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Komiya S, Takekawa Y, Ohmori C, Takahashi J, Koga E, Yamauchi M, Takahashi K, Kamiya A, Ishizuka M, Nakajima M, Yamada D, Saitoh A. 5-Aminolevulinic acid improves spatial recognition memory in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2025; 999:177658. [PMID: 40288558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2025.177658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2025] [Accepted: 04/22/2025] [Indexed: 04/29/2025]
Abstract
The production of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is the rate-limiting step in heme biosynthesis, and is thus essential for maintaining cellular respiration and the activities of various heme-containing enzymes. Recently, it was reported that exogenous 5-ALA can alleviate cognitive impairments in animal models. To elucidate the contributions of 5-ALA to cognition and investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms, we examined the impact of 5-ALA administration on both novel objective recognition (NOR) and spatial recognition memories in male ddY mice and on long-term potentiation (LTP) in hippocampal slices isolated from these mice. Both intracerebroventricular and oral administration of 5-ALA enhanced object recognition memory as evidenced by increased time spent investigating a novel object compared to a familiar object in the NOR test. Further, oral administration of 5-ALA improved the spontaneous alternation performance in the Y-maze test. Administration of 5-ALA also increased the glutamate/GABA ratio in dorsal hippocampus, ventral hippocampus, and entorhinal cortex, brain regions essential for recognition memory. Further, direct 5-ALA administration increased the LTP of excitatory postsynaptic potentials in hippocampal slices induced by theta-burst stimulation (TBS), and this LTP enhancement was completely mitigated by pretreatment with 1-naphthyl acetyl spermine, an antagonist of Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors lacking the GluR2 subunit (CP-AMPARs). We suggest that 5-ALA improves spatial recognition memory by enhancing the TBS-induced expression or activity of postsynaptic CP-AMPARs, resulting in greater and longer-lasting LTP. Endogenous 5-ALA appears critical for maintaining cognitive function in the mammalian central nervous system, while exogenous supplementation could be a useful strategy for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sora Komiya
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yukako Takekawa
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Chinatsu Ohmori
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Junpei Takahashi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Eri Koga
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Mitsugu Yamauchi
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Izumi Garden Tower 13F, 1-6-1, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 106-6013, Japan
| | - Kiwamu Takahashi
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Izumi Garden Tower 13F, 1-6-1, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 106-6013, Japan
| | - Atsuko Kamiya
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Izumi Garden Tower 13F, 1-6-1, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 106-6013, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ishizuka
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Izumi Garden Tower 13F, 1-6-1, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 106-6013, Japan
| | - Motowo Nakajima
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Izumi Garden Tower 13F, 1-6-1, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 106-6013, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamada
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Saitoh
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan.
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Menezes PR, Trufen CEM, Lichtenstein F, Pellegrina DVDS, Reis EM, Onuki J. Transcriptome profile analysis reveals putative molecular mechanisms of 5-aminolevulinic acid toxicity. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 738:109540. [PMID: 36746260 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is the first precursor of the heme biosynthesis pathway, accumulated in acute intermittent porphyria (AIP), an inherited metabolic disease characterized by porphobilinogen deaminase deficiency. An increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been reported as a long-term manifestation in symptomatic AIP patients. 5-ALA is an α-aminoketone prone to oxidation, yielding reactive oxygen species and 4,5-dioxovaleric acid. A high concentration of 5-ALA presents deleterious pro-oxidant potential. It can induce apoptosis, DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and altered expression of carcinogenesis-related proteins. Several hypotheses of the increased risk of HCC rely on the harmful effect of elevated 5-ALA in the liver of AIP patients, which could promote a pro-carcinogenic environment. We investigated the global transcriptional changes and perturbed molecular pathways in HepG2 cells following exposure to 5-ALA 25 mM for 2 h and 24 h using DNA microarray. Distinct transcriptome profiles were observed. 5-ALA '25 mM-2h' upregulated 10 genes associated with oxidative stress response and carcinogenesis. Enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes by KEGG, Reactome, MetaCore™, and Gene Ontology, showed that 5-ALA '25 mM-24h' enriched pathways involved in drug detoxification, oxidative stress, DNA damage, cell death/survival, cell cycle, and mitochondria dysfunction corroborating the pro-oxidant properties of 5-ALA. Furthermore, our results disclosed other possible processes such as senescence, immune responses, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and also some putative effectors, such as sequestosome, osteopontin, and lon peptidase 1. This study provided additional knowledge about molecular mechanisms of 5-ALA toxicity which is essential to a deeper understanding of AIP and HCC pathophysiology. Furthermore, our findings can contribute to improving the efficacy of current therapies and the development of novel biomarkers and targets for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic strategies for AHP/AIP and associated HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Regina Menezes
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento e Inovação, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Madureira Trufen
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento e Inovação, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Centro de Excelência para Descoberta de Novos Alvos Moleculares, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průmyslová 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Flavio Lichtenstein
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento e Inovação, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Centro de Excelência para Descoberta de Novos Alvos Moleculares, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Moraes Reis
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Janice Onuki
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento e Inovação, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Centro de Excelência para Descoberta de Novos Alvos Moleculares, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Ricci A, Di Pierro E, Marcacci M, Ventura P. Mechanisms of Neuronal Damage in Acute Hepatic Porphyrias. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11122205. [PMID: 34943446 PMCID: PMC8700611 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11122205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyrias are a group of congenital and acquired diseases caused by an enzymatic impairment in the biosynthesis of heme. Depending on the specific enzyme involved, different types of porphyrias (i.e., chronic vs. acute, cutaneous vs. neurovisceral, hepatic vs. erythropoietic) are described, with different clinical presentations. Acute hepatic porphyrias (AHPs) are characterized by life-threatening acute neuro-visceral crises (acute porphyric attacks, APAs), featuring a wide range of neuropathic (central, peripheral, autonomic) manifestations. APAs are usually unleashed by external "porphyrinogenic" triggers, which are thought to cause an increased metabolic demand for heme. During APAs, the heme precursors δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and porphobilinogen (PBG) accumulate in the bloodstream and urine. Even though several hypotheses have been developed to explain the protean clinical picture of APAs, the exact mechanism of neuronal damage in AHPs is still a matter of debate. In recent decades, a role has been proposed for oxidative damage caused by ALA, mitochondrial and synaptic ALA toxicity, dysfunction induced by relative heme deficiency on cytochromes and other hemeproteins (i.e., nitric oxide synthases), pyridoxal phosphate functional deficiency, derangements in the metabolic pathways of tryptophan, and other factors. Since the pathway leading to the biosynthesis of heme is inscribed into a complex network of interactions, which also includes some fundamental processes of basal metabolism, a disruption in any of the steps of this pathway is likely to have multiple pathogenic effects. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive review of the current evidence regarding the mechanisms of neuronal damage in AHPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ricci
- Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science for Children and Adults, University of Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.R.); (M.M.)
