Chemopreventive properties of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. on human gastric carcinoma cells through apoptosis induction and JNK/p38 MAPK signaling activation

Anticancer effects of gossypetin from Hibiscus sabdariffa in oral squamous cell carcinoma

OBJECTIVE

Gossypetin, isolated from Hibiscus sabdariffa L, has been shown to have various pharmacological effects including anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity against various diseases. However, since the effect of gossypetin in oral cancer remains to be reported, we aimed to investigate the anticancer activity and mechanisms of gossypetin in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

METHODOLOGY

The proliferation of OSCC cells was evaluated by cell viability and soft agar colony assays. The effects of gossypetin on the migration and invasion of OSCC cells was investigated by wound healing and transwell invasion assays, respectively. Apoptosis and cell cycle arrest were measured by flow cytometry. Moreover, the anticancer mechanism of gossypetin in OSCC cells was analyzed by western blotting.

RESULTS

Gossypetin inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of OSCC cells and induced apoptosis by upregulating the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. Furthermore, gossypetin regulated the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and nuclear factor-kappa B.

CONCLUSION

Results showed that gossypetin inhibits the proliferation, migration, and invasion of OSCC cells and triggers apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in OSCC. Therefore, gossypetin has the potential for use as a chemopreventive agent in oral cancer.

Screening the possible anti-cancer constituents of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flower to address mammalian target of rapamycin: an in silico molecular docking, HYDE scoring, dynamic studies, and pharmacokinetic prediction

One of the most common malignancies diagnosed and the leading cause of death for cancer-stricken women globally is breast cancer. The molecular subtype affects therapy options because it is a complex disorder with multiple subtypes. By concentrating on receptor activation, mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) can be employed as a therapeutic target. The goal of this work was to screen a number of inhibitors produced from Hibiscus rosa-sinensis for possible target to inhibit the mTOR and to determine which has the greatest affinity for the receptor. Primarily, the ionization states of the chosen compounds were predicted using the ChemAxon web platform, and their pKa values were estimated. Given the significance of interactions between proteins in the development of drugs, structure-based virtual screening was done using AutoDock Vina. Approximately 120 Hibiscus components and ten approved anti-cancer drugs, including the mTOR inhibitor everolimus, were used in the comparative analysis. By using Lipinski's rule of five to the chosen compounds, the ADMET profile and drug-likeness characteristics were further examined to assess the anti-breast cancer activity. The compounds with the highest ranked binding poses were loaded using the SeeSAR tool and the HYDE scoring to give interactive, desolvation, and visual ΔG estimation for ligand binding affinity assessment. Following, the prospective candidates underwent three replicas of 100 ns long molecular dynamics simulations, preceded with MM-GBSA binding free energy calculation. The stability of the protein-ligand complex was determined using root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), and protein-ligand interactions. The results demonstrated that the best mTOR binding affinities were found for stigmastadienol (107), lupeol (66), and taraxasterol acetate (111), which all performed well in comparison to the control compounds. Thus, bioactive compounds isolated from Hibiscus rosa-sinensis could serve as lead molecules for the creation of potent and effective mTOR inhibitors for the breast cancer therapy.

Mannan oligosaccharides alleviate oxidative injury in the head kidney and spleen in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) via the Nrf2 signaling pathway after Aeromonas hydrophila infection

BACKGROUND

Mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) are recommended as aquaculture additives owing to their excellent antioxidant properties. In the present study, we examined the effects of dietary MOS on the head kidney and spleen of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) with Aeromonas hydrophila infection.

METHODS

A total of 540 grass carp were used for the study. They were administered six gradient dosages of the MOS diet (0, 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1,000 mg/kg) for 60 d. Subsequently, we performed a 14-day Aeromonas hydrophila challenge experiment. The antioxidant capacity of the head kidney and spleen were examined using spectrophotometry, DNA fragmentation, qRT-PCR, and Western blotting.

RESULTS

After infection with Aeromonas hydrophila, 400-600 mg/kg MOS supplementation decreased the levels of reactive oxygen species, protein carbonyl, and malonaldehyde and increased the levels of anti-superoxide anion, anti-hydroxyl radical, and glutathione in the head kidney and spleen of grass carp. The activities of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase, manganese superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase were also enhanced by supplementation with 400-600 mg/kg MOS. Furthermore, the expression of most antioxidant enzymes and their corresponding genes increased significantly with supplementation of 200-800 mg/kg MOS. mRNA and protein levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 also increased following supplementation with 400-600 mg/kg MOS. In addition, supplementation with 400-600 mg/kg MOS reduced excessive apoptosis by inhibiting the death receptor pathway and mitochondrial pathway processes.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the quadratic regression analysis of the above biomarkers (reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, and protein carbonyl) of oxidative damage in the head kidney and spleen of on-growing grass carp, the recommended MOS supplementation is 575.21, 557.58, 531.86, 597.35, 570.16, and 553.80 mg/kg, respectively. Collectively, MOS supplementation could alleviate oxidative injury in the head kidney and spleen of grass carp infected with Aeromonas hydrophila.

Evaluation of antitumoral effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa extract on human breast cancer cells

BackgroundBreast cancer is the most frequent tumor in women. Natural substances represent an important source of innovative therapeutic solutions, eventually integrating or substituting conventional drugs and chemicals. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. is a plant of the Malvaceae family that has raised interest thanks to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer effects. In this work, we evaluated the antitumoral effects of an enriched fraction of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. extract (HsEF) in two human breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7(ERα +) and MDA-MB-231 (triple negative). Methods and resultsCell viability was assessed by MTT and Trypan blue assays. HsEF reduced both cell lines viability in a dose and time dependent manner and this effect results irreversible. In MCF-7 cells immunofluorescence experiments, demonstrated that HsEF induced ERα trans-location from nucleus to perinuclear area and in cytoplasmic compartment. qRT-PCR and western blotting high-lighted that HsEF reduced ERα, BRCA1 and caveolin1 gene and protein expression in MCF-7 cells, but not in MDA-MB-231 cells. Moreover, we demonstrated that HsEF reduced proteasome activity, an increased autophagy, impair migration and invasion in both cell lines. ConclusionsOur data suggest HsEF has an antitumoral effects on both breast tumor cells examined and that ERα involvement could explain the differences observed between the two cell lines.

