Mixture of pesticides based on dimethylamine and imidacloprid affects locomotion of adult zebrafish

Numerous chemical compounds are found in aquatic environments; among them are pesticides. Pesticides are widely used worldwide, and this use has progressively increased in recent decades, resulting in the accumulation of potentially toxic compounds in surface waters. Dimethylamine-based herbicides (DBH) and imidacloprid-based insecticides (IBI) have low soil absorption and high water solubility, facilitating the arrival of these compounds in aquatic environments. In this study, our objective was to analyze whether two pesticides, DBH and IBI at environmentally relevant concentrations of 320 μg/L for each compound, and their mixtures impact the behavioral and endocrine parameters of adult zebrafish, verifying the effect of pesticides on exploratory behavior and social and analyzing hormonal parameters related to stress. Acute exposure to the mixture of pesticides reduced fish locomotion. Pesticides alone and in combination did not affect cortisol levels in exposed animals. Pesticides, when tested together, can cause different effects on non-target organisms, and the evaluation of mixtures of these compounds is extremely important.

Methylphenidate exposure in juvenile period elicits locomotion changes and anxiolytic-like behavior in adulthood: Evidence using zebrafish as a translational model

Methylphenidate (MPH) is a central nervous system stimulant that is mainly used for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). It is well known that there is a high rate of ADHD misdiagnosis, leading to a great number of neurotypical children chronically exposed to MPH in early periods of life. This increase raises concern about possible long-lasting effects of this exposure. We aimed to evaluate whether exposure to MPH during childhood might impact adult behavioral pattern. For this purpose, we used zebrafish as a translational model considering its robustness as experimental model and fast life cycle. Fish were exposed during juvenile period (from 30 to 60 post-natal day) at MPH therapeutic concentration (2 mg L-1), and behavioral tests were performed at fish adulthood (120 post-natal day). MPH provoked slight anxiolytic-like effects and hyperlocomotion, and no differences on sociability and cortisol levels were observed. Moreover, sex did not affect any of the parameters evaluated. These results demonstrate that early chronic exposure to MPH leads to neurobehavioral adaptations that persist into adulthood in zebrafish regardless of sex, suggesting that the misuse of MPH during childhood and adolescence can alter neurobehavioral plasticity and these alterations might persist until adulthood.

A single exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of a glyphosate-based herbicide or fluoxetine-based agent on growth performance in Nile tilapia

The aim of the present study was to determine e whether a single acute 96 hr exposure of a glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) to Nile tilapia fingerlings affected growth performance during the first 90 days of culture. This association was considered as GBH increases serotoninergic activity that affect fish anorexically. Although these findings were based upon chronic investigations, this study was designed to examine whether a single, acute, but excessive concentration GBH might impair growth performance in fish. In parallel, fish were also exposed to fluoxetine (FLU), a drug that selectively inhibits the reuptake of serotonin in brain synapses, leading to increased serotoninergic activity. Data demonstrated a decreased growth performance in fingerlings exposed to GBH or FLU compared to unexposed fingerlings. In fact, FLU-exposed fingerlings exhibited lower average weight and length, diminished weight gain, which resulted in lower final biomass. GBH-exposed fish, despite displaying a lower mean body weight, exhibited a biomass similar to biomass on controls. These body weight differences were noted after 30-60- and 90-day growth period in clean water. In an aquaculture context, these observed changes may be considered harmful to the production or economic performance of large-scale farming as currently practiced in tilapia farming.

Exposure to levonorgestrel-based birth control pill in early life and its persistent effects in zebrafish

The consumption of progestins has increased considerably in recent decades, as has their disposal into the environment. These substances can negatively affect the reproduction, physiology, and behavior of non-target organisms, such as fish. We aimed to evaluate the effects of exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of levonorgestrel-control birth based (1.3, 13.3, 133, and 1330 ng/L) on the development and behavior of zebrafish (Danio rerio) in terms of mortality, hatching, spontaneous movement, and larval and adult behavioral tests. Exposure caused anxiogenic-like behavior in larvae, which persisted in adults, as demonstrated by the light-dark test. In contrast, it caused anxiolytic-like behavior in the novel tank test. There was a high mortality rate at all tested concentrations and increases in the hormone cortisol at 13.3 ng/L that affected the sex ratio. These changes may lead to an ecological imbalance, emphasizing the risk of early exposure to progestins in the environment.