| | - Elena Di Pierro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Fondazione IRCSS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Matteo Marcacci
- Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science for Children and Adults, University of Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.R.); (M.M.)
| | - Paolo Ventura
- Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science for Children and Adults, University of Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.R.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-059-4225-542
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Lopes de Andrade V, Serrazina D, Mateus ML, Batoréu C, Aschner M, Marreilha Dos Santos AP. Multibiomarker approach to assess the magnitude of occupational exposure and effects induced by a mixture of metals. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 429:115684. [PMID: 34437931 PMCID: PMC8449837 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Metals and metalloids including lead (Pb), arsenic (As) and manganese (Mn) can occur as mixtures in occupational contexts, such as mines. These chemicals are all known to be neurotoxic and provoke changes in heme metabolism also known to induce neurotoxicity. The objective of this work was to propose a multi-biomarker (BM) methodology to screen subjects exposed to the mixture of Pb, As and Mn and assess the severity of their exposure/effects, in an individual basis. The urinary levels of the metals, dela-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and porphyrins were determined in Portuguese miners and in a control group. The combination of Pb and As urinary levels had the highest capability to identify subjects occupationally exposed to this mixture in mines, as evaluated through Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) (A = 98.2%; p < 0.05), allowing that 94.2% of 86 studied subjects were properly identified and the generation of an equation indicating the odd of a subject be considered as exposed to the metal mixture. The combination of urinary ALA and porphyrins revealed to be best one to be applied in the assessment of subjects with high, intermediate, and low magnitudes of exposure/effects, with 95.7% of 46 miners classified correctly according to their severity sub-group and allowing to generate equations, which can be applied in new subjects. The proposed methodology showed a satisfactory performance, evaluating in an integrated manner the magnitude of exposure/effects of the exposed workers, may contributing to improve the control of their health.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Lopes de Andrade
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - D Serrazina
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M L Mateus
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - C Batoréu
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer 209, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
| | - A P Marreilha Dos Santos
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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5
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Bechara EJ, Ramos LD, Stevani CV. 5-Aminolevulinic acid: A matter of life and caveats. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Ramos LD, Mantovani MC, Sartori A, Dutra F, Stevani CV, Bechara EJH. Aerobic co-oxidation of hemoglobin and aminoacetone, a putative source of methylglyoxal. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 166:178-186. [PMID: 33636334 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Aminoacetone (1-aminopropan-2-one), a putative minor biological source of methylglyoxal, reacts like other α-aminoketones such as 6-aminolevulinic acid (first heme precursor) and 1,4-diaminobutanone (a microbicide) yielding electrophilic α-oxoaldehydes, ammonium ion and reactive oxygen species by metal- and hemeprotein-catalyzed aerobic oxidation. A plethora of recent reports implicates triose phosphate-generated methylglyoxal in protein crosslinking and DNA addition, leading to age-related disorders, including diabetes. Importantly, methylglyoxal-treated hemoglobin adds four water-exposed arginine residues, which may compromise its physiological role and potentially serve as biomarkers for diabetes. This paper reports on the co-oxidation of aminoacetone and oxyhemoglobin in normally aerated phosphate buffer, leading to structural changes in hemoglobin, which can be attributed to the addition of aminoacetone-produced methylglyoxal to the protein. Hydroxyl radical-promoted chemical damage to hemoglobin may also occur in parallel, which is suggested by EPR-spin trapping studies with 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide and ethanol. Concomitantly, oxyhemoglobin is oxidized to methemoglobin, as indicated by characteristic CD spectral changes in the Soret and visible regions. Overall, these findings may contribute to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying human diseases associated with hemoglobin dysfunctions and with aminoacetone in metabolic alterations related to excess glycine and threonine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz D Ramos
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Centro Universitário Anhanguera, UniA, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana C Mantovani
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriano Sartori
- Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia, Universidade Cruzeiro Do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Dutra
- Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia, Universidade Cruzeiro Do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cassius V Stevani
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Etelvino J H Bechara
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil.
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7
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Ullah I, Zhao L, Hai Y, Fahim M, Alwayli D, Wang X, Li H. "Metal elements and pesticides as risk factors for Parkinson's disease - A review". Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:607-616. [PMID: 33816123 PMCID: PMC8010213 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential metals including iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) with known physiological functions in human body play an important role in cell homeostasis. Excessive exposure to these essential as well as non-essential metals including mercury (Hg) and Aluminum (Al) may contribute to pathological conditions, including PD. Each metal could be toxic through specific pathways. Epidemiological evidences from occupational and ecological studies besides various in vivo and in vitro studies have revealed the possible pathogenic role and neurotoxicity of different metals. Pesticides are substances that aim to mitigate the harm done by pests to plants and crops, and are extensively used to boost agricultural production. This review provides an outline of our current knowledge on the possible association between metals and PD. We have discussed the potential association between these two, furthermore the chemical properties, biological and toxicological aspects as well as possible mechanisms of Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Al, Ca, Pb, Hg and Zn in PD pathogenesis. In addition, we review recent evidence on deregulated microRNAs upon pesticide exposure and possible role of deregulated miRNA and pesticides to PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inam Ullah
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, China
| | - Longhe Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, China
| | - Yang Hai
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, China
| | | | | | - Xin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, China
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, China
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Gonçalves LCP, Massari J, Licciardi S, Prado FM, Linares E, Klassen A, Tavares MFM, Augusto O, Di Mascio P, Bechara EJH. Singlet oxygen generation by the reaction of acrolein with peroxynitrite via a 2-hydroxyvinyl radical intermediate. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 152:83-90. [PMID: 32145303 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Acrolein (2-propenal) is an environmental pollutant, food contaminant, and endogenous toxic by-product formed in the thermal decomposition and peroxidation of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. Like other α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, acrolein undergoes Michael addition of nucleophiles such as basic amino acids residues of proteins and nucleobases, triggering aging associated disorders. Here, we show that acrolein is also a potential target of the potent biological oxidant, nitrosating and nitrating agent peroxynitrite. In vitro studies revealed the occurrence of 1,4-addition of peroxynitrite (k2 = 6 × 103 M-1 s-1, pH 7.2, 25 °C) to acrolein in air-equilibrated phosphate buffer. This is attested by acrolein concentration-dependent oxygen uptake, peroxynitrite consumption, and generation of formaldehyde and glyoxal as final products. These products are predicted to be originated from the Russell termination of •OOCH=CH(OH) radical which also includes molecular oxygen at the singlet delta state (O21Δg). Accordingly, EPR spin trapping studies with the 2,6-nitrosobenzene-4-sulfonate ion (DBNBS) revealed a 6-line spectrum attributable to the 2-hydroxyvinyl radical adduct. Singlet oxygen was identified by its characteristic monomolecular IR emission at 1,270 nm in deuterated buffer, which was expectedly quenched upon addition of water and sodium azide. These data represent the first report on singlet oxygen creation from a vinylperoxyl radical, previously reported for alkyl- and formylperoxyl radicals, and may contribute to better understand the adverse acrolein behavior in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia C P Gonçalves
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Júlio Massari
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Saymon Licciardi
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Departamento Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M Prado
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Edlaine Linares
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Klassen
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina F M Tavares
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ohara Augusto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paolo Di Mascio
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Etelvino J H Bechara
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Departamento Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil.
