargeted metabolite analysis reflecting primary metabolism was performed in the cecal content and in serum. Fischer rats treated with the probiotic mixture manifested a decrease in anxiety-like behaviors, in the immobility time in the forced swimming test, as well as in levels of dopamine and its major metabolites, and those of serotonin metabolites in the hippocampus and striatum. In maternally deprived Long Evans rats treated with the probiotic mixture, the number of entries into the central area in the open-field test was increased, reflecting an anxiolytic effect. The probiotic mixture increased Tjp1 and decreased Ifnγ mRNA levels in the ileum of maternally deprived rats. In both models, probiotic supplementation changed the proportions of several Operational Taxonomic Units (OTU) in the gut microbiota, and the levels of certain cecal and serum metabolites were correlated with behavioral changes. Chronic administration of the tested probiotic mixture can therefore beneficially affect anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in rats, possibly owing to changes in the levels of certain metabolites, such as 21-deoxycortisol, and changes in brain monoamines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Daugé
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Catherine Philippe
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Mahendra Mariadassou
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, BioinfOmics, MIGALE Bioinformatics Facility, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Olivier Rué
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, BioinfOmics, MIGALE Bioinformatics Facility, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | | | - Nathalie Dourmap
- UNIROUEN, UFR Médecine-Pharmacie, Inserm U 1245 Team 4, Rouen, France
| | | | | | - Magali Monnoye
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Deborah Jardet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MaIAGE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | | | - Sylvie Rabot
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Laurent Naudon
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Farinetti A, Aspesi D, Marraudino M, Marzola E, Abbate-Daga G, Gotti S. Maternal Separation in ABA Rats Promotes Cell Proliferation in the Dentate Gyrus of the Hippocampus. Neuroscience 2020; 446:238-248. [PMID: 32795557 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious eating disorder characterized by self-starvation and excessive weight loss. Several studies support the idea that life stressors during the postnatal period could play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of AN, underlying the multifactorial etiology of this disease. The activity-based anorexia (ABA) animal model mimics core features of the mental disorder, including severe food restriction, weight loss, and hyperactivity. Previous results obtained in our lab showed that maternal separation (MS) induces behavioral changes in anorexic-like ABA rats in a sexually dimorphic way: in females, the MS promoted hyperactivity and a less anxious-like phenotype in ABA animals; in males, instead, the MS attenuated the anxiolytic effect of the ABA protocol. These results led us to investigate the effect of the MS on brain areas involved in the control of the anxiety-like behavior. We focused our attention on the adult hippocampal neurogenesis, a process involved in the response to environmental stimuli and stressful condition. We analyzed the volume of the whole hippocampus and the proliferation rate in the dentate gyrus (DG) by quantifying Ki67-cells density and characterizing neuronal phenotype (DCX) and glial cells (GFAP) with double-fluorescence technique. The results obtained showed that only in maternally separated anorexic rats there is an increase of proliferation in DG, underlying the presence of a synergic effect of MS and ABA that boost the proliferation of new neurons and glia progenitors in a more evident way in females in comparison to males.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Farinetti
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; NICO-Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Dario Aspesi
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Marilena Marraudino
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; NICO-Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Enrica Marzola
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; Eating Disorders Unit of AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Abbate-Daga
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; Eating Disorders Unit of AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Gotti
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; NICO-Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Brückmann R, Tuchscherer M, Tuchscherer A, Gimsa U, Kanitz E. Early-Life Maternal Deprivation Predicts Stronger Sickness Behaviour and Reduced Immune Responses to Acute Endotoxaemia in a Pig Model. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155212. [PMID: 32717860 PMCID: PMC7432595 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-life adversity may have programming effects on neuroendocrine and immune adaptation mechanisms in humans and socially living animals. Using a pig model, we investigated the effect of daily 2-h maternal and littermate deprivation from postnatal days 2–15, either alone (DA) or in a group of littermates (DG) on the neuroendocrine, immunological and behavioural responses of piglets challenged with the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on day 42. LPS increased plasma concentrations of cortisol, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) and induced typical signs of sickness in all piglets. DA+DG piglets showed stronger signs of sickness compared to control (C) piglets. Plasma TNF-α concentrations were significantly lower in DA+DG males. In addition, the TNF-α/IL-10 ratio was significantly lower in DA than in DG and C males. Gene expression analyses showed lower hypothalamic TNF-α mRNA expression and diminished mRNA expression of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and IL-10 in the amygdala of DA+DG piglets in response to LPS. Interestingly, males showed a higher MR- and a lower IL-10 mRNA expression in the amygdala than females. The present data suggest that repeated maternal deprivation during early life may alter neuroendocrine and immune responses to acute endotoxaemia in a sex-specific manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Brückmann
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (R.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Margret Tuchscherer
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (R.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Armin Tuchscherer
- Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany;
| | - Ulrike Gimsa
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (R.B.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: (U.G.); (E.K.); Tel.: +49-38208-68-803 (U.G.); +49-38208-68-807 (E.K.)
