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Narai E, Yoshimura Y, Honaga T, Mizoguchi H, Yamanaka A, Hiyama TY, Watanabe T, Koba S. Orexinergic neurons contribute to autonomic cardiovascular regulation for locomotor exercise. J Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38380995 DOI: 10.1113/jp285791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
While the hypothalamic orexinergic nervous system is established as having a pivotal role in the long-term regulation of various organismic functions, including wakefulness, metabolism and hypertensive states, whether this system contributes to the rapid autonomic cardiovascular regulation during physical activity remains elusive. This study aimed to elucidate the role of the orexinergic nervous system in transmitting volitional motor signals, i.e. central command, to drive somatomotor and sympathetic cardiovascular responses. We first found that this system is activated by voluntary locomotor exercise as evidenced by an increased expression of Fos, a marker of neural activation, in the orexinergic neurons of Sprague-Dawley rats engaged in spontaneous wheel running. Next, using transgenic Orexin-Cre rats for optogenetic manipulation of orexinergic neurons, we found that optogenetic excitation of orexinergic neurons caused sympathoexcitation on a subsecond timescale under anaesthesia. In freely moving conscious rats, this excitatory stimulation rapidly elicited exploration-like behaviours, predominantly locomotor activity, along with pressor and tachycardiac responses. Meanwhile, optogenetic inhibition of orexinergic neurons during spontaneous wheel running immediately suppressed locomotor activities and blood pressure elevation without affecting basal cardiovascular homeostasis. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the essential role of the orexinergic nervous system in the central circuitry that transmits central command signals for locomotor exercise. This study not only offers insights into the brain circuit mechanisms precisely regulating autonomic cardiovascular systems during voluntary exercise but also likely contributes to our understanding of brain mechanisms underlying abnormal cardiovascular adjustments to exercise in pathological conditions, such as hypertension. KEY POINTS: The hypothalamic orexinergic nervous system plays various roles in the long-term regulation of autonomic and endocrine functions, as well as motivated behaviours. We present a novel, rapid role of the orexinergic nervous system, revealing its significance as a crucial substrate in the brain circuit mechanisms that coordinate somatomotor and autonomic cardiovascular controls for locomotor exercise. Our data demonstrate that orexinergic neurons relay volitional motor signals, playing a necessary and sufficient role in the autonomic cardiovascular regulation required for locomotor exercise in rats. The findings contribute to our understanding of how the brain precisely regulates autonomic cardiovascular systems during voluntary exercise, providing insights into the central neural mechanisms that enhance physical performance moment-by-moment during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Narai
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| | - Yuki Yoshimura
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| | - Takaho Honaga
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizoguchi
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamanaka
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing (CIBR), Beijing, China
| | - Takeshi Y Hiyama
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Watanabe
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| | - Satoshi Koba
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
- Division of Veterinary Physiology, Tottori University Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori, Japan
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Andrade MT, Goulart KNO, Barbosa NHS, Soares DD, Andrade AGP, Gonçalves DAP, Mendes TT, Coimbra CC, Wanner SP. Core body temperatures of rats subjected to treadmill exercise to fatigue or exhaustion: The journal Temperature toolbox. Temperature (Austin) 2022; 10:287-312. [PMID: 37554383 PMCID: PMC10405761 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2022.2115274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study systematically reviewed the literature reporting the changes in rats' core body temperature (TCORE) induced by either incremental- or constant-speed running to fatigue or exhaustion. In addition, multiple linear regression analyses were used to determine the factors contributing to the TCORE values attained when exercise was interrupted. Four databases (EMBASE, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science) were searched in October 2021, and this search was updated in August 2022. Seventy-two studies (n = 1,538 rats) were included in the systematic review. These studies described heterogeneous experimental conditions; for example, the ambient temperature ranged from 5 to 40°C. The rats quit exercising with TCORE values varying more than 8°C among studies, with the lowest and highest values corresponding to 34.9°C and 43.4°C, respectively. Multiple linear regression analyses indicated that the ambient temperature (p < 0.001), initial TCORE (p < 0.001), distance traveled (p < 0.001; only incremental exercises), and running speed and duration (p < 0.001; only constant exercises) contributed significantly to explaining the variance in the TCORE at the end of the exercise. In conclusion, rats subjected to treadmill running exhibit heterogeneous TCORE when fatigued or exhausted. Moreover, it is not possible to determine a narrow range of TCORE associated with exercise cessation in hyperthermic rats. Ambient temperature, initial TCORE, and physical performance-related variables are the best predictors of TCORE at fatigue or exhaustion. From a broader perspective, this systematic review provides relevant information for selecting appropriate methods in future studies designed to investigate exercise thermoregulation in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo T. Andrade
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Karine N. O. Goulart
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nicolas H. S. Barbosa
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Danusa D. Soares