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Ruspini SF, Zuccoli JR, Lavandera JV, Martínez MDC, Oliveri LM, Gerez EN, Batlle AMDC, Buzaleh AM. Effects of volatile anaesthetics on heme metabolism in a murine genetic model of Acute Intermittent Porphyria. A comparative study with other porphyrinogenic drugs. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:1296-1305. [PMID: 29476795 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute Intermittent Porphyria (AIP) is an inherited disease produced by a deficiency of Porphobilinogen deaminase (PBG-D). The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of Isoflurane and Sevoflurane on heme metabolism in a mouse genetic model of AIP to further support our previous proposal for avoiding their use in porphyric patients. A comparative study was performed administering the porphyrinogenic drugs allylisopropylacetamide (AIA), barbital and ethanol, and also between sex and mutation using AIP (PBG-D activity 70% reduced) and T1 (PBG-D activity 50% diminished) mice. METHODS The activities of 5-Aminolevulinic synthetase (ALA-S), PBG-D, Heme oxygenase (HO) and CYP2E1; the expression of ALA-S and the levels of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) were measured in different tissues of mice treated with the drugs mentioned. RESULTS Isoflurane increased liver, kidney and brain ALA-S activity of AIP females but only affected kidney AIP males. Sevoflurane induced ALA-S activity in kidney and brain of female AIP group. PBG-D activity was further reduced by Isoflurane in liver male T1; in AIP male mice activity remained in its low basal levels. Ethanol and barbital also caused biochemical alterations. Only AIA triggered neurological signs similar to those observed during human acute attacks in male AIP being the symptoms less pronounced in females although ALA-S induction was greater. Heme degradation was affected. DISCUSSION Biochemical alterations caused by the porphyrinogenic drugs assayed were different in male and female mice and also between T1 and AIP being more affected the females of AIP group. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This is the first study using volatile anaesthetics in an AIP genetic model confirming Isoflurane and Sevoflurane porphyrinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina Fernanda Ruspini
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Johanna Romina Zuccoli
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jimena Verónica Lavandera
- Cátedra de Bromatología y Nutrición, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Marìa Del Carmen Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Leda María Oliveri
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esther Noemí Gerez
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alcira María Del Carmen Batlle
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana María Buzaleh
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this paper is to review psychiatric manifestations, comorbidities, and psychopharmacological management in individuals with acute porphyria (AP). RECENT FINDINGS Recent literature begins to clarify associations between AP, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and other psychopathology. Broad psychiatric symptoms have been associated to acute porphyria (AP) and correspond to a spectrum of heterogeneous manifestations such as anxiety, affective alterations, behavioral changes, personality, and psychotic symptoms. These symptoms may be difficult to identify as being related to porphyria since symptoms may arise at any time during the disease process. In addition, these patients may present psychiatric conditions secondary to the disease, such as adjustment disorder and substance use disorders. Timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment of psychiatric manifestations positively impact the course of the disease.
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Andrade VM, Aschner M, Marreilha dos Santos AP. Neurotoxicity of Metal Mixtures. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 18:227-265. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-60189-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Hillgartner MA, Coker SB, Koenig AE, Moore ME, Barnby E, MacGregor GG. Tyrosinemia type I and not treatment with NTBC causes slower learning and altered behavior in mice. J Inherit Metab Dis 2016; 39:673-682. [PMID: 27271696 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-016-9949-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinemia type I is a recessive inborn error of metabolism caused by mutations in the fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) gene, coding for the final enzyme in the metabolism of tyrosine. This renders FAH nonfunctional and without treatment, toxic metabolites accumulate causing liver and kidney damage. Introduction of the drug NTBC in 2002 offered a treatment which inhibits an upstream enzyme, preventing the production of the toxic metabolites. There is now a long-term survival rate of greater than 90 % in children, but there are reports of lower cognitive function and IQ as well as schooling and behavioral problems in these children. We studied a mouse model of tyrosinemia type I to gain insight into the effects of tyrosinemia type I and treatment with NTBC on mouse learning, memory, and behavior. In the Barnes maze, visual and spatial cues can be used by mice to remember the location of a dark escape box. The primary time, distance, and strategy taken by the mice to locate the escape box is a measure of learning and memory. Our findings show that mice with tyrosinemia type I were slower to learn than wild-type mice treated with NTBC and made more mistakes, but were capable of learning and storing long-term memory. After learning the location of the target hole, mice with tyrosinemia type I respond differently to a change in location and were less flexible in learning the new target hole location. Our findings suggest that this slower learning and cognitive difference is caused by tyrosinemia type I and not by the treatment with NTBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Hillgartner
- Department of Biological Science, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA
| | - Sarah B Coker
- Department of Biological Science, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA
| | - Ashton E Koenig
- Department of Biological Science, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA
| | - Marissa E Moore
- Department of Biological Science, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA
| | - Elizabeth Barnby
- College of Nursing, University of Alabama in Huntsville, 1610 Ben Graves Drive, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA
| | - Gordon G MacGregor
- Department of Biological Science, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA.