| | - Ellen Kanitz
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (R.B.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: (U.G.); (E.K.); Tel.: +49-38208-68-803 (U.G.); +49-38208-68-807 (E.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kooshki R, Abbasnejad M, Shamsizadeh A, Raoof M, Askari-Zahabi K, Esmaeili-Mahani S. Physical exercise enhances vulnerability to migraine headache associated with CGRP up-expression in trigeminal nucleus caudalis of stressed rats. Neurol Res 2020; 42:952-958. [PMID: 32686605 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2020.1794243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is conflicting evidence on the effect of physical exercise on migraine development. Present study investigated the impact of treadmill exercise on migraine - associated symptoms and changes in calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) expression in rats with and without maternal deprivation stress (MD). METHODS Two days after birth, the male Wistar pups were randomly divided into four groups (n = 6) as follows: intact, exercise, MD, and MD plus exercise. The animals in the MD groups were separated from their dams 4 h per day for 2 weeks. At 8 weeks of age, the rats were exercised on a motor-driven treadmill for 4 weeks. Then, nitroglycerin (NTG) (5 mg/kg/IP) was used to induce migraine and pain-related symptoms were recorded for 90 min. NTG-related thermal hyperalgesia was measured by tail flick and hot plate methods. Finally, immunofluorescence staining of CGRP in trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) was performed. RESULTS NTG - produced a significant headache symptoms and thermal hypersensitivity, which were aggravated following physical exercise in stressed or unstressed groups. Besides, NTG administration increased CGRP expression in the Vc of rats. Such effect was overpowered by treadmill running only in rats exposed to MD stress. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the worsening effects of treadmill exercise for migraine in rats with and without MD stress. However, inflammatory response can further exacerbate in stressed rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Kooshki
- Physiology-pharmacology Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences , Rafsanjan, Iran.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Lorestan University , Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Abbasnejad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman , Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Shamsizadeh
- Physiology-pharmacology Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences , Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Maryam Raoof
- Endodontology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman, Iran.,Department of Orofacial Pain and Dysfunction, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Khadijeh Askari-Zahabi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman , Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeed Esmaeili-Mahani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman , Kerman, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
van der Horst FCP, Zetterqvist Nelson K, van Rosmalen L, van der Veer R. A tale of four countries: How Bowlby used his trip through Europe to write the WHO report and spread his ideas. J Hist Behav Sci 2020; 56:169-185. [PMID: 31746007 PMCID: PMC7496263 DOI: 10.1002/jhbs.22016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Attachment theory, developed by child psychiatrist John Bowlby, is considered a major theory in developmental psychology. Attachment theory can be seen as resulting from Bowlby's personal experiences, his psychoanalytic education, his subsequent study of ethology, and societal developments during the 1930s and 1940s. One of those developments was the outbreak of World War II and its effects on children's psychological wellbeing. In 1950, Bowlby was appointed WHO consultant to study the needs of children who were orphaned or separated from their families for other reasons and needed care in foster homes or institutions. The resulting report is generally considered a landmark publication in psychology, although it subsequently met with methodological criticism. In this paper, by reconstructing Bowlby's visit to several European countries, on the basis of notebooks and letters, the authors shed light on the background of this report and the way Bowlby used or neglected the findings he gathered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank C. P. van der Horst
- Department of Psychology, Education & Child StudiesErasmus School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Erasmus University RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Lenny van Rosmalen
- Centre for Child and Family StudiesInstitute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - René van der Veer
- Centre for Child and Family StudiesInstitute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of MagallanesPunta ArenasChile
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lundberg S, Nylander I, Roman E. Behavioral Profiling in Early Adolescence and Early Adulthood of Male Wistar Rats After Short and Prolonged Maternal Separation. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:37. [PMID: 32265671 PMCID: PMC7096550 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-life stress and its possible correlations to genes, environment, and later health outcomes can only be studied retrospectively in humans. Animal models enable the exploration of such connections with prospective, well-controlled study designs. However, with the recent awareness of replicability issues in preclinical research, the reproducibility of results from animal models has been highlighted. The present study aims to reproduce the behavioral effects of maternal separation (MS) previously observed in the multivariate concentric square fieldTM (MCSF) test. A second objective was to replicate the adolescent behavioral profiles previously described in the MCSF test. Male rats, subjected to short or prolonged MS or standard rearing, were subjected to behavioral testing in early adolescence and early adulthood. As seen in previous studies, the behavioral effects of MS in the MCSF were small at both tested time points. When tested in early adolescence, the animals exhibited a similar behavioral profile as previously seen, and the finding of adolescent behavioral types was also reproduced. The distribution of animals into the behavioral types was different than in the initial study, but in a manner consistent with developmental theories, as the current cohort was younger than the previous. Notably, the Shelter seeker behavioral type persisted through development, while the Explorer type did not. The lack of basal behavioral effect after MS is in line with the literature on this MS paradigm; the working hypothesis is that the prolonged MS gives rise to a phenotype predisposed to negative health outcomes but which is not apparent without additional provocation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stina Lundberg
- Research Group Neuropharmacology, Addiction and Behavior, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Nylander
- Research Group Neuropharmacology, Addiction and Behavior, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erika Roman
- Research Group Neuropharmacology, Addiction and Behavior, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Division of Anatomy and Physiology, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Dayi A, Kiray M, Sisman A, Ozbal S, Baykara B, Aksu I, Uysal N. Dose dependent effects of oxytocin on cognitive defects and anxiety disorders in adult rats following acute infantile maternal deprivation stress. Biotech Histochem 2019; 94:469-480. [PMID: 31104534 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2018.1528384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal deprivation at an early age is a powerful stressor that causes permanent alterations in cognitive and behavioral functions during the later stages of life. We investigated the effects of oxytocin on cognitive defects and anxiety disorders caused by acute infantile maternal deprivation in adult rats. We used 18-day-old Wistar albino rats of both sexes. The experimental groups included control (C), maternally deprived (MD), maternally deprived and treated with 0.02 μg/kg oxytocin (MD-0.02 µg/kg oxy), maternally deprived and treated with 2 μg/kg oxytocin (MD-2 µg/kg oxy). When the rats were 60 days old, the open field (OF) and elevated plus maze (EPM) behavioral tests, and the Morris water maze (MWM) test for spatial learning and memory were performed. In addition, the number of neurons in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala were determined using quantitative histology. We also measured vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in the PFC. In both sexes, the MD group failed the learning test and the MD-2 μg/kg oxy group failed in the memory test. The MD-0.02 μg/kg oxy group spent more time in the open arm of the EPM device and their locomotor activities were greater in the OF test. The VEGF and BDNF levels in the PFC were higher in the MD-0.02 μg/kg oxy groups than the other maternally deprived groups (oxytocin ±). The number of PFC neurons was low in all male maternally deprived (oxytocin ±) groups, while the number of amygdala neurons was low in both female and male maternally deprived (oxytocin ±) groups. Male rats were more affected by maternal deprivation; administration of oxytocin had dose-dependent biphasic effects on learning, memory and anxiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Dayi
- Departments of Physiology, Dokuz Eylul University Medical School , Izmir , Turkey
| | - M Kiray
- Departments of Physiology, Dokuz Eylul University Medical School , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Ali Sisman
- Departments of Biochemistry, Dokuz Eylul University Medical School , Balcova , Turkey
| | - S Ozbal
- Departments of Histology and Embryology, Dokuz Eylul University Medical School , Izmir , Turkey
| | - B Baykara
- Departments of Histology and Embryology, Dokuz Eylul University Medical School , Izmir , Turkey
| | - I Aksu
- Departments of Physiology, Dokuz Eylul University Medical School , Izmir , Turkey
| | - N Uysal
- Departments of Physiology, Dokuz Eylul University Medical School , Izmir , Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Angelucci F, Ellenbroek BA, El Khoury A, Mathé AA. CGRP in a gene-environment interaction model for depression: effects of antidepressant treatment. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2019; 31:93-9. [PMID: 30509331 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2018.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genetic and environmental factors interact in the development of major depressive disorder (MDD). While neurobiological correlates have only partially been elucidated, altered levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-like immunoreactivity (LI) in animal models and in the cerebrospinal fluid of depressed patients were reported, suggesting that CGRP may be involved in the pathophysiology and/or be a trait marker of MDD. However, changes in CGRP brain levels resulting from interactions between genetic and environmental risk factors and the response to antidepressant treatment have not been explored. METHODS We therefore superimposed maternal separation (MS) onto a genetic rat model (Flinders-sensitive and -resistant lines, FSL/FRL) of depression, treated these rats with antidepressants (escitalopram and nortriptyline) and measured CGRP-LI in selected brain regions. RESULTS CGRP was elevated in the frontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala (but not in the hypothalamus) of FSL rats. However, MS did not significantly alter levels of this peptide. Likewise, there were no significant interactions between the genetic and environmental factors. Most importantly, neither escitalopram nor nortriptyline significantly altered brain CGRP levels. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that increased brain levels of CGRP are present in a well-established rat model of depression. Given that antidepressants have virtually no effect on the brain level of this peptide, our study indicates that further research is needed to evaluate the functional role of CGRP in the FSL model for depression.
