1
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Li W, Fu T, Zheng M, Wen H, Li X, Guo W, Li X, Yu Q, Jin M, Liu K, Sheng W, Zhu B. Discovery of a highly selective fluorescent probe for hydrogen peroxide and its biocompatibility evaluation and bioimaging applications in cells and zebrafish. Bioorg Chem 2024; 150:107552. [PMID: 38901280 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
As one of the most widely distributed reactive oxygen species in vivo, hydrogen peroxide plays divergent and important roles in cell growth, differentiation and aging. When the level of hydrogen peroxide in the body is abnormal, it will lead to genome mutation and induce irreversible oxidative modification of proteins, lipids and polysaccharides, resulting in cell death or even disease. Therefore, it is significant to develop a sensitive and specific probe for real-time detection of hydrogen peroxide in vivo. In this study, the response mechanism between hydrogen peroxide and probe QH was investigated by means of HRMS and the probe showed good optical properties and high selectivity to hydrogen peroxide. Note that the evaluating of probe biocompatibility resulted from cytotoxicity test, behavioral test, hepatotoxicity test, cardiotoxicity test, blood vessel toxicity test, immunotoxicity test and neurotoxicity test using cell and transgenic zebrafish models with more than 20 toxic indices. Furthermore, the detection performance of the probe for hydrogen peroxide was evaluated by multiple biological models and the probe was proved to be much essential for the monitoring of hydrogen peroxide in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhai Li
- Biology Institute, Bioengineering Department, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China
| | - Tingting Fu
- Biology Institute, Bioengineering Department, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China
| | - Min Zheng
- Biology Institute, Bioengineering Department, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China
| | - Huayan Wen
- Biology Institute, Bioengineering Department, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China
| | - Xinke Li
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Wenli Guo
- Biology Institute, Bioengineering Department, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Biology Institute, Bioengineering Department, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Biology Institute, Bioengineering Department, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China
| | - Meng Jin
- Biology Institute, Bioengineering Department, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China
| | - Kechun Liu
- Biology Institute, Bioengineering Department, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China
| | - Wenlong Sheng
- Biology Institute, Bioengineering Department, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China.
| | - Baocun Zhu
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
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2
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Bianchi M, Paravani EV, Acosta MG, Odetti LM, Simoniello MF, Poletta GL. Pesticide-induced alterations in zebrafish (Danio rerio) behavior, histology, DNA damage and mRNA expression: An integrated approach. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 280:109895. [PMID: 38479676 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
To assess the impact of glyphosate and 2,4-D herbicides, as well as the insecticide imidacloprid, both individually and in combination, the gills of adult zebrafish were used due to their intimate interaction with chemicals diluted in water. Bioassays were performed exposing the animals to the different pesticides and their mixture for 96 h. The behavior of the fish was analyzed, a histological examination of the gills was carried out, and the genotoxic effects were also analyzed by means of the comet assay (CA) and the change in the expression profiles of genes involved in the pathways of the oxidative stress and cellular apoptosis. The length traveled and the average speed of the control fish, compared to those exposed to the pesticides and mainly those exposed to the mixture, were significantly greater. All the groups exposed individually exhibited a decrease in thigmotaxis time, indicating a reduction in the behavior of protecting themselves from predators. Histological analysis revealed significant differences in the structures of the gill tissues. The quantification of the histological lesions showed mild lesions in the fish exposed to imidacloprid, moderate to severe lesions for glyphosate, and severe lesions in the case of 2,4-D and the mixture of pesticides. The CA revealed the sensitivity of gill cells to DNA damage following exposure to glyphosate, 2,4-D, imidacloprid and the mixture. Finally, both genes involved in the oxidative stress pathway and those related to the cell apoptosis pathway were overexpressed, while the ogg1 gene, involved in DNA repair, was downregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bianchi
- Laboratorio de Química Ambiental, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Oro Verde, Argentina.
