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Lin H, Deaton CA, Johnson GVW. Commentary: BAG3 as a Mediator of Endosome Function and Tau Clearance. Neuroscience 2023; 518:4-9. [PMID: 35550160 PMCID: PMC9646927 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tauopathies are a group of heterogeneous neurodegenerative conditions characterized by the deposition of abnormal tau protein in the brain. The underlying mechanisms that contribute to the accumulation of tau in these neurodegenerative diseases are multifactorial; nonetheless, there is a growing awareness that dysfunction of endosome-lysosome pathways is a pivotal factor. BCL2 associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) is a multidomain protein that plays a key role in maintaining neuronal proteostasis. Further, recent data indicate that BAG3 plays an important role in mediating vacuolar-dependent degradation of tau. Overexpression of BAG3 in a tauopathy mouse model decreased pathological tau levels and alleviated synapse loss. High throughput screens of BAG3 interactors have identified key players in the vacuolar system; these include clathrin and regulators of small GTPases. These findings suggest that BAG3 is an important regulator of endocytic pathways. In this commentary, we discuss the potential mechanisms by which BAG3 regulates the vacuolar system and tau proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 604, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Carol A Deaton
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 604, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Gail V W Johnson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 604, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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2
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Lin H, Koren SA, Cvetojevic G, Girardi P, Johnson GV. The role of BAG3 in health and disease: A "Magic BAG of Tricks". J Cell Biochem 2022; 123:4-21. [PMID: 33987872 PMCID: PMC8590707 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The multi-domain structure of Bcl-2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) facilitates its interaction with many different proteins that participate in regulating a variety of biological pathways. After revisiting the BAG3 literature published over the past ten years with Citespace software, we classified the BAG3 research into several clusters, including cancer, cardiomyopathy, neurodegeneration, and viral propagation. We then highlighted recent key findings in each cluster. To gain greater insight into the roles of BAG3, we analyzed five different published mass spectrometry data sets of proteins that co-immunoprecipitate with BAG3. These data gave us insight into universal, as well as cell-type-specific BAG3 interactors in cancer cells, cardiomyocytes, and neurons. Finally, we mapped variable BAG3 SNPs and also mutation data from previous publications to further explore the link between the domains and function of BAG3. We believe this review will provide a better understanding of BAG3 and direct future studies towards understanding BAG3 function in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester NY 14642 USA
| | - Shon A. Koren
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester NY 14642 USA
| | - Gregor Cvetojevic
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester NY 14642 USA
| | - Peter Girardi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester NY 14642 USA
| | - Gail V.W. Johnson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester NY 14642 USA
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3
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Li X, Lin G, Liu T, Zhao N, Xu H, Wang H, Zheng W. Postnatal development of BAG3 expression in mouse cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:2629-2650. [PMID: 34357438 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02356-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The decreased efficiency of autophagic processing in the central nervous system during aging may be a contributing factor in neurodegenerative diseases. BAG3 (Bcl2 associated athanogene 3) is a major member of the BAG family of co-molecular chaperones that mediate selective macroautophagy. Therefore, we analyzed the expression and distribution of BAG3 in the brain at postnatal 0 day (P0), P15, 1-, 2-, 9-, 12-, and 18 month-old C57BL/6 mice, thus covering almost all ages. Except for a significant steep drop in mRNA and protein levels in the cortex and hippocampus soon after birth, there were minimal differences in the expression and distribution of BAG3 among P15, M1, M2, M9, and M12 mice; however, at 18 months, BAG3 expression was significantly higher. Immunohistochemical analyses showed that BAG3 is mainly located in the neuronal cytoplasm and processes in C57BL/6 the cerebral cortex and hippocampus from P0 to M18 postnatal development. These findings indicate that BAG3 might be stable in young and middle-aged mice, but unstable in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlu Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Geng Lin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Tongtong Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.,Department of Neurology, The People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Ning Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shengjing Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110022, China
| | - He Xu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518052, China
| | - Huaqin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.