Collapse
|
28
|
Shepard RD, Langlois LD, Browne CA, Berenji A, Lucki I, Nugent FS. Ketamine Reverses Lateral Habenula Neuronal Dysfunction and Behavioral Immobility in the Forced Swim Test Following Maternal Deprivation in Late Adolescent Rats. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2018; 10:39. [PMID: 30425634 PMCID: PMC6218426 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2018.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that the long-term effects of adverse early life stressors on vulnerability to drug addiction and mood disorders are related to dysfunction of brain monoaminergic signaling in reward circuits. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the lateral habenula (LHb) as LHb dysfunction is linked to the development of mental health disorders through monoaminergic dysregulation within brain reward/motivational circuits and may represent a critical target for novel anti-depressants, such as ketamine. Here, we show that maternal deprivation (MD), a severe early life stressor, increases LHb intrinsic excitability and LHb bursting activity, and is associated with the development of increased immobility in the forced swim test (FST) in late-adolescent male rats. A single in vivo injection of ketamine is sufficient to exert prolonged antidepressant effects through reversal of this early life stress-induced LHb neuronal dysfunction and the response in the FST. Our assessment of ketamine’s long-lasting beneficial effects on reversal of MD-associated changes in LHb neuronal function and behavior highlights the critical role of the LHb in pathophysiology of depression associated with severe early life stress and in response to novel fast-acting antidepressants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Shepard
- Department of Pharmacology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ludovic D Langlois
- Department of Pharmacology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Caroline A Browne
- Department of Pharmacology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Aylar Berenji
- Department of Pharmacology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Irwin Lucki
- Department of Pharmacology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Fereshteh S Nugent
- Department of Pharmacology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Takatsuru Y. Early-life stress and life. Aging (Albany NY) 2018; 10:2535-2536. [PMID: 30260795 PMCID: PMC6224229 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Takatsuru
- Department of Medicine, Johmoh Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma 379-2152, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kentrop J, Smid CR, Achterberg EJM, van IJzendoorn MH, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Joëls M, van der Veen R. Effects of Maternal Deprivation and Complex Housing on Rat Social Behavior in Adolescence and Adulthood. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:193. [PMID: 30254573 PMCID: PMC6141926 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life context and stressful experiences are known to increase the risk of developing psychiatric disorders later in life, including disorders with deficits in the social domain. Our study aimed to investigate the influence of early life environment on social behavior in a well-controlled animal model. To this end we tested the effects of maternal deprivation (MD) on rat social play behavior in adolescence and social interaction in adulthood. Additionally, we provided a stimulating environment during adolescence (complex housing) as a potential intervention to diminish the effects of early life stress. Male and female Wistar rats were deprived from their mother for 24 h on postnatal day 3 (PND 3) or were left undisturbed. Complex housing started 5 days after weaning and consisted of housing 10 same-sex conspecifics in large, two-floor MarlauTM cages until the end of the study. Social play behavior in adolescence was tested under different conditions (3 h vs. 24 h social isolation prior to testing). Maternally deprived males – but not females – showed a longer latency to play and a decreased total amount of social play behavior, after a 24 h isolation period. In adulthood, social discrimination was impaired in deprived male and female rats in the three-chamber social approach task. Complex housing did not moderate the effects of MD, but in itself induced a strong behavioral phenotype. Both complex housed males and females hardly displayed any play behavior after a 3 h isolation period. However, after 24 h of isolation, these animals showed shorter latencies to engage in social play behavior. Only complex housed males truly showed more social play behavior here, while showing less social interest in adulthood. We conclude that MD has mild negative effects on social behavior in adolescence and adulthood, which are not counteracted by complex housing. Complex housing induces a specific phenotype associated with rapid habituation; a lack of social play after short isolation periods, while increasing play behavior after a prolonged period of isolation in adolescence, and less social interest, paired with intact social discrimination in adulthood. In both early life settings, males seem to be more influenced by the early life environment compared to females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiska Kentrop
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Claire R Smid
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - E J M Achterberg
- Department of Animals in Science and Society, Division of Behavioral Neuroscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marinus H van IJzendoorn
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Primary Care Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marian Joëls
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Rixt van der Veen
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Miragaia AS, de Oliveira Wertheimer GS, Consoli AC, Cabbia R, Longo BM, Girardi CEN, Suchecki D. Maternal Deprivation Increases Anxiety- and Depressive-Like Behaviors in an Age-Dependent Fashion and Reduces Neuropeptide Y Expression in the Amygdala and Hippocampus of Male and Female Young Adult Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:159. [PMID: 30131681 PMCID: PMC6090069 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal deprivation for 24 h produces an immediate increase in basal and stress-induced corticosterone (CORT) secretion. Given the impact of elevated CORT levels on brain development, the goal of the present study was to characterize the effects of maternal deprivation at postnatal days 3 (DEP3) or 11 (DEP11) on emotional behavior and neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity (NPY-ir) in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and dorsal hippocampus (dHPC) of male and female rats. Litters were distributed in control non-deprived (CTL), DEP3, or DEP11 groups. In Experiment 1, within each litter, one male and one female were submitted to one of the following tests: novelty suppressed feeding (NSF), sucrose negative contrast test (SNCT), and forced swimming test (FST), between postnatal days 52 and 60. In Experiment 2, two males and two females per litter were exposed to the elevated plus maze and 1 h later, perfused for investigation of NPY-ir, on PND 52. The results showed that DEP3 rats displayed greater anxiety-like behavior in the NSF and EPM, compared to CTL and DEP11 counterparts. In the SNCT, DEP3 and DEP11 males showed less suppression of the lower sucrose concentration intake, whereas all females suppressed less than males. Both manipulated groups displayed more immobility in the FST, although this effect was greater in DEP3 than in DEP11 rats. NPY-ir was reduced in DEP3 and DEP11 males and females in the BLA, whereas in the dHPC, DEP3 males showed less NPY-ir than DEP11, which, in turn, presented less NPY-ir than CTL rats. Females showed less NPY-ir than males in both structures. Because the deprivation effects were more intense in DEP3 than in DEP11, in Experiment 3, the frequency of nursing posture, licking-grooming, and interaction with pups was assessed upon litter reunion with mothers. Mothers of DEP11 litters engaged more in anogenital licking than mothers of DEP3 litters. The present results indicate that maternal deprivation changed affective behavior with greater impact in the earlier age and reduced the expression of NPY in emotion-related brain areas. The age-dependent differential effects of deprivation on maternal behavior could, at least in part, explain the outcomes in young adult rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra S Miragaia
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | | - Amanda C Consoli
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Cabbia
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz M Longo
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos E N Girardi
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Deborah Suchecki