Mannan Oligosaccharides Application: Multipath Restriction From Aeromonas hydrophila Infection in the Skin Barrier of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of dietary Mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) supplementation on skin barrier function and the mechanism of on-growing grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Five hundred forty grass carp were fed for 60 days from the growing stage with six different levels of MOS diets (0, 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1,000 mg kg^-1). At the end of the growth trial, the 14-day Aeromonas hydrophila challenge experiment has proceeded. The obtained data indicate that MOS could (1) decline skin lesion morbidity after being challenged by the pathogenic bacteria; (2) maintain physical barrier function via improving antioxidant ability, inhibiting excessive apoptosis, and strengthening the tight junction between the epithelial cell and the related signaling pathway (Nrf2/Keap1, p38MAPK, and MLCK); and (3) regulate immune barrier function by modulating the production of antimicrobial compound and expression of involved cytokines and the related signaling pathway (TOR and NFκB). Finally, we concluded that MOS supplementation reinforced the disease resistance and protected the fish skin barrier function from Aeromonas hydrophila infection.

Natural Health Products (NHP's) and Natural Compounds as Therapeutic Agents for the Treatment of Cancer; Mechanisms of Anti-Cancer Activity of Natural Compounds and Overall Trends

Most cancer therapeutics, such as tubulin-targeting chemotherapy drugs, cause cytotoxic, non-selective effects. These harmful side-effects drastically reduce the cancer patient's quality of life. Recently, researchers have focused their efforts on studying natural health products (NHP's) which have demonstrated the ability to selectively target cancer cells in cellular and animal models. However, the major hurdle of clinical validation remains. NHP's warrant further clinical investigation as a therapeutic option since they exhibit low toxicity, while retaining a selective effect. Additionally, they can sensitize cancerous cells to chemotherapy, which enhances the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs, indicating that they can be utilized as supplemental therapy. An additional area for further research is the investigation of drug-drug interactions between NHP's and chemotherapeutics. The objectives of this review are to report the most recent results from the field of anticancer NHP research, and to highlight the most recent advancements in possible supplemental therapeutic options.

Integration of medicinal plants into the traditional system of medicine for the treatment of cancer in Sokoto State, Nigeria

This study was designed to explore and record various medicinal plants integrated into the traditional system of medicine for the treatment of cancer. The traditional system of medicine is a routine practiced among the indigenous ethnic groups of Sokoto state. A semi-structured questionnaire was designed and used for data collection around the selected Local Government Areas. A substantial number of plant species were identified, recorded, and collected for preservation. Data collected for each specie was analysed to assess its frequent use among the medicinal plants. A total of 67 species belonging to 31 families have been identified and recorded. Out of the 473 frequency of citation (FC), Acacia nilotica was the most frequently cited specie (32 FC, 64% FC, 0.6 RFC), followed by Guiera senegalensis (27 FC, 54% FC, 0.5 RFC), Erythrina sigmoidea (17 FC, 34% FC, 0.3 RFC), and subsequently Combretum camporum (15 FC, 30% FC, 0.3 RFC). The most common parts of the plants used include the barks (55.2%), the roots (53.2%), and the leaves (41.8%). Additionally, decoction (74.6%), powdered form (49.3%), and maceration (46.3%) are the most frequently used mode of preparation. The historical knowledge of a traditional system of medicine practiced by the native traditional healers of Sokoto for the treatment of cancer has been documented. The present study further provides a baseline for future pharmacological investigations into the beneficial effects of such medicinal plants for the treatment of cancer.

The Impact of Herbal Infusion Consumption on Oxidative Stress and Cancer: The Good, the Bad, the Misunderstood

The release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress is associated with the development of many ailments, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and cancer. The causal link between oxidative stress and cancer is well established and antioxidants are suggested as a protective mechanism against cancer development. Recently, an increase in the consumption of antioxidant supplements was observed globally. The main sources of these antioxidants include fruits, vegetables, and beverage. Herbal infusions are highly popular beverages consumed daily for different reasons. Studies showed the potent antioxidant effects of plants used in the preparation of some herbal infusions. Such herbal infusions represent an important source of antioxidants and can be used as a dietary protection against cancer. However, uncontrolled consumption of herbal infusions may cause toxicity and reduced antioxidant activity. In this review, eleven widely consumed herbal infusions were evaluated for their antioxidant capacities, anticancer potential and possible toxicity. These herbal infusions are highly popular and consumed as daily drinks in different countries. Studies discussed in this review will provide a solid ground for researchers to have better understanding of the use of herbal infusions to reduce oxidative stress and as protective supplements against cancer development.

Organic Acids from Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)-A Brief Review of Its Pharmacological Effects

Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), also known as jamaica in Spanish, is a perennial plant that grows in tropical and subtropical regions, including China, Egypt, Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria, Thailand, and Saudi Arabia. It has a long history of uses, mainly focused on culinary, botanical, floral, cosmetic, and medicinal uses. The latter being of great impact due to the diuretic, choleretic, analgesic, antitussive, antihypertensive, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and anti-cancer effects. These therapeutic properties have been attributed to the bioactive compounds of the plant, mainly phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and organic acids (citric, hydroxycitric, hibiscus, tartaric, malic, and ascorbic). Most literature reviews and meta-analyses on the therapeutic potential of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Hs) compounds have not adequately addressed the contributions of its organic acids present in the Hs extracts. This review compiles information from published research (in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies) on demonstrated pharmacological properties of organic acids found in Hs. The intent is to encourage and aid researchers to expand their studies on the pharmacologic and therapeutic effects of Hs to include assessments of the organic acid components.

Insight into the molecular evidence supporting the remarkable chemotherapeutic potential of Hibiscus sabdariffa L

Hibiscus sabdariffa or roselle tea is popular around the globe for its antioxidant capability along with various other health benefits. Besides, it has uses in Ayurvedic and Chinese herbal medicines for the treatment of several diseases. However, the investigation for the anticancer potential of the plant began roughly in the last decade that emerged with encouraging results. Both crude extracts and pure compounds of the plant were reported to induce chemoprevention, selective cytotoxicity, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, autophagy and anti-metastasis effects in varied types of human cancer cells. The plant contains a high quantity of polyphenolic compounds and at least two of them were proven to induce potent anticancer effects. Although, the molecular mechanism underlying the anticancer activity was roughly estimated in several studies. The present review aimed to assemble all ambiguous information to report the molecular evidence establishing the potent anticancer activity of Hibiscus sabdariffa and its implication for cancer therapy. This study suggests that Hibiscus sabdariffa is an ideal candidate to investigate its role as a herbal supplement for cancer prevention and treatment. With excellent safety and tolerability record, polyphenolic compounds from the plant need better designed clinical trials.