DOAÇÃO AUTOMATIZADA DE SANGUE COMO ESTRATÉGIA DE MANUTENÇÃO DO ESTOQUE DE HEMOCOMPONENTES EM MEIO A PANDEMIA DE COVID-19 EM UM SERVIÇO DE HEMOTERAPIA NO NORTE DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL

Objetivos

A pandemia de COVID-19 representa um desafio aos serviços de hemoterapia devido redução no número de doações de sangue (SCHONS, 2020). O objetivo deste estudo foi mensurar o papel da doação automatizada como estratégia de manutenção de estoque de hemocomponentes durante a pandemia de COVID-2019.

Materiais e métodos

O estudo incluiu todas as doações de sangue realizadas no Serviço de Hemoterapia do Hospital São Vicente de Paulo (SHHSVP) Passo Fundo/RS entre janeiro de 2015 e julho de 2021. Foram analisados os dados de doação de sangue total, doação automatizada de hemácias e doação automatizada de plaquetas. Foram considerados métodos de doação automatizada a aférese de hemácias e a aférese de plaquetas. A coleta de dados foi realizada em banco de dados eletrônico (sistema informatizado e-Delphyn).

Resultados

Entre os anos de 2015 e 2019, o SHHSVP manteve uma média de 14.136 doações anuais, incluindo sangue total, doação automatizada de hemácias e de plaquetas. Nesse período, a doação automatizada representou em média 7,27% das doações anuais, com a menor porcentagem no ano de 2015 com 3,54% e alcançando seu ápice em 2018 com 9,95%. No ano de 2020, o número total de doações foi de 11.128, entre elas 1.947 (17,49%) foram doações automatizadas. Entre janeiro e julho de 2021 foram coletadas 6.609 doações de sangue, sendo 734 (11,1%) doações automatizadas.

Discussão

A análise evidencia uma redução no número de doações de sangue no ano de 2020 em comparação à média de doações anuais dos anos anteriores. Em março de 2020 houve o início da transmissão comunitária de COVID-19 na região, acredita-se que as medidas de isolamento social e o receio da contaminação são fatores que provavelmente influenciaram a diminuição de doações de sangue nesse período (SCHONS, 2020). Nesse mesmo período, a doação automatizada obteve um número superior à média dos anos anteriores, ganhando espaço como importante estratégia de combate aos impactos negativos da pandemia no SHHSVP e sendo grande aliado para a manutenção dos estoques de hemocomponentes. Fatores que potencialmente contribuem com esse crescimento são a fidelização do doador e a possibilidade de coleta de maior quantidade de hemocomponentes específicos em um único procedimento (BRASIL, 2015).

Conclusão

A pandemia de COVID-19 afeta negativamente os serviços de hemoterapia com a diminuição no número de doações e consequentemente falta de estoque para atender as demandas transfusionais. A intensificação da doação de sangue automatizada comprovou-se uma estratégia eficaz na manutenção dos estoques de hemocomponentes, particularmente no cenário pandêmico atual.

SENSIBILIZAÇÃO PARA DOAÇÃO DE SANGUE POR MEIO VIRTUAL EM PERÍODO DA PANDEMIA DE COVID-19

Objetivos

A criação de um e-book sobre a doação de sangue teve como objetivo servir de informativo e incentivo à doação de sangue durante o período da pandemia de COVID-19.

Material e métodos

O e-book foi desenvolvido através de uma revisão sistemática do processo transfusional, etapas da doação, requisitos e contraindicações para doação, atualizações destes processos com a pandemia e as medidas de segurança adotadas com a vigência da quarentena e com orientações sobre o distanciamento social, pelos alunos da medicina.

Resultados

Foi confeccionada um e-book com layout otimizado para apresentação em dispositivos móveis. Contou com 6 partes: requisitos para doação, contraindicações a doações, etapas da doação, cuidados que devem ser tomados na pandemia, motivos para não parar com as doações e informações e contato do Serviço de Hemoterapia para agendamento de doações e para sanar dúvidas. Além disso, foi desenvolvido desenhos ilustrativos e lúdicos sobre o conteúdo, tornando-o mais acessível. Está disponível para download gratuito para toda a população na página do HSVP, pelo link:https://hsvp.com.br/post/2689/ebook-orienta-sobre-doacao-de-sangue-na-pandemia. As informações foram baseadas na revisão da Nota Técnica n° 13/2020 do Ministério da Saúde que traz as mudanças na triagem clínica, os novos impeditivos para doação caso o candidato seja suspeito de contaminação com vírus.