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - André G. P. Andrade
- Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Dawit A. P. Gonçalves
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Thiago T. Mendes
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Cândido C. Coimbra
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Samuel P. Wanner
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Lima PM, Reis TO, Wanner SP, Chianca-Jr DA, Menezes RC. The role of peripheral transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 channels in stress-induced hyperthermia in rats subjected to an anxiogenic environment. J Therm Biol 2022; 106:103191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Inhibition of nNOS in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus decreases exercise-induced hyperthermia. Brain Res Bull 2021; 177:64-72. [PMID: 34536522 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) is an important site for autonomic control, which integrates thermoregulation centers and sympathetic outflow to thermoeffector organs. PVN neurons express the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) whose expression is locally upregulated by physical exercise. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of nNOS in the PVN in the exercise-induced hyperthermia. Seven days after surgery, male Wistar rats received bilateral intra-PVN microinjections of the selective nNOS inhibitor Nw-Propyl-L-Arginine (NPLA) or vehicle (saline) and were submitted to an acute progressive exercise session on a treadmill until fatigue. Abdominal and tail skin temperature (Tabd and Ttail, respectively) were measured, and the threshold (Hthr; °C) and sensitivity (Hsen) for heat dissipation calculated. Performance variables were also collected. During the progressive exercise protocol, all animals displayed an increase in the Tabd. However, compared to vehicle group, the microinjection of NPLA in the PVN attenuated the exercise-induced hyperthermia. There was no difference in Ttail or Hthr between NPLA and control rats. In contrast, Hsen was increased in the NPLA group compared to vehicle. In addition, heat storage was lower in NPLA-treated animals. Despite the temperature differences, inhibition of nNOS in the PVN did not affect running performance on the treadmill. These results suggest that nitrergic signaling within the PVN, under nNOS activation, drives the increase of body temperature, being necessary for the proper thermal regulatory mechanisms during progressive exercise-induced hyperthermia.
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Drummond LR, Campos HO, de Andrade Lima PM, da Fonseca CG, Kunstetter AC, Rodrigues QT, Szawka RE, Natali AJ, Prímola-Gomes TN, Wanner SP, Coimbra CC. Impaired thermoregulation in spontaneously hypertensive rats during physical exercise is related to reduced hypothalamic neuronal activation. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:1757-1768. [PMID: 33040159 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02474-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the physical exercise-induced neuronal activation in brain nuclei controlling thermoregulatory responses in hypertensive and normotensive rats. Sixteen-week-old male normotensive Wistar rats (NWRs) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were implanted with an abdominal temperature sensor. After recovery, the animals were subjected to a constant-speed treadmill running (at 60% of the maximum aerobic speed) for 30 min at 25 °C. Core (Tcore) and tail-skin (Tskin) temperatures were measured every minute during exercise. Ninety minutes after the exercise, the rats were euthanized, and their brains were collected to determine the c-Fos protein expression in the following areas that modulate thermoregulatory responses: medial preoptic area (mPOA), paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN), and supraoptic nucleus (SON). During treadmill running, the SHR group exhibited a greater increase in Tcore and an augmented threshold for cutaneous heat loss relative to the NWR group. In addition, the SHRs showed reduced neuronal activation in the mPOA (< 49.7%) and PVN (< 44.2%), but not in the SON. The lower exercise-induced activation in the mPOA and PVN in hypertensive rats was strongly related to the delayed onset of cutaneous heat loss. We conclude that the enhanced exercise-induced hyperthermia in hypertensive rats can be partially explained by a delayed cutaneous heat loss, which is, in turn, associated with reduced activation of brain areas modulating thermoregulatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Rios Drummond
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627., Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Helton Oliveira Campos
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627., Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Paulo Marcelo de Andrade Lima
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627., Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Cletiana Gonçalves da Fonseca
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Cançado Kunstetter
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Quezia Teixeira Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627., Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Raphael Escorsim Szawka
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627., Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Antônio José Natali
- Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Thales Nicolau Prímola-Gomes
- Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Samuel Penna Wanner
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Cândido Celso Coimbra
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627., Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
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Bunner W, Landry T, Laing BT, Li P, Rao Z, Yuan Y, Huang H. ARC AgRP/NPY Neuron Activity Is Required for Acute Exercise-Induced Food Intake in Un-Trained Mice. Front Physiol 2020; 11:411. [PMID: 32435204 PMCID: PMC7218131 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
