Quercetin inhibits human metastatic ovarian cancer cell growth and modulates components of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in PA-1 cell line

A Narrative Review of Quercetin's Role as a Bioactive Compound in Female Reproductive Disorders

Lifestyle, nutrition, and metabolic status are central to maintaining women's reproductive health. With the rising prevalence of infertility, the need for effective strategies to preserve and enhance women's reproductive well-being has become increasingly urgent. Quercetin, a plant-derived polyphenol, has attracted growing interest for its potential to support reproductive health, regulate the hormonal balance, and improve fertility. This narrative review examines Quercetin's role in women's reproductive health and delineates its possible mechanisms of action in female reproductive system disorders, including polycystic ovary syndrome, recurrent miscarriage, and cervical, ovarian, and endometrial cancer (EC). By highlighting the biological pathways through which quercetin may exert its effects, this article underscores the need for further research and clinical trials to validate its therapeutic potential and its applications as a bioactive compound in foods aimed at enhancing women's reproductive health.

Mitochondrial dysfunction route as a possible biomarker and therapy target for human cancer

Mitochondria are vital organelles found within living cells and have signalling, biosynthetic, and bioenergetic functions. Mitochondria play a crucial role in metabolic reprogramming, which is a characteristic of cancer cells and allows them to ensure a steady supply of proteins, nucleotides, and lipids to enable rapid proliferation and development. Their dysregulated activities have been associated with the growth and metastasis of different kinds of human cancer, particularly ovarian carcinoma. In this review, we briefly demonstrated the modified mitochondrial function in cancer, including mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, dynamics, apoptosis of cells, autophagy, and calcium excess to maintain cancer genesis, progression, and metastasis. Furthermore, the mitochondrial dysfunction pathway for some genomic, proteomic, and metabolomics modifications in ovarian cancer has been studied. Additionally, ovarian cancer has been linked to targeted therapies and biomarkers found through various alteration processes underlying mitochondrial dysfunction, notably targeting (ROS), metabolites, rewind metabolic pathways, and chemo-resistant ovarian carcinoma cells.

Advancements in understanding the role and mechanism of sirtuin family (SIRT1-7) in breast cancer management

Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent type of cancer in women worldwide and it is classified into a few distinct molecular subtypes based on the expression of growth factor and hormone receptors. Though significant progress has been achieved in the search for novel medications through traditional and advanced approaches, still we need more efficacious and reliable treatment options to treat different types and stages of BC. Sirtuins (SIRT1-7) a class III histone deacetylase play a major role in combating various cancers including BC. Studies reveal thateach sirtuin has a unique and well-balanced biology, indicating that it regulates a variety of biological processes that result in the initiation, progression,and metastasis of BC. SIRT also plays a major role in numerous vital biological functions, including apoptosis, axonal protection, transcriptional silencing, DNA recombination and repair, fat mobilization, and aging. As per the current demand, we wish to outline the structural insights into sirtuin's catalytic site, substantial variations among all SIRT types, and their mechanism in BC management. Additionally, this review will focus on the application of SIRT modulators along with their clinical significance, hurdles, and future perspective to develop successful SIRT-based drug candidates to conquer the BC problem.

Synergistic Inhibition of Breast Carcinoma Cell Proliferation by Quercetin and Sulforaphane via Activation of the ERK/MAPK Pathway

In the contemporary era of drug discovery, herbal treatments have demonstrated an unparalleled ability to produce anticancer drugs. An important part of the therapy of cancer is the use of plants and their by-products via analogues, which alter the tumor microenvironment and several signaling pathways. The objective of the current investigation was to conclude the rate at which the herbal medications quercetin (QT) and sulforaphane (SFN) repressed the growth of breast carcinoma cells in MDA-MB-231 by preventing the ERK/MAPK signaling systems. The cells were assessed for several studies after being subjected to different concentrations (0-70 µM) of QT and SFN (QT + SFN) for duration of 24 h. We investigated the combination that QT + SFN generated cytotoxicity using the MTT assay. The DCFH-DA staining technique was utilized to assess ROS. The protein spectra of survival of cells, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis were evaluated employing flow cytometry and western blotting. The consequences illustrated that the relative cytotoxicity of QT and SFN was roughly 28.74 μM and 39.87 μM for MDA-MB-231 cells, respectively. Following the 24-h incubation period, MDA-MB-231 cells exhibit considerable cytotoxicity when QT and SFN are combined, with IC50 values of 19.48 μM. Moreover, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells treated with QT and SFN concurrently showed substantial production of ROS and increased apoptotic signals. Consequently, because QT + SFN inhibit the production of ERK/MAPK/JNK/p38-based control of proliferation and cell cycle-regulating proteins, it has been considered a chemotherapeutic medication. To determine the extent to which the co-treatment induces apoptosis, more in vivo study will be required before they can be used commercially.

Therapeutic potential of silica nanoparticles, cisplatin, and quercetin on ovarian cancer: In vivo model

The present study evaluated the effect of silica nanoparticles, quercetin, and cisplatin against ovarian cancer. Cisplatin is a potent antineoplastic agent but has greater toxicity against cancer. Quercetin is a powerful flavonoid with remarkable anti-cancer activity due to its anti-apoptotic nature. Forty female albino rats were randomly divided into eight groups, with five rats per group. Group 1 (G1) was normal control, G2 received Carboxymethylcellulose; G3 was the normal control and treated with quercetin, G4 was given silica nanoparticles, G5 was treated with cisplatin. G6 was the tumor control. Tumor induction was done by 7, 12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene (DMBA), G7 was treated with quercetin-cisplatin-silica nanoparticles, and in G8 quercetin-cisplatin silica nanoparticles were used to treat the induced tumor. Chemically synthesized silica nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). After the treatment, animals were sacrificed and tested for biochemical and hormonal assays. G6 displayed increased body weight and a significant rise in CA125 as compared to G1. G6 also exhibited an altered hormonal profile, with a particular increase in estrogen, FSH, and testosterone, along with reduced LH and progesterone levels. Lipid profile, liver enzymes, and renal parameters (urea and creatinine) increased in G6, but G8 significantly ameliorated all damaging effects of DMBA as observed in G6. The current study revealed that silica nanoparticles combined with cisplatin and quercetin demonstrated greater protection against drastic changes induced by carcinogens in ovarian cancer mice models.

A nanoscale natural drug delivery system for targeted drug delivery against ovarian cancer: action mechanism, application enlightenment and future potential

Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the deadliest gynecological malignancies in the world and is the leading cause of cancer-related death in women. The complexity and difficult-to-treat nature of OC pose a huge challenge to the treatment of the disease, Therefore, it is critical to find green and sustainable drug treatment options. Natural drugs have wide sources, many targets, and high safety, and are currently recognized as ideal drugs for tumor treatment, has previously been found to have a good effect on controlling tumor progression and reducing the burden of metastasis. However, its clinical transformation is often hindered by structural stability, bioavailability, and bioactivity. Emerging technologies for the treatment of OC, such as photodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, gene therapy, molecular therapy, and nanotherapy, are developing rapidly, particularly, nanotechnology can play a bridging role between different therapies, synergistically drive the complementary role of differentiated treatment schemes, and has a wide range of clinical application prospects. In this review, nanoscale natural drug delivery systems (NNDDS) for targeted drug delivery against OC were extensively explored. We reviewed the mechanism of action of natural drugs against OC, reviewed the morphological composition and delivery potential of drug nanocarriers based on the application of nanotechnology in the treatment of OC, and discussed the limitations of current NNDDS research. After elucidating these problems, it will provide a theoretical basis for future exploration of novel NNDDS for anti-OC therapy.