Discussão

O SARS-CoV-2 é vírus nunca antes documentado, altamente infecioso, que tomou uma proporção pandêmica global, passando por descobertas diárias. Com os esforços científicos, muito tem se descoberto sobre a sua transmissão, formas de prevenção e tratamento. Contudo, ao mesmo tempo que ocorria o combate ao Coronavírus, houve crescimento muito acentuado nos projetos científicos, com um número nunca visto de publicações. Apesar de necessária e muito desejável, a vasta quantidade de informações produzidas trouxe novos desafios. Com o grande número de questionamentos que surgiram durante a pandemia, a disseminação de materiais falsos e opiniões de especialistas sem embasamento em estudo clínicos, surgiu a necessidade de integrar as informações com melhores evidências científicas e aplicabilidade clínica e levar à comunidade conteúdo e considerações de qualidade. Para isso, o Projeto de Extensão e de Pesquisa “Os Quatro Pilares para a obtenção da segurança transfusional” da Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF) realizou, em conformidade com o projeto de pesquisa “Gestão e Promoção do Conhecimento Médico via Desenvolvimento de Serious Games Aplicados a Formação Médica e Gerontecnologia”, um e-book virtual sobre “Doação de Sangue em Tempos de COVID-19 – Guia para doação segura e responsável” com o objetivo de servir como informativo e incentivo à doação de sangue durante o período da pandemia.

Conclusão

A severidade da pandemia exigiu a disseminação de conteúdos e informações de forma inovadora e alternativa, destacando-se o meio virtual. É dever da Universidade como formadora de opinião e de futuros profissionais e que está em constante atualização, criar uma comunicação confiável e qualificado à população, contribuir com condutas médicas e comunitárias. Com o desenvolvimento e disponibilização deste e-book à comunidade local foi possível contribuir para ampliar a informação e incentivar novos candidatos à doação de sangue.

164 Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone injection and colour flow Doppler ultrasound of the preovulatory follicle as a tool to increase pregnancy outcome after timed AI in beef cows

The aims of this study were to determine (1) the association between Doppler vascularisation scores (DVS) of the preovulatory follicle (POF) and fertility of beef cows submitted to timed AI (TAI) and (2) whether cows with low DVS benefit from a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) treatment at TAI. Multiparous lactating Nelore cows (Bos indicus; n=69) from a commercial beef farm in the state of Rondônia, Brazil, were enrolled in this study. Cows received 2mg of oestradiol benzoate intramuscularly (Bioestrogen, Biogénesis Bagó) and an intravaginal progesterone-releasing device (1.9g of progesterone; controlled internal drug release, CIDR) to synchronise follicular wave emergence on Day 0. The CIDR device was removed and cows were treated with 150μg of D-cloprostenol intramuscularly (prostaglandin F2α analogue; Croniben), 1mg of oestradiol cypionate intramuscularly, and 300IU of equine chorionic gonadotrophin (Novormon) intramuscularly on Day 8. Cows were then painted with a tail chalk marker to identify those displaying oestrus. All cows were submitted to TAI 48h after CIDR removal. At TAI, occurrence of oestrus was recorded and all cows were examined using transrectal ultrasonography. Blood flow of the POF was evaluated using colour Doppler imaging. Colour Doppler signals present on the follicular wall were subjectively scored using a 1-to-4 scale (1=absence or very low blood flow, and 4=intense blood flow detected on most of the follicular wall surface) adapted from Ginther (2007Ultrasonic Imaging and Animal Reproduction: Color-Doppler Ultrasonography, pages 87-114). Then, cows were divided into three groups according their DVS of the POF: (1) high DVS (DVS ≥3; n=36), (2) low DVS (DVS <3; n=16), and (3) low DVS (DVS <3; n=17) plus a GnRH treatment at TAI. The diameter of the POF was analysed using analysis of variance (PROC GLIMMIX of SAS; SAS Institute Inc.), and the means were compared among groups using Tukey's test. The proportion of cows that displayed oestrus and pregnancy rates was analysed using chi-square test. Cows in the high-DVS group had a larger POF than cows in the low-DVS and low-DVS-GnRH groups (13.2±0.2, 11.7±0.5, and 12.2±0.4, respectively; P<0.05). The proportion of cows that displayed oestrus was greater (P<0.05) in the high-DVS group (72%, 26/36) than in the low-DVS (37.5%, 6/16) or low-DVS-GnRH (53%, 9/17) groups. Finally, greater (P<0.05) pregnancy rates were observed in cows from the high-DVS (47.2%; 17/36) and low-DVS-GnRH (52.9%; 9/17) groups than in cows from the low-DVS group (18.7%; 3/16). The preliminary results from this study demonstrated that diameter of POF is positively associated with DVS. Moreover, cows that presented POF with higher DVS are more likely to become pregnant, and the administration of GnRH to females with low DVS can increase the fertility of beef cows submitted to TAI protocols. This study received funding support from Embrapa (MP1/PC3 project no. 01.03.14.011.00.00) and from CNPq (universal project no. 407307/2016-8).