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Suchecki D. Maternal regulation of the infant's hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis stress response: Seymour 'Gig' Levine's legacy to neuroendocrinology. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30:e12610. [PMID: 29774962 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Thirty years ago, Seymour 'Gig' Levine published a serendipitous, yet, seminal finding with respect to the regulatory role of maternal presence on the corticosterone stress response of neonatal rats during the developmental period known as the stress hyporesponsive period. At the same time, his group of students also investigated the stress response of infant monkeys with respect to maternal separation, as a means of understanding the stress to the primary caregiver resulting from disruptions of attachment. Gig and his group of students and collaborators, mainly in the USA and the Netherlands, investigated how initial social relationships buffer the stress response of nonhuman primates and rodent infants. His work in rodents involved determining how prolonged deprivation of maternal care disinhibits the stress response of neonates and how maternal behaviours regulate specific aspects of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Maternal deprivation for 24 hours was useful for determining the importance of nutrition in suppressing the corticosterone stress response, whereas anogenital licking and grooming inhibited stress-induced adrenocortoctrophic hormone release, with the combination of both behaviours preventing the effects of maternal deprivation on the central hypothalamic stress response. Levine's group also studied the consequences of maternal deprivation on basal and stress-induced activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in juveniles and the persistent effects of the replacement of maternal behaviours on these parameters. Gig's legacy allowed many groups around the world to use the 24-hour maternal deprivation paradigm as an animal model of vulnerability and resilience to stress-related psychiatric disorders, as well as in studies of the neurobiological underpinnings of disruption of the mother-infant relationship and loss of parental care, a highly prevalent condition in humans. This review pays homage to a great scientist and mentor, whose discoveries paved the way for the understanding of how early social relationsships build resilience or lead to susceptibility to emotional disorders later in life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Suchecki
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhang Y, Wang L, Wang X, Wang Y, Li C, Zhu X. Alterations of DNA Methylation at GDNF Gene Promoter in the Ventral Tegmental Area of Adult Depression-Like Rats Induced by Maternal Deprivation. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:732. [PMID: 30728784 PMCID: PMC6353043 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To study the expression and DNA methylation of the Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) gene in the development of depression-like behaviors in rats experiencing maternal deprivation stress in early life. Methods: Newborn SD rats were randomly assigned to a normal control group (NOR) or maternal deprivation group (MD). An open field test (OPT), sucrose preference test (SPT), and a forced swimming test (FST) were used to evaluate rats' behaviors. Protein, mRNA, and methylation levels were measured by ELISA/Western blot, real-time PCR, and BiSulfte Amplicon sequencing PCR, respectively. Results: MD rats had significantly shorter total distance and more fecal pellets in OPT, a lower sucrose preference rate in SPT, and a longer immobility time in FST than NOR rats. Compared with NOR rats, MD rats showed a significantly higher plasma corticosterone (CORT) level. The levels of plasma dopamine (DA) and the GDNF were significantly lower in the MD rats than in NOR rats. In the ventral tegmental area (VTA) tissues, MD rats had a significantly higher level of methylation at the GDNF gene promoter than NOR rats. The expression of the GDNF mRNA and protein were significantly lower in MD rats than in NOR rats. The total distance was significantly correlated with plasma DA and GDNF, the DNA methylation level at the GDNF promoter and the GDNF mRNA level in the VTA. Fecal pellets showed a significant correlation with plasma CORT. The sucrose preference rate was significantly correlated with plasma DA, the DNA methylation level at the GDNF promoter and the GDNF mRNA level in the VTA. Immobility time showed a significant correlation with the plasma DA, the plasma GDNF and the GDNF mRNA level in the VTA. Conclusion: up-regulation of DNA methylation at the GDNF gene promotor and the subsequent down-regulation of the GDNF gene expression in the VTA, may be involved in the development of depression-like behaviors in rats experiencing MD in early life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Clinical Psychology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Chuting Li
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiongzhao Zhu
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zempoalteca R, Porras MG, Moreno-Pérez S, Ramirez-Funez G, Aguirre-Benítez EL, González Del Pliego M, Mariscal-Tovar S, Mendoza-Garrido ME, Hoffman KL, Jiménez-Estrada I, Melo AI. Early postnatal development of electrophysiological and histological properties of sensory sural nerves in male rats that were maternally deprived and artificially reared: Role of tactile stimulation. Dev Neurobiol 2017; 78:351-362. [PMID: 29197166 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Early adverse experiences disrupt brain development and behavior, but little is known about how such experiences impact on the development of the peripheral nervous system. Recently, we found alterations in the electrophysiological and histological characteristics of the sensory sural (SU) nerve in maternally deprived, artificially reared (AR) adult male rats, as compared with maternally reared (MR) control rats. In the present study, our aim was to characterize the ontogeny of these alterations. Thus, male pups of four postnatal days (PND) were (1) AR group, (2) AR and received daily tactile stimulation to the body and anogenital region (AR-Tactile group); or (3) reared by their mother (MR group). At PND 7, 14, or 21, electrophysiological properties and histological characteristics of the SU nerves were assessed. At PND 7, the electrophysiological properties and most histological parameters of the SU nerve did not differ among MR, AR, and AR-Tactile groups. By contrast, at PND 14 and/or 21, the SU nerve of AR rats showed a lower CAP amplitude and area, and a significant reduction in myelin area and myelin thickness, which were accompanied by a reduction in axon area (day 21 only) compared to the nerves of MR rats. Tactile stimulation (AR-Tactile group) partially prevented most of these alterations. These results suggest that sensory cues from the mother and/or littermates during the first 7-14 PND are relevant for the proper development and function of the adult SU nerve. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 78: 351-362, 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rene Zempoalteca
- Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, México
| | | | - Suelem Moreno-Pérez
- Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, México.,Maestría en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, México
| | - Gabriela Ramirez-Funez
- Maestría en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, México.,Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, CINVESTAV-Laboratorio Tlaxcala, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, México
| | | | | | | | | | - Kurt Leroy Hoffman
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, CINVESTAV-Laboratorio Tlaxcala, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, México
| | | | - Angel I Melo
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, CINVESTAV-Laboratorio Tlaxcala, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, México
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Farkas J, Kovács LÁ, Gáspár L, Nafz A, Gaszner T, Ujvári B, Kormos V, Csernus V, Hashimoto H, Reglődi D, Gaszner B. Construct and face validity of a new model for the three-hit theory of depression using PACAP mutant mice on CD1 background. Neuroscience 2017; 354:11-29. [PMID: 28450265 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Major depression is a common cause of chronic disability. Despite decades of efforts, no equivocally accepted animal model is available for studying depression. We tested the validity of a new model based on the three-hit concept of vulnerability and resilience. Genetic predisposition (hit 1, mutation of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, PACAP gene), early-life adversity (hit 2, 180-min maternal deprivation, MD180) and chronic variable mild stress (hit 3, CVMS) were combined. Physical, endocrinological, behavioral and functional morphological tools were used to validate the model. Body- and adrenal weight changes as well as corticosterone titers proved that CVMS was effective. Forced swim test indicated increased depression in CVMS PACAP heterozygous (Hz) mice with MD180 history, accompanied by elevated anxiety level in marble burying test. Corticotropin-releasing factor neurons in the oval division of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis showed increased FosB expression, which was refractive to CVMS exposure in wild-type and Hz mice. Urocortin1 neurons became over-active in CMVS-exposed PACAP knock out (KO) mice with MD180 history, suggesting the contribution of centrally projecting Edinger-Westphal nucleus to the reduced depression and anxiety level of stressed KO mice. Serotoninergic neurons of the dorsal raphe nucleus lost their adaptation ability to CVMS in MD180 mice. In conclusion, the construct and face validity criteria suggest that MD180 PACAP HZ mice on CD1 background upon CVMS may be used as a reliable model for the three-hit theory.