Flavonoids: Antioxidant Powerhouses and Their Role in Nanomedicine

This study emphasizes the critical role of antioxidants in protecting human health by counteracting the detrimental effects of oxidative stress induced by free radicals. Antioxidants-found in various forms such as vitamins, minerals, and the phytochemicals abundant in fruits and vegetables-neutralize free radicals by stabilizing them through electron donation. Specifically, flavonoid compounds are highlighted as robust defenders, addressing oxidative stress and inflammation to avert chronic illnesses like cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. This research explores the bioactive potential of flavonoids, shedding light on their role not only in safeguarding health, but also in managing conditions such as diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. This review highlights the novel integration of South African-origin flavonoids with nanotechnology, presenting a cutting-edge strategy to improve drug delivery and therapeutic outcomes. This interdisciplinary approach, blending traditional wisdom with contemporary techniques, propels the exploration of flavonoid-mediated nanoparticles toward groundbreaking pharmaceutical applications, promising revolutionary advancements in healthcare. This collaborative synergy between traditional knowledge and modern science not only contributes to human health, but also underscores a significant step toward sustainable and impactful biomedical innovations, aligning with principles of environmental conservation.

Preparation, characterization and antioxidant and anticancerous potential of Quercetin loaded β-glucan particles derived from mushroom and yeast

β-glucans are polysaccharides found in the cell walls of various fungi, bacteria and cereals. β-glucan have been found to show various kinds of anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic antioxidant and anticancerous activities. In the present study, we have isolated β-glucan from the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and white button mushroom Agaricus bisporus and tested their antioxidant potential and anticancerous activity against prostate cancer cell line PC3. Particles were characterized with zeta sizer and further with FTIR that confirmed that the isolated particles are β-glucan and alginate sealing made slow and sustained release of the Quercetin from the β-glucan particles. Morphological analysis of the hollow and Quercetin loaded β-glucan was performed with the SEM analysis and stability was analyzed with TGA and DSC analysis that showed the higher stability of the alginate sealed particles. Assessments of the antioxidant potential showed that Quercetin loaded particles were having higher antioxidant activity than hollow β-glucan particles. Cell viability of the PC3 cells was examined with MTT assay and it was found that Quercetin loaded alginate sealed Agaricus bisporus derived β-glucan particles were having lowest IC50. Further ROS generation was found to increase in a dose dependent manner. Apoptosis detection was carried out with Propidium iodide and AO/EtBr staining dye which showed significant death in the cells treated with higher concentration of the particles. Study showed that particles derived from both of the sources were having efficient anticancer activity and showing a dose dependent increase in cell death in PC3 cells upon treatment.

Therapeutic effects and molecular mechanisms of quercetin in gynecological disorders

Quercetin is a representative flavonoid that is widely present in fruits, herbs, and vegetables. It is also an important active core component in traditional Chinese medicines. As an important flavonoid, quercetin has various properties and exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective effects. The public interest in quercetin is increasing, and quercetin has been used to prevent or treat numerous of diseases, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), cancer, autoimmune diseases and chronic cardiovascular diseases, in clinical experiments and animal studies due to its powerful antioxidant properties and minimal side effects. Quercetin exerts marked pharmacological effects on gynecological disorders; however, there have been no reviews about the potential health benefits of quercetin in the context of gynecological disorders, including PCOS, premature ovary failure (POF), endometriosis (EM), ovarian cancer (OC), cervical cancer (CC) and endometrial carcinoma (EC). Thus, this review aimed to summarize the biological effects of quercetin on gynecological disorders and its mechanisms.

Application of Nanoparticles for Efficient Delivery of Quercetin in Cancer Cells

Quercetin (Qu, 3,5,7,3', 4'-pentahydroxyflavanone) is a natural polyphenol compound abundantly found in health food or plant-based products. In recent decades, Qu has gained significant attention in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutic industries owning to its wide beneficial therapeutic properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. Despite the favorable roles of Qu in cancer therapy due to its numerous impacts on the cell signaling axis, its poor chemical stability and bioavailability, low aqueous solubility as well as short biological half-life have limited its clinical application. Recently, drug delivery systems based on nanotechnology have been developed to overcome such limitations and enhance the Qu biodistribution following administration. Several investigations have indicated that the nano-formulation of Qu enjoys more remarkable anticancer effects than its free form. Furthermore, incorporating Qu in various nano-delivery systems improved its sustained release and stability, extended its circulation time, enhanced its accumulation at target sites, and increased its therapeutic efficiency. The purpose of this study was to provide a comprehensive review of the anticancer properties of various Qu nano-formulation to augment their effects on different malignancies. Various targeting strategies for improving Qu delivery, including nanoliposomes, lipids, polymeric, micelle, and inorganic nanoparticle NPs, have been discussed in this review. The results of the current study illustrated that a combination of appropriate nano encapsulation approaches with tumor-oriented targeting delivery might lead to establishing QU nanoparticles that can be a promising technique for cancer treatment.

A Compressive Review on Source, Toxicity and Biological Activity of Flavonoid

Flavonoids are biologically active chemicals in various fruits, plants, vegetables, and leaves, which have promising uses in medicinal science. The health properties of these natural chemicals are widely accepted, and efforts are underway to extract the specific components referred to as flavonoids. Flavonoids demonstrate a diverse range of bio-activities, anticancer, antioxidant activity, anti-cholinesterase activity, antiinflammatory activity, antimalarial activity, antidiabetic activity, neurodegenerative disease, cardiovascular effect, hepatoprotective effects, and antiviral and antimicrobial activity. This study aims to examine the prevailing trends in flavonoid investigation studies, elucidate the activity of flavonoids, examine their various functions and uses, assess the potential of flavonoids as preventive medications for chronic diseases, and outline future research opportunities in this field. This review explores the diverse functions of flavonoids in preventing and managing various diseases.

Evaluation of Therapeutic Mechanism of Hedyotis Diffusa Willd (HDW)‒ Scutellaria Barbata (SB) in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma via Singlecell RNA Sequencing and Network Pharmacology

OBJECTIVE

The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic mechanism of Hedyotis diffusa Willd (HDW) and Scutellaria barbata (SB) in ccRCC using a combination of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and network pharmacology.

METHODS

The active ingredients and potential molecular targets of HDW-SB were obtained from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform. Gene expression data (GSE53757) were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The hub genes of HDW-SB against ccRCC were identified via the protein-protein interaction network, and further analyzed by molecular complex detection. The roles of these genes in the diagnosis and immune infiltration of ccRCC were analyzed. The clinical significance of hub genes was verified using scRNA-seq data (GSE121638) and molecular docking.

RESULTS

Following the PPI network analysis, 29 hub genes of HDW-SB against ccRCC were identified. All hub genes, except for CENPE, had significantly different expressions in tumor tissue and a more accurate diagnosis of ccRCC. Fifteen cell clusters were defined based on the scRNA-seq dataset, and the clusters were annotated as six cell types using marker genes. TYMS and KIAA0101 from hub genes were highly expressed in NK cells. Three active compounds, quercetin, luteolin, and baicalein, were found to target TYMS and KIAA0101 from the compound-target interaction network.