- , SST 361, 301 Sparkman Dr, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA.
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Lavandera J, Rodríguez J, Ruspini S, Meiss R, Zuccoli JR, Martínez MDC, Gerez E, Batlle A, Buzaleh AM. Pleiotropic effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid in mouse brain. Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 94:297-305. [DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2015-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) seems to be responsible for the neuropsychiatric manifestations of acute intermittent porphyria (AIP). Our aim was to study the effect of ALA on the different metabolic pathways in the mouse brain to enhance our knowledge about the action of this heme precursor on the central nervous system. Heme metabolism, the cholinergic system, the defense enzyme system, and nitric oxide metabolism were evaluated in the encephalon of CF-1 mice receiving a single (40 mg/kg body mass) or multiple doses of ALA (40 mg/kg, every 48 h for 14 days). We subsequently found ALA accumulation in the encephalon of the mice. ALA also altered the brain cholinergic system. After one dose of ALA, a decrease in superoxide dismutase activity and a reduction in glutathione levels were detected, whereas malondialdehyde levels and catalase activity were increased. Heme oxygenase was also increased as an antioxidant response to protect the encephalon against injury. All nitric oxide synthase isoforms were induced by ALA, these changes were more significant for the inducible isoform in glial cells. In conclusion, ALA affected several metabolic pathways in mouse encephalon. Data indicate that a rapid response to oxidative stress was developed; however, with long-term intoxication, the redox balance was probably restored, thereby minimizing oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimena Lavandera
- Cátedra de Bromatología y Nutrición, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Jorge Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET, Hospital de Clínicas, José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvina Ruspini
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET, Hospital de Clínicas, José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roberto Meiss
- Departamento de Patología, Instituto de Estudios Oncológicos, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Johanna Romina Zuccoli
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET, Hospital de Clínicas, José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María del Carmen Martínez
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esther Gerez
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET, Hospital de Clínicas, José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alcira Batlle
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET, Hospital de Clínicas, José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana María Buzaleh
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET, Hospital de Clínicas, José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Stubenhaus BM, Dustin JP, Neverett ER, Beaudry MS, Nadeau LE, Burk-McCoy E, He X, Pearson BJ, Pellettieri J. Light-induced depigmentation in planarians models the pathophysiology of acute porphyrias. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27240733 PMCID: PMC4887210 DOI: 10.7554/elife.14175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyrias are disorders of heme metabolism frequently characterized by extreme photosensitivity. This symptom results from accumulation of porphyrins, tetrapyrrole intermediates in heme biosynthesis that generate reactive oxygen species when exposed to light, in the skin of affected individuals. Here we report that in addition to producing an ommochrome body pigment, the planarian flatworm Schmidtea mediterranea generates porphyrins in its subepithelial pigment cells under physiological conditions, and that this leads to pigment cell loss when animals are exposed to intense visible light. Remarkably, porphyrin biosynthesis and light-induced depigmentation are enhanced by starvation, recapitulating a common feature of some porphyrias – decreased nutrient intake precipitates an acute manifestation of the disease. Our results establish planarians as an experimentally tractable animal model for research into the pathophysiology of acute porphyrias, and potentially for the identification of novel pharmacological interventions capable of alleviating porphyrin-mediated photosensitivity or decoupling dieting and fasting from disease pathogenesis. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14175.001 Porphyrias are rare diseases that involve ring-shaped molecules called porphyrins accumulating in various parts of the body. Porphyrins are produced as part of the normal process that makes an important molecule called heme, which is required to transport oxygen. However, high levels of porphyrins can be toxic. For example, porphyrins deposited in the skin can cause swelling and blistering when the skin is exposed to bright light. Other disease symptoms include neurological issues ranging from anxiety and confusion to seizures or paralysis. It has been speculated that porphyrias may have affected several historical figures, including the artist Vincent van Gogh. In addition to their role in heme production, porphyrins also have other roles. For example, they are used as pigments in the wing feathers of some owls. Researchers are trying to understand more about how organisms regulate porphyrin production so that it might be possible to develop more effective treatments for porphyria in humans. Here, Stubenhaus et al. studied how a flatworm called Schmidtea mediterranea makes porphyrins. A group of undergraduate students noticed that these animals – which are normally brown in color – turned white when they were exposed to sunlight for several days. Stubenhaus et al. found that S. mediterranea makes porphyrins in the pigment cells of its skin using the same genes that make porphyrins in humans. Together with other molecules called ommochromes, the porphyrins give rise to the normal color of this flatworm. However, when the animals are exposed to intense light for extended periods of time, which is unlikely to occur in the wild, porphyrin production leads to loss of the pigment cells. The experiments also show that starvation increases the rate of pigment cell loss in light-exposed flatworms, which mirrors the worsening of disease symptoms some porphyria patients experience when they diet or fast. Stubenhaus et al. propose that flatworms are useful models in which to study the molecular processes that are responsible for porphyrias in humans. Further research is required to determine the exact chemical structure of the porphyrin and ommochrome molecules produced in different flatworm species. Stubenhaus et al. also plan to use flatworms to screen for drugs that could potentially be developed into new treatments for porphyria. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14175.002
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John P Dustin
- Department of Biology, Keene State College, Keene, United States
| | - Emily R Neverett
- Department of Biology, Keene State College, Keene, United States
| | - Megan S Beaudry
- Department of Biology, Keene State College, Keene, United States
| | - Leanna E Nadeau
- Department of Biology, Keene State College, Keene, United States
| | - Ethan Burk-McCoy
- Department of Biology, Keene State College, Keene, United States
| | - Xinwen He
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bret J Pearson
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
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Andrade VL, Mateus ML, Batoréu MC, Aschner M, Marreilha dos Santos AP. Lead, Arsenic, and Manganese Metal Mixture Exposures: Focus on Biomarkers of Effect. Biol Trace Elem Res 2015; 166:13-23. [PMID: 25693681 PMCID: PMC4470849 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0267-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The increasing exposure of human populations to excessive levels of metals continues to represent a matter of public health concern. Several biomarkers have been studied and proposed for the detection of adverse health effects induced by lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and manganese (Mn); however, these studies have relied on exposures to each single metal, which fails to replicate real-life exposure scenarios. These three metals are commonly detected in different environmental, occupational, and food contexts and they share common neurotoxic effects, which are progressive and once clinically apparent may be irreversible. Thus, chronic exposure to low levels of a mixture of these metals may represent an additive risk of toxicity. Building upon their shared mechanisms of toxicity, such as oxidative stress, interference with neurotransmitters, and effects on the hematopoietic system, we address putative biomarkers, which may assist in assessing the onset of neurological diseases associated with exposure to this metal mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- VL Andrade
