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Bagewadi ZK, Illanad GH, Shaikh IA, Mahnashi MH, Shettar SS, H KP, Alhazmi AYM, Hakami MA, Mahanta N, Singh SP, Karlo J, Khan A. Molecular expression, purification and structural characterization of recombinant L-Glutaminase from Streptomyces roseolus. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:133142. [PMID: 38889830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The present research reports the anti-cancer potential of recombinant L-Glutaminase from Streptomyces roseolus. L-Glutaminase gene was synthesized by codon-optimization, cloned and successfully expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). Affinity purified recombinant L-Glutaminase revealed a molecular mass of 32 kDa. Purified recombinant L-Glutaminase revealed stability at pH 7.0-8.0 with optimum activity at 70 °C further indicating its thermostable nature based on thermodynamic characterization. Recombinant L-Glutaminase exhibited profound stability in the presence of several biochemical parameters and demonstrated its metalloenzyme nature and was also found to be highly specific towards favorable substrate (l-Glutamine) based on kinetics. It demonstrated antioxidant property and pronounced cytotoxic effect against breast cancer (MCF-7 cell lines) in a dose dependent behavior with IC50 of 40.68 μg/mL. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight-mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF-MS) analysis of desired mass peaks ascertained the recombinant L-Glutaminase identity. N-terminal amino acid sequence characterization through Edman degradation revealed highest resemblance for L-glutaminase within the Streptomyces sp. family. The purified protein was characterized structurally and functionally by employing spectroscopic methods like Raman, circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance. The thermostability was assessed by thermogravimetric analysis. The outcomes of the study, suggests the promising application of recombinant L-Glutaminase as targeted therapeutic candidate for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zabin K Bagewadi
- Department of Biotechnology, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, Karnataka 580031, India.
| | - Gouri H Illanad
- Department of Biotechnology, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, Karnataka 580031, India
| | - Ibrahim Ahmed Shaikh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mater H Mahnashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shreya S Shettar
- Department of Biotechnology, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, Karnataka 580031, India
| | - Krushnamurthy P H
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Dharwad, Karnataka 580011, India
| | | | - Mohammed Ageeli Hakami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Quwayiyah, Shaqra University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nilkamal Mahanta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Dharwad, Karnataka 580011, India.
| | - Surya P Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad, Karnataka 580011, India
| | - Jiro Karlo
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad, Karnataka 580011, India
| | - Aejaz Khan
- Department of General Science, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah 21418, Saudi Arabia
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Vaziri-Amjad S, Rahgosha R, Taherkhani A. Potential JAK2 Inhibitors from Selected Natural Compounds: A Promising Approach for Complementary Therapy in Cancer Patients. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2024; 2024:1114928. [PMID: 38706884 PMCID: PMC11068457 DOI: 10.1155/2024/1114928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Background Janus-activated kinase 2 (JAK2) plays a pivotal role in numerous essential biological processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis in human cells. Prior studies have indicated that inhibiting JAK2 could be a promising strategy to mitigate cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in tumor cells. Objectives This study aimed to estimate the binding affinity of 79 herbal compounds, comprising 46 flavonoids, 21 anthraquinones, and 12 cinnamic acids, to the ATP-binding cleft of JAK2 to identify potential herbal inhibitors of JAK2. Methods The binding affinities between ligands and JAK2 were calculated utilizing AutoDock 4.0 software in conjunction with the Cygwin environment. Cross-validation was conducted using the Schrödinger tool. Molecular dynamics simulations were employed to evaluate the stability of docked poses for the most significant JAK2 inhibitors. Furthermore, the Discovery Studio Visualizer tool was utilized to elucidate interactions between the top-ranked JAK2 inhibitors and residues within the JAK2 ATP-binding site. Results Twelve flavonoids, two anthraquinones, and three cinnamic acids demonstrated substantial binding affinities to the protein kinase domain of the receptor, with a criterion of ΔGbinding < -10 kcal/mol. Among the studied flavonoids, anthraquinones, and cinnamic acid derivatives, orientin, chlorogenic acid, and pulmatin emerged as the most potent JAK2 inhibitors, exhibiting ΔGbinding scores of -14.49, -11.87, and -10.76 kcal/mol, respectively. Furthermore, the docked poses of orientin, pulmatin, and chlorogenic acid remained stable throughout 60 ns computer simulations. The average root mean square deviation values calculated for JAK2 when complexed with orientin, chlorogenic acid, and pulmatin were 2.04 Å, 2.06 Å, and 1.95 Å, respectively. Conclusion This study underscores the robust inhibitory potential of orientin, pulmatin, and chlorogenic acid against JAK2. The findings hold promise for the development of novel and effective drugs for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Vaziri-Amjad
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, School of Dentistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Reza Rahgosha
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, School of Dentistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Amir Taherkhani
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Assim Haq S, Paudwal G, Banjare N, Iqbal Andrabi N, Wazir P, Nandi U, Ahmed Z, Gupta PN. Sustained release polymer and surfactant based solid dispersion of andrographolide exhibited improved solubility, dissolution, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacological activity. Int J Pharm 2024; 651:123786. [PMID: 38185339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Andrographolide (AD) is a potent natural product with a wide range of pharmacological activities. However, it has low oral bioavailability due to poor solubility and dissolution rate. Solid dispersion (SD) is a promising technique to improve the solubility and dissolution rate of such molecules. In this study, SD formulation of AD was prepared using Kollidon-SR (KSR) and Poloxamer-407 (P-407) as carriers. SD was prepared using the solvent evaporation method and evaluated for the modulation of solubility of AD. The developed SD formulation was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Further, dissolution rate, yield, drug content, stability, flowability, and pharmacokinetic profile of SD were evaluated. The compatibility of SD