CONCLUSION

29 hub genes of HDW-SB against ccRCC were identified and showed good performance in terms of diagnosis and prognosis. Moreover, among these hub genes docking with the main ingredients of HDW-SB, TYMS and KIAA0101 exerted anti-ccRCC effects through NK cells.

A multi-omics approach to understand the influence of polyphenols in ovarian cancer for precision nutrition: a mini-review

The impact of polyphenols in ovarian cancer is widely studied observing gene expression, epigenetic alterations, and molecular mechanisms based on new 'omics' technologies. Therefore, the combination of omics technologies with the use of phenolic compounds may represent a promising approach to precision nutrition in cancer. This article provides an updated review involving the current applications of high-throughput technologies in ovarian cancer, the role of dietary polyphenols and their mechanistic effects in ovarian cancer, and the current status and challenges of precision nutrition and their relationship with big data. High-throughput technologies in different omics science can provide relevant information from different facets for identifying biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and selection of specific therapies for personalized treatment. Furthermore, the field of omics sciences can provide a better understanding of the role of polyphenols and their function as signaling molecules in the prevention and treatment of ovarian cancer. Although we observed an increase in the number of investigations, there are several approaches to data acquisition, analysis, and integration that still need to be improved, and the standardization of these practices still needs to be implemented in clinical trials.

Investigation of the combined cytotoxicity induced by sodium butyrate and a flavonoid quercetin treatment on MCF-7 breast cancer cells

Quercetin (QUE) belonging to the flavonoid class is a common phytochemical present in the daily diet of some individuals. Quercetin is an important source of free radical scavengers. This property makes this flavonoid a reliable antioxidant with the following properties: anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antimicrobial and anti-carcinogenic. Sodium butyrate (NaBu) acts as a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) and is known to regulate apoptosis in cancer cells. Combining natural flavonoids such as QUE with different substances may synergistically enhance their anti-carcinogenic capacity. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the combined treatment effects of QUE and NaBu in hormone-sensitive breast cancer cells in vitro. MCF-7 breast cancer cells were treated with QUE alone, NaBu alone, as well as QUE and NaBu combined to determine the following: cell proliferation, levels of protein annexin A5 (ANXA5) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), mRNA protein expression, as well as cell and nuclear morphology. Data demonstrated that either QUE or NaBu alone inhibited cell proliferation, and reduced levels protein ANXA5, ROS and mRNA protein expression, The combination of QUE and NaBu produced a significant synergistic inhibitory effect compared to treatment groups of QUE or NaBu alone. In conclusion, our findings showed that the combination treatment of QUE and NaBu may constitute a promising therapeutic approach to breast cancer treatment but this needs further molecular and in vivo investigations.

Unlocking the power of nanomedicine: the future of nutraceuticals in oncology treatment

Cancer, an intricate and multifaceted disease, is characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of cells that can lead to serious health complications and ultimately death. Conventional therapeutic strategies mainly target rapidly dividing cancer cells, but often indiscriminately harm healthy cells in the process. As a result, there is a growing interest in exploring novel therapies that are both effective and less toxic to normal cells. Herbs have long been used as natural remedies for various diseases and conditions. Some herbal compounds exhibit potent anti-cancer properties, making them potential candidates for nutraceutical-based treatments. However, despite their promising efficacy, there are considerable limitations in utilizing herbal preparations due to their poor solubility, low bioavailability, rapid metabolism and excretion, as well as potential interference with other medications. Nanotechnology offers a unique platform to overcome these challenges by encapsulating herbal compounds within nanoparticles. This approach not only increases solubility and stability but also enhances the cellular uptake of nutraceuticals, allowing for controlled and targeted delivery of therapeutic agents directly at tumor sites. By harnessing the power of nanotechnology-enabled therapy, this new frontier in cancer treatment presents an opportunity to minimize toxicity while maximizing efficacy. In conclusion, this manuscript provides compelling evidence for integrating nanotechnology with nutraceuticals derived from herbal sources to optimize cancer therapy outcomes. We explore the roadblocks associated with traditional herbal treatments and demonstrate how nanotechnology can help circumvent these issues, paving the way for safer and more effective cancer interventions in future oncological practice.

Sea buckthorn, its bioactive constituents, and mechanism of action: potential application in female reproduction

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is a flowering shrub, and its berries have been utilized for decades as a raw ingredient in cuisines and herbal remedies. This evidence-based study focuses on its key bioactive constituents, and mechanism of protective effects with a focus on female reproductive processes. Parts of the plant contain phenols, carotenoids (lycopene, carotene, lutein, and zeaxanthin), flavonoids (isorhamnetin, quercetin, glycosides, and kaempferol), tocopherols, sterols, polyunsaturated fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, omega 3, 6, 9 and rare omega 7 fatty acids etc. Key polyphenolic flavonoids such as isorhamnetin and quercetin are believed to be mainly responsible behind its health benefits (against cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, obesity etc.) through properties including anti-cancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. These sea buckthorn constituents appear to mediate healthy ovarian cell proliferation, death, and hormone release, as well as decrease ovarian cancer possibly through apoptosis, and hormonal (estrogen) release. Thus, sea buckthorn and its bioactive ingredients may have potential in the management of gynecological problems such as uterine inflammation, endometriosis, and easing symptoms of vulvovaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women (by targeting inflammatory cytokines and vascular endothelial growth factor - VEGF). Apigenin, myricetin, and luteolin have also been recommended as prospective ovarian cancer preventative and adjuvant therapy options as they can inhibit ovarian cancerogenesis by triggering apoptosis and halting the cell cycle in ovarian tumors. Furthermore, its oil (containing carotenoid, sterol, and hypericin) has been speculated as an alternative to estrogen replacement therapy for postmenopausal women particularly to improve vaginal epithelial integrity. However, it is uncertain whether steroid hormone receptors, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inflammatory regulators are actually behind sea buckhorn's actions. Sea buckthorn, and its compounds' health promoting potential warrants further validation not just in vitro and in animal research, but also in clinical trials to identify and/or standardize optimal methods of delivery of biologically active molecules.

Advance in the pharmacological effects of quercetin in modulating oxidative stress and inflammation related disorders

Numerous pharmacological effects of quercetin have been illustrated, including antiinflammation, antioxidation, and anticancer properties. In recent years, the antioxidant activity of quercetin has been extensively reported, in particular, its impacts on glutathione, enzyme activity, signaling transduction pathways, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Quercetin has also been demonstrated to exert a striking antiinflammatory effect mainly by inhibiting the production of cytokines, reducing the expression of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase, and preserving the integrity of mast cells. By regulating oxidative stress and inflammation, which are regarded as two critical processes involved in the defense and regular physiological operation of biological systems, quercetin has been validated to be effective in treating a variety of disorders. Symptoms of these reactions have been linked to degenerative processes and metabolic disorders, including metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular, neurodegeneration, cancer, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Despite that evidence demonstrates that antioxidants are employed to prevent excessive oxidative and inflammatory processes, there are still concerns regarding the expense, accessibility, and side effects of agents. Notably, natural products, especially those derived from plants, are widely accessible, affordable, and generally safe. In this review, the antioxidant and antiinflammatory abilities of the active ingredient quercetin and its application in oxidative stress-related disorders have been outlined in detail.