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4
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Riew TR, Kim S, Jin X, Kim HL, Yoo K, Seo SB, Lee JH, Lee MY. Induction of BIS Protein During Astroglial and Fibrotic Scar Formation After Mitochondrial Toxin-Mediated Neuronal Injury in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3846-3859. [PMID: 32607834 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02000-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
B cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2)-interacting death suppressor (BIS), also identified as Bcl-2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3), has been reported to be upregulated in reactive astrocytes after brain insults. The present study was designed to further substantiate the involvement of BIS protein in the astroglial reaction in the striatum of rats treated with the mitochondrial toxin, 3-nitropropionic acid. Weak constitutive immunoreactivity for BIS was observed in astrocytes in the control striatum, whereas its expression was upregulated, along with that of nestin, in the lesioned striatum. In the lesion core, where astrocytes are virtually absent, BIS/nestin double-labeled cells were associated with the vasculature and were identified as perivascular adventitial fibroblasts. By contrast, BIS/nestin double-labeled cells in the perilesional area were reactive astrocytes, which were confined to the border zone contributing to the formation of the astroglial scar; this was evident 3 days post-lesion and increased thereafter progressively throughout the 28-day experimental period. At the ultrastructural level, BIS protein was diffusely localized throughout the cytoplasm within the stained cells. Collectively, our results demonstrate the phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of BIS-positive cells in the lesioned striatum, suggesting the involvement of BIS in the formation of astroglial scar and its potential role in the development of fibrotic scar after brain insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Ryong Riew
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojin Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Xuyan Jin
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Lim Kim
- Integrative Research Support Center, Laboratory of Electron Microscope, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghyun Yoo
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.,The Institute for Aging and Metabolic Diseases, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Bin Seo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.,The Institute for Aging and Metabolic Diseases, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwa Lee
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea. .,The Institute for Aging and Metabolic Diseases, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mun-Yong Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Zhou J, Chow HM, Liu Y, Wu D, Shi M, Li J, Wen L, Gao Y, Chen G, Zhuang K, Lin H, Zhang G, Xie W, Li H, Leng L, Wang M, Zheng N, Sun H, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Xue M, Huang TY, Bu G, Xu H, Yuan Z, Herrup K, Zhang J. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5-Dependent BAG3 Degradation Modulates Synaptic Protein Turnover. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 87:756-769. [PMID: 31955914 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synaptic protein dyshomeostasis and functional loss is an early invariant feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet the unifying etiological pathway remains largely unknown. Knowing that cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) plays critical roles in synaptic formation and degeneration, its phosphorylation targets were reexamined in search of candidates with direct global impacts on synaptic protein dynamics, and the associated regulatory network was also analyzed. METHODS Quantitative phosphoproteomics and bioinformatics analyses were performed to identify top-ranked candidates. A series of biochemical assays was used to investigate the associated regulatory signaling networks. Histological, electrochemical, and behavioral assays were performed in conditional knockout, small hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown, and AD-related mice models to evaluate the relevance of CDK5 to synaptic homeostasis and functions. RESULTS Among candidates with known implications in synaptic modulations, BAG3 ranked the highest. CDK5-mediated phosphorylation on S297/S291 (mouse/human) destabilized BAG3. Loss of BAG3 unleashed the selective protein degradative function of the HSP70 machinery. In neurons, this resulted in enhanced degradation of a number of glutamatergic synaptic proteins. Conditional neuronal knockout of Bag3 in vivo led to impairment of learning and memory functions. In human AD and related mouse models, aberrant CDK5-mediated loss of BAG3 yielded similar effects on synaptic homeostasis. Detrimental effects of BAG3 loss on learning and memory functions were confirmed in these mice, and such effects were reversed by ectopic BAG3 reexpression. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight that the neuronal CDK5-BAG3-HSP70 signaling axis plays a critical role in modulating synaptic homeostasis. Dysregulation of the signaling pathway directly contributes to synaptic dysfunction and AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiechao Zhou
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Hei-Man Chow
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong.