Immunomodulatory Effects and Induction of Apoptosis by Different Molecular Weight Chitosan Oligosaccharides in Head Kidney Macrophages From Blunt Snout Bream (Megalobrama amblycephala)

Prophylactic administration of immunopotentiators has been tested and practiced as one of the most promising disease prevention methods in aquaculture. Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), as an ideal immunopotentiator, is mainly used as feed additives in aquaculture, and the antimicrobial and immune enhancement effects are highly correlated with molecular weight (MW), but little is known about the mechanisms in teleost. Here, we isolated and purified macrophages in head kidney from blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala), stimulated them with three different MW (~500 Da, ~1000 Da and 2000~3000 Da) COSs, performed RNA-sequencing, global transcriptional analyses, and verification by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunofluorescent staining methods. Differential expression gene (DEG) analysis indicated that gene expression patterns are different and the proportion of unique genes are relatively high in different treatment groups. Biological process and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) demonstrated that all three COSs activate resting macrophages, but the degrees are different. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) reflected gene modules correlated to MW, the module hub genes and top GO terms showed the activation of macrophage was positively correlated with the MW, and larger MW COS activated cell death associated GO terms. Further use of the screening and enrichment functions of STRING and Pfam databases discovered that apoptosis-related pathways and protein families were activated, such as the P53 pathway and caspase protein family. qRT-PCR results showed that as the stimulation time extends, the innate immune-related and P53 pathways are gradually activated, and the degree of activation is positively correlated with the stimulation time. In addition, apoptosis was detected by immunofluorescent staining in three groups. Therefore, the use of COS has two sides—it can activate the immune system against pathogen invasion, but with the increase in stimulation time and MW, macrophage apoptosis is induced, which may be caused by abnormal replication of DNA and excessive inflammation. This study provides a theoretical basis for the rational use of COS as an immunopotentiator in aquaculture.

Hibiscus flower extract selectively induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells and positively interacts with common chemotherapeutics

Background

Current therapeutic approaches to treat metastatic breast cancer, although effective, have shown many inadvertent side effects such as genotoxicity due to a lack of selectivity. Thus, these treatment plans are not suitable for long-term usage. Natural health product extracts are safe for long-term consumption and some have shown to be medicinally active containing multiple bioactive compounds able target multiple vulnerabilities in cancer. One of which, Hibiscus rosa-sinesis (hibiscus) extract, has been reported to have many medicinal and anticancer properties due to its antioxidant and hypolipidemic effects. However, its efficacy against breast cancer has not been fully investigated and characterized. If effective against cancer, hibiscus extract could potentially be combined with chemotherapeutic treatments in adjuvant therapy to reduce chemotherapy-inducing side effects.

Method

We have investigated aqueous hibiscus flower extract anticancer efficacy, selectivity, and interactions with chemotherapeutics taxol, cisplatin, and tamoxifen in estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer cells, triple-negative human breast cancer cells, and normal non-cancerous cells. Apoptotic morphology and biochemical marker expression were assessed to determine the extent anticancer efficacy of hibiscus. Mitochondrial membrane potential reduction and reactive oxygen species generation were quantified using fluorogenic dyes to determine the mechanism of hibiscus extract action.

Results

Hibiscus extract was able to selectively induce apoptosis in both triple-negative and estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer cells in a dosage-dependent manner. Most importantly, addition of hibiscus extract was found to enhance the induction of apoptosis of chemotherapy treatments (taxol and cisplatin) in triple-negative breast cancer cells when compared to treatment alone. Moreover, hibiscus extract addition to chemotherapy treatment was able to increase oxidative stress and decrease mitochondrial membrane potential compared to individual treatments.

Conclusion

Hibiscus extract is effective on breast cancer, most notably on generally resistant triple-negative breast cancer, while being selective for normal healthy cells. Hibiscus extract could supplement chemotherapeutic regimens as an adjuvant and lead to a more efficacious treatment approach to reduce chemotherapy dosages and related toxicity.

Influence of Extraction Methods on Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Properties of Some of the Commonly Used Plants in Thailand

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Several plants have been commonly used in Thailand for health improvement, but the phytochemical content and its bio-activities are not yet elucidated completely. The aim of this research was to study the influence of extraction method on total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of representative plants such as Punica granatum, Hibiscus sabdariffa, leistocalyx operculatus (Roxb.) Merr., litoria ternatea Linn., Mulberry and Oryza sativa L. indica.

METHODOLOGY

The samples were subjected to different extraction procedures. The TPC and phenolic compounds were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric assay and HPLC, respectively. The antioxidant capacity of the extracts was measured by 2, 2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays and ferrous ion (Fe2+) chelating assay.

RESULTS

The maximum TPC was observed in pomegranate peel (TTP) extract (0.1 M HCl: Ethanol extraction) and low TPC was recorded in aqueous extract of butterfly pea flower (BP) samples. The high content of protocatechuic, p-hydroxybenzoic acid were observed in pomegranate seed and seed coat (TTS). Gallic and syringic acids were found to be rich in pomegranate peel (TTP) and flower of butterfly pea (BP), respectively. Roselle flower samples (KJ) showed high content of chlorogenic, p-coumaric and caffeic acids.

CONCLUSION

The maximum antioxidant activity was observed in extracts obtained by 0.1 M HCl: Ethanol extraction methods, especially pomegranate peel exhibited high free radical scavenging activity compared to that of the other samples. The results strongly revealed that the extraction method greatly influences the phytochemical content and bioactivity and strongly recommends that any plant samples, intended to study, must undergo several extraction processes to reveal the actual phytochemical content.