Augmentation of anti-proliferative efficacy of quercetin encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles by induction of cell death via mitochondrial membrane permeabilization in oral cancer

Quercetin (QCT), an antioxidant plant flavonoid, is known to impart prominent anti-cancer properties. However, its clinical application as a potential drug is hindered owing to its hydrophobicity, extensive metabolism, low absorption, and rapid elimination. The drawbacks of these phytochemical-based therapies can be addressed using nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems. In this study, we sought to develop chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) as the drug vehicle for encasing quercetin (QCT-CSNPs) and further investigate its anti-tumor potential against human oral cancer cell line Cal33. Our findings indicate that the average particle diameter of the formulated chitosan nanoparticles was around 100 nm, and they had a spherical structure, as per the TEM and FESEM images. The efficient entrapment of quercetin inside the CSNPs matrix is confirmed by XRD, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, FTIR, and DSC analysis. The in vitro cell cytotoxicity study against Cal33 oral cancer cells revealed that QCT-CSNPs exhibited superior toxicity compared to free QCT post-24-hour treatment. The improved anti-cancer efficacy of QCT-CSNPs was further confirmed by enhanced cellular apoptosis, colony formation inhibition, migration inhibition, and chromatin condensation. Moreover, the mitochondrial dysfunction and enhanced ROS (Reactive oxygen species) production indicated mitochondrial-mediated cell death in QCT-CSNPs treated Cal33 cells. In conclusion, our data suggest that quercetin-encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles may serve as a potential drug candidate against oral cancer.

Quercetin action on health and female reproduction in mammals

This paper reviews the current information concerning availability, metabolism of quercetin, its effects on physiological processes and illnesses with focus on the effects, mechanisms of action and areas of possible application of quercetin in control of female reproductive processes, prevention and treatment of their disorders in mammals.The available information demonstrated the ability of quercetin and its analogues to inhibit proliferation and to promote apoptosis, to activate regenerative processes, to treat immune, inflammatory, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, gastric and metabolic disorders and cancer, to suppress microorganisms, to protect bones and liver, to relieve pain, to improve physical and mental performance, and to prolong life span.The positive influences of quercetin on mammalian female reproductive processes are well documented. It can promote ovarian follicullo- and oogenesis, improve quality of oocytes and embryos, increase fecundity in various species. These effects can be mediated by changes in pituitary and ovarian hormones, growth factors and cytokines, in their receptors and post-receptory signaling pathways. Due to these effect, quercetin can be applicable as biostimulator of reproduction, for prevention, mitigation and treatment of several female reproductive disorders, as well as to increase resistance of female reproductive system to adverse effect of chemotherapy, temperature stress and environmental contaminants.

Nano Drug Delivery Strategies for an Oral Bioenhanced Quercetin Formulation

Quercetin, a naturally occurring flavonoid, has been credited with a wide spectrum of therapeutic properties. However, the oral use of quercetin is limited due to its poor water solubility, low bioavailability, rapid metabolism, and rapid plasma clearance. Quercetin has been studied extensively when used with various nanodelivery systems for enhancing quercetin bioavailability. To enhance its oral bioavailability and efficacy, various quercetin-loaded nanosystems such as nanosuspensions, polymer nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles, emulsions, liposomes or phytosomes, micelles, solid lipid nanoparticles, and other lipid-based nanoparticles have been investigated in in-vitro cells, in-vivo animal models, and humans. Among the aforementioned nanosystems, quercetin phytosomes are attracting more interest and are available on the market. The present review covers insights into the possibilities of harnessing quercetin for several therapeutic applications and a special focus on anticancer applications and the clinical benefits of nanoquercetin formulations.

The effect of resveratrol, curcumin and quercetin combination on immuno-suppression of tumor microenvironment for breast tumor-bearing mice

Resveratrol, curcumin, and quercetin are the secondary metabolites from medicinal food homology plants, that have been proven their potency in cancer treatment. However, the antitumor effect of a single component is weak. So, herein, we designed an antitumor compound named RCQ composed of resveratrol, curcumin, and quercetin. This study examined the effect on tumorigenesis and development of 4T1 breast cancer-bearing mice following administering RCQ by intragastric administration. RCQ increased the recruitment of T cells and reduced the accumulation of neutrophils and macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. Meanwhile, RCQ suppressed the development of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes into immunosuppressive cell subpopulations, including CD4+ T cells to T helper Type 2 type (Th2), tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) to the N2 TANs, and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) cells to M2 TAMs. RCQ reversed the predominance of immunosuppressive infiltrating cells in the tumor microenvironment and tipped the immune balance toward an immune activation state. In vitro the study showed that RCQ significantly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduce mitochondrial membrane potentials in cancer cells, and modulate pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members. In conclusion, RCQ can promote the ROS apoptosis mechanism of tumor cells and alleviate immunosuppression of the tumor microenvironment to enhance the anti-tumor effect.

Codelivery of Que and BCL-2 siRNA with Lipid-Copolymer Hybrid Nanocomplexes for Efficient Tumor Regression

The efficacy of chemotherapy is often reduced due to the chemotherapy resistance of tumor cells, which is usually caused by abnormal gene overexpression. Herein, multifunctional nanocomplexes (Que/siBCL2@BioMICs) were developed to deliver quercetin (Que) and BCL-2 siRNA (siBCL2) to synergistically inhibit tumor growth. The nanocomplexes were composed of an amphiphilic triblock copolymer of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate-poly[2-(dimethylamino) ethyl acrylate]-polycaprolactone (PEGMA-PDMAEA-PCL) and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-poly(ethylene glycol)-biotin (DSPE-PEG-biotin). Que was encapsulated into the cores through hydrophobic interactions, while negatively charged siBCL2 was loaded through electrostatic interactions. The nanocomplexes could effectively facilitate cellular uptake via biotin-mediated active targeting and cytosolic release of cargos by the "proton sponge effect" of PDMAEA. Que/siBCL2@BioMICs achieved enhanced cytotoxicity and anti-metastasis activity due to a synergistic effect of Que and siBCL2 in vitro. More importantly, superior anti-tumor efficacy was observed in orthotopic 4T1 tumor-bearing mice with reduced primary tumor burden and lung metastatic nodules, while no obvious side effects to major organs were observed. In conclusion, the biotin-targeted nanocomplexes with chemotherapeutic and nucleotide agent entrapment provide a promising strategy for efficient triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) therapy.

Sedum middendorffianum Maxim Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits the Invasion of Human Ovarian Cancer Cells via Oxidative Stress Regulation

Sedum middendorffianum Maxim (SMM) is a Korean endemic plant belonging to the Crassulaceae family. This study aimed to investigate the antitumor effects of the SMM extract on human ovarian cancer cells. Among five endemic plants grown in Korea, the SMM extract showed the most potent cytotoxicity in ovarian cancer cells and had little effect on normal ovarian surface epithelial cells. Furthermore, we revealed that the SMM extract dose-dependently induced apoptosis in human ovarian cancer A2780 and SKOV3 cells. The SMM extract markedly stimulated the activation of caspase-3/8, while the broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor and caspase-8 selective inhibitor significantly reversed SMM extract-induced apoptosis. In addition, the SMM extract significantly inhibited cell invasion and the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 in ovarian cancer cells. Notably, the SMM extract increased the generation of intracellular ROS, and pretreatment with antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) significantly suppressed SMM-induced cytotoxicity and anti-invasive activity. Moreover, NAC treatment reversed the SMM-induced inhibition of MMP-2/9 expression. Taken together, these data suggest that the SMM extract induces caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death and inhibits MMP-dependent invasion via ROS regulation.