While much is known about the role of agouti-regulated peptide/neuropeptide Y (AgRP/NPY) and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons to regulate energy homeostasis, little is known about how forced energy expenditure, such as exercise, modulates these neurons and if these neurons are involved in post-exercise feeding behaviors. We utilized multiple mouse models to investigate the effects of acute, moderate-intensity exercise on food intake and neuronal activity in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus. NPY-GFP reporter mice were utilized for immunohistochemistry and patch-clamp electrophysiology experiments investigating neuronal activation immediately after acute treadmill exercise. Additionally, ARCAgRP/NPY neuron inhibition was performed using the Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADD) system in AgRP-Cre transgenic mice to investigate the importance of AgRP/NPY neurons in post-exercise feeding behaviors. Our experiments revealed that acute moderate-intensity exercise significantly increased food intake, ARCAgRP/NPY neuron activation, and PVNSim1 neuron activation, while having no effect on ARCPOMC neurons. Strikingly, this exercise-induced refeeding was completely abolished when ARCAgRP/NPY neuron activity was inhibited. While acute exercise also increased PVNSim1 neuron activity, inhibition of ARCAgRP/NPY neurons had no effect on PVNSim1 neuronal activation. Overall, our results reveal that ARCAgRP/NPY activation is required for acute exercise induced food intake in mice, thus providing insight into the critical role of ARCAgRP/NPY neurons in maintaining energy homeostasis in cases of exercise-mediated energy deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt Bunner
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Taylor Landry
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Brenton Thomas Laing
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Peixin Li
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Zhijian Rao
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Yuan Yuan
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Hu Huang
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
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Lima PMA, Campos HO, Fóscolo DRC, Szawka RE, Wanner SP, Coimbra CC. The time-course of thermoregulatory responses during treadmill running is associated with running duration-dependent hypothalamic neuronal activation in rats. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:2775-2786. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01933-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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8
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Noronha SSR, Lima PM, Campos GSV, Chírico MTT, Abreu AR, Figueiredo AB, Silva FCS, Chianca DA, Lowry CA, De Menezes RCA. Association of high-fat diet with neuroinflammation, anxiety-like defensive behavioral responses, and altered thermoregulatory responses in male rats. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 80:500-511. [PMID: 31022457 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Overweight and obesity are a worldwide pandemic affecting billions of people. These conditions have been associated with a chronic low-grade inflammatory state that is recognized as a risk factor for a range of somatic diseases as well as neurodevelopmental disorders, anxiety disorders, trauma- and stressor-related disorders, and affective disorders. We previously reported that the ingestion of a high-fat diet (HFD; 45% fat kcal/g) for nine weeks was capable of inducing obesity in rats in association with increased reactivity to stress and increased anxiety-related defensive behavior. In this study, we conducted a nine-week diet protocol to induce obesity in rats, followed by investigation of anxiety-related defensive behavioral responses using the elevated T-maze (ETM), numbers of FOS-immunoreactive cells after exposure of rats to the avoidance or escape task of the ETM, and neuroinflammatory cytokine expression in hypothalamic and amygdaloid nuclei. In addition, we investigated stress-induced cutaneous thermoregulatory responses during exposure to an open-field (OF). Here we demonstrated that nine weeks of HFD intake induced obesity, in association with increased abdominal fat pad weight, increased anxiety-related defensive behavioral responses, and increased proinflammatory cytokines in hypothalamic and amygdaloid nuclei. In addition, HFD exposure altered avoidance- or escape task-induced FOS-immunoreactivity within brain structures involved in control of neuroendocrine, autonomic, and behavioral responses to aversive stimuli, including the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and dorsomedial (DMH), paraventricular (PVN) and ventromedial (VMH) hypothalamic nuclei. Furthermore, rats exposed to HFD, relative to control diet-fed rats, responded with increased tail skin temperature at baseline and throughout exposure to an open-field apparatus. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that HFD induces neuroinflammation, alters excitability of brain nuclei controlling neuroendocrine, autonomic, and behavioral responses to stressful stimuli, and enhances stress reactivity and anxiety-like defensive behavioral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S R Noronha
- Department of Biological Science, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil; Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - P M Lima
- Department of Biological Science, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil
| | - G S V Campos
- Department of Biological Science, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil
| | - M T T Chírico
- Department of Biological Science, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil
| | - A R Abreu
- Department of Biological Science, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil
| | - A B Figueiredo
- Department of Biological Science, Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil
| | - F C S Silva
- Department of Biological Science, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil
| | - D A Chianca
- Department of Biological Science, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil
| | - C A Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Center for Neuroscience and Center for Microbial Exploration, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Military and Veteran Microbiome Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - R C A De Menezes
- Department of Biological Science, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil.