| | - Yan Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Di Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Meng Shi
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jieyin Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Lei Wen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yuehong Gao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Guimiao Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Kai Zhuang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Guanyun Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Wenting Xie
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Huifang Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Lige Leng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Mengdan Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Naizhen Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yingjun Zhao
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Yunwu Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Maoqiang Xue
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Timothy Y Huang
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Zengqiang Yuan
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Karl Herrup
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jie Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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6
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Santoro A, Nicolin V, Florenzano F, Rosati A, Capunzo M, Nori SL. BAG3 is involved in neuronal differentiation and migration. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 368:249-258. [PMID: 28144784 PMCID: PMC5397659 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2570-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Bcl2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) protein belongs to the family of co-chaperones interacting with several heat shock proteins. It plays a key role in protein quality control and mediates the clearance of misfolded proteins. Little is known about the expression and cellular localization of BAG3 during nervous system development and differentiation. Therefore, we analyze the subcellular distribution and expression of BAG3 in nerve-growth-factor-induced neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells and in developing and adult cortex of mouse brain. In differentiated PC12 cells, BAG3 was localized mainly in the neuritic domain rather than the cell body, whereas in control cells, it appeared to be confined to the cytoplasm near the nuclear membrane. Interestingly, the change of BAG3 localization during neuronal differentiation was associated only with a slight increase in total BAG3 expression. These data were coroborated by transmission electron microscopy showing that BAG3 was confined mainly within large dense-core vesicles of the axon in differentiated PC12 cells. In mouse developing cortex, BAG3 appeared to be intensely expressed in cellular processes of migrating cells, whereas in adult brain, a diffuse expression of low to medium intensity was detected in neuronal cell bodies. These findings suggest that BAG3 expression is required for neuronal differentiation and migration and that its role is linked to a change in its distribution pattern rather than to an increase in its protein expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Santoro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Vanessa Nicolin
- Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Fulvio Florenzano
- Confocal microscopy unit, National Research Council, European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Rosati
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Mario Capunzo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Stefania L Nori
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.
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7
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Lee YD, Yoon JS, Yoon HH, Youn HJ, Kim J, Lee JH. Expression of Bis in the mouse gastrointestinal system. Anat Cell Biol 2012; 45:160-9. [PMID: 23094204 PMCID: PMC3472142 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2012.45.3.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bcl-2 interacting death suppressor (Bis) protein is known to be involved in a variety of pathophysiological conditions. We recently generated bis-deficient mice, which exhibited early lethality with typical nutritional deprivation status. To further investigate the molecular basis for the malnutrition phenotype of bis deficient mice, we explored Bis expression in the digestive system of normal mice. Western blot analysis and quantitative real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated that Bis expression is highest in the esophagus, followed by the stomach, colon, jejunum and ileum. Immunohistochemical data indicated that Bis expression is restricted to the stratified squamous epitheliums in the esophagus and forestomach, and was not notable in the columnar epitheliums in the stomach, small intestine and colon. In addition, strong Bis immunoreactivity was detected in the striated muscles surrounding the esophagus and smooth muscles at a lesser intensity throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Ganglionated plexuses, located in submucous layers, as well as intermuscular layers, were specifically immunoreactive for Bis. Immunofluorescence studies revealed that Bis is co-localized in glial fibrillary acidic protein-expressing enteric glial cells. Immunostaining with neuron specific esterase antibodies indicate that Bis is also present in the cell bodies of ganglions in the enteric nervous system (ENS). Our findings indicate that Bis plays a role in regulating GI functions, such as motility and absorption, through modulating signal transmission between the ENS and smooth muscles or the intestinal epitheliums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Dae Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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8