Pharmacological Activity of Flavonoid Quercetin and Its Therapeutic Potential in Testicular Injury

Quercetin is a natural flavonoid widely found in natural fruits and vegetables. Recent studies have shown that quercetin mediates multiple beneficial effects in a variety of organ damage and diseases, and is considered a healthcare supplement with health-promoting potential. Male infertility is a major health concern, and testicular damage from multiple causes is an important etiology. Previous studies have shown that quercetin has a protective effect on reproductive function. This may be related to the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic biological activities of quercetin. Therefore, this paper reviews the mechanisms by which quercetin exerts its pharmacological activity and its role in testicular damage induced by various etiologies. In addition, this paper compiles the application of quercetin in clinical trials, demonstrating its practical effects in regulating blood pressure and inhibiting cellular senescence in human patients. However, more in-depth experimental studies and clinical trials are needed to confirm the true value of quercetin for the prevention and protection against testicular injury.

Quercetin modulates signal transductions and targets non-coding RNAs against cancer development

In recent decades, various investigations have indicated that natural compounds have great potential in the prevention and treatment of different chronic disorders including different types of cancer. As a bioactive flavonoid, Quercetin (Qu) is a dietary ingredient enjoying high pharmacological values and health-promoting effects due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory characterization. Conclusive in vitro and in vivo evidence has revealed that Qu has great potential in cancer prevention and development. Qu exerts its anticancer influences by altering various cellular processes such as apoptosis, autophagy, angiogenesis, metastasis, cell cycle, and proliferation. In this way, Qu by targeting numerous signaling pathways as well as non-coding RNAs regulates several cellular mechanisms to suppress cancer occurrence and promotion. This review aimed to summarize the impact of Qu on the molecular pathways and non-coding RNAs in modulating various cancer-associated cellular mechanisms.

Current Understanding of Flavonoids in Cancer Therapy and Prevention

Cancer is a major cause of death worldwide, with multiple pathophysiological manifestations. In particular, genetic abnormalities, inflammation, bad eating habits, radiation exposure, work stress, and toxin consumption have been linked to cancer disease development and progression. Recently, natural bioactive chemicals known as polyphenols found in plants were shown to have anticancer capabilities, destroying altered or malignant cells without harming normal cells. Flavonoids have demonstrated antioxidant, antiviral, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory effects. Flavonoid type, bioavailability, and possible method of action determine these biological actions. These low-cost pharmaceutical components have significant biological activities and are beneficial for several chronic disorders, including cancer. Recent research has focused primarily on isolating, synthesizing, and studying the effects of flavonoids on human health. Here we have attempted to summarize our current knowledge of flavonoids, focusing on their mode of action to better understand their effects on cancer.

Quercetin acts as a novel anti-cancer drug to suppress cancer aggressiveness and cisplatin-resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) through regulating the yes-associated protein/Hippo signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Quercetin has been proven to be effective for cancer treatment, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Also, Quercetin sensitizes cancer cells to current chemical drugs to improve their therapeutic efficacy. However, up until now, the molecular mechanisms that quercetin exerted its therapeutic effects on NPC have not been fully delineated.

METHODS

Cell proliferation abilities were examined by CCK-8 assay and colony formation assay. Real-Time qPCR and Western Blot analysis were used to detect gene expressions at RNA and protein levels. Cell mobility was determined by wound scratch assay and transwell assay. Cell death was detected using flow cytometry (FCM). Tumorigenesis of the NPC cells was determined by in vivo tumor-bearing mice models. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and TUNEL staining were used to detect the tumor metastasis to lung tissues and dead cells, respectively.

RESULTS

Here, we validated that quercetin exerted its anti-tumor effects and increased cisplatin-sensitivity in NPC in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, quercetin inhibited NPC cell proliferation, viability, mobility, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and tumorigenesis, and induced cell death, resulting in the inhibition of NPC progression. In addition, the NPC cells were subjected to a continuously increasing doses of cisplatin to generate cisplatin-resistant NPC (NPC/CDDP) cells. Interestingly, quercetin significantly enhanced the cytotoxic effects of high-dose cisplatin on NPC/CDDP cells. Furthermore, the potential underlying mechanisms were uncovered, and the results evidenced that quercetin inhibited Yes-associated protein (YAP) expression and its translocation to the nucleus, leading to the recovery of the Hippo pathway, inhibition of cancer progression, and increase in cisplatin-resistance. Mechanistically, upregulation of YAP by its gene manipulating vectors abrogated the inhibiting effects of quercetin on NPC malignant phenotypes, which also made NCP/CDDP cells irresponsive to high-dose cisplatin-quercetin co-treatments.

CONCLUSION

Collectively, our data evidenced that quercetin inhibited YAP to recover the Hippo pathway, which further inhibited NPC pathogenesis and increased susceptibility of NCP/CDDP cells to cisplatin treatment.

Role of Plant-Derived Flavonoids in Cancer Treatment

Flavonoids are polyphenolic phytochemicals, which occur naturally in plants and possess both anti-oxidant and pro-oxidant properties. Flavonoids are gaining increasing popularity in the pharmaceutical industry as healthy and cost-effective compounds. Flavonoids show beneficial pharmacological activities in the treatment and prevention of various types of diseases. They are natural and less toxic agents for cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy via regulation of multiple cell signaling pathways and pro-oxidant effects. In this review, we have summarized the mechanisms of action of selected flavonoids, and their pharmacological implications and potential therapeutic applications in cancer therapy.

Bitter taste signaling in cancer

Pharmacoresistance of cancer cells to many drugs used in chemotherapy remains a major challenge for the treatment of cancer. Multidrug resistance transporters, especially ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, are a major cause of cancer drug resistance since they translocate a broad range of drug compounds across the cell membrane, extruding them out of the cells. The regulation of ABC transporters by bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs), which might be activated by specific bitter tasting compounds, was described in several types of cells/organs, becoming a potential target for cancer therapy. TAS2Rs expression has been reported in many organs and several types of cancer, like breast, ovarian, prostate, and colorectal cancers, where their activation was shown to be involved in various biological actions (cell survival, apoptosis, molecular transport, among others). Moreover, many TAS2Rs' ligands, such as flavonoids and alkaloids, with well-recognized beneficial properties, including several anticancer effects, have been reported as potential adjuvants in cancer therapies. In this review, we discuss the potential therapeutic role of TAS2Rs and bitter tasting compounds in different types of cancer as a possible way to circumvent chemoresistance.

Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability of Diet Polyphenols and Their Modulation of Gut Microbiota

It is generally accepted that diet-derived polyphenols are bioactive compounds with several potentially beneficial effects on human health. In general, polyphenols have several chemical structures, and the most representative are flavonoids, phenolic acids, and stilbenes. It should be noted that the beneficial effects of polyphenols are closely related to their bioavailability and bioaccessibility, as many of them are rapidly metabolized after administration. Polyphenols-with a protective effect on the gastrointestinal tract-promote the maintenance of the eubiosis of the intestinal microbiota with protective effects against gastric and colon cancers. Thus, the benefits obtained from dietary supplementation of polyphenols would seem to be mediated by the gut microbiota. Taken at certain concentrations, polyphenols have been shown to positively modulate the bacterial component, increasing Lactiplantibacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. involved in the protection of the intestinal barrier and decreasing Clostridium and Fusobacterium, which are negatively associated with human well-being. Based on the diet-microbiota-health axis, this review aims to describe the latest knowledge on the action of dietary polyphenols on human health through the activity of the gut microbiota and discusses micro-encapsulation of polyphenols as a strategy to improve the microbiota.