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento, iMed.UL, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - ML Mateus
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento, iMed.UL, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - MC Batoréu
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento, iMed.UL, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 10461 NY, USA
| | - AP Marreilha dos Santos
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento, iMed.UL, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
- Corresponding author – , Tel – 351217946400, Fax - 351217946470
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Laafi J, Homedan C, Jacques C, Gueguen N, Schmitt C, Puy H, Reynier P, Carmen Martinez M, Malthièry Y. Pro-oxidant effect of ALA is implicated in mitochondrial dysfunction of HepG2 cells. Biochimie 2014; 106:157-66. [PMID: 25220386 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Heme biosynthesis begins in the mitochondrion with the formation of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). In acute intermittent porphyria, hereditary tyrosinemia type I and lead poisoning patients, ALA is accumulated in plasma and in organs, especially the liver. These diseases are also associated with neuromuscular dysfunction and increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Many studies suggest that this damage may originate from ALA-induced oxidative stress following its accumulation. Using the MnSOD as an oxidative stress marker, we showed here that ALA treatment of cultured cells induced ROS production, increasing with ALA concentration. The mitochondrial energetic function of ALA-treated HepG2 cells was further explored. Mitochondrial respiration and ATP content were reduced compared to control cells. For the 300 μM treatment, ALA induced a mitochondrial mass decrease and a mitochondrial network imbalance although neither necrosis nor apoptosis were observed. The up regulation of PGC-1, Tfam and ND5 genes was also found; these genes encode mitochondrial proteins involved in mitochondrial biogenesis activation and OXPHOS function. We propose that ALA may constitute an internal bioenergetic signal, which initiates a coordinated upregulation of respiratory genes, which ultimately drives mitochondrial metabolic adaptation within cells. The addition of an antioxidant, Manganese(III) tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin (MnTMPyP), resulted in improvement of maximal respiratory chain capacity with 300 μM ALA. Our results suggest that mitochondria, an ALA-production site, are more sensitive to pro-oxidant effect of ALA, and may be directly involved in pathophysiology of patients with inherited or acquired porphyria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihane Laafi
- LUNAM Université, INSERM UMR 1063, IBIS, IRIS, rue des capucins, 49100 Angers, France.
| | - Chadi Homedan
- LUNAM Université, INSERM UMR 1063, IBIS, IRIS, rue des capucins, 49100 Angers, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Département de Biochimie et Génétique, IBIS, IRIS, rue des capucins, 49100 Angers, France.
| | - Caroline Jacques
- LUNAM Université, INSERM UMR 1063, IBIS, IRIS, rue des capucins, 49100 Angers, France.
| | - Naig Gueguen
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Département de Biochimie et Génétique, IBIS, IRIS, rue des capucins, 49100 Angers, France; CNRS UMR 6214 - INSERM 1083, IBIS, IRIS, rue des capucins, 49100 Angers, France.
| | - Caroline Schmitt
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre Français des Porphyries, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Université Paris Diderot, 178 rue des Renouillers, 92700 Colombes, France; INSERM U773, Centre de Recherche Biomédicale Bichat-Beaujon, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, 5 Rue Thomas Mann, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Hervé Puy
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre Français des Porphyries, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Université Paris Diderot, 178 rue des Renouillers, 92700 Colombes, France; INSERM U773, Centre de Recherche Biomédicale Bichat-Beaujon, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, 5 Rue Thomas Mann, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Pascal Reynier
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Département de Biochimie et Génétique, IBIS, IRIS, rue des capucins, 49100 Angers, France; CNRS UMR 6214 - INSERM 1083, IBIS, IRIS, rue des capucins, 49100 Angers, France.
| | - Maria Carmen Martinez
- LUNAM Université, INSERM UMR 1063, IBIS, IRIS, rue des capucins, 49100 Angers, France.
| | - Yves Malthièry
- LUNAM Université, INSERM UMR 1063, IBIS, IRIS, rue des capucins, 49100 Angers, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Département de Biochimie et Génétique, IBIS, IRIS, rue des capucins, 49100 Angers, France.
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Alvarenga KDF, Alvarez Bernardez-Braga GR, Zucki F, Duarte JL, Lopes AC, Feniman MR. Correlation analysis of the long latency auditory evoked potential N2 and cognitive P3 with the level of lead poisoning in children. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 17:41-6. [PMID: 25991992 PMCID: PMC4423252 DOI: 10.7162/s1809-97772013000100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The effects of lead on children's health have been widely studied. AIM To analyze the correlation between the long latency auditory evoked potential N2 and cognitive P3 with the level of lead poisoning in Brazilian children. METHODS This retrospective study evaluated 20 children ranging in age from 7 to 14 years at the time of audiological and electrophysiological evaluations. We performed periodic surveys of the lead concentration in the blood and basic audiological evaluations. Furthermore, we studied the auditory evoked potential long latency N2 and cognitive P3 by analyzing the absolute latency of the N2 and P3 potentials and the P3 amplitude recorded at Cz. At the time of audiological and electrophysiological evaluations, the average concentration of lead in the blood was less than 10 ug/dL. RESULTS In conventional audiologic evaluations, all children had hearing thresholds below 20 dBHL for the frequencies tested and normal tympanometry findings; the auditory evoked potential long latency N2 and cognitive P3 were present in 95% of children. No significant correlations were found between the blood lead concentration and latency (p = 0.821) or amplitude (p = 0.411) of the P3 potential. However, the latency of the N2 potential increased with the concentration of lead in the blood, with a significant correlation (p = 0.030). CONCLUSION Among Brazilian children with low lead exposure, a significant correlation was found between blood lead levels and the average latency of the auditory evoked potential long latency N2; however, a significant correlation was not observed for the amplitude and latency of the cognitive potential P3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kátia de Freitas Alvarenga
- Speech Therapist; Associate Professor at the Department of Speech Therapy of the College of Dentistry of Bauru/University of São Paulo - FOB/USP, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda Zucki
- Speech Therapist; Master in Communication Disorders by the Universidade Tuiuti do Paraná - UTP/PR. PhD student in Applied Dental Sciences Program of Bauru Dental School/University of São Paulo FOB/USP, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Josilene Luciene Duarte
- Speech Therapist, Master in Speech Pathology, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Brazil. PhD student in Applied Dental Sciences Program of Bauru Dental School/University of São Paulo FOB/USP, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea Cintra Lopes
- Speech Therapist; Professor, Doctor, at the Department of Speech Therapy of Bauru Dental School/University of São Paulo FOB/USP, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariza Ribeiro Feniman
- Speech Therapist; Full Professor for the Speech Therapy Course, Bauru Dental School/University of São Paulo FOB/ USP, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