| | - E V Paravani
- Laboratorio de Química Ambiental, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Oro Verde, Argentina
| | - M G Acosta
- Laboratorio de Química Ambiental, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Oro Verde, Argentina
| | - L M Odetti
- Cátedra de Toxicología, Farmacología y Bioquímica Legal, FBCB-UNL, Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), CABA, Argentina
| | - M F Simoniello
- Cátedra de Toxicología, Farmacología y Bioquímica Legal, FBCB-UNL, Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - G L Poletta
- Cátedra de Toxicología, Farmacología y Bioquímica Legal, FBCB-UNL, Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), CABA, Argentina
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3
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Siqueira L, Varela ACC, Soares SM, Fortuna M, Freddo N, Nardi J, Barletto ÍP, Dos Santos ACM, Ariotti MS, Rutikoski GW, Andrade CM, Bertuol MZ, Zanella N, Barcellos LJG. Mixture of pesticides based on dimethylamine and imidacloprid affects locomotion of adult zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:28827-28834. [PMID: 38587780 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Numerous chemical compounds are found in aquatic environments; among them are pesticides. Pesticides are widely used worldwide, and this use has progressively increased in recent decades, resulting in the accumulation of potentially toxic compounds in surface waters. Dimethylamine-based herbicides (DBH) and imidacloprid-based insecticides (IBI) have low soil absorption and high water solubility, facilitating the arrival of these compounds in aquatic environments. In this study, our objective was to analyze whether two pesticides, DBH and IBI at environmentally relevant concentrations of 320 μg/L for each compound, and their mixtures impact the behavioral and endocrine parameters of adult zebrafish, verifying the effect of pesticides on exploratory behavior and social and analyzing hormonal parameters related to stress. Acute exposure to the mixture of pesticides reduced fish locomotion. Pesticides alone and in combination did not affect cortisol levels in exposed animals. Pesticides, when tested together, can cause different effects on non-target organisms, and the evaluation of mixtures of these compounds is extremely important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisiane Siqueira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Amanda Carolina Cole Varela
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, , Brazil
| | - Suelen Mendonça Soares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, , Brazil
| | - Milena Fortuna
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, , Brazil
| | - Natália Freddo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Nardi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ísis Piasson Barletto
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Maíra Souza Ariotti
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Cecilia Mazutti Andrade
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Milena Zanoello Bertuol
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Noeli Zanella
- Curso de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Leonardo José Gil Barcellos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, , Brazil.
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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4
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Martins RX, Carvalho M, Maia ME, Flor B, Souza T, Rocha TL, Félix LM, Farias D. 2,4-D Herbicide-Induced Hepatotoxicity: Unveiling Disrupted Liver Functions and Associated Biomarkers. TOXICS 2024; 12:35. [PMID: 38250991 PMCID: PMC10818579 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a widely used herbicide worldwide and is frequently found in water samples. This knowledge has prompted studies on its effects on non-target organisms, revealing significant alterations to liver structure and function. In this review, we evaluated the literature on the hepatotoxicity of 2,4-D, focusing on morphological damages, toxicity biomarkers and affected liver functions. Searches were conducted on PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus and 83 articles were selected after curation. Among these studies, 72% used in vivo models and 30% used in vitro models. Additionally, 48% used the active ingredient, and 35% used commercial formulations in exposure experiments. The most affected biomarkers were related to a decrease in antioxidant capacity through alterations in the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase and the levels of malondialdehyde. Changes in energy metabolism, lipids, liver function, and xenobiotic metabolism were also identified. Furthermore, studies about the effects of 2,4-D in mixtures with other pesticides were found, as well as hepatoprotection trials. The reviewed data indicate the essential role of reduction in antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress in 2,4-D-induced hepatotoxicity. However, the mechanism of action of the herbicide is still not fully understood and further research in this area is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Xavier Martins
- Post-Graduation Program in Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Building 907, Campus Pici, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60455-970, Brazil; (R.X.M.); (M.E.M.)
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58050-085, Brazil; (M.C.); (B.F.); (T.S.)
| | - Matheus Carvalho
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58050-085, Brazil; (M.C.); (B.F.); (T.S.)
| | - Maria Eduarda Maia
- Post-Graduation Program in Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Building 907, Campus Pici, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60455-970, Brazil; (R.X.M.); (M.E.M.)
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58050-085, Brazil; (M.C.); (B.F.); (T.S.)
| | - Bruno Flor
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58050-085, Brazil; (M.C.); (B.F.); (T.S.)
| | - Terezinha Souza
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58050-085, Brazil; (M.C.); (B.F.); (T.S.)
| | - Thiago Lopes Rocha
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74055-110, Brazil;
| | - Luís M. Félix
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Inov4Agro, Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Davi Farias
- Post-Graduation Program in Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Building 907, Campus Pici, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60455-970, Brazil; (R.X.M.); (M.E.M.)
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58050-085, Brazil; (M.C.); (B.F.); (T.S.)