Berberine enhances the sensitivity of radiotherapy in ovarian cancer cell line (SKOV-3)

Berberine, a well-known isoquinoline alkaloid derivative, has a varied range of pharmacological effects. Herein, we notice the radio-modulatory outcome of berberine in cultured ovarian cancer (SKOV-3) cells exposed to γ-rays as radiotherapy (RT). Cells pre-treated with berberine were irradiated by γ-irradiation and the liberation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was analyzed by flow cytometry. Apoptotic cell death along with the DNA damage associated with protein expressions was projected by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Experimental findings established that berberine might be a capable radiosensitizer for treating SKOV-3, because of oxidative DNA damage. Moreover, the in-silico study of the compound, berberine suggests free energy of binding (ΔG) -7.5 kcal/mol with SKOV-3 and -8.8 kcal/mol of PALB/BRCA2, which proves an effective and compact binding of the complex and is safe for future clinical trials. Thus, our approach is probably to widen the field of study of SKOV-3 and PALB/BRCA2 from the inhibition of these targets as a prospective nutraceutical for the anti-cancer theragnostic candidate.

Dual role of quercetin in enhancing the efficacy of cisplatin in chemotherapy and protection against its side effects: a review

Chemotherapy has opened a new window in cancer therapy. However, the resistance of cancer cells has dramatically reduced the efficacy of chemotherapy. Cisplatin is a chemotherapeutic agent and its potential in cancer therapy has been restricted by resistance of cancer cells. As a consequence, the scientists have attempted to find new strategies in elevating chemotherapy efficacy. Due to great anti-tumour activity, naturally occurring compounds are of interest in polychemotherapy. Quercetin is a flavonoid with high anti-tumour activity against different cancers that can be used with cisplatin to enhance its efficacy and also are seen to sensitise cancer cells into chemotherapy. Furthermore, cisplatin has side effects such as nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Administration of quercetin is advantageous in reducing the adverse effects of cisplatin without compromising its anti-tumour activity. In this review, we investigate the dual role of quercetin in enhancing anti-tumour activity of cisplatin and simultaneous reduction in its adverse effects.

Pharmacological Activity of Quercetin: An Updated Review

Quercetin, a natural flavonoid compound with a widespread occurrence throughout the plant kingdom, exhibits a variety of pharmacological activities. Because of the wide spectrum of health-promoting effects, quercetin has attracted much attention of dietitians and medicinal chemists. An updated review of the literature on quercetin was performed using PubMed, Embase, and Science Direct databases. This article presents an overview of recent developments in pharmacological activities of quercetin including anti-SARS-CoV-2, antioxidant, anticancer, antiaging, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory activities as well as the mechanism of actions involved. The biological activities of quercetin were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo, involving a number of cell lines and animal models, but metabolic mechanisms of quercetin in the human body are not clear. Therefore, further large sample clinical studies are needed to determine the appropriate dosage and form of quercetin for the treatment of the disease.

Quercetin Attenuates Nitroglycerin-Induced Migraine Headaches by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Mediators

This study aimed to investigate the antimigraine potential of quercetin in migraine pain induced by nitroglycerin (NTG), 10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection in rats. Quercetin was administered orally for 1 week, and behavioral parameters associated with pain were assessed 30 min after NTG injection. At the end of the study, the rats were killed so that immunohistochemical examination of their brains could be performed. The time and frequency of rearing and sniffing in the category of exploratory behavior, walking in the category of locomotor behavior, and total time spent in the light chamber were reduced in the disease control group compared with the normal group during the assessment of behavioral parameters. Pathologic migraine criteria, such as increased levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide and increased release of c-fos cells, were more prominent in the caudal nucleus triceminalis of the NTG control group. In the treatment groups, behavioral and pathological measures were less severe after pretreatment with quercetin at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg. Therefore, it was concluded that quercetin improved the pain behavior of migraine patients in the NTG-induced migraine rat model. Quercetin is thought to have antimigraine effects due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. Quercetin may therefore be a novel agent that can treat or prevent migraine pain and associated avoidance behaviors.

Synergism Potentiates Oxidative Antiproliferative Effects of Naringenin and Quercetin in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells

Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequently diagnosed type of cancer as of 2020. Quercetin (Que) and Naringenin (Nar) are predominantly found in citrus fruits and vegetables and have shown promising antiproliferative effects in multiple studies. It is also known that the bioactive effects of these flavonoids are more pronounced in whole fruit than in isolation. This study investigates the potential synergistic effects of Que and Nar (CoQN) in MCF-7 BC cells. MCF-7 cells were treated with a range of concentrations of Que, Nar or CoQN to determine cell viability. The IC₅₀ of CoQN was then used to investigate caspase 3/7 activity, Bcl-2 gene expression, lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial membrane potential to evaluate oxidative stress and apoptosis. CoQN treatment produced significant cytotoxicity, reduced Bcl-2 gene expression and increased caspase 3/7 activity compared to either Nar or Que. Furthermore, CoQN significantly increased lipid peroxidation and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) compared to either Nar or Que. Therefore, CoQN treatment has potential pharmacological application in BC chemotherapy by inducing oxidative stress and apoptosis in MCF-7 BC cells. The results of this study support the increased consumption of whole fruits and vegetables to reduce cell proliferation in cancer.

Neochamaejasmin B extracted from Stellera chamaejasme L. induces apoptosis through caspase-10-dependent way in insect neuronal cells

To explore the toxicity mechanisms of neochamaejasmin B (NCB) extracted from Stellera chamaejasme L., we first evaluated its cytotoxicity in neuronal cells of Helicoverpa zea (AW1 cells). NCB inhibited cell growth and was cytotoxic to AW1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Further, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to analyze the microstructure, and typical apoptotic characteristics were observed in AW1 cells treated with NCB. Moreover, the NCB-induced apoptosis was dose dependent. Subsequently, we explored the mechanism of apoptosis. A decline in the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was found. Also, the levels of Bax were increased with increases in drug concentration, but there was no statistical difference in Bcl-2 levels at different NCB doses. Caspase-3 and caspase-10 activity was increased. These findings confirmed that NCB induced apoptosis in AW1 cells through a caspase-10-dependent mechanism. The results provide the basic information needed for understanding the toxicity and mechanisms of action of NCB, which could potentially be used to develop NCB as a new insecticide.

Quercetin: A Molecule of Great Biochemical and Clinical Value and Its Beneficial Effect on Diabetes and Cancer

Quercetin belongs to the broader category of polyphenols. It is found, in particular, among the flavonols, and along with kaempferol, myricetin and isorhamnetin, it is recognized as a foreign substance after ingestion in contrast to vitamins. Quercetin occurs mainly linked to sugars with the most common compounds being quercetin-3-O-glucoside or as an aglycone, especially in the plant population. The aim of this review is to present a recent bibliography on the mechanisms of quercetin absorption and metabolism, bioavailability, and antioxidant and the clinical effects in diabetes and cancer. The literature reports a positive effect of quercetin on oxidative stress, cancer, and the regulation of blood sugar levels. Moreover, research-administered drug dosages of up to 2000 mg per day showed mild to no symptoms of overdose. It should be noted that quercetin is no longer considered a carcinogenic substance. The daily intake of quercetin in the diet ranges 10 mg-500 mg, depending on the type of products consumed. This review highlights that quercetin is a valuable dietary antioxidant, although a specific daily recommended intake for this substance has not yet been determined and further studies are required to decide a beneficial concentration threshold.