Development of a Mucoadhesive and an in Situ Gelling Formulation Based on κ-Carrageenan for Application on Oral Mucosa and Esophagus Walls. II. Loading of a Bioactive Hydroalcoholic Extract

The aim of the present work was to load a Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) hydroalcoholic extract into in situ gelling formulations for the treatment of oral mucositis and esophagitis. Such formulations, selected as the most promising options in a previous work of ours, were composed by κ-carrageenan (κ-CG), a sulfated marine polymer able to gelify in presence of saliva ions, hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), used as mucoadhesive agent, and CaCl₂, salt able to enhance the interaction κ-CG/saliva ions. HS extract, which is rich in phytochemicals such as polyphenols, polysaccharides and organic acids, was selected due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. For HS extraction, three different methodologies (maceration, Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) and Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE)) were compared in terms of extraction yield and extract antioxidant activity, revealing that MAE was the best procedure. Rheological and mucoadhesive properties of HS-loaded formulations were investigated. Such formulations were characterized by a low viscosity at 25 °C, guaranteeing an easy administration, a proper in situ gelation behavior and marked elastic and mucoadhesive properties at 37 °C, functional to a protective action towards the damaged mucosa. Finally, the biocompatibility and the proliferative effect of HS-loaded formulations, as well as their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, were proved in vitro on human dermal fibroblasts.

Study of Acidified Aqueous Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. calyces

Introduction:

Hibiscus calyces are important sources from anthocyanins and pigments. The recovery of these bioactive compounds using non-organic solvents becomes very attractive for the food industry.

Methods:

For this reason, the separation of phenolic compounds by acidified aqueous extraction from hibiscus calyces was studied. The experiments were conducted by a fractional factorial design.

Result and Conclusion:

Four factors were evaluated: temperature, time, stirring speed and enzyme concentration. The extracts produced were subjected to analysis of color (L*,a*,b*andChroma), total monomeric anthocyanins, antioxidant capacity by ABTS and fourteen phenolic compounds were quantified. The results showed that the best condition to obtain hibiscus calyces extract was using an enzyme concentration of 50 µL/1000 g hibiscus extract, 400 rpm of stirring speed at 55 ºC by 4 hours of extraction, that corresponded to concentrations of 17595, 7516, 2568 μg/g, expressed on a dry basis, for total phenolic compounds, delphinidin 3-sambubioside and cyanidin 3-sambubioside, respectively, and antioxidant capacity measured by ABTS of 7.8 µmol of Trolox equivalent per gram.

PPP5C promotes cell proliferation and survival in human prostate cancer by regulating of the JNK and ERK1/2 phosphorylation

Background

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common malignancies and a major leading cause of cancer-related deaths in males. And it is necessary to explore new molecular targets to enhance diagnosis and treatment level of the PCa. Serine/threonine protein phosphatase 5 (PPP5C) is a vital molecule that Involve in complex cell physiological activity.

Purpose

The objective of this study was to detecte the expression level of PPP5C in the tissue of prostate cancer patients and further discussed the PPP5C biological function and mechanisms on the PCa.

Methods

The expression level of PPP5C was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and ONCOM-INE datasets. Lentivirus-mediated short hairpin RNA (shRNA) was constructed to silence the expression of PPP5C in prostate cancer cell. Cell viability and proliferation were measured using MTT and colony formation, and the cell cycle and apoptosis was analyszed by flow cytometry. The changes of downstream protein level and protein phosphorylation level were detected by western blot.

Results

PPP5C was highly expressed in PCa tissue as analyzed by immunohistochemistry and ONCOMINE datasets. PPP5C Knockdown inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation in PCa cells. Flow cytometry analysis showed that DU145, PC3 and 22RV1 PCa cells deprived of PPP5C were arrested in G0/G1 phase and became apoptotic. Western blot analysis indicated that PPP5C knockdown could promote JNK and ERK phosphorylation.

Conclusion

Our study indicated that the PPP5C may become a new potential diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for the PCa.

Dihydroartemisinin treatment of multiple myeloma cells causes activation of c-Jun leading to cell apoptosis

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) on a multiple myeloma cell line. An MTT assay, flow cytometry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used for the analysis of cell viability, cell cycle distribution and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) expression, respectively. Treatment of U266 cells using DHA caused a significant (P<0.05) decrease in cell viability compared with the control cells. An increase in the concentration of DHA from 1 to 100 µmol/l reduced cell viability from 87 to 35% compared with 100% in the control cultures at 48 h. A significant (P<0.05) increase was observed in the sub-G₀/G₁ phase population of the U266 cells with an increase in DHA concentration from 1 to 100 µmol/l. Treatment with 1, 3, 10, 30 and 100 µmol/l concentrations of DHA increased the sub-G₀/G₁ phase cell population to 3.13, 8.25, 24.91, 31.47 and 38.54%, respectively. RT-PCR analysis of DHA-treated or -untreated U266 cells after 48 h demonstrated a significant (P<0.01) increase in caspase-3 expression. Treatment of the cells for 48 h with DHA led to a significant increase in c-Jun expression. DHA treatment at 1, 3, 10, 30 and 100 µmol/l concentrations caused an increase in the level of c-Jun by 0.174±0.001, 0.254±0.002, 0.387±0.001, 0.502±0.003 and 0.679±0.005, respectively, compared with 0.982±0.001 in the control cells. The addition of SP600125 to the cells incubated with DHA resulted in a significant decrease in the caspase-3 and c-Jun expression levels compared with those cells incubated with DHA alone. These findings confirm that treatment with DHA increased caspase-3 and c-Jun expression in the U266 cells through activation of the JNK signaling pathway. Thus, DHA inhibited proliferation of multiple myeloma cells by interfering with the JNK signaling pathway.

Ethnomedicinal, Phytochemical and Ethnopharmacological Aspects of Four Medicinal Plants of Malvaceae Used in Indian Traditional Medicines: A Review

The ethnomedicinal values of plants form the basis of the herbal drug industry. India has contributed its knowledge of traditional system medicines (Ayurveda and Siddha) to develop herbal medicines with negligible side effects. The World Health Organization has also recognized the benefits of drugs developed from natural products. Abutilon indicum, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Sida acuta and Sida rhombifolia are ethnomedicinal plants of Malvaceae, commonly used in Indian traditional system of medicines. Traditionally these plants were used in the form of extracts/powder/paste by tribal populations of India for treating common ailments like cough and cold, fever, stomach, kidney and liver disorders, pains, inflammations, wounds, etc. The present review is an overview of phytochemistry and ethnopharmacological studies that support many of the traditional ethnomedicinal uses of these plants. Many phytoconstituents have been isolated from the four ethnomedicinal plants and some of them have shown pharmacological activities that have been demonstrated by in vivo and/or in vitro experiments. Ethnomedicinal uses, supported by scientific evidences is essential for ensuring safe and effective utilization of herbal medicines.