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Nitrate supplementation improves physical performance specifically in non-athletes during prolonged open-ended tests: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Nutr 2019; 119:636-657. [PMID: 29553034 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518000132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitrate (NO3 -) is an ergogenic nutritional supplement that is widely used to improve physical performance. However, the effectiveness of NO3 - supplementation has not been systematically investigated in individuals with different physical fitness levels. The present study analysed whether different fitness levels (non-athletes v. athletes or classification of performance levels), duration of the test used to measure performance (short v. long duration) and the test protocol (time trials v. open-ended tests v. graded-exercise tests) influence the effects of NO3 - supplementation on performance. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted and reported according to the guidelines outlined in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement. A systematic search of electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus and ProQuest, was performed in August 2017. On the basis of the search and inclusion criteria, fifty-four and fifty-three placebo-controlled studies evaluating the effects of NO3 - supplementation on performance in humans were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis, respectively. NO3 - supplementation was ergogenic in non-athletes (mean effect size (ES) 0·25; 95 % CI 0·11, 0·38), particularly in evaluations of performance using long-duration open-ended tests (ES 0·47; 95 % CI 0·23, 0·71). In contrast, NO3 - supplementation did not enhance the performance of athletes (ES 0·04; 95 % CI -0·05, 0·15). After objectively classifying the participants into different performance levels, the frequency of trials showing ergogenic effects in individuals classified at lower levels was higher than that in individuals classified at higher levels. Thus, the present study indicates that dietary NO3 - supplementation improves physical performance in non-athletes, particularly during long-duration open-ended tests.
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Involvement of hypothalamic nitric oxide signaling in the modulation of a rat's exercise capacity. Neuroreport 2018; 28:408-413. [PMID: 28296653 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to explore the effect of nitric oxide (NO) in some regions of the hypothalamus on exercise capacity. MATERIALS AND METHODS To assess the role of central NO in exercise capacity, L-arginine (L-Arg, a precursor of NO synthesis), NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, a NO synthase inhibitor), or placebo saline was injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle of rats once a day for 4 consecutive days. Thereafter, an one-time exhaustive treadmill exercise was performed, and the levels of nitrate/nitrite, as a marker of NO production, in blood plasma and hypothalamus were assayed. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-expressing cells were immunohistochemically stained and analyzed in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), and the ventromedial hypothalamus. Exercise time to exhaustion and total workload were determined. RESULTS Compared with the rats in the saline group, the exercise time to exhaustion and total workload increased 50% in the L-Arg group and decreased 50% in the L-NAME group. The nitrate/nitrite level of hypothalamus in the L-Arg group increased 50% and decreased 29.4% in the L-NAME group. The number of nNOS-positive cells was significantly increased, 56.5%, in PVN and, 119%, in DMH, but not in ventromedial hypothalamus. No significant changes in nNOS-positive cells were found in L-NAME-treated rats. CONCLUSION These results show that the modulation of hypothalamic NO signaling can affect the rat's running performance during a treadmill exercise and that enhanced NO signaling by induction of nNOS in PVN and DMH plays a role in improving exercise capacity after central administration of L-Arg. NO signaling in PVN and DMH may be a useful target for the pharmacological intervention of exercise performance or capacity.