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5
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Martins RX, Souza JACR, Maia ME, Carvalho M, Souza T, Farias D. Biochemical Markers for Liver Injury in Zebrafish Larvae. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2753:469-482. [PMID: 38285360 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3625-1_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Liver plays a crucial role in detoxification processes and metabolism of xenobiotics, and therefore, it is a target organ of toxicity of different classes of chemicals. In this context, some key enzymes present in liver are considered to be good biochemical markers of hepatic damage and can have their activities determined via spectrophotometry. Aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and glutathione peroxidase are enzymes that have activities often changed in response to hepatotoxic compounds and can be accessed through the larval period of zebrafish (Danio rerio). In this chapter, we described methodologies for analyses of these five biomarkers in pooled zebrafish larvae through spectrophotometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Xavier Martins
- Post-Graduation Program in Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Juliana Alves Costa Ribeiro Souza
- Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Health Sciences Centre, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda Maia
- Post-Graduation Program in Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Matheus Carvalho
- Post-Graduation Program in Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Terezinha Souza
- Post-Graduation Program in Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Davi Farias
- Post-Graduation Program in Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.
- Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.
- Post-Graduation Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Health Sciences Centre, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.
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6
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Zhang Y, Dang Y, Pei F, Yuan Y, Yuan J, Gu Z, Wang J. Sub-acute toxicity of the herbicide glufosinate-ammonium exposure in adult red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 337:122605. [PMID: 37742863 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Glufosinateammonium (GLA) is one of the most widely used agricultural herbicides. It is frequently detected in surface waters near farmland and may pose a risk to non-target aquatic species. This study aimed to explore the toxicity of subacute GLA exposure in crayfish. Adult red swamp crayfish were exposed to GLA (0, 1, 10, and 100 mg/L) for 21 days. Bioaccumulation, oxidative stress, nonspecific immunity, and the expression of genes encoding xenobiotic detoxification-related enzymes were examined. The results showed GLA accumulation and hepatopancreatic histopathological changes (dilation of hepatic tubules and vacuolation of hepatocytes) in the exposed crayfish. GLA exposure induced ROS production, inhibited glutathione expression, and catalase activity in the crayfish hepatopancreas, as well as inhibited immunoenzyme expression (acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and lysozyme) in the hemolymph. In addition, the total hemocyte number decreased, and the proportion of hemocyte subsets changed significantly. Superoxide dismutase first increased and then decreased with increasing GLA dosage. GLA promoted the expression of biotransformation enzymes (cypb5, gst) in the hepatopancreas. Our results suggest that subacute GLA exposure caused structural damage to the hepatopancreatic tissue and decreased antioxidant capacity and non-specific immunity in crayfish. These findings provide insight into the toxicity of herbicides on non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yao Dang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Fucheng Pei
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yongchao Yuan
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Junfa Yuan
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zemao Gu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jianghua Wang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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7
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An G, Park J, You J, Park H, Hong T, Lim W, Song G. Developmental toxicity of flufenacet including vascular, liver, and pancreas defects is mediated by apoptosis and alters the Mapk and PI3K/Akt signal transduction in zebrafish. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 273:109735. [PMID: 37659609 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Release of agrochemicals from agricultural fields could unintentionally harm organisms that not targeted by pesticides. Flufenacet is one of the oxyacetamide herbicide applied in cultivation fields of crops and this has a possibility of unintentional exposure to diverse ecosystems including streams and surface water. Despite these environmental risks, limited information regarding toxicity of flufenacet on vertebrates is available. This study is aimed to assess environmental hazards and underlying toxic mechanisms of flufenacet by using a zebrafish model. Mortality measurements and morphological observations after the treatment of flufenacet suggested developmental toxicity of flufenacet in zebrafish. In addition, its toxicity on specific organs was evaluated using transgenic fluorescent zebrafish embryo. Adverse effects of flufenacet on vascular and hepatopancreatic development were demonstrated using Tg(flk1:EGFP) and Tg(fabp10a:DsRed; ela3l:EGFP) respectively. To address intracellular actions of flufenacet in zebrafish, cellular responses including apoptosis, cell cycle modulation, and Mapk and Akt signaling pathway were verified in transcriptional and protein levels. These results demonstrated developmental toxicity of flufenacet using the zebrafish model, providing essential information for assessing its potential hazards on vertebrates that are not directly targeted by the pesticide and for elucidating molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garam An