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Cho KO, Lee KE, Youn DY, Jeong KH, Kim JY, Yoon HH, Lee JH, Kim SY. Decreased vulnerability of hippocampal neurons after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia in bis-deficient mice. Glia 2012; 60:1915-29. [PMID: 22907804 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The Bcl-2-interacting death suppressor (Bis) protein is involved in antiapoptosis and antistress pathways. However, its roles after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia remain obscure. Therefore, we investigated the effects of Bis deletion on hippocampal cell death following neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. We transected the right common carotid artery of bis(+/+) and bis(-/-) mice at postnatal Day 7 and subjected them to hypoxia for 35 min. Cresyl violet staining showed that hypoxia-ischemia induced progressive cell death in the hippocampi of bis(+/+) mice. Moreover, Bis was expressed in astrocytes, not microglia, in sham-manipulated hippocampi of bis(+/+) mice, and was markedly enhanced after hypoxia-ischemia. Immunoblotting showed that Bis expression significantly increased 3 and 7 days following hypoxia-ischemia. Unexpectedly, 7 days after hypoxia-ischemia, the number of hippocampal NeuN-positive cells was higher in the bis(-/-) mice than in the bis(+/+) mice. We subsequently performed transcriptomic analysis and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction to search for the underlying genes responsible for resistance to hypoxia-ischemia in the bis(-/-) hippocampus. These studies showed that 6 h after hypoxia-ischemia, galectin 3 and filamin C levels increased to a lesser extent in the bis(-/-) hippocampi compared with the bis(+/+) hippocampi. Finally, our in vitro hypoxia-ischemia model, using A172 glioma cells and primary astrocytes, showed that downregulation of Bis blocked the enhanced expression of galectin 3 after oxygen-glucose deprivation. This study demonstrated that Bis was upregulated in the astrocytes after hypoxia-ischemia. In addition, we showed that hippocampal neurons are less vulnerable to hypoxia-ischemia in mice lacking Bis, possibly because of the modulation of galectin 3 induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Ok Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, Cell Death Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
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9
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Abstract
Bcl2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) protein is a member of BAG family of co-chaperones that interacts with the ATPase domain of the heat shock protein (Hsp) 70 through BAG domain (110–124 amino acids). BAG3 is the only member of the family to be induced by stressful stimuli, mainly through the activity of heat shock factor 1 on bag3 gene promoter. In addition to the BAG domain, BAG3 contains also a WW domain and a proline-rich (PXXP) repeat, that mediate binding to partners different from Hsp70. These multifaceted interactions underlie BAG3 ability to modulate major biological processes, that is, apoptosis, development, cytoskeleton organization and autophagy, thereby mediating cell adaptive responses to stressful stimuli. In normal cells, BAG3 is constitutively present in a very few cell types, including cardiomyocytes and skeletal muscle cells, in which the protein appears to contribute to cell resistance to mechanical stress. A growing body of evidence indicate that BAG3 is instead expressed in several tumor types. In different tumor contexts, BAG3 protein was reported to sustain cell survival, resistance to therapy, and/or motility and metastatization. In some tumor types, down-modulation of BAG3 levels was shown, as a proof-of-principle, to inhibit neoplastic cell growth in animal models. This review attempts to outline the emerging mechanisms that can underlie some of the biological activities of the protein, focusing on implications in tumor progression.
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10
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Yoon JS, Lee MY, Lee JS, Park CS, Youn HJ, Lee JH. Bis is involved in glial differentiation of p19 cells induced by retinoic Acid. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2009; 13:251-6. [PMID: 19885044 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2009.13.3.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Previous observations suggest that Bis, a Bcl-2-binding protein, may play a role the neuronal and glial differentiation in vivo. To examine this further, we investigated Bis expression during the in vitro differentiation of P19 embryonic carcinoma cells induced by retinoic acid (RA). Western blotting and RT-PCR assays showed that Bis expression was temporarily decreased during the free floating stage and then began to increase on day 6 after the induction of differentiation. Double immunostaining indicated that Bis-expressing cells do not express several markers of differentiation, including NeuN, MAP-2 and Tuj-1. However, some of the Bis-expressing cells also were stained with GFAP-antibodies, indicating that Bis is involved glial differentiation. Using an shRNA strategy, we developed bis-knock down P19 cells and compared them with control P19 cells for the expression of NeuroD, Mash-1 and GFAP during RA-induced differentiation. Among these, only GFAP induction was significantly attenuated in P19-dnbis cells and the population showing GFAP immunoreactivity was also decreased. It is noteworthy that distribution of mature neurons and migrating neurons was disorganized, and the close association of migrating neuroblasts with astrocytes was not observed in P19-dnbis cells. These results suggest that Bis is involved in the migration-inducing activity of glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Sook Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
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11
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Choi JS, Lee JH, Shin YJ, Lee JY, Yun H, Chun MH, Lee MY. Transient expression of Bis protein in midline radial glia in developing rat brainstem and spinal cord. Cell Tissue Res 2009; 337:27-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-009-0794-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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