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Wu H, Cheng XW, Hu L, Takeshita K, Hu C, Du Q, Li X, Zhu E, Huang Z, Yisireyili M, Zhao G, Piao L, Inoue A, Jiang H, Lei Y, Zhang X, Liu S, Dai Q, Kuzuya M, Shi GP, Murohara T. Cathepsin S Activity Controls Injury-Related Vascular Repair in Mice via the TLR2-Mediated p38MAPK and PI3K-Akt/p-HDAC6 Signaling Pathway. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1549-57. [PMID: 27365406 PMCID: PMC4961274 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.307110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objective— Cathepsin S (CatS) participates in atherogenesis through several putative mechanisms. The ability of cathepsins to modify histone tail is likely to contribute to stem cell development. Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is required in modulating the proliferation and migration of various types of cancer cells. Here, we investigated the cross talk between CatS and HADC6 in injury-related vascular repair in mice. Approach and Results— Ligation injury to the carotid artery in mice increased the CatS expression, and CatS-deficient mice showed reduced neointimal formation in injured arteries. CatS deficiency decreased the phosphorylation levels of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, Akt, and HDAC6 and toll-like receptor 2 expression in ligated arteries. The genetic or pharmacological inhibition of CatS also alleviated the increased phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, Akt, and HDAC6 induced by platelet-derived growth factor BB in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibition and Akt inhibition decreased the phospho-HDAC6 levels. Moreover, CatS inhibition caused decrease in the levels of the HDAC6 activity in VSMCs in response to platelet-derived growth factor BB. The HDAC6 inhibitor tubastatin A downregulated platelet-derived growth factor–induced VSMC proliferation and migration, whereas HDAC6 overexpression exerted the opposite effect. Tubastatin A also decreased the intimal VSMC proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia in response to injury. Toll-like receptor 2 silencing decreased the phosphorylation levels of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, Akt, and HDAC6 and VSMC migration and proliferation. Conclusions— This is the first report detailing cross-interaction between toll-like receptor 2–mediated CatS and HDAC6 during injury-related vascular repair. These data suggest that CatS/HDAC6 could be a potential therapeutic target for the control of vascular diseases that are involved in neointimal lesion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxian Wu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.)
| | - Xian Wu Cheng
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.).
| | - Lina Hu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.)
| | - Kyosuke Takeshita
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.)
| | - Chen Hu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.)
| | - Qiuna Du
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.)
| | - Xiang Li
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.)
| | - Enbo Zhu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.)
| | - Zhe Huang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.)
| | - Maimaiti Yisireyili
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.)
| | - Guangxian Zhao
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.)
| | - Limei Piao
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.)
| | - Aiko Inoue
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.)
| | - Haiying Jiang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.)
| | - Yanna Lei
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.)
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.)
| | - Shaowen Liu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.)
| | - Qiuyan Dai
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.)
| | - Masafumi Kuzuya
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.)
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.)
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- From the Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.W., Q. Du, S.L., Q. Dai); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (H.W., X.W.C., K.T., M.Y., T.M.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (C.H., X.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China (X.W.C., X.L., E.Z., G.Z., L.P., Y.L.); Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (X.W.C., L.H., A.I., M.K.); Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.H.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China (H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (X.W.C); and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.P.S.)
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