Herbal Drugs from Sudan: Traditional Uses and Phytoconstituents

Sudan folklore medicine is characterized by a unique combination of Islamic, Arabic, and African cultures. In poor communities, traditional medicine has remained as the most reasonable source of treatment of several diseases and microbial infections. Although the traditional medicine is accepted in Sudan, to date there is no updated review available, which focuses on most effective and frequently used Sudanese medicinal plants. Thus, this review aims to summarize the published information on the ethnobotanical uses of medicinal plants from Sudan, preparation methods, phytochemistry, and ethnopharmacology. The collected data demonstrate that Sudanese medicinal plants have been reported to possess a wide range of traditional medicinal uses including different microbial infections, gastrointestinal disorders, malaria, diabetes, rheumatic pain, respiratory system disorders, jaundice, urinary system inflammations, wounds, cancer, and different microbial infections. In most cases, the pharmacological studies were in agreement with traditional uses. Moreover, several bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, steroids, terpenes, tannins, fatty acids, and essential oils have been identified as active constituents. Although this review demonstrates the importance of ethnomedicine medicines in the treatment of several diseases in Sudan, further researches to validate the therapeutic uses and safety of these plants through phytochemical screening, different biological activity assays, and toxicological studies are still needed.

Antitumoral Effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa on Human Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Multiple Myeloma Cells

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Despite therapeutic improvements, some cancers are still untreatable. Recently there has been an increasing interest in the use of natural substances for cancer prevention and treatment. Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) is a plant, belonging to Malvaceae family, widespread in South Asia and Central Africa. HS extract (HSE) used in folk medicine, gained researchers' interest thanks to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and chemopreventive properties. In the present study, we initially assessed HSE effect on a panel of human tumor cell lines. Then we focused our study on the following that are most sensitive to HSE action cell lines: Multiple Myeloma (MM) cells (RPMI 8226) and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) cells (SCC-25). In both RPMI 8226 and SCC-25 cells, HSE impaired cell growth, exerted a reversible cytostatic effect, and reduced cell motility and invasiveness. We evaluated the involvement of MAPKs ERK1/2 and p38 in HSE effects by using specific inhibitors, U0126 and SB203580, respectively. For both SCC-25 and RPMI 8226, HSE cytostatic effect depends on p38 activation, whereas ERK1/2 modulation is crucial for cell motility and invasiveness. Our results suggest that HSE may be a potential therapeutic agent against MM and OSCC.

Proteomic study of benign and malignant pleural effusion

BACKGROUND

Lung adenocarcinoma can easily cause malignant pleural effusion which was difficult to discriminate from benign pleural effusion. Now there was no biomarker with high sensitivity and specificity for the malignant pleural effusion.

PURPOSE

This study used proteomics technology to acquire and analyze the protein profiles of the benign and malignant pleural effusion, to seek useful protein biomarkers with diagnostic value and to establish the diagnostic model.

METHODS

We chose the weak cationic-exchanger magnetic bead (WCX-MB) to purify peptides in the pleural effusion, used matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) to obtain peptide expression profiles from the benign and malignant pleural effusion samples, established and validated the diagnostic model through a genetic algorithm (GA) and finally identified the most promising protein biomarker.

RESULTS

A GA diagnostic model was established with spectra of 3930.9 and 2942.8 m/z in the training set including 25 malignant pleural effusion and 26 benign pleural effusion samples, yielding both 100 % sensitivity and 100 % specificity. The accuracy of diagnostic prediction was validated in the independent testing set with 58 malignant pleural effusion and 34 benign pleural effusion samples. Blind evaluation was as follows: the sensitivity was 89.6 %, specificity 88.2 %, PPV 92.8 %, NPV 83.3 % and accuracy 89.1 % in the independent testing set. The most promising peptide biomarker was identified successfully: Isoform 1 of caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9 (CARD9), with 3930.9 m/z, was decreased in the malignant pleural effusion.

CONCLUSIONS

This model is suitable to discriminate benign and malignant pleural effusion and CARD9 can be used as a new peptide biomarker.

Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Effect of Barringtonia racemosa and Hibiscus sabdariffa Fruit Extracts in MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cell Line

Background:

The fruits of Barringtonia racemosa and Hibiscus sabdariffa have been used in the treatment of abscess, ulcer, cough, asthma, and diarrhea as traditional remedy.

Objective:

This study aims to evaluate cytotoxic effect of B. racemosa and H. sabdariffa methanol fruit extracts toward human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7) and its antioxidant activities.

Materials and Methods:

Total antioxidant activities of extracts were assayed using 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and β-carotene bleaching assay. Content of phytochemicals, total flavonoid content (TFC), and total phenolic content (TPC) were determined using aluminum chloride colorimetric method and Folin–Ciocalteu's reagent, respectively. Cytotoxic activity in vitro was investigated through 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.

Results:

B. racemosa extract exhibited high antioxidant activities compared to H. sabdariffa methanol fruit extracts in DPPH radical scavenging assay (inhibitory concentration [IC₅₀] 15.26 ± 1.25 μg/mL) and ί-carotene bleaching assay (I% 98.13 ± 1.83%). B. racemosa also showed higher TPC (14.70 ± 1.05 mg gallic acid equivalents [GAE]/g) and TFC (130 ± 1.18 mg quercetin equivalents [QE]/g) compared to H. sabdariffa (3.80 ± 2.13 mg GAE/g and 40.75 ± 1.15 mg QE/g, respectively). In MTT assay, B. racemosa extract also showed a higher cytotoxic activity (IC₅₀ 57.61 ± 2.24 μg/mL) compared to H. sabdariffa.

Conclusion:

The present study indicated that phenolic and flavonoid compounds known for oxidizing activities indicated an important role among the contents of these plants extract. B. racemosa methanol extract have shown potent cytotoxic activity toward MCF-7. Following these promising results, further fractionation of the plant extract is underway to identify important phytochemical bioactives for the development of potential nutraceutical and pharmaceutical use.

SUMMARY

The phenolic and flavonoid compounds were present in B. racemosa and H. sabdariffa methanol extracts

B. racemosa methanol extract was found to be potent antioxidant activity

B. racemosa methanol extract have shown potent cytotoxic activity (IC₅₀ 57.61 ± 2.24 μg/mL) toward MCF-7

The phenolic and flavonoid compounds may contribute to the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of B. racemosa.