with the Caco-2 cells and its impact on the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) mediated efflux was also investigated. Furthermore, carrageenan-induced paw edema, and adjuvant-induced arthritic model were used to evaluate the efficacy of SD. The results showed that SD3 (AD + KSR + P-407, 1:6:8) exhibited the highest solubility and dissolution rate, and significantly improved pharmacokinetic profile compared to native AD. SD3 was found to be stable during storage and displayed excellent yield, drug content, and flowability. This formulation was found to be compatible with the Caco-2 cells and retarded the efflux of P-gp substrate. SD3 also demonstrated substantially better efficacy than native AD in terms of paw edema inhibition (carrageenan-induced paw edema, Wistar rats), and overall improvement of disease condition (in terms of paw edema, arthritic score, AST, ALT, cytokines, radiological changes, and histopathology) in arthritic Wistar rats. In conclusion, SD3 exhibited improved solubility, dissolution rate, pharmacokinetic profile, and pharmacological activity than native AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Assim Haq
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Gourav Paudwal
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Nagma Banjare
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Nusrit Iqbal Andrabi
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Priya Wazir
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Utpal Nandi
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Zabeer Ahmed
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Prem N Gupta
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Wang W, Liu JS, Zhou JW, Jia AQ. Synergistic effect of kanamycin and amikacin with setomimycin on biofilm formation inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106447. [PMID: 37972742 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes, a foodborne pathogen that causes listeriosis with high fatality rate, exhibits multidrug resistance (MDR) known to be progressively increasing. Alternative antibacterial strategies are in high demand for treating this well-known pathogen. Anti-biofilm and anti-virulence strategies are being explored as novel approaches to treat bacterial infections. In this study, one rare antibacterial named setomimycin was isolated from Streptomyces cyaneochromogenes, which showed potent antibacterial activity against L. monocytogenes. Next, the inhibition of biofilm formation and listeriolysin O (LLO) production against L. monocytogenes were investigated at sub-minimal inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of setomimycin alone or combined with kanamycin and amikacin. Crystal violet staining confirmed that setomimycin combining with kanamycin or amikacin could dramatically reduce biofilm formation against L. monocytogenes at sub-MICs, which was further evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). In the meantime, sub-MICs of setomimycin could significantly suppress the secretion of LLO. Furthermore, the transcription of genes associated with biofilms and main virulence factors, such as LLO, flagellum, and metalloprotease, were suppressed by setomimycin at sub-MICs. Hence, the study provided a deep insight into setomimycin as an alternative antibacterial agent against L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570311, China
| | - Jun-Sheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Jin-Wei Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, 221018, China
| | - Ai-Qun Jia
- Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570311, China.
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Jamwal A, Chand J, Dash A, Bhatt S, Dhiman S, Wazir P, Singh B, Goswami A, Nandi U. Glabridin plays dual action to intensify anti-metastatic potential of paclitaxel via impeding CYP2C8 in liver and CYP2J2/EETs in tumor of an orthotopic mouse model of breast cancer. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 382:110605. [PMID: 37419298 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
In spite of unprecedented advances in modern cancer therapy, there is still a dearth of targeted therapy to circumvent triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Paclitaxel is the front-line therapy against TNBC, but the main constraints of its treatment are dose-related adverse effects and emerging chemoresistance. In this context, glabridin (phytoconstituent from Glycyrrhiza glabra) is reported to hit multiple signalling pathways at the in-vitro level, but hardly any information is known at the in-vivo level. We aimed here to elucidate glabridin potential with an underlying mechanism in combination with a low dose of paclitaxel using a highly aggressive mouse mammary carcinoma model. Glabridin potentiated the anti-metastatic efficacy of paclitaxel by substantially curtailing tumor burden and diminishing lung nodule formation. Moreover, glabridin remarkably attenuated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) traits of hostile cancer cells via up-regulating (E-cadherin & occludin) and down-regulating (Vimentin & Zeb1) vital EMT markers. Besides, glabridin amplified apoptotic induction effect of paclitaxel in tumor tissue by declining or elevating pro-apoptotic (Procaspase-9 or Cleaved Caspase-9 & Bax) and reducing anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) markers. Additionally, concomitant treatment of glabridin and paclitaxel predominantly lessened CYP2J2 expression with marked lowering of epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET)'s levels in tumor tissue to reinforce the anti-tumor impact. Simultaneous administration of glabridin with paclitaxel notably enhanced plasma exposure and delayed clearance of paclitaxel, which was mainly arbitrated by CYP2C8-mediated slowdown of paclitaxel metabolism in the liver. The fact of intense CYP2C8 inhibitory action of glabridin was also ascertained using human liver microsomes. Concisely, glabridin plays a dual role in boosting anti-metastatic activity by augmenting paclitaxel exposure via CYP2C8 inhibition-mediated delaying paclitaxel metabolism and limiting tumorigenesis via CYP2J2 inhibition-mediated restricting EETs level. Considering the safety, reported protective efficacy, and the current study results of boosted anti-metastatic effects, further investigations are warranted as a promising neoadjuvant therapy for crux paclitaxel chemoresistance and cancer recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashiya Jamwal
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu-180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Jagdish Chand
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Anshurekha Dash
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu-180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Shipra Bhatt
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu-180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Sumit Dhiman
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Priya Wazir
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Buddh Singh
- Natural Product and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Anindya Goswami
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu-180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India.