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Prigol M, Brüning CA, Nogueira CW, Zeni G. The role of the glutathione system in seizures induced by diphenyl diselenide in rat pups. Chem Biol Interact 2011; 193:65-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Environmental Heavy Metals and Mental Disorders of Children in Developing Countries. ENVIRONMENTAL HEAVY METAL POLLUTION AND EFFECTS ON CHILD MENTAL DEVELOPMENT 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-0253-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Olympio KPK, Oliveira PV, Naozuka J, Cardoso MRA, Marques AF, Günther WMR, Bechara EJH. Surface dental enamel lead levels and antisocial behavior in Brazilian adolescents. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2009; 32:273-9. [PMID: 20005947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Lead poisoning has been reportedly linked to a high risk of learning disabilities, aggression and criminal offenses. To study the association between lead exposure and antisocial/delinquent behavior, a cross-sectional study was conducted with 173 Brazilian youths aged 14-18 and their parents (n=93), living in impoverished neighborhoods of Bauru-SP, with high criminality indices. Self-Reported Delinquency (SRD) and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) questionnaires were used to evaluate delinquent/antisocial behavior. Body lead burdens were evaluated in surface dental enamel acid microbiopsies. The dental enamel lead levels (DELL) were quantified by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) and phosphorus content was measured using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Logistic regression was used to identify associations between DELL and each scale defined by CBCL and SRD scores. Odd ratios adjusted for familial and social covariates, considering a group of youths exposed to high lead levels (>or=75 percentile), indicated that high DELL is associated with increased risk of exceeding the clinical score for somatic complaints, social problems, rule-breaking behavior and externalizing problems (CI 95%). High DELL was not found to be associated with elevated SRD scores. In conclusion, our data support the hypothesis that high-level lead exposure can trigger antisocial behavior, which calls for public policies to prevent lead poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly P K Olympio
- Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Universidade de São Paulo, 01246-904 São Paulo, Brazil
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Resende RR, Adhikari A, da Costa JL, Lorençon E, Ladeira MS, Guatimosim S, Kihara AH, Ladeira LO. Influence of spontaneous calcium events on cell-cycle progression in embryonal carcinoma and adult stem cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2009; 1803:246-60. [PMID: 19958796 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous Ca(2+) events have been observed in diverse stem cell lines, including carcinoma and mesenchymal stem cells. Interestingly, during cell cycle progression, cells exhibit Ca(2+) transients during the G(1) to S transition, suggesting that these oscillations may play a role in cell cycle progression. We aimed to study the influence of promoting and blocking calcium oscillations in cell proliferation and cell cycle progression, both in neural progenitor and undifferentiated cells. We also identified which calcium stores are required for maintaining these oscillations. Both in neural progenitor and undifferentiated cells calcium oscillations were restricted to the G1/S transition, suggesting a role for these events in progression of the cell cycle. Maintenance of the oscillations required calcium influx only through inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptors (IP(3)Rs) and L-type channels in undifferentiated cells, while neural progenitor cells also utilized ryanodine-sensitive stores. Interestingly, promoting calcium oscillations through IP(3)R agonists increased both proliferation and levels of cell cycle regulators such as cyclins A and E. Conversely, blocking calcium events with IP(3)R antagonists had the opposite effect in both undifferentiated and neural progenitor cells. This suggests that calcium events created by IP(3)Rs may be involved in cell cycle progression and proliferation, possibly due to regulation of cyclin levels, both in undifferentiated cells and in neural progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Resende
- Department of Physics, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil.
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Casas A, Battah S, Di Venosa G, Dobbin P, Rodriguez L, Fukuda H, Batlle A, MacRobert AJ. Sustained and efficient porphyrin generation in vivo using dendrimer conjugates of 5-ALA for photodynamic therapy. J Control Release 2009; 135:136-43. [PMID: 19168101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of endogenous protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) after administration of 5-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) has led to many applications in photodynamic therapy (PDT). However the efficacy of ALA-PDT is sub-optimal for thicker tumours and improved ALA delivery and therapeutic response are required. We have investigated the conjugation of ALA to a second-generation dxcendrimer for enhancing porphyrin synthesis in vitro and in vivo in a murine tumour model using systemic i.p. administration. In vitro, the dendrimer was more efficient than ALA for porphyrin synthesis at low concentrations in good correlation with higher cellular ALA dendrimer accumulation. In vivo, the porphyrin kinetics from ALA exhibited an early peak between 3 and 4 h in most tissues, whereas the dendrimer induced sustained porphyrin production for over 24 h and basal values were not reached until 48 h after administration. Integrated porphyrin accumulation from the dendrimer and ALA, at equivalent molar ratios, was comparable showing that the majority of ALA residues were liberated from the dendrimer. The porphyrin kinetics appear to be governed by the rate of enzymatic cleavage of ALA from the dendrimer, which is consistent with in vitro results. ALA dendrimers may be useful for metronomic PDT, and multiple low-dose ALA-PDT treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Casas
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET and Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Murata K, Iwata T, Dakeishi M, Karita K. Lead Toxicity: Does the Critical Level of Lead Resulting in Adverse Effects Differ between Adults and Children? J Occup Health 2009; 51:1-12. [DOI: 10.1539/joh.k8003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Murata
- Department of Environmental Health SciencesAkita University School of MedicineJapan
| | - Toyoto Iwata
- Department of Environmental Health SciencesAkita University School of MedicineJapan
| | - Miwako Dakeishi
- Department of Environmental Health SciencesAkita University School of MedicineJapan
| | - Kanae Karita
- Department of Public HealthKyorin University School of MedicineJapan
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24
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Felitsyn N, McLeod C, Shroads AL, Stacpoole PW, Notterpek L. The heme precursor delta-aminolevulinate blocks peripheral myelin formation. J Neurochem 2008; 106:2068-79. [PMID: 18665889 PMCID: PMC2574579 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05552.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Delta-aminolevulinic acid (delta-ALA) is a heme precursor implicated in neurological complications associated with porphyria and tyrosinemia type I. Delta-ALA is also elevated in the urine of animals and patients treated with the investigational drug dichloroacetate (DCA). We postulated that delta-ALA may be responsible, in part, for the peripheral neuropathy observed in subjects receiving DCA. To test this hypothesis, myelinating cocultures of Schwann cells and sensory neurons were exposed to delta-ALA (0.1-1 mM) and analyzed for the expression of neural proteins and lipids and markers of oxidative stress. Exposure of myelinating samples to delta-ALA is associated with a pronounced reduction in the levels of myelin-associated lipids and proteins, including myelin protein zero and peripheral myelin protein 22. We also observed an increase in protein carbonylation and the formation of hydroxynonenal and malondialdehyde after treatment with delta-ALA. Studies of isolated Schwann cells and neurons indicate that glial cells are more vulnerable to this pro-oxidant than neurons, based on a selective decrease in the expression of mitochondrial respiratory chain proteins in glial, but not in neuronal, cells. These results suggest that the neuropathic effects of delta-ALA are attributable, at least in part, to its pro-oxidant properties which damage myelinating Schwann cells.