Abbreviations Used: MCF-7: Human breast cancer cell lines, DMEM: Modified eagle medium, DPPH: 2,2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical, TPC: Total phenolic content, Na₂CO₃: Sodium carbonate, GAE: Gallic acid equivalents, TFC: Total flavonoid content, NaNO₂: Sodium nitrite, AlCl₃: Aluminum chloride, NaOH: Sodium hydroxide, QE: Quercetin equivalents, MTT: 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide, IC₅₀: Inhibitory concentration, ANOVA: Analysis of variance, DLA: Dalton's lymphoma ascitic.

Synergistic anti-tumor activity and mechanisms of total glycosides from Cimicifuga dahurica in combination with cisplatin

OBJECTIVE

To determine the effect and mechanism of combination treatment of the total glycosides from Cimicifuga dahurica (TGCD) and cisplatin (CDDP) in vitro in human colon cancer cells (HCT-8) and in vivo in mouse hepatoma cells (H22)-bearing mice.

METHODS

H22 tumor-bearing imprinting control region (ICR) mice were treated with TGCD, CDDP, and TGCD + CDDP for 10 days. Tumor volume and tumor weight were evaluated. TGCD and CDDP in different concentrations were added separately and in combination to cultures of different cancer cell lines, including the HCT-8. Effects of TGCD and CDDP on cell proliferation were detected by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazole)-2-5-biphenly-tetrazole bromide (MTT) method and effects on cell apoptosis were tested by flfl ow cytometry and western blotting at 24 h after treatment.

RESULTS

Combination index values (CI<0.8) suggested the synergistic effects of the TGCD + CDDP. This combination resulted in the highest increase in the percentage of apoptotic HCT-8 cells, caused cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase and increased expression of cleaved caspase-3, -8, and -9, Bax, phospho-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), and phospho-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-p38 MAPK), as well as decreased expression of Bcl-2, JNK, p38 MAPK, Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), caspase-3, and caspase-8 compared with single-agent treated and control groups. TGCD + CDDP treatment reduced tumor weight by 86.1%±7.2% compared with 64.5%±6.8% by CDDP or 46.9%±6.9% by the TGCD alone in vivo.

CONCLUSIONS

TGCD enhanced the anticancer activity of CDDP in an additive-to-synergistic manner by activating multiple signaling pathways (including apoptosis). These fifi ndings suggest the potential benefifi t of combined treatment of the TGCD and CDDP against cancer of the colon and liver.

Effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa extract on high fat diet-induced obesity and liver damage in hamsters

Background

Obesity is a chronic metabolic disorder associated with an increase in adipogenesis and often accompanied with fatty liver disease.

Objective

In this study, we investigated the anti-obesity effects of Hibiscus sabdariffa water extract (HSE) in vivo.

Method

Eight-weeks-old male mice were divided into six groups (n=8 per group) and were fed either normal feed, a high fat diet (HFD), HFD supplemented with different concentrations of HSE, or HFD supplemented with anthocyanin. After 10 weeks of feeding, all the blood and livers were collected for further analysis.

Results

Mesocricetus auratus hamster fed with a high-fat diet developed symptoms of obesity, as determined from their body weight change and from their plasma lipid levels. Meanwhile, HSE treatment reduced fat accumulation in the livers of hamsters fed with HFD in a concentration-dependent manner. Administration of HSE reduced the levels of liver cholesterol and triglycerides, which were elevated by HFD. Analysis of the effect of HSE on paraoxonase 1, an antioxidant liver enzyme, revealed that HSE potentially regulates lipid peroxides and protects organs from oxidation-associated damage. The markers of liver damage such as serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels that were elevated by HFD were also reduced on HSE treatment. The effects of HSE were as effective as treatment with anthocyanin; therefore the anthocyanins present in the HSE may play a crucial role in the protection established against HFD-induced obesity.

Conclusions

In conclusion HSE administration constitutes an effective and viable treatment strategy against the development and consequences of obesity.

Permeability Study of Polyphenols Derived from a Phenolic-Enriched Hibiscus sabdariffa Extract by UHPLC-ESI-UHR-Qq-TOF-MS

Previous findings on the capacity of Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) polyphenols to ameliorate metabolic disturbances justify the necessity of studies oriented to find the potential metabolites responsible for such an effect. The present study examined the intestinal epithelial membrane permeability of polyphenols present in a phenolic-enriched Hibiscus sabdariffa extract (PEHS), free and encapsulated, using the Caco-2 cell line. Additionally, selected polyphenols (quercetin, quercetin-3-glucoside, quercetin-3-glucuronide, and N-feruloyltyramine) were also studied in the same absorption model. The powerful analytical platform used ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultra-high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-UHR-Qq-TOF-MS), and enabled the characterization of seven new compounds in PEHS. In the permeation study, only a few compounds were able to cross the cell monolayer and the permeability was lower when the extract was in an encapsulated form. Pure compounds showed a moderate absorption in all cases. Nevertheless, these preliminary results may need further research to understand the complete absorption mechanism of Hibiscus polyphenols.

Hibiscus sabdariffa Leaf Extract Inhibits Human Prostate Cancer Cell Invasion via Down-Regulation of Akt/NF-kB/MMP-9 Pathway

Hibiscus sabdariffa leaf has been previously shown to possess hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant effects, and induce tumor cell apoptosis. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the anticancer activity of H. sabdariffa leaf extract (HLE) are poorly understood. The object of the study was to examine the anti-invasive potential of HLE. First, HLE was demonstrated to be rich in polyphenols. The results of wound-healing assay and in vitro transwell assay revealed that HLE dose-dependently inhibited the migration and invasion of human prostate cancer LNCaP (lymph node carcinoma of the prostate) cells under non-cytotoxic concentrations. Our results further showed that HLE exerted an inhibitory effect on the activity and expressions of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). The HLE-inhibited MMP-9 expression appeared to be a consequence of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) inactivation because its DNA-binding activity was suppressed by HLE. Molecular data showed all these influences of HLE might be mediated via inhibition of protein kinase B (PKB, also known as Akt)/NF-κB/MMP-9 cascade pathway, as demonstrated by the transfection of Akt1 overexpression vector. Finally, the inhibitory effect of HLE was proven by its inhibition on the growth of LNCaP cells and the expressions of metastasis-related molecular proteins in vivo. These findings suggested that the inhibition of MMP-9 expression by HLE may act through the suppression of the Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway, which in turn led to the reduced invasiveness of the cancer cells.