Impact of curcumin, quercetin, or resveratrol on the pathophysiology of endometriosis: A systematic review

Endometriosis, a gynecological disease that affects reproductive age women is difficultly controlled in the long term by currently available treatments, prompting patients to adopt self-controlled interventions including dietary changes. The aim of this review is to provide evidence of how curcumin, quercetin, and resveratrol can act as natural interventions to control endometriosis. The review followed PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. A comprehensive search was carried out in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science to gather together all the articles that study the specific actions of curcumin, resveratrol, or quercetin in endometriosis pathophysiology. All types of study designs including experimental data were considered. Thirty articles, including a clinical trial, were included. For the assessment of the quality of the selected studies that globally have "good quality", the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) and the SYRCLE ROB tool criteria were used. By acting on mechanisms of inflammation, oxidative stress, cell proliferation, invasion and adhesion, apoptosis, angiogenesis and glucose and lipid metabolism, curcumin, quercetin, and resveratrol showed to have beneficial effects, evidencing their potential application in the endometriosis treatment. However, future clinical studies are necessary to determine the real efficacy of these compounds in human endometriosis.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction Pathway Alterations Offer Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets for Ovarian Cancer

The mitochondrion is a very versatile organelle that participates in some important cancer-associated biological processes, including energy metabolism, oxidative stress, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation, cell apoptosis, mitochondria-nuclear communication, dynamics, autophagy, calcium overload, immunity, and drug resistance in ovarian cancer. Multiomics studies have found that mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and apoptosis signaling pathways act in human ovarian cancer, which demonstrates that mitochondria play critical roles in ovarian cancer. Many molecular targeted drugs have been developed against mitochondrial dysfunction pathways in ovarian cancer, including olive leaf extract, nilotinib, salinomycin, Sambucus nigra agglutinin, tigecycline, and eupatilin. This review article focuses on the underlying biological roles of mitochondrial dysfunction in ovarian cancer progression based on omics data, potential molecular relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, and future perspectives of promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets based on the mitochondrial dysfunction pathway for ovarian cancer.

Chemical Structure, Sources and Role of Bioactive Flavonoids in Cancer Prevention: A Review

There has been a major shift in the collective mindset around the world in recent decades, both in terms of food and in terms of the treatment of chronic diseases. Increasing numbers of people are choosing to prevent rather than treat, which is why many consumers are choosing plant-based diets, mainly due to their bioactive compounds. A significant case of bioactive compound is flavonoids-a wide subclass of an even wider class of phytochemicals: polyphenols. Flavonoids are a broad topic of study for researchers due to their potential in the prevention and treatment of a broad range of cancers. The aim of this review is to inform/update the reader on the diversity, accessibility and importance of flavonoids as biomolecules that are essential for optimal health, focusing on the potential of these compounds in the prevention of various types of cancer. Along with conventional sources, this review presents some of the possible methods for obtaining significant amounts of flavonoids based on a slightly different approach, genetic manipulation.

Targeted delivery of quercetin by biotinylated mixed micelles for non-small cell lung cancer treatment

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death world-wide and its treatment remains a challenge in clinic, especially for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Thus, more effective therapeutic strategies are required for NSCLC treatment. Quercetin (Que) as a natural flavonoid compound has gained increasing interests due to its anticancer activity. However, poor water solubility, low bioavailability, short half-life, and weak tumor accumulation hinder in vivo applications and antitumor effects of Que. In this study, we developed Que-loaded mixed micelles (Que-MMICs) assembled from 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine–poly(ethylene glycol)–biotin (DSPE–PEG–biotin) and poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate–poly[2-(dimethylamino) ethyl acrylate]–polycaprolactone (PEGMA–PDMAEA–PCL) for NSCLC treatment. The results showed that Que was efficiently encapsulated into the mixed micelles and the encapsulation efficiency (EE) was up to 85.7%. Cellular uptake results showed that biotin conjugation significantly improved 1.2-fold internalization of the carrier compared to that of non-targeted mixed micelles. In vitro results demonstrated that Que-MMICs could improve cytotoxicity (IC₅₀ = 7.83 μg/mL) than Que-MICs (16.15 μg/mL) and free Que (44.22 μg/mL) to A549 cells, which efficiently induced apoptosis and arrested cell cycle. Furthermore, Que-MMICs showed satisfactory tumor targeting capability and antitumor efficacy possibly due to the combination of enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) and active targeting effect. Collectively, Que-MMICs demonstrated high accumulation at tumor site and exhibited superior anticancer activity in NSCLC bearing mice model.

The water extracts of Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold attenuate diabetic retinopathy by mediating angiogenesis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold (family Celastraceae) is a deciduous woody shrub that is recorded in ShenNong BenCaoJing. It has been widely used for diabetes in traditional Chinese medicine.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to identify the most effective extract of Euonymus alatus (EA) against high glucose-induced endothelial cells in vitro, evaluate its pharmacological effect on retinopathy in diabetic mice and explore its underlying mechanism by RNA sequencing.

METHODS

Retinal vascular endothelial cells (RF/6A) were treated with normal glucose (5.5 mmol/L glucose), high glucose (25 mmol/L glucose) or high glucose plus methanol extracts of EA (MEA), ethyl acetate extracts of EA (EEA) or water extracts of EA (WEA). The cytotoxicity and cell viability were determined by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Cell migration was examined using the Transwell assay, and tube formation ability was measured using the Matrigel assay. Then, the KK-Ay mice were administered WEA or water for 12 weeks. The velocities of ocular blood flow were determined by Doppler ultrasound. RNA sequencing and reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) were performed on WEA-stimulated RF/6A cells to reveal the underlying mechanism.

RESULTS

The cytotoxicity assay found that 30 μg/mL MEA, 20 μg/mL EEA and 30 μg/mL WEA had no toxic effect on RF/6A cells. The cell viability results showed that MEA, EEA and WEA all decreased cell viability. Compared with the high-glucose group, both MEA and WEA decreased the number of migrated cells, while the inhibition rate of WEA was higher. The Matrigel results showed that 30 μg/mL WEA effectively reduced the total tube length. Moreover, WEA improved the haemodynamics of the central retinal artery. RNA sequencing coupled with RT-qPCR verified that WEA regulated angiogenesis-related factors in high glucose-stimulated RF/6A cells.

CONCLUSIONS

WEA inhibits the migration and tube formation of RF/6A cells and improves diabetic retinopathy (DR) by mediating angiogenesis.

Sources, Properties and Pharmacological Effects of Quercetin

Abstract:

The present review aims to describe an overview of quercetin with its various pharmacological effects. Quercetin is used as antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial and antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antifungal, anti-allergic and antiproliferative agents, which are described in the manuscript. It is mainly obtained from plant resources, which is also described in the manuscript. The manuscript also focuses on describing the various studies related to quercetin which shows various pharmacological activities. It is concluded from the study that quercetin has shown an efficacious effect on various diseases.