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Kunstetter AC, Barbosa NHS, Moraes MM, Pinto VA, Soares DD, Pires W, Wanner SP. Pre-exercise exposure to the treadmill setup changes the cardiovascular and thermoregulatory responses induced by subsequent treadmill running in rats. Temperature (Austin) 2017; 5:109-122. [PMID: 30377632 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2017.1388343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Different methodological approaches have been used to conduct experiments with rats subjected to treadmill running. Some experimenters have exposed rats to the treadmill setup before initiating exercise to minimize the influences of handling and being placed in an anxiety-inducing environment on the physiological responses to subsequent running. Other experimenters have subjected rats to exercise immediately after placing them on the treadmill. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of pre-exercise exposure to the treadmill on physical performance and cardiovascular and thermoregulatory responses during subsequent exercise. Male Wistar rats were subjected to fatiguing incremental-speed exercise at 24°C immediately after being placed on the treadmill or after being exposed to the treadmill for 70 min following removal from their home cages. Core body temperature (TCORE), tail-skin temperature (TSKIN), heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were recorded throughout the experiments. Rats exposed to the treadmill started exercise with higher TCORE, lower HR and MAP, and unaltered TSKIN. This exposure did not influence performance, but it markedly affected the exercise-induced increases in the four physiological parameters evaluated; for example, the TSKIN increased earlier and at a higher TCORE. Moreover, previous treadmill exposure notably allowed expected exercise-induced changes in cardiovascular parameters to be observed. Collectively, these data indicate that pre-exercise exposure to the treadmill induces important effects on physiological responses during subsequent treadmill running. The present data are particularly relevant for researchers planning experiments involving physical exercise and the recording of physiological parameters in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Kunstetter
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil
| | - Nicolas H S Barbosa
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil
| | - Michele M Moraes
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil
| | - Valéria A Pinto
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil
| | - Danusa D Soares
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil
| | - Washington Pires
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares (MG), Brazil
| | - Samuel P Wanner
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil
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Machado FSM, Fóscolo DRC, Poletini MO, Coimbra CC. Influence of Time-of-Day on Maximal Exercise Capacity Is Related to Daily Thermal Balance but Not to Induced Neuronal Activity in Rats. Front Physiol 2016; 7:464. [PMID: 27790157 PMCID: PMC5063920 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated whether the daily fluctuations of internal body temperature (Tb) and spontaneous locomotor activity (SLA) interact with the thermal and neuronal adjustments induced by high-intensity aerobic exercise until fatigue. The body temperature and SLA of adult Wistar rats (n = 23) were continuously recorded by telemetry for 48 h. Then, the rats were subjected to a protocol of graded exercise until fatigue or rest on the treadmill during light and dark-phases. Tb, tail skin temperature and ambient temperature during each experimental session were recorded. At the end of the last experimental session, the animals were anaesthetized; the brains were perfused and removed for immunohistochemical analysis of c-fos neuronal activation. The daily rhythms of SLA and Tb were strongly correlated (r = 0.88 and p < 0.001), and this was followed by a daily oscillation in both the ratio and the correlation index between these variables (p < 0.001). Exercise capacity was associated with a lower resting Tb (p < 0.01) and was higher in the light-phase (p < 0.001), resulting in an increased capacity to accumulate heat during exercise (p < 0.01). Independent of time-of-day, high intensity exercise strongly activated the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), the supra-optic nucleus (SON) and the locus coeruleus (LC) (p < 0.001) but not the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Taken together, our results points toward a role of the circadian system in a basal activity control of the thermoregulatory system as an important component for the onset of physical activities. In fact, rather than directly limiting the adjustments induced by exercise the present study brings new evidence that the effect of time-of-day on exercise performance occurs at the threshold level for each thermoregulatory system effector activity. This assumption is based on the observed resilience of the central clock to high-intensity exercise and the similarities in exercise-induced neuronal activation in the PVN, SON, and LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico S M Machado
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daniela R C Fóscolo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maristela O Poletini
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cândido C Coimbra
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Santiago HP, Leite LHR, Lima PMA, Rodovalho GV, Szawka RE, Coimbra CC. The improvement of exercise performance by physical training is related to increased hypothalamic neuronal activation. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 43:116-24. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrique P Santiago
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics; Institute of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Laura HR Leite
- Department of Physiology; Institute of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Juiz de Fora Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Paulo Marcelo A Lima
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics; Institute of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Gisele V Rodovalho
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics; Institute of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Raphael E Szawka
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics; Institute of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Cândido C Coimbra
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics; Institute of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
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Commentaries on Viewpoint: Can elite athletes benefit from dietary nitrate supplementation? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 119:762-9. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00640.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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