The induction of apoptosis and autophagy by Wasabia japonica extract in colon cancer

PURPOSE

Wasabia japonica (wasabi) has been shown to exhibit properties of detoxification, anti-inflammation and the induction of apoptosis in cancer cells. This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism of the cytotoxicity of wasabi extract (WE) in colon cancer cells to evaluate the potential of wasabi as a functional food for chemoprevention.

METHODS

Colo 205 cells were treated with different doses of WE, and the cytotoxicity was analyzed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide. Apoptosis and autophagy were detected by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethyl-imidacarbo-yanine iodide and staining for acidic vascular organelles (AVOs), along with Western blotting.

RESULTS

The results demonstrated that WE induced the extrinsic pathway and mitochondrial death machinery through the activation of TNF-α, Fas-L, caspases, truncated Bid and cytochrome C. WE also induced autophagy by decreasing the phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR and promoting the expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II and AVO formation. An in vivo xenograft model verified that tumor growth was delayed by WE treatment.

CONCLUSION

Our studies revealed that WE exhibits anti-colon cancer properties through the induction of apoptosis and autophagy. These results provide support for the application of WE as a chemopreventive functional food and as a prospective treatment of colon cancer.

Hibiscus sabdariffa leaf polyphenolic extract induces human melanoma cell death, apoptosis, and autophagy

Melanoma is the least common but most fatal form of skin cancer. Previous studies have indicated that an aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa leaves possess hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant effects. In this study, we want to investigate the anticancer activity of Hibiscus leaf polyphenolic (HLP) extract in melanoma cells. First, HLP was exhibited to be rich in epicatechin gallate (ECG) and other polyphenols. Apoptotic and autophagic activities of HLP and ECG were further evaluated by DAPI stain, cell-cycle analysis, and acidic vascular organelle (AVO) stain. Our results revealed that both HLP and ECG induced the caspases cleavages, Bcl-2 family proteins regulation, and Fas/FasL activation in A375 cells. In addition, we also revealed that the cells presented AVO-positive after HLP treatments. HLP could increase the expressions of autophagy-related proteins autophagy-related gene 5 (ATG5), Beclin1, and light chain 3-II (LC3-II), and induce autophagic cell death in A375 cells. These data indicated that the anticancer effect of HLP, partly contributed by ECG, in A375 cells. HLP potentially could be developed as an antimelanoma agent.

Mulberry water extracts inhibit rabbit atherosclerosis through stimulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis via activating p53 and regulating both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways

Previous studies have shown that mulberry water extracts (MWEs), which contain polyphenolic compounds, have an antiatherosclerotic effect in rabbits. Apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is the key determinant of the number of VSMCs in remodeling. To improve the recovery from atherosclerosis pathology, it would be ideal to induce regression of atherosclerotic plaques and apoptosis of VSMCs. In this study, we treated high-cholesterol-diet-fed (HCD-fed) rabbits with MWEs, and we found that the MWEs effectively inhibited HCD-fed-induced intimal hyperplasia of vessel walls. We also found that MWEs initially activate JNK/p38 and p53, which in turn activate both Fas-ligand and mitochondria pathways, thereby causing mitochondria translocation of Bax and the reduction of Bcl-2 that trigger the cleavage of procaspases, finally resulting in apoptosis of VSMCs. In addition, 2.5-5.0 g/day of MWEs for humans may be enough to prevent atherosclerosis.

An anthocyanin-rich extract from Hibiscus sabdariffa linnaeus inhibits N-nitrosomethylurea-induced leukemia in rats

A previous study reported that anthocyanins from roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) showed significant anticancer activity in human promyelocytic leukemia cells. To explore the antitumor effect of anthocyanin, a roselle bioactive polyphenol in a rat model of chemical-induced leukemia was assayed. Anthocyanin extract of roselle (Hibiscus anthocyanins, HAs) was supplemented in the diet (0.1 and 0.2%). This study was carried out to evaluate the protective effect of HAs on N-nitrosomethylurea (NMU)-induced leukemia of rats. The study employed male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 48), and leukemia was induced by intravenous injection of 35 mg kg(-1) body weight of NMU dissolved in physiologic saline solution. The rats were divided into four groups (n = 12): control, NMU only, and HAs groups that received different doses of HAs (0.1 and 0.2%) daily, orally, after NMU injection. After 220 days, the animals were killed, and the following parameters were assessed: morphological observation, hematology examination, histopathological assessment, and biochemical assay. When compared with the NMU-only group, HAs significantly prevented loss of organ weight and ameliorated the impairment of morphology, hematology, and histopathology. Treatment with HAs caused reduction in the levels of AST, ALT, uric acid, and MPO. Also, the results showed that oral administration of HAs (0.2%) remarkably inhibited progression of NMU-induced leukemia by approximately 33.3% in rats. This is the first report to demonstrate that the sequential administration of HAs followed by NMU resulted in an antileukemic activity in vivo.

Huaier polysaccharides suppresses hepatocarcinoma MHCC97-H cell metastasis via inactivation of EMT and AEG-1 pathway

We have recently reported that astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) might be an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) associated biomarker in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and play an important role in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. To extend our study, we examined here the anti-invasive and metastatic effects of Huaier polysaccharide (HP) on human HCC cell line MHCC97-H and explored its possible mechanism of action. Treatment with HP dose-dependently inhibited the proliferation, adhesion, migration and invasion of MHCC97-H cells in vitro. This was achieved not only by reducing the expression of AEG-1 and N-cadherin, but also by enhancing E-cadherin expression. Therefore, these data suggested that HP can inhibit the growth and metastatic potential of MHCC97-H cells through modulation of the AEG-1/EMT pathway.