| | - Utpal Nandi
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu-180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India.
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Manhas D, Bhatt S, Rai G, Kumar V, Bharti S, Dhiman S, Jain SK, Sharma DK, Ojha PK, Gandhi SG, Goswami A, Nandi U. Rottlerin renders a selective and highly potent CYP2C8 inhibition to impede EET formation for implication in cancer therapy. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 380:110524. [PMID: 37146929 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
CYP2C8 is a crucial CYP isoform responsible for the metabolism of xenobiotics and endogenous molecules. CYP2C8 converts arachidonic acid to epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) that cause cancer progression. Rottlerin possess significant anticancer actions. However, information on its CYP inhibitory action is lacking in the literature and therefore, we aimed to explore the same using in silico, in vitro, and in vivo approaches. Rottlerin showed highly potent and selective CYP2C8 inhibition (IC50 < 0.1 μM) compared to negligible inhibition (IC50 > 10 μM) for seven other experimental CYPs in human liver microsomes (HLM) (in vitro) using USFDA recommended index reactions. Mechanistic studies reveal that rottlerin could reversibly (mixed-type) block CYP2C8. Molecular docking (in silico) results indicate a strong interaction could occur between rottlerin and the active site of human CYP2C8. Rottlerin boosted the plasma exposure of repaglinide and paclitaxel (CYP2C8 substrates) by delaying their metabolism using the rat model (in vivo). Multiple-dose treatment of rottlerin with CYP2C8 substrates lowered the CYP2C8 protein expression and up-regulated & down-regulated the mRNA for CYP2C12 and CYP2C11 (rat homologs), respectively, in rat liver tissue. Rottlerin substantially hindered the EET formation in HLM. Overall results of rottlerin on CYP2C8 inhibition and EET formation insinuate further exploration for targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Manhas
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shipra Bhatt
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Garima Rai
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Drug Theoretics and Chemoinformatics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Sahil Bharti
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sumit Dhiman
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Shreyans K Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Deepak K Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Probir Kumar Ojha
- Drug Theoretics and Chemoinformatics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Sumit G Gandhi
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Anindya Goswami
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Utpal Nandi
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Manhas RS, Chander D, Chaubey A. Identification and taxonomy of Streptomyces justiciae strain RA-WS2: a novel setomimycin producing actinobacterium. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:47. [PMID: 36643399 PMCID: PMC9837335 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03459-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The taxonomic position of novel bianthraquinone antibiotic producer Streptomyces strain RA-WS2, a soil isolate from Shivalik region of NW Himalayas, India, has been described. The isolate produces Setomimycin as a major secondary metabolite under defined submerged fermentation conditions. 16S rRNA partial gene sequencing of the isolate indicated its closest similarity (99.4%) with Streptomyces cyaneochromogenes, followed by Streptomyces aquilus. However, the morphological characteristics i.e. colony colour, mycelium and spore chain arrangement were found to be close to Streptomyces aquilus. Therefore, a polyphasic approach was used for taxonomic positioning of the isolate. The Whole genome based similarity with 88.4% dDDH value, 98.65% ANI and 96.99% AAI value indicated its closest identity with Streptomyces justiciae. The taxonomic characteristics such as white colony with smooth surface, cylindrical spores arranged in straight chain, diffusible melanin production, high salt tolerance, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenomic studies, led to the identification of the strain as Streptomyces justiciae RA-WS2. The predicted biosynthetic gene clusters further confirmed the presence of the BGC for setomimycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces justiciae strain RA-WS2. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03459-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Singh Manhas
- Fermentation and Microbial Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002 India
| | - Devtulya Chander
- Fermentation and Microbial Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002 India
| | - Asha Chaubey
- Fermentation and Microbial Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002 India
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