Ebselen and diphenyl diselenide change biochemical hepatic responses to overdosage with paracetamol

The toxicity of paracetamol is largely related to its conversion to the reactive intermediate alkylating metabolite N-acetyl-para-benzo-quinoneimine (NAPQI). δ-Aminolevulinate dehydratase (δ-ALA-D) is a sulfhydril containing enzyme which is extremely sensitive to oxidizing and alkylating agents. In the present study, we examined whether acute treatment with paracetamol changes δ-ALA-D activity. The influence of two organochalcogenides with glutathione peroxidase-like activity, diphenyl diselenide [(PhSe)(2)] and ebselen was also assessed as potential protecting agents against paracetamol toxicity. Paracetamol (1200mg/kg for three days 4h after the injection of DMSO, diphenyl diselenide (100μmol/kg) or ebselen (100μmol/kg) caused an inhibition of about 40% (P < 0.01) in hepatic δ-ALA-D. Ebselen restored enzyme activity to control values. Non-protein-SH and ascorbic acid were diminished to 50% of control value by paracetamol, independent of chalcogenides treatment (all P values <0.05). In view of the fact that paracetamol caused a massive reduction in non-protein-SH and ascorbic acid, we realize that the protective effect of ebselen on δ-ALA-D activity is mediated by its thiol peroxidase-like activity or by a direct interaction with NAPQI and other reactive species formed during paracetamol metabolism.

18 STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE FERTILITY WITH COSYNCH-CIDR PROTOCOLS IN BEEF CATTLE

Two experiments were designed to evaluate strategies to improve fertility with Cosynch-CIDR protocols in cattle. The first experiment investigated the effect of low levels of progesterone prior to a Cosynch-CIDR protocol. On Day 0, lactating beef cows (n = 34) and heifers (n = 37) were placed in two groups to receive 500 μg cloprostenol (PGF; Estrumate, Schering-Plough Animal Health, Pointe-Claire, Quebec, Canada) or a twice-used CIDR (Bioniche Animal Health, Belleville, Ontario, Canada) for 5 days (Pretreatment) or no treatment (Control). On Day 5, used CIDRs were removed and all cattle received a new CIDR (Pfizer Animal Health, Montreal, Quebec, Canada) and 100 μg GnRH (Cystorelin, Merial Canada Inc, Victoriaville, Quebec, Canada). On Day 12, CIDR were removed and PGF was given. A second GnRH was given concurrent with timed AI (TAI) on Day 14 (54–56 h after PGF). Cattle were examined by transrectal ultrasonography for CL and follicle development, and for confirmation of pregnancy (Days 42 to 49). Diameter of the dominant follicle on Day 5 was larger and more variable in cows than in heifers (15.5 ± 5.6 vs. 11.4 ± 3.5 mm, respectively; means, P < 0.001; variance, P < 0.003), and tended to be larger in the Pretreatment group (14.3 ± 4.9 vs. 12.6 ± 5.2 mm; P = 0.13). More Pretreated (60.0%) than Control (36.1%) cattle (P < 0.005), and more cows (64.7%) than heifers (32.4%; P < 0.03) ovulated following the first GnRH. At the time of TAI, 5 (13.5%) heifers had already ovulated (P < 0.03). Diameter of the preovulatory follicle was affected by parity (P < 0.001), but not Pretreatment (P = 0.4), and tended to be larger in heifers that became pregnant (P = 0.13). Pregnancy rate was not affected by parity (P = 0.71), or pretreatment (P = 0.34); pretreatment tended to increase pregnancy rate in heifers (63.2 vs. 38.9%; P = 0.19). The second experiment evaluated the use of eCG in a Cosynch-CIDR protocol in beef heifers. Beef heifers (n = 127) were fed 0.5 mg/head/day of MGA (Pfizer Animal Health) for 15 d; 12 d after the last feeding (designated as Day 0) heifers received a CIDR and 100 μg GnRH. On Day 7, CIDR were removed, and heifers received PGF, and were randomly placed in 2 groups to receive 300 IU of eCG (Pregnacol; Bioniche Animal Health) or no treatment (Control). On Day 9 (54–56 h after PGF), all heifers received 100 μg GnRH, concurrent with TAI. Ultrasonographic examinations were done as in the first experiment. Overall, 79.5% of the heifers had a CL, and 9.4% had a luteinized follicle on Day 0. Seventy-eight heifers (61.4%) ovulated following the first GnRH, and those that ovulated had a less variable preovulatory follicle size than those that did not (13.7 ± 1.7 vs. 13.8 ± 2.3 mm; means, P = 0.76; variance, P < 0.01). However, there was no difference in preovulatory follicle size (P = 0.63), or pregnancy rate (49.2 vs. 53.1%; P = 0.7) for eCG-treated vs. Control heifers. In summary, pretreatment with a twice-used CIDR plus PGF increased the proportion of cattle that ovulated to the first GnRH, but not preovulatory follicle size or fertility in cows; fertility tended to be improved in heifers. Treatment with eCG did not increase preovulatory follicle size or fertility in heifers subjected to an Cosynch-CIDR protocol.