Comparative study of anthocyanin and volatile compounds content of four varieties of Mexican roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) by multivariable analysis

Anthocyanins are a group of water-soluble pigments that provide red, purple or blue color to the leaves, flowers, and fruits. In addition, benefits have been attributed to hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. This study compared the content of total anthocyanins and volatile compounds in aqueous and ethanolic extracts of four varieties of Mexican roselle, with different levels of pigmentation. The multivariable analysis of categorical data demonstrated that ethanol was the best solvent for the extraction of both anthocyanins and volatile compounds. The concentration of anthocyanin in pigmented varieties ranged from 17.3 to 32.2 mg of cyanidin 3-glucoside/g dry weight, while volatile compounds analysis showed that geraniol was the main compound in extracts from the four varieties. The principal component analysis (PCA) allowed description of results with 77.38% of variance establishing a clear grouping for each variety in addition to similarities among some of these varieties. These results were validated by the confusion matrix obtained in the classification by the factorial discriminate analysis (FDA); it can be useful for roselle varieties classification. Small differences in anthocyanin and volatile compounds content could be detected, and it may be of interest for the food industry in order to classify a new individual into one of several groups using different variables at once.

Brucine induces the apoptosis of U266 multiple myeloma cells by phosphorylation of c-Jun

The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of the apoptotic effect of brucine on human multiple myeloma (MM) cells. U266 cells (5x104) were plated in the presence or absence of brucine (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg/ml) in 96‑well culture plates for 24‑72 h. The anti-proliferative response to brucine was assessed by MTT assay. Analysis of the cell cycle of U266 cells treated with or without brucine was performed using flow cytometry. The expression change of c-Jun following treatment with brucine or brucine plus the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-specific inhibitor SP600125 was detected using RT-PCR. Brucine appeared to have an effect on apoptosis in a dose- and time‑dependent manner. Cell cycle analysis using flow cytometry revealed the accumulation of cells at the sub-G0/G1 phase. The apoptotic rates were 4.137, 10.55, 12.31, 27.67 and 29.67% (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 mg/ml brucine, respectively; P<0.01). The gray scale values were 0.7961 ± 0.007 and 0.4683 ± 0.003 (mRNA expression of c-Jun of U266 cells with or without SP600125, respectively). Concentrations of ≤ 0.4 mg/ml brucine induced apoptosis in U266 cells. Thus, brucine‑induced apoptosis in U266 cells occurs via the JNK signaling pathway and phosphorylation of c-Jun.

In vitro antioxidant and antiproliferative potential of medicinal plants used in traditional Indian medicine to treat cancer

OBJECTIVE

The goal of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of 10 traditional medicinal plants, Asclepias curassavica, Ophiorrhiza mungos Linn., Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers, Costus speciosus (J. Koenig.) Smith Costaceae, Achyranthes aspera L., Amaranthus tristis Roxb., Blepharis maderaspatensis L., Merremia emerginata Hall.f., Aegle marmelos Corr., and Tabernaemontana heyneana Wall., used in the traditional Indian system of medicine as a cure for cancer. The present study focuses on the anticancer potential of traditional medicinal plants to induce apoptosis in cancer cell lines.

METHODS

Plants were sequentially extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The extract was concentrated to yield the crude extract, which was tested for antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, nitric oxide and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assays on four cancer cell lines and a normal cell line. The anticancer potential of cytotoxic extracts was determined by the Annexin-fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated assay in human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines (COLO 320 DM).

RESULTS

All the tested extracts showed significant antioxidant and antiproliferative activities in a concentration- and time-dependant manner in the following descending order: A. curassavica > C. dactylon > C. speciosus root > A. tristis > M. emarginata > O. mungos > T. Heyneana > B. maderaspatensis > A. marmelos > A. aspera.

CONCLUSION

The results of the present study support the need of further studies to isolate potential anticancer drug with cancer cell-specific cytotoxicity. Additionally, the study supports the anticancer property of medicinal plants used in the traditional Indian medicine system and further evaluation of the selected medicinal plants for an effective anticancer drug with minimal side effects.

Hibiscus sabdariffa L., roselle calyx, from ethnobotany to pharmacology

Using MEDLINE and SCOPUS databases, a review of the literature from the pioneering study of 1991 until 2010 was performed on the effects on biological models of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. roselle calyx, its extracts mainly in polar solvents, or pure components found in extracts, as well as their possible relationship to these effects. Three relevant effects on lipid metabolism, antihypertensive activity, and apoptosis were observed. Our chronological review of the studies mentioned in the literature provides another opportunity to see how humans compile scientific knowledge of a chemical structure-physiological activity relationship starting from an ethnobotanical-ethnopharmagognosy contribution. The chemical components that are the main active principles in the physiological activities of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. calyx are anthocyanins and polyphenols (protocatechuic acid and quercetin). Advances have also been made in the elucidation of action mechanisms. Additionally, it has become clear that the lack of standardization in terms of chemical components of the material arising from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. used in testing on biological models imposes limits on the possibility of carrying out comparative analyses between studies. Fortunately, more recent studies are overcoming this obstacle by reporting component concentrations of assumed active principles; however, complete analysis of the extract, if this is to be considered as a therapeutic agent, is not commonly reported in the aforesaid studies. If one of the eventual scenarios for Hibiscus sabdariffa L. calyx is as a therapeutic agent in communities with economic limitations, then studies of a pharmacological nature should guarantee the effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of this material, which is widely accepted to be associated with chemical complexity, thus making this knowledge necessary.

Ethnopharmacology of medicinal plants of the pantanal region (mato grosso, Brazil)

Traditional knowledge is an important source of obtaining new phytotherapeutic agents. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants was conducted in Nossa Senhora Aparecida do Chumbo District (NSACD), located in Poconé, Mato Grosso, Brazil using semi-structured questionnaires and interviews. 376 species of medicinal plants belonging to 285 genera and 102 families were cited. Fabaceae (10.2%), Asteraceae (7.82%) and Lamaceae (4.89%) families are of greater importance. Species with the greater relative importance were Himatanthus obovatus (1.87), Hibiscus sabdariffa (1.87), Solidago microglossa (1.80), Strychnos pseudoquina (1.73) and Dorstenia brasiliensis, Scoparia dulcis L., and Luehea divaricata (1.50). The informant consensus factor (ICF) ranged from 0.13 to 0.78 encompassing 18 disease categories,of which 15 had ICF greater than 0.50, with a predominance of disease categories related to injuries, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes (ICF  =  0.78) having 65 species cited while 20 species were cited for mental and behavioral disorders (ICF  =  0.77). The results show that knowledge about medicinal plants is evenly distributed among the population of NSACD. This population possesses medicinal plants for most disease categories, with the highest concordance for prenatal, mental/behavioral and respiratory problems.