Collapse
|
36
|
Butkevich IP, Mikhailenko VA, Vershinina EA, Aloisi AM, Barr GA. Long-Term Effects of Chronic Buspirone during Adolescence Reduce the Adverse Influences of Neonatal Inflammatory Pain and Stress on Adaptive Behavior in Adult Male Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:11. [PMID: 28184190 PMCID: PMC5266710 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal pain and stress induce long-term changes in pain sensitivity and behavior. Previously we found alterations in pain sensitivity in adolescent rats exposed to early-life adverse events. We tested whether these alterations have long-lasting effects and if those effects can be improved by the 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A (5-HT1A) receptor agonist buspirone injected chronically during the adolescent period. This study investigates: (1) effects of inflammatory pain (the injection of formalin into the pad of a hind paw) or stress (short maternal deprivation-isolation, MI), or their combination in 1-2-day-old rats on the adult basal pain, formalin-induced pain, anxiety and depression; (2) effects of adolescent buspirone in adult rats that experienced similar early-life insults. Changes in nociceptive thresholds were evaluated using the hot plate (HP) and formalin tests; levels of anxiety and depression were assessed with the elevated plus maze and forced swim tests respectively. Both neonatal painful and stressful treatments induced long-term alterations in the forced swim test. Other changes in adult behavioral responses were dependent on the type of neonatal treatment. There was a notable lack of long-term effects of the combination of early inflammatory pain and stress of MI on the pain responses, anxiety levels or on the effects of adolescent buspirone. This study provides the first evidence that chronic injection of buspirone in adolescent rats alters antinociceptive and anxiolytic effects limited to adult rats that showed behavioral alterations induced by early-life adverse treatments. These data highlight the role of 5-HT1A receptors in long-term effects of neonatal inflammatory pain and stress of short MI on adaptive behavior and possibility of correction of the pain and psychoemotional behavior that were altered by adverse pain/stress intervention using buspirone during critical adolescent period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina P. Butkevich
- Laboratory of Ontogenesis of the Nervous System, I.P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of SciencesSt. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Viktor A. Mikhailenko
- Laboratory of Ontogenesis of the Nervous System, I.P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of SciencesSt. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena A. Vershinina
- Department of Information Technologies and Mathematical Modeling, I.P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of SciencesSt. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna M. Aloisi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of SienaSiena, Italy
| | - Gordon A. Barr
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kentrop J, van der Tas L, Loi M, van IJzendoorn MH, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Joëls M, van der Veen R. Mifepristone Treatment during Early Adolescence Fails to Restore Maternal Deprivation-Induced Deficits in Behavioral Inhibition of Adult Male Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:122. [PMID: 27378873 PMCID: PMC4908124 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life adversity has a profound impact on brain development and later life health. Animal models have provided insight how early life stress programs stress responsiveness and might contribute to the development of psychiatric disorders. In the present study, the long-term effects of maternal deprivation (MD) on behavioral inhibition and attention were examined in adult male Wistar rats. To this end animals were tested in the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-choice SRTT). We also explored the potential of a 3-day treatment with the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist mifepristone during early adolescence to normalize putative behavioral effects of early life stress. Deprivation of the mother for 24 h on postnatal day (PND) 3 led to a modest but significant increase in premature responses in the 5-choice SRTT, but did not affect measures of attention. Body weight was lower in deprived animals from weaning until the start of testing. Early adolescent mifepristone treatment (PND 26-28) did not influence performance on the 5-choice SRTT and did not mitigate the deprivation-related impairment in behavioral inhibition. Our results indicate that MD leads to impaired behavioral inhibition, and that mifepristone treatment during early adolescence does not normalize the behavioral changes caused by early life stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiska Kentrop
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Liza van der Tas
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Manila Loi
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marian Joëls
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rixt van der Veen
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, Netherlands; Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden UniversityLeiden, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
van der Veen R, Kentrop J, van der Tas L, Loi M, van IJzendoorn MH, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Joëls M. Complex Living Conditions Impair Behavioral Inhibition but Improve Attention in Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:357. [PMID: 26733839 PMCID: PMC4689791 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid adaptation to changes, while maintaining a certain level of behavioral inhibition is an important feature in every day functioning. How environmental context and challenges in life can impact on the development of this quality is still unknown. In the present study, we examined the effect of a complex rearing environment during adolescence on attention and behavioral inhibition in adult male rats. We also tested whether these effects were affected by an adverse early life challenge, maternal deprivation (MD). We found that animals that were raised in large, two floor MarlauTM cages, together with 10 conspecifics, showed improved attention, but impaired behavioral inhibition in the 5-choice serial reaction time task. The early life challenge of 24 h MD on postnatal day 3 led to a decline in bodyweight during adolescence, but did not by itself influence responses in the 5-choice task in adulthood, nor did it moderate the effects of complex housing. Our data suggest that a complex rearing environment leads to a faster adaptation to changes in the environment, but at the cost of lower behavioral inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rixt van der Veen
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, Netherlands; Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden UniversityLeiden, Netherlands
| | - Jiska Kentrop
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Liza van der Tas
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Manila Loi
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marian Joëls