13 EFFECTS OF PRESYNCHRONIZATION WITH A USED CIDR, AND TREATMENT WITH eCG ON FERTILITY IN LACTATING COWS SUBJECTED TO A COSYNCH PROTOCOL

The objectives were to investigate the effects of pretreatment with a used CIDR on follicle size and ovulation rate in cows after an injection of GnRH, and treatment with eCG at the time of PGF on preovulatory follicle size and fertility in cows subjected to a Cosynch protocol. Lactating crossbred beef cows (n = 292), 2 to 12 years of age were allocated to two groups to receive either a used CIDR (Bioniche Animal Health; Belleville, Ontario, Canada) for 15 days or no treatment (Control). At CIDR removal (Day 0), all cows received 100 μg of GnRH i.m. (Cystorelin, Merial Canada Inc., Victoriaville, Quebec, Canada). On Day 7, all cows received 500 μg of cloprostenol i.m. (PGF; Estrumate, Schering-Plough Animal Health, Pointe-Claire, Quebec, Canada) and were further allocated to receive either 400 IU of eCG i.m. (Pregnacol; Bioniche Animal Health) or no treatment (2 × 2 factorial design; n = 73 per group). On Day 9 (54 h after PGF), cows were given 100 μg of GnRH i.m., concurrent with timed AI (TAI). Transrectal ultrasonographic examinations were done on a subset of approximately 40 cows in each group on Days −15, 0, 7, and 9 to assess ovarian structures, and on all cows on Day 37 to confirm pregnancy. Data were analyzed by SAS CATMOD and ANOVA. Overall, 53% of cows had a CL present on Day −15 (P = 0.23). At first GnRH (Day 0), fewer CIDR-treated cows than Control cows had a CL (15.2 vs. 85.0%, respectively; P < 0.001), while mean (± SEM) diameters of the dominant follicle were larger in CIDR-treated cows (18.2 ± 0.4 vs. 13.8 ± 0.4 mm, respectively; P < 0.001). Moreover, the proportion of cows that ovulated following the first GnRH was higher (P < 0.001) in CIDR-treated (75.0%) than Control (48.7%) cows. Eight (10.0%) cows presynchronized with a CIDR did not ovulate and had a luteinized follicle (31.7 ± 1.9 mm) at the time of PGF. Although CIDR-treated cows had larger (P < 0.002) dominant follicles than Control cows on Day 9 (16.6 ± 0.3 vs. 15.2 ± 0.3 mm), presynchronization did not affect fertility (53.4 vs. 54.1%, respectively). However, diameter of the dominant follicle at TAI in cows that became pregnant was smaller in CIDR-treated vs. Control cows (15.3 ± 0.3 vs. 16.6 ± 0.3; P < 0.005). Treatment with eCG on Day 7 did not affect (P = 0.17) the diameter of the dominant follicle at TAI, but tended (P = 0.06) to increase pregnancy rate (58.9 vs. 48.6%). Furthermore, pregnancy rate tended to be higher (P = 0.08) in Control cows given eCG (47/73, 64.4%) than in the Control- (32/73, 43.8%), CIDR- (39/73, 53.4%) or CIDR/eCG- (39/73, 53.4%) treated cows. In addition, pregnancy rate was affected by parity; 2-yr-old cows had a lower (P < 0.04) pregnancy rate than older cows (42.9, 58.7, and 58.2% for 2, 3–4, and >5 years, respectively). Treatment with eCG increased pregnancy rate by 33% (P < 0.03) in 2-yr-old Control cows. In summary, presynchronization with a used CIDR prior to a Cosynch protocol increased the proportion of cows responding to the first GnRH. Although CIDR-treated cows had a smaller dominant follicle at TAI, pregnancy rate was not affected. Treatment with eCG increased fertility in Control cows; eCG may be useful in GnRH-based protocols in lactating beef cows.