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Park
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeankyoung You
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hahyun Park
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyeon Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Ferreira RC, do Nascimento YM, de Araújo Loureiro PB, Martins RX, de Souza Maia ME, Farias DF, Tavares JF, Gonçalves JCR, da Silva MS, Sobral MV. Chemical Composition, In Vitro Antitumor Effect, and Toxicity in Zebrafish of the Essential Oil from Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist (Asteraceae). Biomolecules 2023; 13:1439. [PMID: 37892120 PMCID: PMC10604947 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The essential oil from Conyza bonariensis (Asteraceae) aerial parts (CBEO) was extracted by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus and was characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The antitumor potential was evaluated against human tumor cell lines (melanoma, cervical, colorectal, and leukemias), as well as non-tumor keratinocyte lines using the MTT assay. The effect of CBEO on the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) was evaluated by DCFH-DA assay, and a protection assay using the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) was also performed. Moreover, the CBEO toxicity in the zebrafish model was assessed. The majority of the CBEO compound was (Z)-2-lachnophyllum ester (57.24%). The CBEO exhibited selectivity towards SK-MEL-28 melanoma cells (half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50 = 18.65 ± 1.16 µg/mL), and induced a significant increase in ROS production. In addition, the CBEO's cytotoxicity against SK-MEL-28 cells was reduced after pretreatment with NAC. Furthermore, after 96 h of exposure, 1.5 µg/mL CBEO induced death of all zebrafish embryos. Non-lethal effects were observed after exposure to 0.50-1.25 µg/mL CBEO. Additionally, significant alterations in the activity of enzymes associated with oxidative stress in zebrafish larvae were observed. These results provide evidence that CBEO has a significant in vitro antimelanoma effect by increasing ROS production and moderate embryotoxicity in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Carlos Ferreira
- Postgraduate Program in Natural Products and Bioactive Synthetics, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil
| | - Yuri Mangueira do Nascimento
- Postgraduate Program in Natural Products and Bioactive Synthetics, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil
| | - Paulo Bruno de Araújo Loureiro
- Postgraduate Program in Natural Products and Bioactive Synthetics, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil
| | - Rafael Xavier Martins
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Novel Technologies (LabRisk), Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda de Souza Maia
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Novel Technologies (LabRisk), Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil
| | - Davi Felipe Farias
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Novel Technologies (LabRisk), Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil
| | - Josean Fechine Tavares
- Postgraduate Program in Natural Products and Bioactive Synthetics, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil
| | - Juan Carlos Ramos Gonçalves
- Postgraduate Program in Natural Products and Bioactive Synthetics, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Sobral da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Natural Products and Bioactive Synthetics, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil
| | - Marianna Vieira Sobral
- Postgraduate Program in Natural Products and Bioactive Synthetics, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil
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9
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Priya PS, Murugan R, Almutairi BO, Arokiyaraj S, Shanjeev P, Arockiaraj J. Delineating the protective action of cordycepin against cadmium induced oxidative stress and gut inflammation through downregulation of NF-κB pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 102:104246. [PMID: 37595934 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) exposure is known to cause gut inflammation. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of cordycepin, a natural compound with pharmacological properties, against gut inflammation induced by Cd exposure. Using zebrafish larvae and colon cell line models, we examined the impact of cordycepin on Cd-induced toxicity and inflammation. Zebrafish larvae were exposed to Cd (2 µg/mL) and treated with different concentrations of cordycepin (12.5, 25 and 50 µg/mL). Cordycepin treatment significantly reduced Cd-induced embryotoxicity in zebrafish larvae. It also alleviated Cd-induced oxidative stress by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation and apoptosis. Furthermore, cordycepin treatment normalized the levels of liver-related biomarkers affected due to Cd exposure. Additionally, cordycepin (50 µg/mL) demonstrated a significant reduction in Cd bioaccumulation and downregulated the expression of inflammatory genes in both zebrafish larval gut and colon cell lines. These findings suggest that cordycepin could be an effective agent against Cd-induced gut inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Snega Priya