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Early life stress is well-known as a critical risk factor for mental and cognitive disorders in adulthood. Such disorders are accompanied by altered neuro- (synapto-) genesis and gene expression. Because psychosomatic disorders induced by early life stress (e.g., physical and/or sexual abuse, and neglect) have become a socio-economic problem, it is very important to clarify the mechanisms underlying these changes. However, despite of intensive clinical and animal studies, such mechanisms have not yet been clarified. Although the disturbance of glucocorticoid and glutamate homeostasis by stress has been well-documented, it has not yet been clarified whether such disturbance by early life stress persists for life. Furthermore, since previous studies have focused on the detection of changes in specific brain regions, such as the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, it has not been clarified whether early life stress induced changes in the sensory/motor system. Thus, in this review, we introduce recent studies on functional/structural changes in the somatosensory cortex induced by early life stress. We believe that this review provides new insights into the functional alteration of the somatosensory system induced by early life stress. Such information may have clinical relevance in terms of providing effective therapeutic interventions to early life stressed individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Takatsuru
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi Japan
| | - Noriyuki Koibuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi Japan
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Takatsuru Y, Nabekura J, Ishikawa T, Kohsaka SI, Koibuchi N. Early-life stress increases the motility of microglia in adulthood. J Physiol Sci 2015; 65:187-94. [PMID: 25702174 PMCID: PMC10717761 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-015-0361-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Early-life stress may cause several neuropsychological disorders in adulthood. Such disorders may be induced as a result of instability of neuronal circuits and/or synaptic formation. However, the mechanisms underlying such instability have not yet been clearly understood. We previously reported that the mushroom spine in the somatosensory cortex (SSC) is unstable in early-life stressed mice not only in the juvenile stage but also in adulthood. In this study, we measured the number and motility of microglial processes in early-life stressed mice to understand the mechanism further. We found that the number and motility of filopodia-like protrusions of microglial processes tended to increase in the SSC of early-life stressed mice. Interestingly, the motility of protrusions correlated significantly with the nociceptive threshold level measured by the von Frey test. These results indicated that the activity of microglia affected the neuronal function in early-life stressed mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Takatsuru
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Tesone-Coelho C, Morel LJ, Bhatt J, Estevez L, Naudon L, Giros B, Zwiller J, Daugé V. Vulnerability to opiate intake in maternally deprived rats: implication of MeCP2 and of histone acetylation. Addict Biol 2015; 20:120-31. [PMID: 23980619 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that maternal deprivation predisposes male rats to anxiety, accompanied with an increase in their opiate consumption. In the present report, we searched for brain epigenetic mechanisms that possibly underlie this increase. For that, we examined the expression of the methyl-CpG-binding protein MeCP2 and of the histone deacetylases HDAC2 and HDAC3, as well as the acetylation status of histone H3 and H4 in mesolimbic structures of adult maternally deprived rats, using immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. A long-lasting increase in MeCP2 expression was found throughout the striatum of deprived rats. Enhanced HDAC2 expression and increased nuclear HDAC activity in the nucleus accumbens of deprived rats were associated with lower acetylation levels of histone H3 and H4. Treatment for 3 weeks with the HDAC inhibitor sodium valproate abolished HDAC activation together with the decrease in the acetylation levels of histone H4, and was accompanied with normalized oral morphine consumption. The data indicate that epigenetic mechanisms induced by early adverse environment memorize life experience to trigger greater opiate vulnerability during adult life. They suggest that sodium valproate may lessen vulnerability to opiate intake, particularly in subgroups of individuals subjected to adverse postnatal environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lydie J. Morel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM); Université Pierre et Marie Curie; France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Université Pierre et Marie Curie; France
- UPMC Université Paris 6; France
| | - Jeena Bhatt
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM); Université Pierre et Marie Curie; France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Université Pierre et Marie Curie; France
- UPMC Université Paris 6; France
| | - Lucie Estevez
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM); Université Pierre et Marie Curie; France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Université Pierre et Marie Curie; France
- UPMC Université Paris 6; France
| | - Laurent Naudon
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM); Université Pierre et Marie Curie; France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Université Pierre et Marie Curie; France
- UPMC Université Paris 6; France
| | - Bruno Giros
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM); Université Pierre et Marie Curie; France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Université Pierre et Marie Curie; France
- UPMC Université Paris 6; France
- Department of Psychiatry; Douglas Hospital Research Center; McGill University; Canada
| | - Jean Zwiller
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Université de Strasbourg; France
| | - Valérie Daugé
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM); Université Pierre et Marie Curie; France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Université Pierre et Marie Curie; France
- UPMC Université Paris 6; France
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Massart R, Suderman M, Provencal N, Yi C, Bennett AJ, Suomi S, Szyf M. Hydroxymethylation and DNA methylation profiles in the prefrontal cortex of the non-human primate rhesus macaque and the impact of maternal deprivation on hydroxymethylation. Neuroscience 2014; 268:139-48. [PMID: 24657458 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
5-Hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is abundant in the brain, suggesting an important role in epigenetic control of neuronal functions. In this paper, we show that 5hmC and 5-methylcytosine (5mC) levels are coordinately distributed in gene promoters of the rhesus macaque prefrontal cortex. Although promoter hydroxymethylation and methylation are overall negatively correlated with expression, a subset of highly expressed genes involved in specific cerebral functions is associated with high levels of 5mC and 5hmC. These relationships were also observed in the mouse cortex. Furthermore, we found that early-life maternal deprivation is associated, in the adult monkey cortex, with DNA hydroxymethylation changes of promoters of genes related to neurological functions and psychological disorders. These results reveal that early social adversity triggers variations in brain DNA hydroxymethylation that could be detected in adulthood.