Adolescents becoming smokers: the roles of stress and coping methods

PURPOSE

To examine the relationship of stress and coping methods to smoking status (never-smoker, experimenter, and current smoker) among an inner-city, clinic-based, adolescent population, as well as to examine the prevalence of smoking and related behaviors in this population using a cross-sectional survey.

METHODS

A self-administered questionnaire that included the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), negative life events (LES), and a coping measures scale was used with 954 clinic patients aged 12-21 years. Demographic characteristics were compared using analysis of variance and Chi-square test. The Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance was used to compare the values of each scale among smoking-status groups. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the relationship of smoking status to PSS, LES, and coping methods.

RESULTS

The overall prevalence of smoking in this population was 26%. The age of onset was 13.3 years for current smokers vs. 15.5 for experimenters (p<.01). Perceived stress and negative life events, adjusting for demographic variables, were highest among current smokers, less so in experimenters, and lowest in the never-smokers (p <.001). Stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that negative life events, perceived stress, greater use of the negative coping methods of anger and helplessness, and less use of the positive coping methods of parental support and cognitive coping were significantly and independently related to smoking status.

CONCLUSIONS

One in four inner-city youth report smoking. Higher levels of stress and greater use of negative coping methods were found in current smokers than in experimenters and never-smokers.

[Mortality in children under 5 in the city of Recife, PE (Brazil). Tendencies and associations]

Estudaram-se as tendências da composição da mortalidade em menores de 5 anos, as dos coeficientes de mortalidade neonatal, infantil, infantil tardia, pré-escolar e do índice de mortalidade infantil proporcional na década de 70, e algumas associações com relação à reprodução materna, a variáveis socio-econômicas e condições ambientais. Para análise das tendências foram obtidos dados na Secretaria de Saúde do Estado e Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Para o estudo das associações foi feito trabalho com óbitos ocorridos nos meses de julho a setembro de 1982. O ponto de partida foi o atestado de óbito seguido de uma visita domiciliar. Os resultados encontrados mostram: a) modificação na estrutura da mortalidade; b) queda dos coeficientes da mortalidade de 0-5 anos, sendo a do coeficiente de mortalidade infantil de 41,6% e o de mortalidade pré-escolar de 45,7%; a queda do índice de mortalidade infantil proporcional foi de 24,4%; c) famílias com óbito na idade pré-escolar apresentaram maior número de nascidos vivos; o espaçamento intergestacional foi de 17 meses para todas as classes de mortalidade; d) 46,8% dos óbitos ocorreram em famílias com renda menor de 2 salários mínimos, sendo que para a mortalidade infantil tardia e pré-escolar existe queda do obituário à medida que aumenta a renda, o que não se verifica para a mortalidade neonatal; e) as famílias com óbito neonatal tiveram menor tamanho familiar, menor número de crianças abaixo de 14 e de 6 anos do que aquelas com óbitos em idade mais avançada; f) notou-se diferenças na distribuição dos óbitos por faixa etária em condições de habitação, níveis de instrução materna, porém não em condições de saneamento ambiental, onde a distribuição é semelhante.