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MESH Headings
- Aminolevulinic Acid/metabolism
- Aminolevulinic Acid/toxicity
- Animals
- Axons/drug effects
- Axons/metabolism
- Axons/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Dichloroacetic Acid/toxicity
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Free Radicals/metabolism
- Ganglia, Spinal/drug effects
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Ganglia, Spinal/physiopathology
- Heme/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Myelin Proteins/drug effects
- Myelin Proteins/metabolism
- Myelin Sheath/drug effects
- Myelin Sheath/metabolism
- Myelin Sheath/pathology
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/drug effects
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/metabolism
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/pathology
- Neurons, Afferent/drug effects
- Neurons, Afferent/metabolism
- Neurons, Afferent/pathology
- Neurotoxins/metabolism
- Neurotoxins/toxicity
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Oxidative Stress/physiology
- Peripheral Nerves/drug effects
- Peripheral Nerves/metabolism
- Peripheral Nerves/pathology
- Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/chemically induced
- Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/metabolism
- Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/physiopathology
- Rats
- Schwann Cells/drug effects
- Schwann Cells/metabolism
- Schwann Cells/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Felitsyn
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Department of Medicine (Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism), College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Colin McLeod
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Albert L. Shroads
- Department of Medicine (Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism), College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Peter W. Stacpoole
- Department of Medicine (Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism), College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Lucia Notterpek
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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25
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Sartori A, Garay-Malpartida HM, Forni MF, Schumacher RI, Dutra F, Sogayar MC, Bechara EJH. Aminoacetone, a putative endogenous source of methylglyoxal, causes oxidative stress and death to insulin-producing RINm5f cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:1841-50. [PMID: 18729331 DOI: 10.1021/tx8001753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Aminoacetone (AA), triose phosphates, and acetone are putative endogenous sources of potentially cytotoxic and genotoxic methylglyoxal (MG), which has been reported to be augmented in the plasma of diabetic patients. In these patients, accumulation of MG derived from aminoacetone, a threonine and glycine catabolite, is inferred from the observed concomitant endothelial overexpression of circulating semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidases. These copper-dependent enzymes catalyze the oxidation of primary amines, such as AA and methylamine, by molecular oxygen, to the corresponding aldehydes, NH4(+) ion and H2O2. We recently reported that AA aerobic oxidation to MG also takes place immediately upon addition of catalytic amounts of copper and iron ions. Taking into account that (i) MG and H2O2 are reportedly cytotoxic to insulin-producing cell lineages such as RINm5f and that (ii) the metal-catalyzed oxidation of AA is propagated by O2(*-) radical anion, we decided to investigate the possible pro-oxidant action of AA on these cells taken here as a reliable model system for pancreatic beta-cells. Indeed, we show that AA (0.10-5.0 mM) administration to RINm5f cultures induces cell death. Ferrous (50-300 microM) and Fe(3+) ion (100 microM) addition to the cell cultures had no effect, whereas Cu(2+) (5.0-100 microM) significantly increased cell death. Supplementation of the AA- and Cu(2+)-containing culture medium with antioxidants, such as catalase (5.0 microM), superoxide dismutase (SOD, 50 U/mL), and N-acetylcysteine (NAC, 5.0 mM) led to partial protection. mRNA expression of MnSOD, CuZnSOD, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase, but not of catalase, is higher in cells treated with AA (0.50-1.0 mM) plus Cu(2+) ions (10-50 microM) relative to control cultures. This may imply higher activity of antioxidant enzymes in RINm5f AA-treated cells. In addition, we have found that AA (0.50-1.0 mM) plus Cu(2+) (100 microM) (i) increase RINm5f cytosolic calcium; (ii) promote DNA fragmentation; and (iii) increase the pro-apoptotic (Bax)/antiapoptotic (Bcl-2) ratio at the level of mRNA expression. In conclusion, although both normal and pathological concentrations of AA are probably much lower than those used here, it is tempting to propose that excess AA in diabetic patients may drive oxidative damage and eventually the death of pancreatic beta-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Sartori
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Instituto de Quimica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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26
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Resende RR, Gomes KN, Adhikari A, Britto LRG, Ulrich H. Mechanism of acetylcholine-induced calcium signaling during neuronal differentiation of P19 embryonal carcinoma cells in vitro. Cell Calcium 2008; 43:107-21. [PMID: 17662384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2007.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Revised: 04/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Muscarinic (mAChRs) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are involved in various physiological processes, including neuronal development. We provide evidence for expression of functional nicotinic and muscarinic receptors during differentiation of P19 carcinoma embryonic cells, as an in vitro model of early neurogenesis. We have detected expression and activity of alpha(2)-alpha(7), beta(2), beta(4) nAChR and M1-M5 mAChR subtypes during neuronal differentiation. Nicotinic alpha(3) and beta(2) mRNA transcription was induced by addition of retinoic acid to P19 cells. Gene expression of alpha(2), alpha(4)-alpha(7), beta(4) nAChR subunits decreased during initial differentiation and increased again when P19 cells underwent final maturation. Receptor response in terms of nicotinic agonist-evoked Ca(2+) flux was observed in embryonic and neuronal-differentiated cells. Muscarinic receptor response, merely present in undifferentiated P19 cells, increased during neuronal differentiation. The nAChR-induced elevation of intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)) response in undifferentiated cells was due to Ca(2+) influx. In differentiated P19 neurons the nAChR-induced [Ca(2+)](i) response was reduced following pretreatment with ryanodine, while the mAChR-induced response was unaffected indicating the contribution of Ca(2+) release from ryanodine-sensitive stores to nAChR- but not mAChR-mediated Ca(2+) responses. The presence of functional nAChRs in embryonic cells suggests that these receptors are involved in triggering Ca(2+) waves during initial neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo R Resende
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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27