The Therapeutic Potential of Common Herbal and Nano-Based Herbal Formulations against Ovarian Cancer: New Insight into the Current Evidence

Ovarian cancer (OCa) is characterized as one of the common reasons for cancer-associated death in women globally. This gynecological disorder is chiefly named the "silent killer" due to lacking an association between disease manifestations in the early stages and OCa. Because of the disease recurrence and resistance to common therapies, discovering an effective therapeutic way against the disease is a challenge. According to documents, some popular herbal formulations, such as curcumin, quercetin, and resveratrol, can serve as an anti-cancer agent through different mechanisms. However, these herbal products may be accompanied by some pharmacological limitations, such as poor bioavailability, instability, and weak water solubility. On the contrary, using nano-based material, e.g., nanoparticles (NPs), micelles, liposomes, can significantly solve these limitations. Therefore, in the present study, we will summarize the anti-cancer aspects of these herbal and-nano-based herbal formulations with a focus on their mechanisms against OCa.

Nano-Based Drug Delivery and Targeting to Overcome Drug Resistance of Ovarian Cancers

Ovarian cancer (OvCa) is a destructive malignancy due to difficulties in early detection and late advanced-stage diagnoses, leading to high morbidity and mortality rates for women. Currently, the quality treatment for OvCa includes tumor debulking surgery and intravenous platinum-based chemotherapy. However, numerous patients either succumb to the disease or undergo relapse due to drug resistance, such as to platinum drugs. There are several mechanisms that cause cancer cells' resistance to chemotherapy, such as inactivation of the drug, alteration of the drug targets, enhancement of DNA repair of drug-induced damage, and multidrug resistance (MDR). Some targeted therapies, such as nanoparticles, and some non-targeted therapies, such as natural products, reverse MDR. Nanoparticle targeting can lead to the reversal of MDR by allowing direct access for agents to specific tumor sites. Natural products have many anti-cancer properties that adversely regulate the factors contributing to MDR. The present review displays the current problems in OvCa treatments that lead to resistance and proposes using nanotechnology and natural products to overcome drug resistance.

Exploring the mechanisms of anti-ovarian cancer of Hedyotis diffusa Willd and Scutellaria barbata D. Don through focal adhesion pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Hedyotis diffusa Willd and Scutellaria barbata D.Don (HD-SB) pairing were widely used as traditional medicine known for their anti-tumor effects. However, the inhibitory effect of HD-SB on ovarian cancer and its potential mechanisms were still not clear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Our study identified the anti-tumor effect of HD-SB on ovarian cancer and analyzed the potential mechanisms by the network pharmacology and molecular docking method.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The inhibitory effect of HD-SB combination on the growth and migration of ovarian cancer was detected by MTT and transwell assays. The effective ingredients of HD-SB and their potential targets were obtained from the Traditional Chinese Medicines for Systems Pharmacology Database (TCMSP), the GeneCards database, and the UniProt database. The relationships between active ingredients of HD-SB and potential targets or pathways of ovarian cancer were analyzed by String database, Cytoscape 3.7.2 software, and David 6.7 online database. The anti-ovarian cancer targets of HD-SB in the focal adhesion pathway were identified by RT-qPCR and molecular docking.

RESULTS

HD-SB combination significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of ovarian cancer cells. We observed that the 1:2 ratio of HD-SB had the lowest IC50 value. 60 gene targets of 33 active ingredients in HD-SB were selected by pharmacokinetic parameters. The network pharmacological analysis showed that quercetin, luteolin, and baicalein might be the important anti-ovarian cancer ingredients in HD-SB, and the inhibitory effects of these three ingredients on the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells were verified respectively. Functional enrichment results suggested that HD-SB inhibited ovarian cancer growth and migration mainly through the focal adhesion pathway and the potential targets were EGFR, MAPK1, VEGFA, and PIK3CG.

CONCLUSIONS

HD-SB pairing significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of ovarian cancer. Using network pharmacological methods and validation experiments, we found that HD-SB might, at least partially, inhibit ovarian cancer through the focal adhesion pathway. We believed that the HD-SB combination could be a potential therapeutic drug for the treatment of ovarian cancer patients.

Morphological and mechanical changes induced by quercetin in human T24 bladder cancer cells

Quercetin is a flavonoid found in a great variety of foods such as vegetables and fruits. This compound has been shown to inhibit the proliferation of various types of cancer cells, as well as the growth of tumors in animal models. In the present study, we analyze morphological and mechanical changes produced by quercetin in T24 bladder cancer cells. Decreased cell viability and cell number were observed following quercetin treatment at 40 μM and 60 μM, respectively, as observed by the MTT assay and trypan blue exclusion test, supporting the hypothesis of quercetin anticancer effect. These assays also allowed us to determine the 40, 60, and 80 μM quercetin concentrations for the following analyses, Lactate Dehydrogenase assay (LDH); Nuclear Morphometric Analysis (NMA); and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The LDH assay showed no cytotoxic effect of quercetin on T24 cancer cells. The AFM showed morphological changes following quercetin treatment, namely decreased cell body, cytoplasmic retraction, and membrane condensation. Following quercetin treatment, the NMA evidenced an increased percentage of nuclei characteristic to the apoptotic and senescence processes. Cells also presented biophysical alterations consistent with cell death by apoptosis, as increased roughness and aggregation of membrane proteins, in a dose-dependent manner. Cellular elasticity, obtained through force curves, showed increased stiffness after quercetin treatment. Data presented herein demonstrate, for the first time, in a quantitative and qualitative form, the morphological and mechanical alterations induced by quercetin on bladder cancer cells.

Mangifera indica (Mango): A Promising Medicinal Plant for Breast Cancer Therapy and Understanding Its Potential Mechanisms of Action

Globally, breast cancer is the most common cancer type and is one of the most significant causes of deaths in women. To date, multiple clinical interventions have been applied, including surgical resection, radiotherapy, endocrine therapy, targeted therapy and chemotherapy. However, 1) the lack of therapeutic options for metastatic breast cancer, 2) resistance to drug therapy and 3) the lack of more selective therapy for triple-negative breast cancer are some of the major challenges in tackling breast cancer. Given the safe nature of natural products, numerous studies have focused on their anti-cancer potentials. Mangifera indica, commonly known as mango, represents one of the most extensively investigated natural sources. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of M. indica extracts (bark, kernel, leaves, peel and pulp) and phytochemicals (mangiferin, norathyriol, gallotannins, gallic acid, pyrogallol, methyl gallate and quercetin) reported for in vitro and in vivo anti-breast cancer activities and their underlying mechanisms based on relevant literature from several scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar till date. Overall, the in vitro findings suggest that M. indica extracts and/or phytochemicals inhibit breast cancer cell growth, proliferation, migration and invasion as well as trigger apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. In vivo results demonstrated that there was a reduction in breast tumor xenograft growth. Several potential mechanisms underlying the anti-breast cancer activities have been reported, which include modulation of oxidative status, receptors, signalling pathways, miRNA expression, enzymes and cell cycle regulators. To further explore this medicinal plant against breast cancer, future research directions are addressed. The outcomes of the review revealed that M. indica extracts and their phytochemicals may have potential benefits in the management of breast cancer in women. However, to validate its utility in the creation of innovative and potent therapeutic agents to treat breast cancer, more dedicated research, especially clinical studies are needed to explore the anti-breast cancer potentials of M. indica extracts and their phytochemicals.