Collapse
|
43
|
Daskalakis NP, Enthoven L, Schoonheere E, de Kloet ER, Oitzl MS. Immediate Effects of Maternal Deprivation on the (Re)Activity of the HPA-Axis Differ in CD1 and C57Bl/6J Mouse Pups. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:190. [PMID: 25414695 PMCID: PMC4220727 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The postnatal development of the mouse is characterized by a period of hypo-responsiveness of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis to mild stressors. Maternal deprivation (MD) during this period can disrupt the quiescence of the HPA-axis. The present study examined the influence of strain (outbred CD1 vs. inbred C57BL/6J mice) on some central and peripheral components of the HPA-axis in neonatal mice (5-day-old) in the presence of their mother or after 24 h MD (on postnatal day 4) under basal or mild stressful conditions. In the presence of the dam, adrenal corticosterone (CORT) secretion was low in both mouse strains. Compared to CD1 mice, C57BL/6J had lower CORT levels associated with higher ACTH levels and ACTH/CORT ratio (i.e., lower adrenal sensitivity to ACTH), and higher glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mRNA expression in the paraventricular nucleus. Although MD disinhibited the HPA-axis in both strains as reflected by increased basal CORT and ACTH, we found a strain-dependent pattern. MD increased CORT more in C57BL/6J compared to CD1 mice together with a lower ACTH/CORT ratio (i.e., higher adrenal sensitivity to ACTH), while GR mRNA was no longer different in the two strains. However, this increased adrenal sensitivity in maternally deprived C57BL/6J mice was not reflected in their CORT response to a subsequent novelty stressor, possibly due to an MD-induced ceiling effect in their steroidogenic capacity. In conclusion, the immediate outcome of MD depends on the genetic background of the mother-infant dyad, suggesting that maybe also the outcome in later-life cannot be generalized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos P. Daskalakis
- Division of Medical Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Traumatic Stress Studies Division, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- PTSD Research Program, Mental Health Patient Care Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- *Correspondence: Nikolaos P. Daskalakis, Laboratory of Molecular Neuropsychiatry and Traumatic Stress Studies Division, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1668, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA e-mail:
| | - Leo Enthoven
- Division of Medical Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Edwige Schoonheere
- Division of Medical Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Edo Ronald de Kloet
- Division of Medical Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Melly S. Oitzl
- Division of Medical Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Loi M, Koricka S, Lucassen PJ, Joëls M. Age- and sex-dependent effects of early life stress on hippocampal neurogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:13. [PMID: 24600436 PMCID: PMC3929839 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life stress is a well-documented risk factor for the development of psychopathology in genetically predisposed individuals. As it is hard to study how early life stress impacts human brain structure and function, various animal models have been developed to address this issue. The models discussed here reveal that perinatal stress in rodents exerts lasting effects on the stress system as well as on the structure and function of the brain. One of the structural parameters strongly affected by perinatal stress is adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Based on compiled literature data, we report that postnatal stress slightly enhances neurogenesis until the onset of puberty in male rats; when animals reach adulthood, neurogenesis is reduced as a consequence of perinatal stress. By contrast, female rats show a prominent reduction in neurogenesis prior to the onset of puberty, but this effect subsides when animals reach young adulthood. We further present preliminary data that transient treatment with a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist can normalize cell proliferation in maternally deprived female rats, while the compound had no effect in non-deprived rats. Taken together, the data show that neurogenesis is affected by early life stress in an age- and sex-dependent manner and that normalization may be possible during critical stages of brain development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manila Loi
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Manila Loi, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands e-mail:
| | - Sylwia Koricka
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Paul J. Lucassen
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences – Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marian Joëls
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Olsavsky AK, Telzer EH, Shapiro M, Humphreys KL, Flannery J, Goff B, Tottenham N. Indiscriminate amygdala response to mothers and strangers after early maternal deprivation. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 74:853-60. [PMID: 23810622 PMCID: PMC3818506 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In altricial species, maternal stimuli have powerful effects on amygdala development and attachment-related behaviors. In humans, maternal deprivation has been associated with both "indiscriminate friendliness" toward non-caregiving adults and altered amygdala development. We hypothesized that maternal deprivation would be associated with reduced amygdala discrimination between mothers and strangers and increased parent report of indiscriminate friendliness behaviors. METHODS Sixty-seven youths (33 previously institutionalized; 34 comparison; age-at-scan 4-17 years) participated in a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment designed to examine amygdala response to mother versus stranger faces. In-scanner behavior was measured. Indiscriminate friendliness was assessed with parental report. RESULTS Comparison youth showed an amygdala response that clearly discriminated mother versus stranger stimuli. Previously institutionalized youths, by contrast, exhibited reduced amygdala discrimination between mothers and strangers. Reduced amygdala differentiation correlated with greater reports of indiscriminate friendliness. These effects correlated with age-at-adoption, with later adoptions being associated with reduced amygdala discrimination and more indiscriminate friendliness. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that early maternal deprivation is associated with reduced amygdala discrimination between mothers and strangers, and reduced amygdala discrimination was associated with greater reports of indiscriminate friendliness. Moreover, these effects increased with age-at-adoption. These data suggest that the amygdala, in part, is associated with indiscriminate friendliness and that there might be a dose-response relationship between institutional rearing and indiscriminate friendliness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aviva K. Olsavsky
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA,Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA
| | - Eva H. Telzer
- University of California Los Angeles Department of Psychology
| | - Mor Shapiro
- University of California Los Angeles Department of Psychology
| | | | | | - Bonnie Goff
- University of California Los Angeles Department of Psychology
| | - Nim Tottenham
- University of California Los Angeles Department of Psychology
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Nylander I, Roman E. Is the rodent maternal separation model a valid and effective model for studies on the early-life impact on ethanol consumption? Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 229:555-69. [PMID: 23982922 PMCID: PMC3782650 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3217-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Early-life events can cause long-term neurobiological and behavioural changes with a resultant effect upon reward and addiction processes that enhance risk to develop alcohol use disorders. Maternal separation (MS) is used to study the mediating mechanisms of early-life influences in rodents. In MS studies, the pups are exposed to maternal absence during the first postnatal weeks. The outcome of MS experiments exhibits considerable variation and questions have been raised about the validity of MS models. OBJECTIVES This short review aims to provide information about experimental conditions that are important to consider when assessing the impact of early-life environment on voluntary ethanol consumption. RESULTS The results from currently used MS protocols are not uniform. However, studies consistently show that longer separations of intact litters predispose for higher ethanol consumption and/or preference in adult male rats as compared to shorter periods of MS. Studies using individual pup MS paradigms, other controls, low ethanol concentrations, adult females or examining adolescent consumption reported no differences or inconsistent results. CONCLUSIONS There is no "a rodent MS model", there are several models and they generate different results. The compiled literature shows that MS is a model of choice for analysis of early-life effects on voluntary ethanol consumption but there are examples of MS paradigms that are not suitable. These studies emphasize the importance to carefully designed MS experiments to supply the optimal conditions to definitely test the research hypothesis and to be particulate in the interpretation of the outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Nylander
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Neuropharmacology Addiction & Behaviour, Uppsala University, Box 591, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden,