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulatur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raghul Murugan
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulatur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bader O Almutairi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Selvaraj Arokiyaraj
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - P Shanjeev
- SG's Supreme Organics, Plot 148, Sri Valli Nagar, Nandhivaram Village, Guduvancherry, Chennai 603202, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulatur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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10
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Wang WG, Li MY, Diao L, Zhang C, Tao LM, Zhou WX, Xu WP, Zhang Y. The health risk of acetochlor metabolite CMEPA is associated with lipid accumulation induced liver injury. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023:121857. [PMID: 37245791 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Liver injury may cause many diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Acetochlor is one of the representative chloroacetamide herbicides, and its metabolite 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methyl phenyl) acetamide (CMEPA) is the main form of exposure in the environment. It has been shown that acetochlor can cause mitochondrial damage of HepG2 cells and induce apoptosis by activating Bcl/Bax pathway (Wang et al., 2021). But there has been less research on CMEPA. we explored the possibility of CMEPA and liver injury through biological experiments. In vivo, CMEPA (0-16 mg/L) induced liver damage in zebrafish larvae, including increased lipid droplets, changes in liver morphology (>1.3-fold) and increased TC/TG content (>2.5-fold). In vitro, we selected L02 (human normal liver cells) as the model, and explored its molecular mechanism. We found that CMEPA (0-160 mg/L) induced apoptosis (similar to 40%), mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress in L02 cells. CMEPA induced intracellular lipid accumulation by inhibiting AMPK/ACC/CPT-1A signaling pathway and activating SREBP-1c/FAS signaling pathway. Our study provides evidence of a link between CMEPA and liver injury. This raises concerns regarding the health risks of pesticide metabolites to liver health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Guo Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Mu-Yao Li
- Research Center for Econophysics, School of Business, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Lin Diao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, United States
| | - Li-Ming Tao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wei-Xing Zhou
- Research Center for Econophysics, School of Business, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wen-Ping Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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11
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Sun S, Li X, Zhang L, Zhong Z, Chen C, Zuo Y, Chen Y, Hu H, Liu F, Xiong G, Lu H, Chen J, Dai J. Hexafluoropropylene oxide trimer acid (HFPO-TA) disturbs embryonic liver and biliary system development in zebrafish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160087. [PMID: 36372181 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hexafluoropropylene oxide trimer acid (HFPO-TA), a novel alternative to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), has emerged as a potential environmental pollutant. Here, to investigate the toxic effects of HFPO-TA on liver and biliary system development, zebrafish embryos were exposed to 0, 50, 100, or 200 mg/L HFPO-TA from 6 to 120 h post-fertilization (hpf). Results showed that the 50 % lethal concentration (LC50) of HFPO-TA was 231 mg/L at 120 hpf, lower than that of PFOA. HFPO-TA exposure decreased embryonic hatching, survival, and body length. Furthermore, HFPO-TA exerted higher toxicity at the specification stage than during the differentiation and maturation stages, leading to small-sized livers in Tg(fabp10a: DsRed) transgenic larvae and histopathological changes. Significant decreases in the mRNA expression of genes related to liver formation were observed. Alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TBIL), and direct bilirubin (DBIL) levels were significantly increased. HFPO-TA decreased total cholesterol (TCHO) and triglyceride (TG) activities, disturbed lipid metabolism through the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) pathway, and induced an inflammatory response. Furthermore, HFPO-TA inhibited intrahepatic biliary development in Tg(Tp1:eGFP) transgenic larvae and interfered with transcription of genes associated with biliary duct development. HFPO-TA reduced bile acid synthesis but increased bile acid transport, resulting in disruption of bile acid metabolism. Therefore, HFPO-TA influenced embryonic liver and biliary system morphogenesis, caused liver injury, and may be an unsafe alternative for PFOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujie Sun
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Xue Li
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Zilin Zhong
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Yuhua Zuo
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Hongmei Hu
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Fasheng Liu
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, Jiangxi, China
| | - Guanghua Xiong
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, Jiangxi, China
| | - Huiqiang Lu
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China.
| | - Jiayin Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China.