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Kamal MA, Keep RF, Smith DE. Role and relevance of PEPT2 in drug disposition, dynamics, and toxicity. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2008; 23:236-42. [PMID: 18762710 PMCID: PMC2898562 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.23.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pept2 knockout mice are an important tool to evaluate the evolving role and relevance of this proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter beyond drug disposition, where the transporter also modulates the pharmacodynamic and toxicodynamic effects of drug substrates. Our in vivo studies with glycylsarcosine in Pept2 knockout mice have established "proof of concept" that PEPT2 can have a significant effect on dipeptide disposition. Subsequent studies with the aminocephalosporin antibiotic cefadroxil have shown relevance to pharmacology and infectious disease. Finally, studies with the endogenous peptidomimetic 5-aminolevulinic acid have demonstrated relevance to toxicology in the framework of porphyria- and lead-induced neurotoxicity. These studies have consistently demonstrated the dual action of PEPT2 with respect to its apical localization in choroid plexus epithelium and kidney in: 1) effluxing substrates from CSF into choroid plexus, thereby affecting regional pharmacokinetics in brain; and 2) reabsorbing substrates from renal tubular fluid into proximal tubules, thereby affecting systemic pharmacokinetics and exposure. Moreover, these studies have shown that the regional effect of PEPT2 in limiting substrate concentrations in the CSF is more dramatic than its effect in increasing systemic exposure. In the case of 5-aminolevulinic acid, such regional modulation of drug disposition translates directly into significant changes in neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Kamal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A
| | - Richard F. Keep
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A
| | - David E. Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A
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28
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Hu Y, Shen H, Keep RF, Smith DE. Peptide transporter 2 (PEPT2) expression in brain protects against 5-aminolevulinic acid neurotoxicity. J Neurochem 2007; 103:2058-65. [PMID: 17854384 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04905.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter PEPT2 (or SLC15A2) is the major protein involved in the reclamation of peptide-bound amino acids and peptide-like drugs in kidney. PEPT2 is also important in effluxing peptides and peptidomimetics from CSF at the choroid plexus, thereby limiting their exposure in brain. In this study, we report a neuroprotective role for PEPT2 in modulating the toxicity of a heme precursor, 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA). Our findings demonstrate that in PEPT2-deficient mice, 5-ALA administration results in reduced survivability, a worsening of neuromuscular dysfunction, and CSF concentrations of substrate that are 8-30 times higher than that in wild-type control animals. The ability of PEPT2 to limit 5-ALA exposure in CSF suggests that it may also have relevance as a secondary genetic modifier of conditions (such as acute hepatic porphyrias and lead poisoning) in which 5-ALA metabolism is altered and in which 5-ALA toxicity is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Upjohn Center for Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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29
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Resende RR, Majumder P, Gomes KN, Britto LRG, Ulrich H. P19 embryonal carcinoma cells as in vitro model for studying purinergic receptor expression and modulation of N-methyl-d-aspartate–glutamate and acetylcholine receptors during neuronal differentiation. Neuroscience 2007; 146:1169-81. [PMID: 17418494 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2006] [Revised: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro differentiation of P19 murine embryonal carcinoma cells to neurons resembles developmental stages which are encountered during neuronal development. Three days following induction to neuronal differentiation by retinoic acid, most cells of the P19 population lost expression of the stage specific embryonic antigen (SSEA-1) and expressed the neural progenitor cell specific antigen nestin. Beginning from day 4 of differentiation nestin expression was down-regulated, and expression of neuron-specific enolase as marker of differentiated neurons increased. The molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal differentiation are poorly understood. We have characterized the participation of purinergic ionotropic (P2X) and metabotropic (P2Y) receptors at mRNA transcription and protein levels as well as ATP-induced Ca2+ transients during neuronal differentiation of P19 cells. Gene and protein expression of P2X2, P2X6, P2Y2, and P2Y6 receptors increased during the course of differentiation, whereas P2X3, P2X4, P2Y1 and P2Y4 receptor expression was high in embryonic P19 cells and then decreased following induction of P19 cells to differentiation. P2X1 receptor protein expression was only detected on days 2 and 4 of differentiation. Although P2X5 and P2X7 mRNA transcription was present, no protein expression for this receptor subunit could be detected throughout the differentiation process. In undifferentiated cells, mainly ionotropic P2X receptors contributed to the ATP-induced Ca2+-response. In neuronal-differentiated P19 cells, the ATP-induced Ca2+-response was increased and the metabotropic component predominated. Purinergic receptor function is implicated to participate in neuronal maturation, as cholinergic and glutamate-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) induced calcium responses were affected when cells were differentiated in the presence of purinergic receptor antagonists pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulphonic acid (PPADS), suramin or reactive blue-2. Our data suggest that inhibition of P2Y1 and possibly P2X2 receptors led to a loss of NMDA receptor activity whereas blockade of possibly P2X2 and P2Y2 purinergic receptors during neuronal differentiation of P19 mouse led to inhibition of cholinergic receptor responses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cell Line
- Embryonal Carcinoma Stem Cells
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Immunohistochemistry
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neurons/metabolism
- Purinergic Antagonists
- Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists
- Purinergic P2 Receptor Antagonists
- Pyridoxal Phosphate/analogs & derivatives
- Pyridoxal Phosphate/pharmacology
- Receptors, Cholinergic/metabolism
- Receptors, Muscarinic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Muscarinic/genetics
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism
- Receptors, Nicotinic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Nicotinic/genetics
- Receptors, Purinergic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Purinergic/genetics
- Receptors, Purinergic P1/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Purinergic P1/genetics
- Receptors, Purinergic P2/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Purinergic P2/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Suramin/pharmacology
- Triazines/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Resende
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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