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Feenders G, Bateson M. Hand rearing affects emotional responses but not basic cognitive performance in European starlings. Anim Behav 2013; 86:127-138. [PMID: 23888084 PMCID: PMC3719021 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hand rearing is a common procedure in behavioural research on birds. While likely to produce tamer experimental animals, there is a risk that it could induce pathological changes in brain and behaviour similar to those seen in mammals that have experienced maternal separation. We explored the effects of hand rearing on the cognitive and behavioural development of European starlings, Sturnus vulgaris, to assess the generality of results obtained from hand-reared animals. Two groups of age-matched birds were created from the same wild population: one hand-reared from 10 days posthatch and one brought into the laboratory as independent juveniles. These groups were compared on a battery of neuropsychological tasks designed to probe different aspects of cognitive function including learning, perseverative cognition, interval timing, neophobia and impulsivity. There was no evidence for cognitive impairment in the hand-reared birds. They did not have reduced learning speed, impairments in accuracy or precision of interval timing or pathological perseverative cognition compared to the wild-caught birds. Additionally, there was no evidence that birds that developed stereotypies in laboratory cages (predominantly the wild-caught birds) had any cognitive impairments, although this may be because no birds had severe, crystallized stereotypies. There was some evidence that hand-reared birds were less neophobic and less impulsive than wild-caught birds, suggesting that hand rearing might alter emotionally mediated decision making in a direction usually associated with reduced developmental stress in mammals. This study therefore supports the use of hand rearing as an experimental procedure in behavioural research on passerine birds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa Bateson
- Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Zugno AI, de Miranda IM, Budni J, Volpato AM, Luca RD, Deroza PF, de Oliveira MB, Heylmann AS, da Rosa Silveira F, Wessler P, Antunes Mastella G, Cipriano AL, Quevedo J. Effect of maternal deprivation on acetylcholinesterase activity and behavioral changes on the ketamine-induced animal model of schizophrenia. Neuroscience 2013; 248:252-60. [PMID: 23769892 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Maternal deprivation has been associated with physiological and developmental changes that may be related to an increased risk for childhood and adult neuropsychiatric diseases. A growing number of studies demonstrated the importance of childhood experiences in the development of psychosis and schizophrenia in adulthood. Therefore, the present study investigated different behavior responses in rats following maternal deprivation and/or ketamine treatment in adulthood. Male rats were subjected to maternal deprivation for 180 min from postnatal day-01 to postnatal day-10. We evaluated locomotor activity, avoidance task and social interaction of adult male rats deprived or not deprived that were administered with saline or acute subanesthetic doses of ketamine (5, 15 and 25 mg/kg, i.p.). Our results show that only ketamine (25 mg/kg, i.p.) treatment in the adult rats lead to hyperlocomotion but not ketamine (5 and 15 mg/kg) and maternal deprivation alone. However, maternally deprived rats treated with ketamine (5 mg/kg) induced hyperlocomotion. Additionally, ketamine (25 mg/kg) and maternal deprivation alone induced cognitive deficit in the avoidance task. Rats deprived of and treated with ketamine (5, 15 and 25 mg/kg) also lead to memory deficit. Moreover, ketamine (25 mg/kg) and maternal deprivation alone increased latency to start social behavior. However, ketamine (5 mg/kg) and maternal deprivation lead to an increase of latency to start social behavior. Biochemistry data showed that all doses of ketamine and ketamine plus maternal deprivation increased the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and striatum. The major doses of ketamine associated with maternal deprivation induced a major increase of AChE activity. Together, our results suggest that animals subjected to maternal deprivation had an increased risk for schizophrenia-like behavior and cholinergic alteration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A I Zugno
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), and Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
| | - I M de Miranda
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), and Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - J Budni
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), and Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - A M Volpato
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), and Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - R D Luca
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), and Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - P F Deroza
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), and Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - M B de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), and Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - A S Heylmann
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), and Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - F da Rosa Silveira
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), and Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - P Wessler
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), and Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - G Antunes Mastella
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), and Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - A L Cipriano
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), and Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - J Quevedo
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), and Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Pittet F, Le Bot O, Houdelier C, Richard-Yris MA, Lumineau S. Motherless quail mothers display impaired maternal behavior and produce more fearful and less socially motivated offspring. Dev Psychobiol 2013; 56:622-34. [PMID: 23754757 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Early maternal deprivation impairs the behavioral development of young individuals. Recently, strong differences between mothered and maternally deprived chicks have been reported concerning their emotionality, sociality, and spatial skills. Here we investigated long-term and cross-generational impacts of maternal deprivation by comparing the characteristics of the non-reproductive and the maternal behavior of 22 mothered and 22 non-mothered adult female Japanese quail (Coturnix c. japonica) and by comparing the behavior of their respective fostered chicks. We reveal that non-brooded mothers were more fearful and less competent in spatial tasks and expressed impaired maternal care, characterized by more aggression towards chicks, higher activity rates, and more abnormal pacing during the first days of the care period. Chicks' behavior was clearly affected by maternal care inducing strong differences in their fearfulness and social motivation. Our results show both long-term and cross-generational impacts of early maternal deprivation in precocial birds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florent Pittet
- UMR CNRS 6552 «Ethologie Animale et Humaine», Université de Rennes I, Bâtiment 25, Campus de Beaulieu 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc CS74205, 35042, Rennes, Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Hall FS, Perona MTG. Have studies of the developmental regulation of behavioral phenotypes revealed the mechanisms of gene-environment interactions? Physiol Behav 2012; 107:623-40. [PMID: 22643448 PMCID: PMC3447116 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses the recent convergence of our long-standing knowledge of the regulation of behavioral phenotypes by developmental experience with recent advances in our understanding of mechanisms regulating gene expression. This review supports a particular perspective on the developmental regulation of behavioral phenotypes: That the role of common developmental experiences (e.g. maternal interactions, peer interactions, exposure to a complex environment, etc.) is to fit individuals to the circumstances of their lives within bounds determined by long-standing (evolutionary) mechanisms that have shaped responses to critical and fundamental types of experience via those aspects of gene structure that regulate gene expression. The phenotype of a given species is not absolute for a given genotype but rather variable within bounds that is determined by mechanisms regulated by experience (e.g. epigenetic mechanisms). This phenotypic variation is not necessarily random, or evenly distributed along a continuum of description or measurement, but often highly disjointed, producing distinct, even opposing, phenotypes. The potentiality for these varying phenotypes is itself the product of evolution, the potential for alternative phenotypes itself conveying evolutionary advantage. Examples of such phenotypic variation, resulting from environmental or experiential influences, have a long history of study in neurobiology, and a number of these will be discussed in this review: neurodevelopmental experiences that produce phenotypic variation in visual perception, cognitive function, and emotional behavior. Although other examples will be discussed, particular emphasis will be made on the role of social behavior on neurodevelopment and phenotypic determination. It will be argued that an important purpose of some aspects of social behavior is regulation of neurobehavioral phenotypes by experience via genetic regulatory mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Scott Hall
- Molecular Neurobiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassel Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
| | | |
Collapse
|