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12
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Gaaied S, Oliveira M, Barreto A, Zakhama A, Banni M. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) affects DNA integrity and retina structure in zebrafish larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:85402-85412. [PMID: 35794326 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21793-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the potential risk of herbicides in non-target organisms is a crucial issue for environmental safety. 2,4-D is an herbicide of high environmental relevance that has been shown to exert toxic effects to soil and aquatic biota. In the present study, we investigated the possible genotoxic and retinal development effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicide in early life stages zebrafish (Danio rerio). Genotoxicity was evaluated by measuring DNA damage using the comet assay and also by the mRNA expression of genes implicated in apoptosis and/or DNA repair. Retinal development toxicity was evaluated with histological approach. The results obtained revealed that 2,4-D alters DNA integrity of zebrafish larvae. Moreover, transcriptomic data showed a significant induction of p-53 and casp-3 genes and a significant decrease of lig-4 in larvae exposed to the highest tested concentration of 2,4-D (0.8 mg/L). This suggested that p-53 gene regulates the process of DNA repair and apoptosis with increased levels of 2,4-D. The histopathological analysis revealed that early exposure to 2,4-D damaged the structure of larvae retina. Overall, this study is the first to report the DNA damage, casp-3, lig-4 and p-53 regulation, as well as the ocular developmental toxicity in zebrafish larvae at environmentally relevant concentrations of 2,4-D herbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Gaaied
- Laboratory of Agrobiodiversity and Ecotoxicology "LR02AGR21", ISA, Chott-Mariem, 4042, Sousse, Tunisia.
| | - Miguel Oliveira
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Angela Barreto
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Abdelfattah Zakhama
- Department of Pathology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Banni
- Laboratory of Agrobiodiversity and Ecotoxicology "LR02AGR21", ISA, Chott-Mariem, 4042, Sousse, Tunisia
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13
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Duan M, Guo X, Chen X, Guo M, Zhang M, Xu H, Wang C, Yang Y. Transcriptome analysis reveals hepatotoxicity in zebrafish induced by cyhalofop‑butyl. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 252:106322. [PMID: 36240591 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cyhalofop‑butyl is a highly effective aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicide and widely used for weed control in paddy fields. With the increasing residue of cyhalofop‑butyl, it poses a threat to the survival of aquatic organisms. Here, we investigated the effect of cyhalofop‑butyl on zebrafish to explore its potential hepatotoxic mechanism. The results showed that cyhalofop‑butyl induced hepatocyte degeneration, vacuolation and necrosis of larvae after embryonic exposure for 4 days and caused liver atrophy after 5 days. Meanwhile, the activities of enzymes related to liver function were significantly increased by 0.2 mg/L cyhalofop‑butyl and higher, such as alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST). And the contents of triglyceride (TG) involved in lipid metabolism were significantly decreased by 0.4 mg/L cyhalofop-buty. The expression of genes related to liver development was also significantly down-regulated. Furthermore, transcriptome results showed that the pathways involved in metabolism, immune system and endocrine system were significantly impacted, which may be related to hepatoxicity. To sum up, the present study demonstrated the hepatoxicity caused by cyhalofop-buty and its underlying mechanism. The results may provide new insights for the risk of cyhalofop‑butyl to aquatic organisms and new horizons for the pathogenesis of hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Duan
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuanjun Guo
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiangguang Chen
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mengyu Guo
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mengna Zhang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chengju Wang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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14
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Pompermaier A, Varela ACC, Mozzato MT, Soares SM, Fortuna M, Alves C, Tamagno WA, Barcellos LJG. Impaired initial development and behavior in zebrafish exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of widely used pesticides. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 257:109328. [PMID: 35292329 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides reach water bodies through different routes, either owing to incorrect packaging disposal, direct application to control macrophytes, leaching from fields, or natural degradation processes. In the aquatic environment, adverse effects in non-target species that come in contact with these substances are poorly understood. Currently, the most used pesticides are glyphosate (GBH) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid-based herbicides (DBH), as its presence in water bodies is already known, we used environmental concentrations and our exposure time comprised the entire period of organogenesis (3-120 h post-fertilization). We evaluated the response of embryos in their early development with the parameters of mortality, hatching, spontaneous movement, and heart rate; and it's through behavior the open field test and aversive stimulus, as well as biochemical analyzes of acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE), catalase (CTL) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) as a possible mechanism of action. Exposure to GBH decreased survival, caused hypermobility and anxiolytic behavior, negatively affected the anti-predatory behavior of the larvae, and increases acetylcholinesterase activity, whereas exposure to DBH caused only slight hypermobility in the larvae and increases acetylcholinesterase activity. These changes may compromise the perpetuation of the species, the search for partners/food, and facilitate the action of predators, which can result in serious ecological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Pompermaier
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo, BR 285, São José, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Amanda Carolina Cole Varela
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mateus Timbola Mozzato
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Suelen Mendonça Soares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Milena Fortuna
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carla Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo, BR 285, São José, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Wagner Antonio Tamagno
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul - Campus Sertão, Sertão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Leonardo José Gil Barcellos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo, BR 285, São José, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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